1.UrbanUrban GeographyGeography Chapter 12 andChapter 12 and 1313

2. City a conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics. Urban-The buildup of the central city and the suburban realm the city and the surrounding environs connected to the city. 3. 20th Century-the Urban Century20th Century-the Urban Century 1900 only 13 cities had 1 million people 1999 about 362 cities had 1 million By 2025 there will be 650 cities of 1 million or more Sometime in 21st cent. The world will become mostly urban Western Europe, US & Canada are 4/5 urban China and India are only 3/10 urban 4. Urban DefinitionsUrban Definitions Urban-a general term for towns, cities and suburban areas City-nucleated settlement with many functions and a central business district Town-small than a city- less complex Suburb-subsidiary area that is exclusively residential, commercial or industrial-not self sufficient. 5. Urban MorphologyUrban Morphology The layout of a city, its physical form and structure. Berlin, Germany With wall (above) And without wall (right) 6. Ancient CitiesAncient Cities Between 7,000 & 5,000 b.p. agricultural societies became more complex with irrigation & larger scale farming Stratified societies developed with priests, merchants, administrators, soldiers and farmers Central authority or the state developed which led to the rise of ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece & the Roman Empire. 7. Urban DefinitionsUrban Definitions Central City-main city around which suburbs have grown Urbanized area- continuously built up area with buildings & population density with no reference to political boundaries Metropolitan area-a large scale functional entity containing several urbanized areas that are integrated as an economic whole 8. Attributes of CitiesAttributes of Cities Centers of political power Centers of industrial power Centers of technology A market place for goods Specialization in products and services Services of all types Medical advances Cultural and Artistic pursuits Centers of education and research Entertainment of all types Sports teams, arenas and parks An anchor of society 9. Five Hearths of UrbanizationFive Hearths of Urbanization Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE Indus River Valley, 2200 BCE Huang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500 BCE Mesoamerica, 200 BCE 10. Five Hearths of UrbanizationFive Hearths of Urbanization In each of these hearths, an agricultural surplus and social stratification created the conditions necessary for cities to form and be maintained. 11. Function & LocationFunction & Location Earliest civilizations probably developed with the need for organization to create irrigation and provide enough food Availability of water, good farmland and defensible sites helped certain towns thrive Positions on travel & trade routes created urban growth. Urban elites or decision makers evolved. Writing made the codification of laws and record keeping possible. 12. Maya and Aztec AmericaMaya and Aztec America 13. Theocratic CentersTheocratic Centers God-kings or theocratic rulers developed in some ancient cities. Priests, temples and shrines took center stage in the Yucatan, Guatemala and Honduras when the Maya Indians developed the great cities of Tikal, Chichen-Itza, Uxmal and Copan. They also served as educational centers with teachers and philosophers 14. Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro were two of the first cities of the Indus River Valley. - intricately planned - houses equal in size - no palaces - no monuments Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley 15. Diffusion to GreeceDiffusion to Greece Knossos emerged as the leading city of the Minoan Civilization about 3,500 yrs. ago. Greece emerged as one of the most highly urbanized areas on earth with over 500 cities and towns by 500 BC Athens was the largest city in the world with 250,000. 16. Each Greek city had an acropolis (high city) for defense. The most famous is the acropolis of Athens (447BC) Below the acropolis was the agora or market place Theaters, shops and stores of all kinds were available. Despite the modern features-sanitation was still primitive 17. Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece above the acropolis below-the agora 18. Roman UrbanRoman Urban SystemSystem The Romans created the largest urban system with an excellent transportation system The Romans were masters of engineering efficiency creating aqueducts, sewers, roads, bridges and great public buildings like arenas and baths. 19. Roman cities had great contrast-great villas & spacious avenues, aqueducts, baths and sewers, yet also Wretchedly poor housing in 4-5 story over-crowded tenements, dirty, noisy, crime-ridden streets and a population composed of slaves. With the collapse of the empire the city of 1 m. shrunk to less than 50,000 20. Urban Growth ElsewhereUrban Growth Elsewhere China-rapid growth in the Han Dynasty period-Xian became the Rome of East Asia. Timbuktu developed in West Africa in the 14th cent. While Meroe on the upper Nile developed advanced metallurgy. Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital was the most advanced city in the world with 100,000 by the 16th cent. 21. Huang He and Wei River ValleysHuang He and Wei River Valleys The Chinese purposefully planned their cities. - centered on a vertical structure - inner wall built around center - temples and palaces for the leadership class Terracotta Warriors guarding the tomb of the Chinese Emperor Qin Xi Huang 22. Pre industrial EuropePre industrial Europe Muslim invasion of Europe and later the Crusades opened up trade and contact between Europe and the Far East and Near East Paris, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Lisbon, Naples and Venice revived and grew. By mid-15th cent. London had 80,000 and Paris had 120,000. By 19th cent. London was 1 m. while Paris had only 670,000 23. Urban EnvironmentsUrban Environments By 17th cent. Europes cities were: Slum ridden Unsanitary Fire traps Plagued by frequent epidemics Crime ridden Places of social dislocation 24. Models of Urban PlacesModels of Urban Places Gideon Sjoberg explained the stages of urban development in The Preindustrial City: Past and Present (1960) Sjoberg said that all cities were a product of their societies and went through stages: Folk-preliterate Feudal Preindustrial Urban-industrial 25. Primate CitiesPrimate Cities Gideon Sjoberg was also the first to study the primate city. A nations leading city in size that serves as an expression of national culture. Not necessarily large Dominated by religious and govt. buildings Spacious with wealth near the center Less privileged near the edge or outside wall 26. Not all pre industrial primate cities were the same-Muslim cities were dominated by the great mosque and had less variation in surrounding housing. Commerce and crafts were focused in the bazaar which has no western equivalent 27. The Modern Western CityThe Modern Western City Medieval city was bleak and grimy with narrow dangerous streets. Unpaved streets provided poor sanitation The tallest buildings were the Church & Castle Mercantile cities of the 16th & 17th cent. were nodes of regional, national and international trade Great cities like London, Amsterdam, Lisbon and Copenhagen grew with the wealth of colonies. 28. The Second Urban RevolutionThe Second Urban Revolution A large scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing. Made possible by: 1. second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus 2. industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial resources 29. The Modern Western CityThe Modern Western City Manufacturing city first developed in Britain, later Western Europe and North America. Rapidly growing factory system with railroads and tenement slums Sanitary systems, water supplies and housing were overwhelmed with rapid growth and pollution. 30. The Modern Western CityThe Modern Western City Modernization of American cities took place in late 19th cent. Electric trolley and other forms of mass transportation transformed cities-transport systems became circumferential and radial. Suburbanization of the city became possible with 1920s revolution of the automobile Modern cities of North America are sprawling expanses of suburbs, shopping malls and business parks 31. Hinterland-a German word that means land behind the city Spacing of cities-large cities lie farther apart- smaller settlements are closer to each other Industrial Revolution began in Europe-arrived in the US around 1870-in only 50 yrs. US surpassed Europe 25 million European immigrants arrived in America-many in manufacturing centers 32. John Borcherts American MetropolitanJohn Borcherts American Metropolitan Evolution-4 Stage model of evolutionEvolution-4 Stage model of evolution First Stage-Sail- Wagon Epoch (1790-1830) slow, primitive overland and waterway transport-Boston, New York and Philadelphia were major cities oriented to European trade. 33. John Borcherts American MetropolitanJohn Borcherts American Metropolitan Evolution-4 Stage model of evolutionEvolution-4 Stage model of evolution Second Stage-Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870) Diffusion of steam-powered railroads-coal mining-boomed, tracks laid coast to coast- manufacturing spread outward from New England hearth-by 1850 New York was primate city with Pittsburgh, Detroit & Chicago growing rapidly 34. Third Stage-Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920) coincided with the Industrial Revolution Steel industry in Chicago, Detroit & Pittsburgh Coal & iron ore supply areas- northern Appalachia and Lake Superior (Mesabi) Agglomeration in raw materials and market location due to railroad. Steel replaced iron rails-safer-more powerful locomotives-larger freight cars & even refrigerated cars added. 35. Fourth Stage-Auto-Air- Amenity Epoch (1920- 1970) Gasoline-powered internal combustion engines-truck based regional and metropolitan distribution of goods; increased automation of blue-collar jobs; shift to white-collar jobs; highways, expressways and jet aircraft made travel faster & cheaper; amenities of suburbs, Sunbelt; New activities responded less to cost-distance factors 36. Fifth Stage?- (1970- Now) decline of Rust belt continues; high tech. will stimulate an even greater dispersal of city populations; telecommuting, working from home, globalization and outsourcing change the way we work 37. Urbanization and LocationUrbanization and Location 1800-despite Ind. Rev. Europe was still rural-by 1950 Europe was 50% urban-today 85% urban World today is 50% urban Agglomeration- clustering of industries for mutual benefit Specialization-certain industries dominate certain regions- Manchester textiles, Pittsburgh, Pa. steel 38. Urban Geographers look at: How cities are arranged What cities look like Transport & communications Why people move from place to place within the city Hinterland: the surrounding service area of a city that includes smaller villages and hamlets Centrality: the economic power or draw of a place compared to its competition 39. Hamlet-small collection of houses-may have services. Village-several dozen services-stores, gas stations and so forth Town-larger than a village-higher level of specialization-banks, schools, libraries, specialized stores-furniture, appliances, hardware, etc. City-more functional specialization-larger hinterland, greater centrality, well defined CBD and suburbs Metropolis or Metropolitan area-urban area larger than a city Megalopolis-when large metropolises coalesce into a megacity, e.g. Boston to New York 40. Site and SituationSite and Situation Site * absolute location of a city * a citys static location, often chosen for trade, defense, or religion. Situation * relative location of a city * a citys place in the region and the world around it. 41. Paris-situational advantage-grew as the hinterland prospered; became multifunctional- religious, cultural, political, industrial center; today a megacity of 10 million; the next largest city is Lyon, France at 1/7th the size A primate city 42. Eiffel TowerEiffel Tower built for thebuilt for the 1889 Worlds1889 Worlds FairFair 43. Anchored by the Bois de Boulogne in the west and the Bois de Vincennes in the east, Pariss 450 parks and gardens cover over 7,400 acres-almost 30% of the city-one of Europes greenest cities. 44. Chicago- situational advantage-Great Lakes & Mississippi water complex junction; west end of the industrial core; next to vast, rich farmland; location of rail, road, water (St. Lawrence Seaway 1959) & air route junction; major natural resource hinterland 45. Guangdong Province-southern China; city of Shenzen-3 million, 30 yrs ago only 20,000 Urban situation- proximity to Hong Kong & status as Special Economic Zone Its relative location has enabled it to benefit from trade & commerce 46. Shenzhen changed from a fishing village to a major metropolitan area in just 25 years. 25 years ago, all of this land was duck ponds and rice paddies. Shenzhen, ChinaShenzhen, China 47. Situations can deteriorate: Cities of Northeast Manufacturing (Rustbelt) in decline Brugge, Belgium-declined in size after river silted up. Berlin, Germany destroyed in WWII and divided during the Cold War Many rural towns were bypassed by expressways- withered and died. As cars replaced horse & buggy, many rural hamlets, & villages declined 48. Homes being constructed in King Dragon Villa complex in Lishui-this midsize town is a prime example rapid urban growth in China 49. Urban site-the physical qualities of the place- plain, valley, plateau, island, etc. Singapore-ideal location on an island-an Economic Tiger Bangkok, Thailand- capital on delta of Chao Phraya river-subsidence & air pollution Mexico City-2nd largest city-basin, flanked by mts. Subsidence, earthquakes, rapid growth and pollution. 50. Modern UrbanizationModern Urbanization Highest level of Urbanization-Western Europe, North America, Japan & Australia 70% & higher-Mexico, Cuba, France Former Soviet Union-Russia-73%, Ukraine-70%, Transcaucasus-55%, Central Asia-28% South America-cone of Argentina, Chile & Uruguay-highest urbanization-next Brazil & Venezuela, Paraguay, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname & French Guiana lag behind. Sub-Saharan Africa-some of the worlds lowest urbanization rates-Nigeria-16%, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Burundi & Uganda are even lower. Tropical Africa-only a few nations that are 40% or higher-South Africa-57% due to mining and industry. 51. Modern UrbanizationModern Urbanization Southwest Asia-North Africa-great variety of urbanization. Much of Middle East, esp. Arabian Peninsula are highly urbanized due to nucleation of the oil industry. Jordan an exception-no oil wealth-but urban due to long tradition Southern Arabia is oil poor and rural Contrast-oil rich Libya is urban, oil poor Afghanistan is rural 52. Modern UrbanizationModern Urbanization South Asia-low in urbanization, despite huge cities like Mumbai and Calcutta Most nations in South Asia are under 30% urban India-26% Pakistan-28% Bangladesh-16% Subsistence farming dominates life here 53. Modern UrbanizationModern Urbanization Southeast Asia- Singapore is the only 100% urban state Brunei & Malaysia are the only other nations with over 50% urban Indonesia-31% Myanmar-25% Vietnam-20% Thailand-19% Subsistence farming dominates life here 54. Modern UrbanizationModern Urbanization East Asia- Averages 36% Only Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are highly urbanized in East Asia China below-25% Yet Shanghai & Beijing Have 25 million between Them, however most of Chinas 1.2 m. are rural 55. Great CitiesGreat Cities North America-several megalopolitan regions:Boston-Washington, DC Chicago-Detroit-Pittsburgh San Francisco-Los Angeles-San Diego Montreal-Toronto-Windsor Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach Europe: London-20 m. in Metro area Germany-Ruhr, Rhine zone of Dusseldorf-Essen & Cologne Poland-Saxony & Silesia Also Moscow, St. Petersburg & Madrid-not yet multi cities, but growing 56. Great CitiesGreat Cities Asia-Tokyo-Yokohama, Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto Mega Cities: UN says by 2025 at least 15 cities will be over 20 million Many of the worlds most populous cities are found in the poorest nations-Mexico City, Shanghai, Calcutta, Mumbai & Cairo Close are Bangkok, Indonesia; Lima-Callao, Peru; Saigon-Cholon, Vietnam Mexico City, Sao Paulo and Shanghai will have over 30 million by 2025 57. Pull FactorsPull Factors Pull factors often more imaginary that real-esp. in less developed areas. 1990s Africa had the fastest growing cities in the world-followed by South Asia, East Asia, South and Middle America. Cities of North America, Southern South America, Australia grew more slowly Western Europes cities grew very little if at all. New York was the worlds largest city for many years-now overtaken by Tokyo-Mexico City will overtake Tokyo-by 2025 NYC will not be in top 10. 58. Urban ProblemsUrban Problems Zoning laws are lacking in many poor countries Squatters occupy any open space on the outskirts of the city Sharp contrast between fancy hotels of downtown and slums on outskirts Cairo for example-paved streets give way to dusty alleys, tenements, traffic, garbage & 12.5 m. people bursting at the seams 59. Shanty town of Belem, BrazilShanty town of Belem, Brazil 60. Many cities in developing nations are growing at a rapid rate with many new arrivals each day. Unofficial suburbs such as this favela of Rio de Janeiro are poor and often lack basic services. (Disamenity sector) Clinging to a hillside, this neighborhood often suffers fatal landslides during heavy rains. 61. Rank-Size RuleRank-Size Rule The larger the city-the fewer there are- Model indicates that the population of a city or town in inversely proportional (the fraction) to its rank in the hierarchy If largest city is 12 million then 2nd largest is 6 m. (1/2) 3rd largest is 4 m. (2/3) 4th largest is 3 m. or (3/4) 10th largest is 1.2 million Rank-Size Rule does Not apply to primate Cities such as Paris, Mexico City and so forth 62. Urban FunctionUrban Function Every city or town has an economic base. Basic sector-workers who produce goods for export or local consumption Non Basic sector or Service sector-workers who maintain the city, work in offices and provide services for others The number of Non basic sector workers is always greater than Basic sector workers-as cities increase in size the ratio increases Most large cities have a ratio of 1 to 2 Multiplier Effect-if a business adds 50 manufacturing jobs-another 100 non-basic workers will be added to the work force 63. Functional SpecializationFunctional Specialization A dominant service or industry was found in many cities during the Industrial Revolution. Chauncy Harris wrote A Functional Classification of Cities in the United States in 1943-in it he described the concentration of manufacturing cities in the Northeast with functional specialization and the wide diversity of western cities with no dominant function e.g. Detroit-automobiles, Pittsburgh-steel Las Vegas and Atlantic City gambling Leadville, Colorado-mining Vero Beach, Florida-resorts Trend today is toward diversity-especially in the Rustbelt. 64. Central Place TheoryCentral Place Theory Central Places-hierarchy is based on population, function & services. Economic reach-how functions & services attract customers from areas beyond the urban limits. Centrality-the central position & ability to attract customers to a village, town or city. Range of Sale-the distance people are willing to travel to buy goods or services 65. Central Place TheoryCentral Place Theory Christaller tried to determine the degree of centrality of various places. He created a model to show how central places in the urban hierarchy are spatially distributed. He assumed: No physical barriers Soil and surface of equal quality Even distribution of population Uniform transportation system 66. Hexagonal HinterlandsHexagonal Hinterlands C = city T = town V = village H = hamlet 67. Hexagonal HinterlandsHexagonal Hinterlands Christallers urban model showed that each central place had a complementary hinterland. The hexagonal model solves the overlap problem that circles would have. Nesting arrangement- region within a region- each larger complementary region is centered on a higher order urban place 68. Central Business DistrictCentral Business District Downtown-the core of the city with high-rise skyscrapers, heavy traffic, production, education, services etc. The CBD is the urban area of commercial & industrial zones within a ring of residential areas. Suburb-an outlying residential area of the urban region that is most pronounced in the US 69. Bid RentBid Rent The price paid to rent or purchase urban land is a reflection of its utility or usefulness. Utility is a product of accessibility to customers & workers or for residents to jobs and amenities. 70. Modeling the North American CityModeling the North American City Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess) Sector model (Homer Hoyt) Multiple Nuclei Model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman) 71. Classic Models of Urban StructureClassic Models of Urban Structure Ernest Burgess-1925 Concentric Zone Model based on studies of Chicago. CBD-financial, retail, theater, museums etc. Transition to residential with deterioration-some light industry Blue collar labor housing Middle class residential Suburban ring 72. FunctionalFunctional ZonationZonation The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions). Cairo, Egypt Central city (above) Housing projects (right) 73. Classic Models of Urban StructureClassic Models of Urban Structure Homer Hoyt-1939 Sector Model based on studies of 142 US cities. Pie-shaped wedges created by Hoyt compensated for the drawbacks of the Ring Model Low Rent areas & High Rent areas could extend to the outer edge Transportation and industrial zones accounted for the sectors 74. Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman Multiple Nuclei Sector Model 1945 showed that CBD is not the sole force in creating land-use patterns. They said that Concentric Rings & Pie-shaped models had drawbacks as CBDs were losing dominance Subsidiary and competing CBDs developed (Edge Cities) Suburbanization accelerated the change with shopping malls and mass transit 75. Post WWII-rapid expansion ofPost WWII-rapid expansion of cities and suburbs led to Edgecities and suburbs led to Edge Cities with their own CBDCities with their own CBD 76. Why Do Inner Cities Still Attract People?Why Do Inner Cities Still Attract People? Recreational facilities Orchestras, theaters and venues for popular music concerts Museums and art galleries Sport teams and sporting arenas Banks and high finance institutions Universities and research facilities Specialized research hospitals and medical specialists Shopping and specialized stores 77. Making Cities in the Global CoreMaking Cities in the Global Core Redlining financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods. Blockbusting realtors purposefully sell a home at a low price to an African American and then solicit white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate white flight. 78. Problems in Urban AmericaProblems in Urban America 200 years ago only 5% of world was urbanized Today about 50% is urban Germany, Spain & Belgium are over 90% urban World wide urban problems are: pollution poor sanitation drugs and crime congestion and noise substandard housing & slums 79. Problems in Urban AmericaProblems in Urban America With urban sprawl and expanding suburbs-inner city shrinks CBD is often reduced to serving just the inner metro area As basic sector jobs leave- large cities have shifted to service industries Loss of tax base as businesses, industries and services leave Urban decay results 80. Problems in Urban AmericaProblems in Urban America New York City a good example: 3 million people plus uncounted illegals crowd into 75 to 100 year old apartment buildings Many buildings are worn out, rat & roach infested with high crime rates, vandalism and cases of spouse & child abuse Yet despite the problems there is a sense of community that may be lost if the neighborhood is torn down 81. Deglomeration-as globalization and improved communication and transportation have developed-many businesses leave the high costs of downtown since it is no longer an advantage to cluster with other similar businesses-the results are rustbelt cities with urban decay, loss of tax revenue and abandoned property 82. Gentrification individuals buy up and rehabilitate houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood. Commercialization city governments transform a central city to attract residents and tourists. The newly commercialized downtowns often are a stark contrast to the rest of the central city. Making Cities in the Global CoreMaking Cities in the Global Core 83. Gentrification or RevitalizationGentrification or Revitalization The rehabilitation of deteriorated, sometimes abandoned inner city housing and industrial buildings. Inner city gentrification attracts childless urbanites and singles who desire the cultural & recreational amenities -walking distance to restaurants, museums, theaters, etc. DINKS, SINKS and retired Baby Boomers are drawn back to the city by revitalization. Urban Policy-city governments encourage redevelopment by passing laws that encourage the redevelopment of blighted inner city areas-tax incentives and rezoning and the condemning of blighted regions. Commercialization of Downtown-waterfront themes- Miami, NYC, Baltimore, Themed structures-Renaissance Center in Gary, Ind., Detroit, Mich. Chicagos Navy Pier 84. Gentrification or RevitalizationGentrification or Revitalization Economic policy-tax incentives (TIFS) encourage the redevelopment of inner cities where land is cheaper than the expensive suburbs. Sense of place-many baby boomers as well as Yuppies are drawn to the historic landmarks and amenities of the city such as markets, museums and galleries ( e.g. Millennium Park, Navy Pier etc. Chicagos Navy PierChicagos Navy Pier 85. Urban decay inUrban decay in Washington,Washington, D.C.D.C. Uptown neighborhoodUptown neighborhood in Chicago-abandonedin Chicago-abandoned apartment buildings;apartment buildings; an area that is primedan area that is primed for gentrificationfor gentrification 86. Tear-downs houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing it down to build a much larger home. McMansions large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot. They are called McMansions because of their super size and their similar look. Hinsdale, Illinois (25% of houses have been torn down in last 20 years). 87. Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. Henderson, Nevada 88. The Suburban CityThe Suburban City Post WW II rapid transformation of rural areas adjacent to cities into suburbs New automobiles & highways as well as govt. policy, Federal Highway Program, GI Bill and Loan Guarantees for housing Demand for larger more expensive suburban homes by the returning GIs 1970=37% suburban by 1990 46% suburban & 31% inner city with 23% rural 89. Suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, often with: - office complexes - shopping centers - hotels - restaurants - entertainment facilities - sports complexes Edge CitiesEdge Cities 90. New UrbanismNew Urbanism Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. some are concerned over privatization of public spaces some are concerned that they do nothing to break down the social conditions that create social ills of the cities some believe they work against urban sprawl 91. Celebration, Florida 92. Americas population is decentralizing faster that at any time in history Orlando grew 5 fold in 3 decades Average home size grew by 63% over last 3 decades 28% of suburban dwellers are ethnic minorities 10 days a year-the average amount of time Americans spend commuting to work Living in sprawling suburbs can add 61 lbs to your weight-due to driving & no exercise 93. Gated CommunitiesGated Communities Who are gated communities for? How do the goals/purposes of gated communities differ across the world? 94. Spaces of ConsumptionSpaces of Consumption The transformation of the city into an entertainment district, where major corporations encourage the consumption of their goods and services. For example: Berlin, Germany & New York City 95. The Canadian CityThe Canadian City Less dispersed with higher pop. densities than US cities More multi-family dwellings and less disparity in wealth Suburbs not as large or as affluent as in the US Central city has more middle and higher income pop. & stronger tax base Better services & public transportation systems 96. Calgary,Calgary, AlbertaAlberta skylineskyline Toronto-Toronto- CanadasCanadas largest citylargest city 97. The European CityThe European City Western European cities are more compact than Canadian cities Same size in pop. As US cities, but smaller in land area European govt. are proactive in maintaining healthy CBDs No sprawl-suburbs are too far out to compete with CBD Greenbelts preserve the central city from close suburban development Very high fuel costs discourage suburban development Central cities are clogged with cars, but mass transit, bikes, and walking are relied on for transportation Zoning rules are strictly enforced and highway and beltway construction lags. 98. The European CityThe European City London-6.4 m., Paris 10.2 m., Rome, Berlin, Madrid and Athens are megacities by world standards These are historic cities not impacted by the Industrial Revolution British Midlands & German Ruhr valley cities are very different-smaller & heavily industrialized- destroyed in WWII Paris, Athens and Lisbon are Primate cities 99. The European City-GreenbeltsThe European City-Greenbelts Londons Central city is the same size it was in 1960 Greenbelts were est. to counteract ill effects of Ind. Rev. Open countryside over 20 miles wide has scattered towns, but no extensive suburban areas Many urban parks maintain a green areas within the city 100. During the second half of the 20th century Nature of manufacturing changed and locations changed, too. Many factories have been abandoned, creating rust belts out of once-thriving industrial districts. Duisburg, Germany 101. The Eastern European CityThe Eastern European City Eastern European & Russian cities were turned into microdistricts by communist planning Old primate and historical cities were ignored Huge dominant square & wide radiating avenues fronted by huge apartment complexes with factories, schools, shops & so on. No need for CBD, mass commuting or suburbs 102. The Eastern European CityThe Eastern European City Large 7 to 11 story complexes were rapidly built of shoddy material with no decoration-ugly and depressing Moscows growing pop. (11 m.) lives in microdistricts that radiate out from Red Square. St. Petersburg was rebuilt in the ugly socialist style after heavy damage in World War II 103. The Eastern European CityThe Eastern European City 104. Modeling the Cities of the Global PeripheryModeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperipheryand Semiperiphery Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model) African City (de Blij model) Southeast Asian City (McGee model) 105. Making Cities in the Global Periphery andMaking Cities in the Global Periphery and SemiperipherySemiperiphery - sharp contrast between rich and poor - Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws 106. The Ibero-American CityThe Ibero-American City Latin American cities are growing rapidly-1950= 41% urban, 1997 74% urban CBD dominates the center with 2 main divisions-traditional market and modern high rises A commercial spine and axis of business is surrounded by elite residential housing Griffin-Ford model 107. The Ibero-American CityThe Ibero-American City The spine is an extension of the CBD with offices, shops, high class housing, restaurants, theaters, & parks Zone of Maturity-Middle class housing 2nd best Zone of In Situ Accretion-high pop. Density of modest housing Periphery-Periferico-high density shanty towns of extreme poverty and no services 108. The African CityThe African City African cities often have 3 CBDs=Colonial, Traditional and Periodic Market Zone Sub-Saharan Africa is the least urbanized area of the world, but the most rapidly urbanizing No large cities to match Cairo-Kinshasa, Nairobi, Harare, Dakar, Abidjan were established by Europeans de Blij model 109. The African CityThe African City No large cities to match Cairo-Kinshasa, Nairobi, Harare, Dakar, Abidjan were established by Europeans South African cities-Johannesburg, Cape Town & Durbin are western cities with elements of European and American models-high rise CBDs and sprawling suburbs 110. The Southeast Asian CityThe Southeast Asian City SE Asia-rapid growth of population & cities-1950- 15% urban, 1990s-29% urban Most growth in coastal cities like Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) Old colonial port zone surrounds the commercial district Unlike Western cities-no formal business zone, but separate clusters McGee model 111. The Southeast Asian CityThe Southeast Asian City 112. Ethnic NeighborhoodsEthnic Neighborhoods European City eg. Muslim neighborhoods in Paris Cities of the Periphery and Semiperiphery eg. Mumbai, India 113. Mumbai, IndiaMumbai, India 114. The EndThe End