urban problems and perspectives

Urban Problems and Perspectives

Dario Hidalgo, PhD

Director Research and Practice

EMBARQ, The World Resources Institute Center for

Sustainable Transport

Naya Raipur Development Authority

UNDP-World Bank

Raipur, March 25 2011

A successful urban transport system involves…

Low travel times and travel costs

Equal access to urban life opportunities

Adequate support to desired form, size and density of the city-region

Limited impact on the environment

Reduced impact on public health: injuries, fatalities, respiratory disease, obesity

London, England

London, England

This implies a huge challenge as

City population increases…

So

urc

e: U

nite

d N

atio

ns P

op

ula

tio

n D

ivis

ion

, W

orld

Urb

an

iza

tio

n P

rosp

ects

, T

he

20

05

Re

vis

ion

Urban population in India is

expected to double in a 30 year

period

62.4 78.9109

159217

285

372

473

583

700

820

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

Po

pu

lati

on

(M

illi

on

s)

Projected

Source: O.P. Agarwal and S. Zimmerman “Towards

Sustainable Mobility in Urban India”, Presented in the

Annual TRB Meeting, Washington D.C. January 2008

India’s urban population will double in just 30 years

and also…

Number of vehicles increases faster than population following economic development

Source: Lee Schipper, University of California at

Berkeley, 2009

The number of motor vehicles is growing twice as fast as

the population in India – mainly two wheelers (71%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2004

Thousa

nds

Total M2W Cars Buses Goods

Source: O.P. Agarwal and S. Zimmerman “Towards

Sustainable Mobility in Urban India”, Presented in the

Annual TRB Meeting, Washington D.C. January 2008

However, financial, institutional, physical resources

are constrained

A very large burden is imposed on the

society, especially the low income population

-12.0 -10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0

Mexico City

Sao Paulo

Buenos Aires

Bangkok

Santiago

Dakar

Land and Parking

Congestion

Accidents

Noise

Air Pollution

Road Revenues

10.7

7.1

8.4

5.7

5.9

5.6

1.0

1.6

Source: World Business Council on Sustainable

Development, 2001.

Percent of the Gross Regional Product in Transport Externalities

¿What to do?

Alternative 1:

Capital intensive solutions

Give greater capacity to the road network to relieve congestion

Build massive rail transport systems (light rail- metro)

Alternative 2:

Change paradigms

Give priority to non motorisedtransport and bus-based public transport

Restrict indiscriminate automobile use

USA HighwayPhoto: FPPQQ

Amsterdam, The NetherlandsPhoto: FPPQQ

Capital & Land

intensive solutions:

highways

Infrastructure solutions lead to greater automobile

dependence

Greater use of automobile doesn’t mean greater economic productivity…

Source: INDICATORS OF TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN 37 GLOBAL

CITIES, Jeff Kenworthy, Felix Laube, Peter Newman and Paul

Barter, World Bank, 1997

Automobile dependence and Regional Economy

Reg

ion

al G

DP

per

pers

on

(US

D 1

99

0)

Automobile Use (Km/year per person)

Automobile dependent cities spend more on

infrastructure

United States cities spend an average of US$122 MORE per year per person

than a peer cities in Australia, Europe and Canada and US$201 MORE than

Hong Kong

Gasto en Vialidad

R2 = 0.5194

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000

Uso del Automóvil (Km/año por persona)

Pre

su

pu

esto

An

ual p

or

Pers

on

a (

US

$ 1

990)

Australia

EEUU

Toronto

Europa

Asia

Tendencia

Source: INDICATORS OF TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN 37

GLOBAL CITIES, Jeff Kenworthy, Felix Laube, Peter Newman

and Paul Barter, World Bank, 1997


Road Infrastructure Expenses

An

nu

al

road

in

frastr

uctu

re

bu

dg

et

per

pers

on

(U

S 1

990)

Automobile dependent cities have more

accidents

Cities of United States have 66% more deaths in traffic accidents per person than peer cities in Europe and Asia, and 123% more than Toronto

Accidentalidad

R2 = 0.5748

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000

Uso de Automóvil (Km por año por Persona)

Mu

ert

es e

n A

ccid

en

te d

e

Trá

nsit

o p

or

100, 000

Hab

itan

tes

Australia

EEUU

Toronto

Europa

Asia

Tendencia

Road Safety

Fa

tali

tie

s in

Ro

ad

Ac

cid

en

ts p

er

10

0,0

00

po

pu

lati

on

(1990)


Source: INDICATORS OF TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY IN 37

GLOBAL CITIES, Jeff Kenworthy, Felix Laube, Peter Newman

and Paul Barter, World Bank, 1997

Automobile dependent cities have low densities

(occupy large extensions)

R2 = 0.4278

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 5000 10000 15000 20000

Km Carro/Persona/Año (1995)

Pers

on

as/H

ectá

rea (

1995)

USA

AU-NZCanadá

Europa Occ.Europa Or.

Africa

Asia Ingreso Bajo

Asia Alto Ingreso

América Latina

China

Medio Oriente

Source: J. Kenworthy "Transport and Energy Use: A Study of 84 Global

Cities", 2003

Automobile Use (Km/year per person 1995)

Pers

on

s/H

ecta

re (

1995)

Alternative Solutions

for Sustainable Urban

Transport

Pedestrian and Bicycles

Public Transportation

Transit Oriented Development

Disincentives to Car Use

Cleaner and Cooler Fuels and Vehicles

http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/images/sidewalks/ps_rendering01.JPG

Alternative solutions for sustainable transport

Low cost

High impact: reduction of accidents, pollution and travel times

More compact cities, socially integrated

Development of local industry

Fast implementation (3-5 years from the idea to implementation)

More attractive cities that ease location of businesses and professionals and urban development

Santiago

ManilaLondonSao Paulo

1. Non motorised transport

Pedestrian and bicycle priorities

Recovery of invaded public space

Infrastructure construction

Promotion and incentives

Safe bicycle parking

Road safety

LONDONPhotos: DHG

UTRTECH, THE

NETHERLANDSPhoto: FPPQQ

1. Non motorised transport

ALAMEDA EL

PORVENIR, BOGOTAPhotos: FPPQQ

CARRERA 15, BOGOTAPhotos: IDU

2. Disincentives to indiscriminate car use

Congestion charging: Singapore, London, Sweden, Santiago

Administrative measures (plate restrictions)

Parking controls

Taxes (fuel, property)

Citizens’ culture

Bogota, no car day

Bogota, Sunday Ciclovía

London

3. Transit- oriented development (TOD)

Local scale:

Nodes around stations

Joint development: residental + commercial + education + entertainment

Dense Housing (3-4 floors) with generous public space

Helsinki

Photo J. Kenworthy

Vancouver

Photo J. Kenworthy

Zurich

Photo J. Kenworthy


Urban and regional scale:

General principles

Limits to urban expansion and generation of protected areas (zones that cannot be developed - ecological structure)

Obligatory consistency between local detailed plans and transport plan

Provision of public space in every new development and renovation

Occupation indexes favorable to public transport use

Incentives and bonuses for development of desired uses (instruments)

Obligation to balance growth of employment and housing

Copenhagen map


Source: IPUCC Curitiba, Brazil


Curitiba, Brazil

Source: http://www.curitiba-parana.com/arquitetura-urbanismo.htm

4. Bus Systems

4. Bus Systems

High quality

User oriented

Fast

Reliable

Low costLeeds, UK

Sao PauloCuritiba

BRT key components

26

Exclusive bus

lanes

Large buses with

multiple doors

Stations with prepayment

and level access

Centralized

control

Distinctive

image

BRT key components

27

Exclusive bus

lanes

Large buses with

multiple doors

Stations with prepayment

and level access

Centralized

control

Distinctive

image

1 12

10

1 1 12

1 12

1 1

5

1 12

54

87

8 8 8

13

1716

0

25

50

75

100

125

0

5

10

15

20

25

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Cities with BRT/Bus Corridors

Bogotá TransMilenioLos Angeles Metrorapid

Curitiba

Guanghzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang -ChinaJaipur - India; Pelembang, Gorontalo, Surakata - Indonesia

Bangkok - Thailand; East London Transit - UKJoão Pessoa - Brazil; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga - ColombiaEstado México - México; Lima - Perú; Brampton - Canada


Curitiba




Curitiba



Source: EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011

1

114

4

16

3

1

5

1

131

41

9

2

1

1

1

5

1

1

1

1

1

11

116

1

830 km 6 km

Source: CTS Brasil, EMBARQ BRT/Bus Corridors Database, January, 2011

About 120 cities with BRT or bus corridors

4,335 km - 6,683 stations – 30,000 buses

26.8 million passengers per weekday

Rapid growth of BRT Systems and Bus

Corridors in 2010, specially in developing cities

16 cities started operations in 2010 (13% growth)

China (4), Indonesia (3), Colombia

(2), India, Thailand, Brazil, México, Perú, UK, Canada

21 corridors; 396 km; 464 stations; 2,047 buses

1.4 million passengers per weekday (5% growth)

7 cities expanded corridors in 2010, 125 km

49 new cities with corridors under construction

16 cities expanding their corridors

31 new cities in planning stages

Bus systems are critical for energy

independence in India

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1980 2000 2030: BAU 2030 Fuel

Eff.

2030:

TWW

2030: SUT 2030 Extra

Effort

EJ

To

tal

De

liv

ere

d E

ne

rgy

Rail

Buses

3 Wheelers

2 Wheelers

Cars

Schipper L. Banerjee I. and Ng W.S. “CO2 Emissions from Land

Transport in India Scenarios of the Uncertain”, TRB Annual

Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2009

27% Less Energy

as compared with

2030 BAU

It is possible for any city to transform itself into

a sustainable city…

Bogotá, Colombia, 1998

Bogotá has applied integrated policies for

sustainable transport

Results are extraordinary…

Fuente

s: E

ncuesta

Anual“B

ogotá

¿C

óm

oV

am

os?”

ww

w.e

ltie

mpo.c

om

;

Total Public

Transport

Traditional

Public

Transport

TransMilenio

BRTS

Private (Car,

Two Wheeler)

Active

Transport

(Walking, Bic

ycle)

Main mode of transport 1998-2009

http://www.eltiempo.com/

Fatalities have reduced 8%

annually

“The EMBARQ global network catalyzes

environmentally and financially sustainable

transport solutions to improve quality of life

in cities.”

¡Muchas Gracias!

Volvo Research and

Educational Foundations

http://www.vref.se/2.46d8812211a06b927e780001448.html

urban problems and perspectives

Documents