urban governance in vidyavihar research methodology

Chapter No: 1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Infrastructure is one among most important factors for any citizen. A large number of

population stays in Mumbai. As large number of population stays in Mumbai so we find

many types of infrastructure. In Mumbai not only infrastructure is important there are

different things which drive people crazy for Mumbai. Most of the people like to come to

Mumbai due to various facilities like gardens, parks, beautified lake, greenery, continuous

supply of electricity, continuous supply of water, etc.

The Municipal Corporation is a body which under takes different initiatives to maintain the

infrastructure in Mumbai. Municipal Corporation takes much initiative but is unsuccessful

because the initiative it takes does not fulfill the needs as what the citizens require. Most of

the time many of the Municipal Corporation officials indulge in corruption which indirectly

leads to failure or deteriorated infrastructure for the citizens. Best example is the roads of

Mumbai, which gets flooded during rains and potholes are formed. None of the Mumbai

citizens are happy with the work done by Municipal Corporation. Not only the roads have

problem but even the drainage system is not good. The MC officials just fill their pockets

rather than working satisfactorily for the wellbeing of the citizens. Many of the people always

keep on complaining about the MC. We always keep on blaming them but we never take any

initiatives to solve the problem. Many times we hear different people complaining about the

work of MC but never see any one doing anything for those issues. Even the young

generation people just keep on complaining but we never see them doing anything for the

city.

1.2 About Municipal Corporation:

Bombay was the first British Indian possession, which came as a part of the royal dowry in

1661 to King Charles II of England on his marriage to the Portuguese princess, Infanta

Catherine de Braganza. Ironically enough, Bombay also set the stage for the birth of the

country's historic freedom movement, as well as for some of its major landmarks, including

Gandhiji's 1942 call to the British to "Quit India". It was in Bombay that the Indian National

Congress was born in 1885. It led the country's struggle for political independence and

indirectly to the liquidation of the British Empire.

The name "Bombay" was changed to "Mumbai" by the Corporation Resolution No.512 dated

August 12, 1996, Maharashtra Act, XXV of 1996

During the period between the rise and fall of the British Empire, Bombay gradually

developed into a town, a city and a metropolis of world renown. Today, the Brihanmumbai

Mahanagarpalika covers an area of 480.24 sqkms. with a population of 1,19,14,378 as per the

census of 2001. The metropolis accounts major portion of India's international trade and

government revenue, from being one of the foremost centers of education, science and

technological research and advancement

It is also pertinent to note that Mumbai's all-round growth owed a lot to the early

development of the system of local government under British rule.

1.3 Services Offered by MC:

In order to bring transparency and smooth collaboration within various departments of

MCGM and for the benefit of the citizens MCGM has embraced E-Governance and

facilitating most essential citizen services through this Portal. The portal offers information

about various aspects of the city, its governance and facilitates citizen services such as

Birth/Death Certificate, registration of complaints, etc.

Initially those services, which do not require any documentation, will be offered on this

portal, other services will be offered subsequently in a phased manner.

On this portal, Citizens can file online complaints and subsequently track the status of their

complaints. Citizen can apply online for Birth and Death certificate, provided the Birth

Registration data of the applicant is available with MCGM and the data is post 1995. It is also

possible to pay property and water taxes through electronic clearance system.

Citizens can search for the licenses & registrations given by MCGM through the link "Data

Lookup".

In addition to the services mentioned above soon it will be possible for a Citizen to apply for

Shop and Establishment registration, apply for Trade License under section 394, 313, 328A,

apply for Heath License u/s section 394, 412 and MPFA License, apply for factory permit,

etc.

Data Lookup

Health Services

Shops and Establishments

Licenses

Building and Factory

Garden and Trees

Maintenance

Water Works

Market Department

Check Application Status

1.4 Objective:

The main objective of doing this project is as follows:

To know different view of people regarding work of MC

To know different suggestions

To know actual progress of MC

To know whether people actually expect from MC

Chapter No: 2 Review of Literature

Governance in general and urban governance is the flavor of the season. In this piece

we take the view that it has to do with the strategies that deal with identification of the

lacunae and to make operational (including the ability to do so from economic/

financial point of view) the policy initiatives to be undertaken given the objectives of

the government. The framework of policy regimen is constructed through principles

of governance. The focus of this article is on Mumbai (MCGM). We argue that what

is required is a massive capacity building exercise requiring a change in mindsets,

creation of a feeling on the part of all the agents of being real stakeholders with the

end-result of improved governance. Further, we argue that the governance process has

to be Simple, Transparent, Accountable, Responsive, and Technology enabled. What

is clearly of essence is that we must exercise the political will – whether inherently

available or externally injected – to START the process of getting governance right!

(http://books.google.co.in/books?

hl=en&lr=&id=T3uPiVabNEEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA125&dq=Studies+on+Urban+Governance+in+

Mumbai+by+Municipal+Corporation&ots=MYR8nsOW2j&sig=Pw4H18ToWaG0hvFR4DpaajC

O46M#v=onepage&q=Studies%20on%20Urban%20Governance%20in%20Mumbai%20by

%20Municipal%20Corporation&f=false)

The operative term needs to move from “managing” Mumbai to “governing”

Mumbai, because this not only encompasses the function of managing but also locates

it in a larger context. The problems of urban governance in the Mumbai Metropolitan

Region are not trivial. There are technical issues, such as urban planning, design and

management of mass transport systems, and access to such resources as water and

power along with their pricing and distribution. There are public finance issues of

ensuring that the local bodies in the region get access to the resources they need to

provide services of acceptable quality. There are regional issues too: how does

Mumbai relate to the larger region in which it is located and the other local bodies in

the region, and how can the relationship between these be managed? Examples of

gaps that arise out of these “governance” related issues include:

→ Affordable housing: the lack of sufficient affordable housing is driven by a complex

set of inter-related issues:

1. Complexity of current regulations and control on urban land

2. Social issues of the poor and how they are oppressed

3. Challenges in enforcement, due to political interference and criminal politician nexus

http://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=T3uPiVabNEEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA125&dq=Studies+on+Urban+Governance+in+Mumbai+by+Municipal+Corporation&ots=MYR8nsOW2j&sig=Pw4H18ToWaG0hvFR4DpaajCO46M#v=onepage&q=Studies%20on%20Urban%20Governance%20in%20Mumbai%20by%20Municipal%20Corporation&f=false



4. Poor urban planning that extends from the neighborhood to the metropolitan level

5. Weak design and implementation of urban infrastructure projects, resulting in time

and financial costs

6. Lack of opportunities for citizens to participate

7. Insufficient financial resources available to urban local bodies

Due to the increasing gap between infrastructure demands of urban citizens and their

actual provision, Indian cities are confronted with an immense pressure. Most cities in

India have a deficient sewerage and sanitation infrastructure that cause enormous

damage to the natural environment and public health. Even in metropolitan cities such

as Mumbai, only a small amount of wastewater is collected and treated adequately

before its disposal into rivers, lakes and the sea. Furthermore, especially

underprivileged urban citizens such as pavement and slum dwellers suffer from

lacking or inadequate sanitation facilities. Despite Mumbai’s status of being the most

important economic and financial centre of India, the sewerage and sanitation

infrastructure is far behind in meeting the needs of the urban citizens. The existing

sewerage infrastructure is not able to cope with the huge amount of incoming sewage

which is thus discharged mostly untreated into water bodies. Furthermore, half of

Mumbai’s citizens are faced with inadequate sanitation facilities within the slum

areas. In 1993, an additional constitution article was implemented at the federal level

to improve the urban governance of Indians cities. The implementation of this

74thConstitution Amendment Act aims to strengthen the participation of urban

dwellers in city management, especially in infrastructure provision. This is embedded

in a worldwide debate about the disputing top-down city planning, specifically

infrastructure provision.This Master’s Thesis is focused on the analysis of the

governance form of Mumbai’s wastewater and sanitation sector. The aim of the study

is to deliver insight into the governance structure of Mumbai’s wastewater and

sanitation sector by analyzing two ongoing wastewater and sanitation projects, the

Technical Sewage Project and the Slum Sanitation Project. The study is based on the

following questions: to what extend have the ideas of the theoretical concepts of

urban and adaptive governance been implemented in the ongoing wastewater projects

in Mumbai? In addition, the focus is concentrated on the question of how these

governing forms of the projects have influenced the sewerage and sanitation

infrastructure in Mumbai. In order to find answers to these questions, the main

assumptions about the theoretical concepts of urban and adaptive governance are used

and transferred in governing dimensions which can be analyzed in the wastewater

projects. These dimensions were investigated by interviewing 22 experts who are

involved in the TSP and the SSP and have the best knowledge about their governing

forms. Furthermore, 20 interviews were conducted with local people from Mumbai in

order to get an impression about their experiences and perceptions of the wastewater

sector. The analysis of the two projects shows that they differ in their governing

forms. The SSP meets many more of the governance criteria than the TSP, which has

a considerable lack of integrating actors from civil society within the decision-making

processes. In contrast, the SSP is based on the participation of actors from civil

society such as NGOs and CBOs and would never achieve success without their

involvement. Despite their different governing forms, the SSP as well as the TSP are

faced with some difficulties such as conflicts in goal setting, lacking accountability of

the involved actors and the existence of uncertainties and complexities within the

project. On the other hand, all of the involved actors have clear responsibilities, are

legitimized by the political system and accepted by the actors. In order to be able to

cope with difficulties and challenges within the project, the actors of the SSP and the

TSP must improve in managing and governing the projects more flexibly and

adaptively. Another considerable difference of the projects can be seen in their

solution approaches. While the TSP only integrates hardware approaches to improve

the sewerage infrastructure (such as the construction of wastewater treatment plants),

the SSP combines software approaches like capacity-building approaches along with

the construction of slum toilets. The experience shows that the combination of these

approaches has more prospects for success. The analysis of the governing dimensions

of the TSP and the SSP shows that their performances have noticeable influence on

the projects’ outcomes and therefore on Mumbai’s sewerage and sanitation

infrastructure. The lacking integration of civil society within the TSP caused

enormous time delay, which could lead to unfinished work steps in infrastructure

provision at the end of the project. In contrast, even if the involvement of

environmental NGOs was not intended by the key players of the project, their

participation results in the implementation of more adaptive wastewater treatment

plants. Through the participation of civil society within the SSP and their

implementation of software approaches, the acceptance of the project was increased.

However, this acceptance of the design of the SSP could have been better if the

process of choosing the toilet design was more adaptive and more participatory. It is

fair to mention that the implementation of the SSP and the TSP will not make a

significant change in the wastewater and sanitation sector if these efforts are not going

to be continued with subsequent projects.

(http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/cirus/lehre/diplommaster/abgeschlossene_arbeiten/

pdf/masters_thesis_keller_sum.pdf)

http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/cirus/lehre/diplommaster/abgeschlossene_arbeiten/pdf/masters_thesis_keller_sum.pdf

http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/cirus/lehre/diplommaster/abgeschlossene_arbeiten/pdf/masters_thesis_keller_sum.pdf

Chapter No: 3 Sample Descriptions

Through our survey we administered 10 individual residing in the Vidyavihar’s Central Railway Quarters. I formed a questionnaire consisting of 16 questions. Apart from getting the information for Urban Governance or Promotion measures of Municipal Corporation I also collected information based on their gender, age, income, years of residence, occupation, family members, etc.

3.1 Distribution as per Years of Resident in an area {Table: 3.1}

Area No of years of Residence No of Persons

Central Railway Quarters

1-5 2

5-10 2

20-25 2

26-27 1

30-34 2

35-40 1

Table 3.1 shows the number of years a person is resident in the location selected by me which is Central Railway Quarters. The highest year is 35-40 & the lowest is 1-5.

3.2 Distribution as per gender {Table: 3.2}

Male Female No of Persons

9 1 10

90% 10% 100%

Table 3.2 shows the sample distribution gender wise. In this study I interviewed 9 Males & 1

female.

3.3 Distribution as per age {Table: 3.3}

Age Range No of People18-34 635-44 1

45 & Above 3

Table 3.3 shows the distribution based on the different range of age of the respondents.

3.4 Distribution as per occupation

Occupation No of PeopleStudent -

Home Maker -Service 8

Business 1Practice 1Retire -

Table 3.4 shows the distribution based on the different occupation of the respondents.

3.5 Distribution as per family Members

No of Family Members No of PeopleUpto 4 2Upto 5 6Upto 6 2

Table 3.5 shows the distribution on the basis of the number of members in the family.

3.6 Distribution as per Income

Income Bracket No. of Persons Percentage

Upto 5,000 - -

5,001- 10,000 1 10%

10,001-20,000 4 40%

20,001-40,000 3 30%

40,001-60,000 1 10%

60,001-80,000 - -

Above 80,000 1 10%

Table 3.6 shows the distribution of the sample on the basis of the income earned by them.

Chapter No: 4 Data Analysis

4.1 Urban Governance Index {UGI}

4.1.1 Index of Physical Infrastructure:

Sr. No

Activities ExcellentVery Good

Good Average Poor Ranking

1

Availability of Flyovers, bridges, subways

- - 2 4 4 18/50*10036

2Condition of

Roads- - 1 6 3 18/50*100 36

3Availability of

Parking- - - 3 7 13/50*100 26

Total 49/150*100 32.67%

Availability of Flyover, Bridges

& Subways

Condition of Roads

Availability of Parking

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Good AveragePoor

Table: 4.1.1

4.1.2 Index of Social Infrastructure:

Sr. No

Activities ExcellentVery Good

Good Average Poor Ranking

4Availability of

Water- 4 1 3 2 27/50*100 54

5Supply of Electricity

- 3 5 2 - 31/50*100 62

6

Quality of Education in Municipal Schools

- - - 6 4 16/50*100 32

7

Availability of Super

Specialty Services in Municipal Hospitals

- - 1 2 7 14/50*100 28

8

Progress of Slum

redevelopment and

improvement program

- - - 3 7 13/50*100 26

10Maintenance of Public Toilets

- - - 2 8 12/50*100 24

11Availability of Garbage Bins

- - 3 6 1 22/50*100 44

12Effectiveness

of Ghanta Gadis

- - 1 3 6 15/50*100 30

Total 150/400*100 37.5

Availa

bility o

Wate

r

Supply

of Elec

tricit

y

Quality

of Educati

on in M

unicipal

Schools

Servi

ces in

hospita

ls

Progre

ss of S

lum

Mainten

ance

of Public

Toile

ts0123456789

Very GoodGoodAveragePoor

Table: 4.1.2

4.1.3 Index of Environmental Infrastructure:

Sr. No

Activities Excellent Very Good Good Average PoorRanki

ng

9Availability & maintenance of

green spaces- 3 6 - 1 31/50*100 62

Availability of Green Spaces

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Very GoodGoodPoor

Table: 4.1.3

4.2 Index of Awareness for some projects & services as listed below:

Sr. No1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ranking (10

Persons)Activities

I Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 9

II Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 9

III Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 10

IV No No No No No No No No No No 0

V Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 9

VI No No No No No No No No No No 0

VII No No No No No No No No No No 0

VIII No No No No Yes No Yes No No Yes 3

I- Separation of Dry & Wet garbageII- Collection of garbage done by private consultantsIII- Dumping Grounds in Municipal Corporation AreaIV- Artificial ponds created for immersion of Ganapati idolsV- Tree saplings provided to citizens & schools for plantationVI- Environment status report for city VII- Attending complaints of the citizens personally every monthVIII- MC encourages private sector participation for projects like road building, improvement

of traffic islands, development of Nature Park, conservation of creeks.

10- Very Good, 9- Good, 3- Poor

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Very Good

Good

Poor

Table: - 4.2

4.3 Index for the projects known & visited {Distribution as per data collected}

Garden/ Park Lake Joggers ParkRespondents

1 1 - -2 - - 13 1 1 14 1 1 15 1 1 -6 1 1 -7 1 1 -8 1 - -9 1 - 110 - - -

Ranking 8 5 4

4.4 Index for willingness to raise fund for extension

Yes Contribution No No of person

4 50-100 6 10

40% 60% 100%

4.5 Index for agency Preferred for Infrastructure extension

Agency MC I NGO MC & IMC & NGO

I & NGO

Sr. No1 1 - - - - -2 - - 1 - - -3 - - - - - 14 - - - 1 - -5 - - - - - 16 1 - - - - -7 1 - - - - -8 1 - - - - -9 1 - - - - -10 1 - - - - -

Ranking 6 - 1 1 - 2

MC- Municipal CorporationI- IndustryNGO- Non Voluntary Organization

0-3: Poor, 4-5: Average, 6-8: Good, 9-10: Very Good

4.6 Index for Rating Municipal Corporation

Excellent Very Good GoodAvg/

ModeratePoor

Sr. No.1 - - 1 - -2 - - - 1 -3 - - - - 14 - - - 1 -5 - - - 1 -6 - - - 1 -7 - - - 1 -8 - - - - 19 - - - 1 -10 - - 1 - -

Ranking - - 2 6 2

Municipal Corpora-tion

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GoodAveragePoor

5.1 Places Visited:

Chapter No: 5 Interpretations

I visited the Central Railway Quarters

5.2 Suggestions:

They should avoid corruption. The amount of money sanctioned by government & the

amount received through taxes should be utilized only in wellbeing of the citizens.

They should not fill their pockets by the money which they collect.

The raw materials used for building or constructing should be good there should not

be any type of mixing or use of poor quality of materials.

If poor quality of materials is used for building towers or apartments it can impact the

people staying in those houses.

The materials used to make roads should also be of good quality no mixing of any

unwanted substance or degraded quality of material.

The drainage system should be cleaned after a gap of 3 months & mostly before the

commencement of the monsoons which can avoid flooding and over flowing or

blockage.

The Municipal Corporation should undertake such programs which motivate people to

plant more and more trees and this should not only be on paper but should be

implemented also.

The quality of education provided in the Municipal Corporation is very poor so they

should employ highly qualified Teachers to teach them & also provide them with

different facilities which should be given them.

Proper & healthy meals should be given to them.

The services provided by the Municipal Hospital should also be improved. If they

work more properly then they can become more specialized.

Environmental and other essential report should be published not only on websites but

also in Newspaper as many of them are not aware of the Report published.

Water harvesting measures should be undertaken. This can help to use the rain water

properly rather than facing the problem of floods.

They should also work hard for the remote areas.

If the Municipal Corporation is unable to know what exactly should be the

infrastructure which can help the citizens then they should do some research work like

they should do surveys in small areas and then they can make report and can work

with other Industry or any NGO or any other body to improve the infrastructure

(Physical, Social & Environmental)

5.3 Conclusions:

The UGI indicates the following:

a) Physical Index denotes the following:

The review of the respondents for this index is below average.

The respondents have given very poor rating for the physical infrastructure.

So as per the analysis individual rating is above 50% but overall rating is average.

b) Social Infrastructure denotes the following:

The ratings given by the respondents are not as good as the respondents are not

satisfied by the performance of the Municipal Corporation.

They need to improvise more on this area as it is important to gain the confidence of

the people in the society.

c) Environmental Infrastructure denotes the following:

Over here the ratings given are more than half.

But the people staying in the chawls don’t have the same as compared to the people

staying in a good area.