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Urban design-All planning aspects with reference to all types of human activities in and around built environment and also natural environment.InterdisciplinaryBetween Architecture and town/urban planningUrban design is the process of giving form, shape, and character to groups of buildings, to whole neighborhoods, and the city. Involves the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces, transport systems, services, and amenities.Involve design of cities, neighborhood, satellite cities, ecology, environmental design, conservation of heritage, connectivity, street pattern, etc.blends architecture, landscape architecture, and city planning together to make urban areas functional and attractive.

*Definat ion

*Connections-people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric.

Concepts-Public realm, Place making, urban space, plazas, squares,image making, public vistas, landmarks, focal pointsSafety-connectivity

Scale-Regional level-city and townNeighborhood level- district and corridorBlock level- street and building

Urban design-Includes

Connectivity

Mixed uses-commercial, educational etc.

Densities*

Landscape

Transportation

SustainabilityConservationHousing*

Aims that

- To make the city humaneTo relate urban forms to natural settingsTo weave new centers into the urban fabricTo complement the monumental with the mundaneTo complement urbane with the natureTo create key focal sites to make the city a harbor of diversity

Principles of scale- of masses, of spaces, of activity areasUrban design-*Quality of Life Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living, and create places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.

Scale in Urban design*To make the city humaneTo relate urban forms to natural settings

*To complement the monumental with the mundane

To complement urbane with the natureScale in Urban design

*To create key focal sitesScale in Urban design

*Masses Buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design - they shape and articulate space by forming the street walls of the city.SpacesGreat public spaces are the living room of the city - the place where people come together to enjoy the city and each other.

ActivitiesStreets, Markets, plazas and squares, to small, local neighborhood parks. Principles of scale- of masses, of spaces, of activity areasThey form the stage and backdrop to the drama of life.

*Conceptualizing factors: urban spaces, urban mass, circulation patterns, urban scale , the process of urban growth and change. The components of urban formUrban mass- built form, heritage structures, monuments, landmarksUrban Spaces- streets, plaza, squares, nodes, open spaces, parks, transportation etc.Circulation pattern- organic, ring, grid, rail, roads, connections, etc.Public RealmOpen to allGives characterCreates imageAllows interactionSafety ValuesPlace makingUrban growth- sprawl, area growth, density, texture, skyscape.Connections

*The arrangements of the physical form of the city is the objective of urban design.Thus the proper application of the elements of urban design may be thought of as principles:-the proper array of urban masses-the proper deployment of urban spaces-the functional deployment and mixture of urban activities and-the functional arrangement of patterns of movementThe physical city, is a system of activity areas, spaces, masses and circulation systems which are constantly undergoing change.

Brazilian capital Brasilia was planned and developed in 1956 with Lcio Costa as the principal urban planner and Oscar Niemeyer as the principal architect. Viewed from above, the main portion of the city resembles an airplane or a butterflyWashington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the Residence Act approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East CoastCanberra from space: Australia's capital is an entirely plannedcity outside of any stateLa Plata, Argentina, is designed based on a rationalist conception of urban centers. The city has the shape of a square with a central park and two main diagonal avenues, north-south and east-west, copied in a self-similar manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in length. Every six blocks, one finds a small park or squareNamed in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to King William IV, Adelaide was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for a freely settled British province in Australia.

*Reading the city

*Visual SurveyKevin Lynch-investigator of Urban Form

Peoples impression ---------- more than visualEach personperceptionmemories ----------Memories, experiences, smell, hope, crowd, places, buildingsImpressions map of city ----------Mental picture of parts in relationship to one anotherArchitecture affects this collective image

Theoristsbasic elements of "imageability" pathsedgesnodesdistrictslandmarks

1960- Image of the City by Kevin Lynch *Boston, Jersey, Los Angeles

*Paths

*PathsNodes

*DistrictEdgesLandmarks

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Personality of the city- tapestry of embellishing characteristics

Character of the city- non physical aspects

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*1) LAND FORMRadio centric formRectilinear/grid patternLinear formMoscowChandigarhNavi MumbaiStar formBranch form

*1) LAND FORMSpread/ Articulated formPolycentric / Constellation

*2) PATTERN, GRAIN, TEXTUREChristopher Alexander-important to study the underlying principles of good form, city.-these principles can be expressed in terms of abstract relations.-A city is not a treeA set of collection of elements which for some reason we think of as belonging together.Sets of people, cars, houses, gardens etc.Two categories: Fixed parts and changing parts of the systemEach can be numbered and each category in turn can have sub categories and their branches

-Pattern Language253 patterns at three scalesIndependent regions, distribution of towns, city country,Agricultural valleys, lace of country streetsMosaic of subcultures, community , neighbourhood boundaries.4 storey limit, shopping street, small public spaces, public outdoor rooms, building complex. shielded parking , pedestrian street, courtyards that live, arcades.

*3) URBAN SPACE AND OPEN SPACERob KrierLeon KrierThinking of Urban space on Rationalist lines-in and around Stuttgart-as inserting streets and squares where appropriate within the existing context.-Plazas, shopping streets, an open courtyard, covered galleria, open market, interchange between metro-car-buses.

Book- Urban space-includes a study of urban types-especially of sections-350 examples in plan of urban spaces in different cities of Europe.-defines concepts of urban space as open, comprising all types of spaces, between buildings in towns and localities, ranging from courtyard within individual building to wide open spaces(including landscape, water bodies, mountain slopes, group of buildings).Analysis followed by history-Le CorbusierReads the city as formed of urban spaces- like streets, open spaces, squares, form of these may be pure geometric , which may be twisted, divided, added, penetrated, overlapped.These streets, squares are lined by buildings, framed by facades.-includes faade details-the physical form is by relationships between streets and open spaces , the elevations sections which enclose them.

*3) URBAN SPACE AND OPEN SPACE

*3) URBAN SPACE AND OPEN SPACE

*4) SIZE AND DENSITY

*4) SIZE AND DENSITY

*4) SIZE AND DENSITY

*5) ROUTESHEIRARCHYIn countrysideApproach roadsLocal streetsConnecting

Districts, -outskirts, uptown downtown, lakeside, riverside, Sea coast, port, hill top, market, other side of track.

Components- size, appearance, activity, emergence, relation.

*6) VISTAS AND SKYLINE

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In the current study

The reference to political field is to the state, Central government, its institutions, policies and planning strategies, their concepts and ideologies like Socialism, Capitalism, communalism, Fascism, Globalisation, Racism, etc. And Their effects on Urban development through effects on markets, housing typology, land use pattern, area density, urban sprawl, new building typology etc.

QuestionsThe question is what the all encompassing Political ideologies and their decisions in the form of policies and strategies trigger effects on urban development , not whether certain Architecture is aligned to the right/ left/ particular party or leaders or power.

The question is what are the reflections of Political ideologies on the growth of the cities?

The idea is to discover possibilities of interactions between the two, but not to give firm definitions, or apt or utopian ideologies for development of Architecture and growth of cities.

In the current study

Political IdeologiesPlanning PoliciesUrban DevelopmentType of GovernmentDemocracy

Constitutional Monarchy

MonarchySocialism

Conservatism

Racism

Communalism

Liberalism

Housing Policies

Infrastructure (JNNURUM. BOOT etc)

Market (PPT etc)

LawsBye Laws

CDPsLand use patterns

Density growths- %

Housing Typologies

Urban sprawl- Sq Kms

New building functional Typologies

Open spaces

Infrastructure

Case studies

Literature review- current studies

Urban developmentActivist and Architect P.K.Das suggests that a city can truly be developed through larger public participation and the engagement of peoples organization in the development process. Democracy and democratic movements are the means to achieve this objective. Thus housing movements must integrate with it for enabling social changes and for achieving development justice.

Mhatre P Relaxing Regulations to Support the Growth and Development of Industries Case for Bangalore, India argues that the role of the government in Bangalore has succeeded in generating economic growth but not as much economic development. Other regions in India have attempted to duplicate the Silicon Valley model without much success because they lack the necessary and required qualities that technology companies look for like the existing infrastructure, high quality academic institutions and skilled manpower.

McCann. E in Framing Space and Time in The City: Urban Policy and The Politics Of Spatial and Temporal Scale Journal of Urban Affairs, Vol 25,No 2, pgs 159-178. argues that Urban Politics is frequently characterised by Political strategies that frame reality in terms of scale (spatial and temporal scale).

Literature review- issues identified (2013)

Socialism and its effectsNeo- Liberalism and its effects1970s, 1980sSocialism prioritized notion of equality therefore Distribution, use of social funds, public participation, inclusion concepts etc. Social rights included The right to be informed, The right to participate in decision making, The right to minimal living condition with human dignity, property rights etc. Policies and strategies developed includedStrengthen the role of the state, Provision and compensation for housing for all Broaden Tax base, raise marginal tax ratesProvide basic services (water, drainage, sewerage, roads) to urban areas.Provide for loans, grants, subsidies for agriculture sectorEncourage small scale industries, business, co-operatives1990s focused on Liberalization.Liberalism is an economic ideology that tends to make a self- regulating market.

Policies initiated to make Indian cities more competitive in global circuit triggered dynamism in urban context, bringing large scale Public Private investments in construction Industry and infrastructure development sector. These included construction of public amenities like roads, flyovers, bridges public spaces, metros etc.

Privatization of public services, PPP model, Share of Foreign direct investment in land and housing market, Modification of bye laws, FSI, planning normsHousing market privatization and Real estate market

In the Current study

Case study of Jaipur, Chandigarh , Bangalore and Hyderabad urban growth is studied in phases as given below

City , brief descriptionPhasesPolitical IdeologiesPhase I (year of foundation)MonarchyPhase II (1850-1930)Monarchy-East India CompanyPhase III (1930-1970)IndependencePhase IV (1970s)Socialism/SecularismPhase V (1990 onwards)Socialism/ liberalism

Founded in:1727Population: 3,324,319+floating populationArea: 200 Sq. Km.Founder: Maharaja Sawai Jai SinghArchitect: Vidhyadhar BhattacharyaThe Pink City, The Heritage City, The Ideal CityOne city of golden triangle tourist circuit

Phase IMonarchyCity is laid in nine sectors with wide streets laid regularly. The urban quarters are further divided by network of gridded streets. urban sprawl patterns gridded model

Phase II (1850-1930)Monarchy-East India CompanyThe city grew outside the walled city confines, triggered by establishment of railway line in 1868 A.D. urban sprawl patterns grid and RadialPhase III (1930-1970)IndependenceGovernment followed a socialist ideology and developed five development schemes to provide residential plots, public institutes, other amenities and the Rajasthan university, opening opportunities towards the south direction.urban sprawl patterns - LinearPhase IV (1970s)Socialism/SecularismChanges in land uses- agriculture area converted to built area. The city has grown towards south, south- west, and west directions along national highways triggering unplanned expansion. The prime causes- good transport communicational network, better infrastructural and institutional amenities.urban sprawl patterns Leaf frog and polycentric sprawlPhase V (1990 onwards)Socialism/ liberalism(proposed Corridor of National Investment Zone)UN-HABITAT, on the state of world cities 2012-13 ranked Jaipur 31st of 50 emerging Global outsourcing cities.2007- Mahindra SEZ- largest IT park in India

Founded in:1952Population:960035Area: 114Sq. Km.Founder: NehruArchitect : Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Maxwell Fry. Jane DrewThe City Beautiful, Planned cityCapital city of Punjab and Harayan, Union Territory

Phase I (1950s and 1960s)Post- IndependenceCity is laid in 30 sectors with wide streets laid regularly. The urban quarters are further divided by network of gridded streets and green spaces urban sprawl patterns - Sector modelPhase II(1970s and 1980s) Socialism/SecularismTo provide economical housing to all strata of population, Government proposed multistoried housing, clusters were created as per income groups + mixed land use pattern, so that corporate magnates could be locates in the city.urban sprawl patterns - Sector model- 17 sectors(31-47)Phase III 1990 onwardsSocialism/ liberalismMultistoried co-operative housing societies in sector 48,49Rehabilitation schemes in sector 55,56.

I.T. Node : Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park (RGCTP) is an extremely important project for the Union Territory of Chandigarh as it provides world class integrated infrastructure necessary for the setting up of facilities/campuses by leading Technology Companies and other IT/ITES/BPO companies for the first time in this region

There has been a decline in traditional industrial activity in Chandigarh and a rapid increase in activity relating to the services sector.urban sprawl patterns - Sector model- 9 sectors(48-56)In Punjab- Mohali multi nuclei modelIn Harayana-Panchkula-sectoral and nodal model

Founded in:1537Population: 8499,399Area:741Sq. Km.Founder: Kempegoudathe principal administrative, cultural, commercial, industrial, and knowledge capital of the state of Karnataka. The Garden City, The Electronic city, The Shoppers ParadiseThe fastest-growing Indian metropolis Phase IVijaynagar Dynasty,Adil Shahi, Wodeyar, Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan, Britisha)-Kempegouda area with mud fort. East-West street Chikkapate street North-south street Doddapette street and intersection node Doddapette square.b) Chamarajapeth- grid modelc) Lal bagh and Cubbon parkPhase II (1850-1930)Wodeyar dynasty -East India Companyd) 1791-East India Company- Cantonment area in 1809- grid model1898-Plaque Hospital and communication introduced.1906- hydroelectric plan Shivsamudra, 1st city in Asia1927-Silver Jubilee celebration of Krishnaraja Wodeyar- CITY CALLED GARDEN CITY.urban sprawl patterns Irregular pattern modelPhase III (1930-1970)Independence1956- Karnataka State was formed, Bangalore becoming the capital city.Public sector employment and education was emphasised.urban sprawl patterns Irregular pattern modelPhase IV (1970s)Socialism/SecularismHousing schemes through Mane were provided. Mixed land uses with commercial usage etc were developed.Silk market, education, and industrial growth saw an influx in migration. urban sprawl patterns core frame model ,Concentric modelAfter the reforms were initiated in 1991, focus rapidly shifted to private industry, making way for the large technology parks established outside the limits of the city creating satellite townships , electronic city and IT parks andthe I.T. Corridor, giving new identity as SILICON VALLEY.Phase V (1990 onwards)Socialism/ liberalism(econmic reforms initiated, PPP. FDI, relaxed regulations,

Founded in:1591Population: 6809,570Area: 650 Sq. Km.Founder: Mohammed Quli Qutb ShahiThe City of Pearls, Throne of Nizam, Capital of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana state for 10 years, followed by capital of Telangana statePhase IShahi dynasty, Mughal, Nizam ul- mulkLocated along Musi river, with pearl jewellery and handicrafts as main economic developer along agriculture.urban patterns Irregular pattern modelPhase II (1850-1930)Nizams-East India Company1880s- Railway station -got connected to Mumbai, Chennai and Karachi, exporting pearls and handicrafts.urban sprawl patterns expanded and grew across the riverPhase III (1930-1970)Nizams-East India Company/Independence

The Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration (HUA) consists of the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad, 12- municipalities, Secunderabad Cantonment, Osmania University.During Nizams rule (1930-1948), industrial growth in diversified sectors. 1940s city based industries started importing technology from the west. 1955- Dr.B.R.Ambedkar promoted Hyderabad as second capitalPhase IV (1970s)Socialism/SecularismThe economic activities(handicrafts, tourism) manufacturing and associated facilities are concentrated in Nodes. Largest number of SEZs are developed.The developments, contributed to the economic growth and the spatial growth of the surrounding areas .urban sparwl patterns Irregular pattern modelPhase V (1990 onwards)Socialism/ liberalism(proposed Corridor of National Investment Zone)The economy is witnessing a transformation from traditional manufacturing towards a knowledge basedEconomy, due to policies of the state government to promote knowledge sector, (particularly IT and IT enabled services (ITES) along with the Biotechnology) and tourism through a series of initiatives and programs.urban sprawl patterns Multi nuclei model

In the Current studyConclusion of Pilot Case studies of Jaipur, Chandigarh , Bangalore and Hyderabad

JAIPUR/ CHANDIGARHHistorical study of a city and how influence of Political Ideology (Monarchy) was demonstrated through Architecture and City Planning (Pilot study Hampi). Compared withStudy of current scenario of urban growth patterns developed post liberalism and its policies.

BANGALORE/ HYDERABAD Time series growth Post Independence focusing on post 1990Study Socialist ideology and its policies and their effects on urban growthPost 1992- Liberalism and policies developed and their influence on urban growth.

Data CollectionPrimary DataSatellite imagesNational Remote Sensing AgencyPhotographs, site visits, Site visitsDiscussionsWith appointment, emailSecondary DataDemographic detailsCensus 1991, 2001,2011Maps- district, in time seriesSurvey and Land records, Urban development authorities, Gazetter

*ASSIGNMENT- Presentation -May 8-95 groups (11 students each)

1- Bangalore2- Pune3- Hyderabad4- Surat5-Ahmedabad

1- History-of urban form and influence of Political- with sources2- Growth of city- in terms of area, urban form, demographics, densities,-with source infrastructurePre-IndependencePost IndependencePost 19923- survey- questionnaire, interviewMarks1,2- 25 mks

3- 25mks

Data CollectionPrimary DataSatellite imagesNational Remote Sensing AgencyPhotographs, site visits, Site visitsDiscussionsWith appointment, emailSecondary DataDemographic detailsCensus 1991, 2001,2011Maps- district, in time seriesSurvey and Land records, Urban development authorities, Gazetter

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