urban suburbia
DESCRIPTION
Master education 2nd semester projectTRANSCRIPT
URBAN SUBURBIA Sustainable Living MSc02 Arch, Group 5
Daniel Nilzen,Dániel Szakács,
Peter Stie Hansen, Thomas Dam Lauritsen
Aalborg UniversityArchitecture, Design and Media Technology
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Titel: Urban SuburbianTheme: Sustainable ArchitectureProject Group: 5
Project period: 27. February to 30. May 2012
Supervision: Isak Worre FogedTechnical supervision: Anna Marszal
2nd semester, MSc in Architectural Design
Department of Architecture, Design and Media TechnologyAalborg University
Daniel Szakacs
Daniel Nilzén
Thomas Dam Lauritsen
Peter Stie Hansen
SYNOPSIS
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This report present the main project of the 2nd se-mester MSc in Architectural Design which focuses on sustainable architecture.
The task is to design a sustainable residential area with Net Zero Energy buildings, which emphasize the importance of integrating technical & environ-mental design strategies with architectural expres-sion. The architecture follow a pragmatic approach that optimize the desing and performance accord-ing to the context.
During this project the technical issues are dealt with in parallel to the architectural development following the IDP (integrated Design Process), with the ambition to make the technical solutions more integrated in the design.
CONTENTPRESENTATION 6
Site Plan 7Building 8Elevations 10Plan 12Sections 14Parking 15Apartment 16
ANALYSIS 21
Methodology 22Tools 23Sustainability 24Sustainable Design strategies 25Site introduction 26Site texture and materials 28Landscaping and Zoning 29User group 31 Room programme 31Macro climate 32Conclusion 34
STRATEGIC CONCEPT 35
DESIGN PROCESS 37Requirements 38Architectural concept defined 39Volume & shadow studies 40Site disposition study 41Sun and wind 42Slap development 44Daylight 46Lux investigation 47Direct sunlight 48Double story apartment 49Corner apartment 51Natural ventilation 52Building envelope 53
TECHNICAL CONCLUSION 54
CONCLUSION 55
REFERENCES 56
ILLUSTRATIONLIST 58
APPENDIX 60Appendix no. 01 - General sustainable approaches 60Appendix no. 02 - typology study 62Appendix no. 03 - Environmental design strategies 64Appendix no. 04 - Construction elements 70Appendix no. 05 - System setup for Bsim 71Appendix no. 06 - equipment in the apartment 72Appendix no. 07 - Overheatings hours 73Appendix no. 08 - sensitivity test 74Appendix no. 09 - Opening sizes for cross ventilarion 75Appendix no. 10 - Energy consumption 77AppendIx no. 11 - Totally Net zero Energy building 78Appendex no. 12 - Windows 79
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Ill. 01: Site plan, 1:500
PRESENTATION
Ill. 01: Sketchy overview
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Building site: 20.000 m2
Building square meter: 18.150,95 m2
FAR: 90,75 %
119 Apartments
Parking lot: 50
SITE PLAN1:1000
Ill. 02: Site plan, 1:1000
BUILD
ING RE
NDER
BUILDING
Ill. 03 - South facade
Ill. 04 - North facade
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ELEVATIONS
Ill. 05 - North Facade, 1:500
The facade displays the primary materials that builds the volume, concrete and wood. The facade composition hints the organic interior when the harsher exterior gets carved in.
The contrast between the dark concrete and the lighter wood is strengthened by the vertical direc-tion of the concrete, indicating its structural prop-erties, contra the horizontal lines of the wooden panels that provides the tactile qualities for the residents.
The tempo in the lattice that is created by the openings and the windows on the facade makes it easy to integrate the PV-panels as long as they are allocated accordingly.
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Ill. 06 - East Facade , 1:500 Ill. 07 - West Facade, 1:500
Ill. 08 - South Facade , 1:500
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PLANS
Ill. 09 - Basement , 1:500
Ill. 10 - Ground floor , 1:500
Ill. 11 - 1st floor , 1:500
Ill. 12 - 2nd floor , 1:500
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The basement accommo-dates the technical space which is located under the staircase.
The staircases on the ground floor are open to function as passages for the paths and al-lowing circulation on the site.
All the ground floor apart-ments are double story, guarantying direct sun-light all year long, including solar gain.
No apartment have more then one story of transporta-tion distance to the nearest common space for neigh-bours to interact.
Ill. 13 - 3th floor, 1:500
Ill. 14 - 4th floor , 1:500
Ill. 15 - 6th floor , 1:500
Ill. 16 - Roof plan , 1:500
5th floor , 1:500
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Openings in the staircase slabs allow more light into the space and keeping the transparency level high, ma-king it easy for neighbors to overview who is available for interaction.
All staircases lead up to their own roofgarden.
The roof of the staircases accommodates photovoltaic panels.
The building have four differ-ent apartment types, residing a diverse community within the same envelope.
SECTIONS
Ill. 18 - Section C-C , 1:500Ill. 17 - Section B-B, 1:500
Ill. 19 - Section A-A, 1:500
Ill. 20 - East elevation of the siteplan
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PARKING
Ill. 22 - Plan 1:500
A
A
Ill. 23 - Section A-A, 1:500
14 underground parking lots
16 underground parking lots
5 parking lots
7 parking lots
9 parking lots
Ill. 21 - Parking lots
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APART
MENT TYPE
S APARTMENT
Ill. 24 - Double story apartment
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APART
MENT SE
CTIONS
Ill. 25 - Double story apartment
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APARTMENT TYPES
Ill. 27 - Plan (not in scale) Ill. 28 - Plan (not in scale)Ill. 26 - Plan (not in scale)
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Ill. 29 - 3D section (not in scale)
The double story apartment is primarily meant as a family dwelling having the possibility to remove internal walls for functional flexibil-ity.
The big window upstairs is meant to work as a solar gain window, shading the summer sun and inviting the winter sun to both stories.
The living space downstairs has a more public character with stone flooring making it easy to maintain for both kitchen and living room activities.
The more intimate and nurturing space is located on the second floor, emphasized with the warmer wood material.
The main balcony has a similar character to give the impression of continuity from inside to outside. It also enhances the effect of a carv-ing in the building volume by creating the contrast between the in-ternal wood and the external concrete facade.
Ill. 30 - Plan 1:100
DOUBLE STORY APARTMENT
Ill. 31 - Plan 1:100
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ANALYSIS
240
V
300
330
N
30
60
Ø
120
150
S
210
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
JUNI
1020
30
40
50
60
70
8021. juni
21. marts / 21. september
21. december100
110
120
130
140
150160
170180190200
210
220
230
6 am
8 am
10 am
12 am
2 pm
4 pm
6 pm
250
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330340
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METHODOLOGYPHASE
Problem formulation
Analysis
Sketching
Synthesis
Presentation
TASKS
Formulation of problem
Site analysis (history, architecture, genius loci, green structures, infrastructure, func-tions, inhabitants etc.
Principles of energy consumption, indoor environen and construction, aim and programme
Architectural ideas are linked to principles of construction, energy consumption, and indoor environment as well as functional demands to the new building.
Architectural and functional qualities, the construction and demands for energy consumption and indoor environment flow together, and more qualities may be added.
Final project is presented in a report, draw-ings, a cardboard model and vizualisa-tions.
Sustainable Methodology in a Historical Per-spective
Buildings designed according to the contextual climate have always been a necessity for humans. The interest of climatic-based architecture can be traced back to Vitruvius’ “Ten Books of Architec-ture” (Hawkes, McDonald and Steemers 2002). Nevertheless, when the HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system was developed in the first half of the 20th century, architecture got re-duced to an artistic profession with the engineers applying the necessary mechanical systems for internal comfort, with no concern for the environ-mental impact.
During this time, the sequential design processes was the paradigm of working, resulting in build-ings that were costly to live in and had a negative effect on the environment. (AZEC_02 lecture note 2, 2007).
With the increasing focus on the climate changes, the oil crisis, and the globally increasing energy consumption, the second part of the 20th century made it clear, that strategies similar to the old en-vironmental strategies once again were necessary. Theoreticians, engineers, and architects showed a new interest in the formulation of new methodolo-gies and approaches in order to develop sustain-able architecture.
Victor Olgyay formulated an approach in the book “Design with Climate - a Bioclimatic approach to Architectural Regionalism” in 1964. The book was prior to the energy crisis in 1973 and 1979, which resulted in a formulated methodology with little
concern to the resources used in the building. (Olg-yay 1964) However, the great concern regarding climate-balanced building design gave inspiration to later formulations.
Hanne Ring Tine Hansen has with her master thesis tried to organize and clarify the different sustain-able approaches, which will be explained in the paragraph “Sustainable Architecture”.
The Integrated Design Process formulated by Mary-Ann Knudstrup is one of the approaches, which can be used when designing sustainable architec-ture. (Knudstrup, 2004)
The Integrated Design Process (IDP)
In the article “Parametric Analysis as a Methodical Approach that Facilitates the Exploration of the Creative Space in Low-Energy and Zero-Energy Design Projects” M-A. Knudstrup and H. Hansen explain the integrated design process in a sustain-able context. This method works as a design meth-od where the focus is on both the architectural, technical, and the functional solutions, from the beginning and through the whole design process. Working with these different parts simultaneously, defines the principle of the integrated design pro-cess. The method is divided into five phases, listed in ill. 32The different phases are not to be seen as individ-ual parts that you do step by step. An important thing about the method is the possibility to go back in the phases and modify parameters in them, which effects all other phases. To reach a successful sketching phase, the architectural and engineerical demands have to be fulfilled and merged together.
Ill. 32 - IDP phases
The following paragraph lists the use of tools in the different phases, and describes how the Integrated design process has been approached.
The approach takes its point of departure in both the integrated design process described by M-A. Knudstrup and a more technical approach de-scribed by Per Heiselbergs, which divides sustainab-le building design into three phases - basic design, climatic design, and design of mechanical systems.(AZEC_02 lecture note 2, 2007).
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TOOLSPhase Description Tools/Method
Problem formulation Research accumulation, discussion
AnalysisBasic Design
- Site analysis (Functions, materials and texture, sense of the place, green structures, infrastructure)
- Climate analysis (Solar calculations of altitude and azimuth, temperatues, wind, shadows)
- Legislative demands analysis (Building codes and municipality documents)
- Comfort analysis, Typology studies, Case Studies - Analysis of environmental design strategies - User group (User demands and logistics)
- Wind roses - Sun diagrams - Structural analysis
- BSim - Be10 - Autodesk Ecotect - Autodesk Vasari - Spreadsheet (24 hour average, Month average)
- Adobe CS5 - ArchiCad - Google SketchUp Pro - 3D Studio Max (VRay)
- BSim, Be10, Spreadsheets - Physical models
- BSim - Be10 - Autodesk Ecotect - Autodesk Vasari - Spreadsheet (24 hour average, Month average)
- Google Sketchup - ArchiCad - Physical modelling - Hand sketches - Workshops
- Site plans - Floor plans - Solar studies of proposed site plans - Wind studies of proposed site plans - Indoor environmental strategies - Energy, thermal comfort and daylight calculation of proposed site plans and apartments - Phenomenological studies - Construction strategies
- Ventilation strategies (Natural ventilation, Placement and size of windows)
- Heating and cooling load - Materials (Poetic experience, U-values, etc.)
- Structural details - Mechanical systems
- Report - Drawings (Plans, section, elevations, facades) - 3D visualizations and physical models - Diagrams - Final calculations - Details
SketchingClimatic design
SynthesisMechanical systems
Presentation
Ill. 33 - IDP phases
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SUSTAINABILITYThis paragraph gives a general understanding of sustainability, why this term is important and why the sustainable approach has a main considera-tion in this project.
Brundtland et. al. described in 1987 sustainability in the following way: “Sustainable development seeks to meet the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability to meet those of the future” (Brundtland et. al. 1987: 51)
History can help in the understanding of sustain-able approaches. One of the first times the sustain-able approach was mentioned or considered was in the 1960’s. However, it was first when the oil crises sat in, that people really considered sustain-ability. The oil crises in 1970’s gave the world an experience and understanding of limited energy sources. In the Brundtland report from 1987 it is declaimed that sustainability is a part of tree different terms, illustrated in ill. 34. Here social, economic, and environmental issues are all part of sustainability. Later there was developed different approaches according to specific environmental sustainable approaches such as green, ecologi-cal, and environmental approaches. (Williamson, Radford and Bennetts 2003). These different ap-proaches will be described individually in appen-dix 01
In the 90’s good sustainable architecture was dis-cussed in relation to the contextual environment. The building envelope was seen as a protector from the environment (Williamson, Radford and Bennetts 2003). This means that good architec-
ture protects the occupants from the environ-ment, such as solar radiation, wind, and pollution. Giddens described this evolution of sustainable ap-proach this way: “We started worrying less about what nature can do to us, and more about what we have done to nature” (Giddens 1999).
The attention on sustainable approaches is a consequence of the increased use of technologi-cal equipment such as artificial light and heating which is used to reach a better indoor climate. The increasing demands have a direct effect on the use of primary energy, which is mainly non-renew-able. (Sylvan and Bennett 1994).
EnvironmentalSocial
Economic
The approach tosustainability
Ill. 34 - Sustainability
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BUILDING FORM &
Heavy materials like bricks or concrete will be con-sidered for thermal mass. If walls are built with heavy materials then they will retain heat and let it out slowly. Some walls or floors inside will be built out of lighter materials to balance out the effects of the heavier materials.
Factors, which will be considered when choosing the final building materials:• Humidity,Rainfallfrequencyandintensity,Flood• Freeze/thawcycles• Snowloads/snowpack• Thermalmass,Insulation,Ventilation• Color• Shading,Radon
MATERIALS
PV SYSTEMS
A photovoltaic system will use the solar radiation for electricity. The system will be integrated togeth-er with the architectural strategy.
PASSIVE SOLAR GAIN
Passive solar gain will be used to maintain interior thermal comfort throughout the sun’s daily and an-nual cycles whilst reducing the requirement for ac-tive heating and cooling systems. The strategy will be to keep out the summer sun and let the winter sun in.
Design Parameters• Orientationofwindows• Glazingsolutions• Shading,overhangsetc.• Windowarea/roomvolume• Solartransmissivityofglass• Windowheatlosscoefficient• Thermalmassoftheroom• Controlstrategyforheatingsystem• Occupancyprofile• Floorplanzoning,basedonheatingneeds
NATURAL VENTILATION
Natural ventilation will be used to ventilate the building. The building will be designed to use posi-tive pressure on the windward side and low pres-sure on the leeward side, which creates a pressure difference to allow airflow through the building.
Benefits with natural ventilation:• Costsavingsastheneedofartificialcoolingstrate gies is diminished or eliminated• Environmentallyfriendlyasenergyrequirementis diminished• Healthierindoorclimatefortheoccupantsasair quality is good
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES
LocationThe locations specific environmental impacts will be considered during the design process Design features, which will be formed inorder to suit a set environment:• Heightofbuilding(internal)• Typeofmaterials• Numberofroomsindwelling• Amountofopenings
• Shapeofroof
Important facts to consider include:• Surroundingtrees/plants• Exposuretosun• Temperatureandhumidity• Directionofsun• Winddirectionandprevailingbreezes
OrientationThe orientation of the building will be focused on the south to gain heat from the sun. Window areas will be bigger in the southern end of the building.
ShadingPassive solar shading will be used during the sum-mer time to remove the need for cooling. The shading will be both fixed and adjustable
In order to reach sustainable architecture the gen-eral definition of sustainability needs to be trans-lated to practical means.
The following design strategies are relevant for this project.
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SITE INTRODUCTIONAccessability - distribution - open spaces The site is located in the western side of Aalborg, a very opened suburbian environment. However, the building density is not significant and the site has boundaries; both artificial and natural, which will take effect on the design.
From the north it is bounded by Limfjorden, which gives a spectacular view for the people and a connection to the island. From the south side, the only neighbour building is Aalborg Defence- and Garrisons Museum and its facilities, which do not have any impact on the site in terms of utilizing the ambient forces, that are relevant in the design process. An opened pool is located on the eastern borderline and a high-rise vegetation is located on the side of Egholm Færgevej, which designates the north-south orientation axis of the site and also operates as a border. As the master plan shows, there is a strong emphasis given to the site from the accentuation of the horizontal and vertical axises. There are four main entrance points of the site which are highlighted on the map according to the main directional flow which the further buil-ding planning can knit together with.
Ill. 35 - Entrance points
Ill. 36 - Panorama view
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Ill. 37 - 39, Site pictures
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SITE TEXTURE AND MATERIALSA common theme about the materials on the site is the strong relation to the nature. The area is not very developed, which means the exist-ing materials such as grass, stone and rubble is used do organize the paths, surfaces, edges, etc. on site. In that way, you can see, that the land is organized by man, but with use of materials ap-plied by the nature. In the edges of the site, a lit-tle use of non-natural materials begins to appear, such as painted wood, asphalt for the road, and concrete for the harbour front.
Vegetation
The site is mainly covered with grass. Ill. 48 depicts the existing high rise vegetation in the area, mainly medium sized deciduous trees and shrubs. As it is observed, some of those are artificially planted to provide shelter from the strong south western wind, for instance around a campsite and around Aalborg Marinemuseum. It is an issue how to benefit from the existing vegetation in the area. Trees with large foliage will filter the air pollution.
Ill. 45 - Grass
Ill. 44 - Grass
Ill. 43 - Stone
Ill. 48 - Vegetation Ill. 49 - Vegetation
Ill. 42 - Wood
Ill. 41 - Concrete wood grass
Ill. 40 - Rubble for pathways
Ill. 46 - Concrete
Ill. 47 - Maritime equipment
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Ill. 50 - Contextual greenscape
LANDSCAPING AND ZONING
The location of the future building is in a green buffer-zone between Limfjorden and Annebergvej, one of the main western connections to Aalborg. Landscaping and physical conditions play an important role in the design strategy. Limfjorden is a very strong natural element providing a constant, undefended wind channel to the site. The site is homogeneous in terms of elevation, but on the west and south edge it is bounded by soil banks which, together with the vegetation, provide a shelter from the strong south-western wind. In order to create a living environnment where different outdoor activites are present, those factors cannot be ignored.
Ill. 51 - Soil banks
Ill. 52 - Connections
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Functions
The area is particularly green with a high level of outdoor activities, and has potential to get people closer to this segment of Aalborg. In the mapping, the most relevant functions are indicated, in order to survey if those facilities can serve the needs of our following occupants in terms of everyday living, education, and culture. The existing dwelling facilities are important because of the integration of the new dwelling system and the relation to the existing one. The site has accessability to nursery school, kindergarten, and elementary school within a 500 m radius.
Infrastructure
The traffic level is indicated in the mapping, including the ferry contact to Egholm, which is an important node. The traffic density is indicated by the line width and the public traffic stops is indicated with black nodes. The site has a conventional suburban profile with one bus connection on Skydebanevej in approx. 250 m. distance. The harbour front is a very well known and popular recreational area so there is a flow of people, also along the shorelines. Egholm Færgevej has limited traffic because it only serves the ferry station and the existing housing nearby the marina. Since the road traffic is not significant, it is not necessary to count it as a source of air and sound pollution.
Ill. 53 - Functions
Ill. 54 - Infrastructure
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Three bedroom apartmentThe typical family in Denmark with two adults and two children.
The residential complex will be developed to ac-commodate different types of families and people. This paragraph illustrates the strategy related to dif-ferent apartment types, which will oblige various user needs.
The strategy is used to accommodate the different user needs.
Big two bedroom apartmentTwo adults and a teenager.
Small two bedroom apartmentTwo students or a little family with a small child.
Two/One bedroom apartmentTwo student, a couple or a single person.
USER GROUP & PROGRAMME
Ill. 55 - Room programme
Lving roomParameter Kitchen Bedroom Bathroom EntranceStaircase/ Elevator
Master Bedroom
Height
Square meter
Privacy
Views
Orentation
Light
Daylightfactor
Activity level
Comfort temp.
-Summer
Comfort temp.
3+
15-20 m2
Semi-Public
+
S.E.W
Daylight
~4 %
High
< 26 C
22 C
3+
12-16 m2
Semi-Public
+
S.E.W
Daylight
~4 %
High
< 26 C
22 C
3
7-10 m2
Private
(+)
N
Daylight/
Artificial
~1-2 %
Low
< 24 C
21 C
3
7-10 m2
Semi-Private
-
N
Daylight/
Artificial
~1-2 %
Medium
< 24 C
21 C
3
5-8 m2
Private
-
-
Artificial
-
Low
< 26 C
22 C
3
4-7 m2
Semi-Private
-
-
Daylight/
Artificial
~1-2 %
Medium
< 26 C
22 C
3
20-25 m2
Public
-
N.E.W
Daylight
~2 %
Very High
-
-
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MACRO CLIMATEWind
In Denmark the weather varies a lot and depends highly on the direction of the wind and the season of the year. To gain knowledge about the speed and the direction of the wind, the wind rose is ana-lyzed. The wind roses present the distribution of the direction and the speed of the wind specifically for Aalborg – both as an average for a whole year and as more specific values for four months; March, June, September, and December.
These months are chosen because they represent the whole year with a three-mont step. Information about the wind is used to manifest paramaters, which can be used for ventilation and shelter in the design process.
It is seen that the main wind direction during the whole year is fromwest/south-west.Wind speedupto11m/soccures.
Analyzing the wind four different months a year, shows a great difference in direction and speed. During the summer, the wind is mainly directly from the west. The direction changes in winter periods to south-west. The highest windspeed is measured in the late winter periods.
240
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0.2 - 5.0m/s
5.0 - 11.0m/s
> 11.0m/s
Procent:
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JUNI
DecemberSeptember
March June
A year
240
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SEPTEMBER
September
Sun Path
During the year, the orbit of the sun changes sig-nificantly. In the summertime, the length of the day is long and the sun is placed high on the sky. In the winter period, the day is shorter and the sun is placed lower on the sky. The sun path of June shown in the diagram, shows a very long sunpath. The sun rises in north/east, and the sunset is innorth/west.Inwinter,thesunpathisveryshort-itrisesinsouth/east,andsunsetsinsouth/west.
The changing sun path has a great impact on the indoor climate, the possibilities of using passive technologies, and the shadows from the contex-tual buildings and vegetation.
1020
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8021. juni
21. marts / 21. september
21. december100
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170180190200
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6 am
8 am
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Ill. 56 - Windrose
Ill. 57 - Sun Paths
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Ill. 58 - Shadows
Ill. 59 - Shadow studies
21. DecemberSunrise: 09:06
21. March08:00
21. June08:00
21. September08:00
21. MarchSunrise: 06:27
21. JuneSunrise: 03:34
21. SeptemberSunrise: 06:09
21. December12:00
21. March12:00
21. June12:00
21. September12:00
21. DecemberSunset:15:30
21. March16:00
21. June16:00
21. September16:00
21. MarchSunset: 18:30
21. June20:00
21. JuneSunset: 21:10
21. SeptemberSunset: 18:16
DE
CE
MB
ER
MA
RC
HJU
NE
SEP
TE
MP
ER
Ill. 60 - Ecotect direct sun analysis December 1st to January 31th
N
15m
1,8m
Summer solstice 58Equirioxes 34Winter solstice 12
4,5m
3m
Shadow Studies
The scheme shows the shadows on the site ca-sted from the surrounding buildings. The southern end of the site is close to a museum. The museum build-ing is 9 meters high, which will have an huge effect on the built up area just north of the museum. On winter solstice the shadows casted from the muse-um will be 45 meters long.(3*15m = 45m)
Sun Angle
The angle of the sun effects the shadows casted from the building. This diagram illustrates the lengt of the shadows three different times a year.
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The analysis have led us to familiar ourselves with the site, primarily in a pragmatic manner in combi-nation with a sustainable approach. The focus is to determine the direction of the project and thereby of what the design will manifest.
The main discussion topics are how to solve the dilemmas that are faced with the site and whether they are worth keeping in the further design de-velopment.
Southern orientation - northern view towards Limfjord?
Flexibility or rigidity?
Eco-living - Conventional housing?
Raw sustainable representation - boiled sustain-able representation?
What qualities to emphasize and what to add to the context?
To create an intimate community among neigh-bors based on sustainable values without compro-mising privacy?
Emphasizing the possibility of water based activi-ties around the plot?
CONCLUSION
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Big scale
Southern orientation welcoming the sun - North-ern orientation welcoming the Limfjord
Contributing to: Energy efficient and qualitative liv ing
Medium scale
Neighbor interaction, strengthening the commu-nity and the sustainable ideals
Contributing to: Social sustainability promoting sus tainable life-style
Small scale Flexible and diverse apartment types for different user-groups
Contributing to: Social sustainability enduring time changing needs
STRATEGIC CONCEPT
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DESIGN PROCESS
Data
- Location: Denmark, Aalborg, Egholm Færgevej - Site area: 20.000 m2
Brief requirements
- Average building height: Three stories - Floor-area ratio (FAR): 80 - 150 % - Up til 10 % of the far may contain of other functions than apartments - Minimum one building with a gross area of 115 m2 including access area (such as staircases, access galleries etc.) for a family with children, including three bedrooms, and directly connect ed with an outdoor area of at least 20m2 - The units must hold zero-energy stan- dards - The existing local plan is not to be fol lowed- 1/2parkinglotperhousingunitand documented adequate parking for bi- cycles
Architectural design parameters
- Southern orientation welcoming the sun - northern orientation welcoming the limfjord - Externally rigid - internally flexible
REQUIREMENTSTechnical requirements: Zero Energy Source Building mainly with passive solutions. Daylightfactors (DF=E_interior/E_exterior∙100%) Living room: 4-5% Kitchen: 4-5% Bedroom: 2% Entrance: 2% Office: 2% DSF3033,classA+=Classarea/floorar-ea: 15-25% Thermal comfort Apartments Optimal temperatures 21°C - 22°C <26°C, Max. 100 hours pr. Year, (DS474 termisk indeklima) <27°C, Max. 25 hours pr. Year, (DS474 termisk indeklima) CO2 level Apartments Under 1000 ppm (DS474 termisk indekli-ma??) Offices Under 900 ppm (DSF 3033, class A+)
Sustainable approach
There are various ways to approach sustainable design. Some people might think of self-sufficient eco-villages while other relates to bigger networks, infrastructures and business.
The approach, which is used in this project relates to the local environment. The microclimate around the site is thoroughly analysed and used as an inte-grated part of the design process. The building fa-cade is seen as an surrounding membrane, which protects the
building from the environment. But at the same time the building is seen as a coorpora-
tor with the environment, which uses the qualities from the nature. Specificly this project use passive solutions as an integrated part of the design, which will be implemented carefully both for architectural expression and e-nergy save. Environmental de-sign strategies, which will be used is listed on the next page. Analysis of the different solutions is to be found in appendix 03.
Furthermore, social considerations will be taken into account.
38
Ill. 62 - Sun - view relationshio
ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT DEFINED
FAR = 100% FAR > 100%FAR = 100% FAR = 100%FAR > 100%
Before introducing the slab typology with the inverse shapes in front of each other, the FAR (floor area ratio) is set to a 100% in order to over-view the relation to the site.
The volume is divided into slab building masses. This allows the sun to reach in between the building masses.
The slabs are angled to create more air between them and giving the facades direct sun light. This also gives better preconditions for view lines.
By rising and lowering critical parts of the slabs “The inverse shape principle” is introduced, having both a good view to the Limfjorden and good con-ditions for the southern sun radiation.
The final adjustments accord-ing to the FAR are made to-gether with the introduction of the main transport paths sliced through the building masess.
The quality of direct sun-light from southern orientation and the northern view of the Limfjord for all the residents is one of the main challanges
of this project, and also part of our strategic concept. The inverse shapes in front of each other maximize the di-rect sun light in the south at
the same time allowing the view to the north for most of the building mass.
Pragmatic Approach
Our architectural concept derived from our strategic concept and developed through a pragmatic ap-proach.
The pragmatic way of work-ing is higly relevent when designing dwelings, particul-lary when they are to fulfill sustainable ideals. One of the key sustainable
design strategies is the planing of the the right building form and orientation. The building form is one if not the most significant factor in saving energy and enhanc-ing basic qualities of the dweling.
The steps to achive the final overall shape are displayed
Ill. 63 - Pragmatic building process
39
VOLUME & SHADOW STUDIESWhen investigating in a prag-matic methodology the recog-nition of the potential of the context is recognized. Apart from using the sun and cli-matic factors, the site is used to design and shape the volumes. Therefore points of interests and paths must be recognized.
Three main path enteries are recognized, slicing through the volume, seperating slabs to invite sun-light and allocating volumes in a way that contrib-ute diversity to the area
Ill. 64 - Studies
Ill. 65 - Studies
40
SITE DISPOSITION STUDY
- Path strictly defined- Semi-clear building axels- Low sun exposure between buildings - Medium diversity
In this study the slabs are placed in different dispo-sitions to investigate the shadow casting on the space between the buildings and different path ty-pologies.
Dividing each slab into highrise and lowrise and change the direction to the next slab according to the height gives a new possibility to lead light in between the slabs.
Curves inverted to each leads a high level of light in between the slabs.
- Path strictly defined- Clear building axels- Medium sun exposure be-tween buildings- Medium-low diversity
- Path strictly defined- Semi-clear building axels- High sun exposure between buildings (critical corners)- Medium diversity
- Path strictly defined- Very clear building axels- Low sun exposure between buildings- Low diversity
- Path laxly defined- Un-clear building axels- Medium (average) sun exposure between buildings- High Diversity
- Path defined- Clear building axels - Medium sun exposure between buildings- Medium diversity
- Path laxly defined- Un-clear building axels- Medium (average) sun expo-sure between buildings- Medium diversity
- Path laxly defined- Semi-clear building axels- High sun exposure between buildings- Medium diversity
Ill. 67 - Slab typology study
Ill. 66 - Slab typology study
41
Ill. 72, Solar heat gain
through window
Heating season
In the heating season from Oktober to March there is still a high amount of sun reached the southern end of the space between the building mass. The facade analysis is calculated from 1st of December to 31th of January. The horizontal line illustrated a height of three meters. Double heigh apartments will be located on ground level and a solar gain window will be placed on 1st floor in each apart-ment. In this way the highest amount of solar gain can be reached during the heating season for the ground level apartments.
Ill. 73, Double high apartments on the groundfloor
SUN AND WIND ANALYSIS1400+
1200
Hrs
1120
980
840
700
560
420
280
140
0
1400+
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Ill. 69, Heating season (1st Oct. - 31th Mar.) Ill. 71, Soft traffic flow on sunny siteIll. 70, Car traffic on shadow site
Double high apartments on the ground floor with a solar gain window on 1st floor will make it possi-ble for the apartments placed where there is most shadow to gain heating from direct sunlight on the days were the sun is lowest on the sky.
42
Outdoor season
Direct sun hours in the outdoor season is mainly on the space between the buildings. Shading de-vices will be designed for the apartments.
In the outdoor season there almost the wh..
2400+
2160
Hrs
1920
1680
1440
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2400+
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1920
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0
Ill. 75, Outdoor space
Ill. 76, Vasari wind analysis
Ill. 78, Vasari wind analysis
Ill. 77, Soil banks for wind protection
Ill. 74, Outdoor season (1st Apr. - 30th Sep. )
Wind analysis
The western wind dominating in Denmark cre-ates windy spaces on the western end of the de-signed slabs.
It is clear that wind protection is needed on the western part of the area. By keeping some of the exiting vegeation and soil banks protection from the wind can be made. the areas and the eastern site of the banks will be furnished for recreation-al areas and the windy western site of the banks will be parkinglots for guest visiting the people living in the building.
43
SLAP DEVELOPMENT
AccessabilityThe access to the apartments will be through vertical connections.
Common spaces and outdoor areasSome of the building volume will be used for common outdoor spaces. These spaces will furthermore function as transit areas to some of the apartments..
ApartmentsThe apartments will be both double story and single story. The arrangement of the apart-ments done according to the access system together with the common space in between the buildings.
Final arrangementOn this illustration it is possible to see the ra-tionality of the arrangement of the apartments according to the access system.
Ill. 79 - Slab development
44
APARTMENT PRINCIPLES
The slab typology corresponds with a sun-view relationship, which is facing different directions.
The heat distribution in the apartment will corre-spond with the pattern of the sun. The southern end of each apartment will be heated more than the northern end.
Coldest
Bedrooms
Toilets/StorageLiving-room
Kitchen
Ill. 81, Heat distribution principleIll. 80, Sun - view relationship Ill. 82, Daylight principleWarmest
Bedrooms will mainly be located in the northern end of the apartments. Livingrooms will have have the sun and view relationship so they will face both north and south. Toilets will be placed in the midlle were the daylight factor is lowest.
Ill. 83: Room distribution
45
DAYLIGHT FACTOR
Double ApartmentSingle Apartment Corner Apartment
Ill. 84, SIngle floor apartment Ill. 85, Ground floor Ill. 86, 1st floor Ill. 87, Corner apartment
Da
ylig
ht
Fa
cto
r
Focus on the ground floor is there a space with a daylight factor of 3 %. This is here the dinner table is placed, the reason is when you are eating or work-ing it is pleasant to have a good daylight factor. The kitchen area and the living room have a rea-sonable daylight factor of 2-3 %. The first floor has this felling of been out, when you are in the apart-ment, one of the things that emphasise this fell-ing is a daylight factor over 8 %. The toilet is place where the darkest space is in the apartment.
The daylight simulation document a bright living room, with a daylight factor of minimum 3 %. The axis between north and south in the apartment is also emphasising with the daylight.
The daylight simulation document a bright living room, with a daylight factor of minimum 3 %. The axis between north and south in the apartment is also emphasising with the daylight.
46
LUX VISUALISING
Double ApartmentSingle Apartment Corner Apartment
Ill. 88, March 21 16 o’clock
Ill. 90, March 21 16 o’clock
Ill. 92, March 21 16
Ill. 93, June 21 16 o’clock
Ill. 91, June 21 16 o’clock
Ill. 89, June 21 16 o’clock
Lu
x
Most of the year there is a big difference between the living room and the bedrooms in terms of lux. There are some issues with a dark kitchen area here is the light best in the summer period. The living room has a very bright space with a lux on the sur-face of 500.
This investigation visualise how the interior light is in these deferent apartments and to see the impact from the sun, when the occupants arrive after work. The simulation is made 16 o’ clock. Two periods, March 21 and June 21 is simulated, which represent summer, spring and autumn. The reason for leaving out the winter period in the simulation, is because this period is nearly dark when the occupants arrive from work.
The double high room has a big influence of the lux on the surface, there is a mean level of 300 lux in spring and autumn on the ground floor, which is very good when the light is only entered from two orientations. The living room on first floor has a lux level of 500 the most of the year, with emphasise the feeling of being outside.
The corner apartment is the brightest of all apart-ment because of windows from three directions, not only in the summertime, but as the visualisation shows spring and autumn is also very bright, with the lowest level of lux on 250.
47
DIRECT SUNLIGHT ANALYSIS1400+
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Hrs
1120
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840
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0
Ill. 94, Ground floor(1st Oct. - 31th Mar.)
Ill. 97, 1st floor(1st Dec. - 31th Jan.)
Ill. 96, 2.5 m above groundfloor
(1st Oct. - 31th Mar.)
Ill. 98, 1st floor - Outdoor season
(1st Apr. - 30th Sep.)
Ill. 99, Direct solar radiation through hole (Winter solstice ,12)
Ill. 95, 1st floor(1st Oct. - 31th Mar.)
Direct sunlight analysis (Double story apartment)1st of October - 31th of March
These analysis clarifies that the direct sun reaches the floors during the heating season. The sun has better conditions on the 1st floor, where the big solar heatgain window is placed. Some of the di-rect sun through the big windows will reach the groundfloor through the hole.
However the simulation on the groundfloor shows limited direct sun through the hole, which indicates that most of the direct sun through the hole will not reach the flooring of the groundfloor, but the top of the room. The simulation 2.5 meter above groundfloor indicates that, where an area just be-low the hole is reaches by direct solar radiaton.
400+
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The differentiation of the solar gain on the two floors is made because of the differentiation in in-ternal heat gain. Occupants will use the ground-floor more often and therefore produce more heat. Furthermore electric equipment such as Television, oven, washing machine and computers will mainly be located on the groundfloor.
The simulation from the outdoor season clarifies that the interior will be protected from direct sun through this season.
48
This zone is facing north, and is investigated due to an expected lower tem-perature than the north and south orientated kitchen and living area on the same level. The mas-ter bedroom zone has no
overheating hours, but some cooling problems. Later, during the investigation, it will be verified if this is an issue for the indoor climate (appendix no. 07).
This zone is facing north. Both upper bed-rooms are included, be-cause they have more or less the same condi-tions. The zone has, as the master bedroom, some cooling issues, with 74 hours below 20
degrees, but also some overheating hours, which is 11 hours above 26 degrees (Appendix no. 07). As the master bedroom, this issue is dealt with later in this investigation of indoor climate, which verifies if this is an issue for creating a good and healthy indoor climate.
This thermal zone is the space on the upper floor, where the big solar heat gain window is placed. The space is a living area with furniture and is also a transit area to the bed-rooms. The thermal zone
is facing south, and the investigation is done be-cause some overheating problems could appear. During a whole year there are 19 hours above 26 degrees, and two hours above 27 degrees, which fulfils the restriction (technical requirement p. 40).
This thermal zone is an open flowing space on ground floor, which in-cludes the kitchen area and the living area. The zone has little over-heating issues, but fulfils the restriction (techni-
cal requirement page 40). There is only 13 hours above 26 degrees and the highest monthly CO2 level is 426.4 ppm (appendix no. 07).
Bedrooms 1st floor
Kitchen and Livingroom
Living space 1st floor
Master BedroomTHERMAL ZONES
This paragraph investigates the indoor climate in the double story apartment. The apartment is divided into four different thermal zones. These thermal zones are simulated and document if there are problems with overheating, cooling issues, poor air quality, air changing, and tem-perature difference, which will be explained later on. In all the different thermal zones there is connected a system (people load, equipment, ventilation etc. - Appendix no. 05).
Ill. 100 - Thermal zone Living and Kitchen area
Ill. 102- Thermal zone Living Space upper floor
Ill. 103 - Thermal zone bedroom upper floor
Ill. 101 - Thermal zone of the master bedroom
DOUBLE STORY APARTMENT
49
INDOOR CLIMATE
In this paragraph the indoor climate will be in-vestigated further, according to accurate tem-perature issues and air quality. The simulations will be made for the warmest day, the warmest week, and the coldest day.
Warmest Day Temp. and CO2
The two first graphs illustrate the warmest day, the 1st of August, according to temperature and air quality. The highest temperature in the apartment is in the living spaces, which reaches 27 degrees. The average temperature for the bedrooms is low-er. The master bedroom is the bedroom with high-est temperature because of the small volume, and at the same time two occupants. Furthermore, this has an impact on the CO2 level, which is highest in the master bedroom.
Varmest Week Temp. and CO2
The day schedule of the occupants has a huge ef-fect on the temperatures and CO2 level during the day. The difference between the living area and the bedrooms is clearly seen. The bedrooms have a lower temperature than the living spaces, but all rooms fulfil the requirements.
Coolest Week Temp.A further investigation of the bedrooms will clarify if there are any cooling problems (Appendix no. 07). The coldest week (week 3) is simulated. The worst days are day 5-8 in week 3. But the temperature is not lower than 19.5, which is acceptable. The oc-cupants will normally use more clothe during the winter period. Furthermore, the low temperature is at night-time, where the occupants will probably sleep under a warm duvet.
Ill. 104
Ill. 105 Ill. 106
Ill. 107 Ill. 108
50
INDOOR CLIMATE
The corner apartment is different from all other apartments since windows are added towards west or east, which has an impact on the indoor climate. This paragraph investigates the indoor climate of the corner apartment.
The investigation is the same method and system, which is used in the double story apartment. The apartment is divided in two thermal zones (ill. 109). The first zone is the living space, which obtains the kitchen and living room. The other zone is bed-room, toilet, and entrance area. There are some overheating hours in the living space (Appendix no. 07), but it fulfils the restriction (Technical re-quirement p. 40). The bedrooms have no issues according to overheating hours and cooling (Ap-pendix no. 07).
The overheating hours have been simulated for the the warmest week, according to the weather scheme in BSim. The highest temperature is 27-28 degrees, but these temperatures are acceptable be-cause they only appear on the warmest day. The air quality on the warmest day maintains the restric-tion from the technical requirement (p. 40). The maximum level of CO2 is below 600 ppm, which fulfils the requirements. One of the factors, which reduce the polluted air, is natural ventilation, as shown in the diagram; the maximum air chang-ing per hour is 5 times. The changing of air is pos-sible according to natural ventilation of the double apartment, which has almost the same proportions (Appendix no. 09).
The corner apartment has a good and healthy in-
Ill. 109 - Thermal zones in the corner Apartment
door climate, when the occupants follow the sched-ule, which is used in BSim. The overheating hours are close to the limit from the technical restriction (appendix no. 07). There will maybe be some other issues, if the occupants have a different schedule.
The model, which is used in BSim, has the maxi-mum amount of window square meter, so if the calculated apartment has a good and healthy in-door climate, it can be assumed, that the rest of the corner apartment also has a good and healthy indoor climate – the rest of the corner apartments has the same or less square meters of windows.
CORNER APARTMENT
Ill. 110
Ill. 111
51
Mix of single side and cross ventilation
Cross ventilation
10060 mm
2700 mm
NATURAL VENTILATION PRINCIPLE
10060 13500
Potential of cross ventilation
Room proportion:
Wide 5 heightWide = 10060 mm Height = 2700 mm
5 2700 = 13500 mm
OK!!
Relation:
One of the passive solution there is use to eliminate overheating issue is natural ven-tilation. There are different approaches of ventilating. The project is working with two principles cross ventilation and single side ventilation.
The wind pressure is the only forces that mix the fresh air with the pollute air. Input on one side and output on the other, as showing in the di-agram. This principle is only possible when the proportion of the apartment is correct in terms of the relation between wide and height, (see the calculation below).
There is also working with similar principle, which is single side ventilation, the difference are that the input and output are on the same side. In summertime where the natural ventilation is use to change the air to achieve a good and healthy indoor climate. The wind pressure and openings size is deciding according to the air
change per hour. One of the warm days is the air changed 3.3 times each hour in the kitchen and liv-ing rooms and then the opening shall be a less 38 mm (Appendix no. 09). The opening is the wide of the window on both façade to change the kitchen and living area 3.3 times per hour (Appendix no. 09)These openings sizes appear as a reasonable opening, which is not to expose for the occupants and there is also a regard of safety, when the opening is only 38 mm.
Ill. 112 - Both single sided and cross ventilation
52
BUILDING ENVELOPEBuilding Part A24,kWh/m2 pr. year
Building Part B20,7kWh/m2 pr. year
Building Part C20,0kWh/m2 pr. year
Building Part D19,0kWh/m2 pr. year
Ill. 113 - Building envelope
The vertical access system and the common areas connected to the vertical access system divide the building into four zones. The access system and common areas are all unheated areas and are therefore not a part of the energy frame. The four zones are illustrated in illustration (Ill. 113). The goal before the design process started was to reach the 2020 energy goal, which does not allow a higher energyusethan20.0kWh/m2peryear.
BuildingenvelopeC(20kWh/m2peryear)andD(19.0KWh/m2peryear)fulfilthe2020goal–build-ingenvelopeA(24.5kWh/m2peryear)andB(20.7kWh/m2peryear)donot.Thebestcaseisbuildingenvelope D, which has the smallest surface area compared to the volume - the worst case is build-ing envelope A, which has the highest. The energy use of the zones gets higher and higher when the surface area divided by volume gets higher (See ap-pendix no. 10).
The average energy consumption of the slab is 21.05 kWh/m2 per year which nearly fulfils the2020 goal.
The fully fullfil the goal some of the things, which could be done was a further development of the dimensions and placement of the windows and the the surface area compared to the volume could have been decreased.
But the cohesion in the expression which has the same window area for all the building envelopes and the increasing height of the building which corresponds with the sun-view relationship con-flicted in some situations with the amount of e-nergy.
53
TECHNICAL CONCLUSIONThe edifice had been investigated in terms of the technical restrictions (p. 40). The overall goal was to fulfill most of our prerequisites. In this sub-con-clusion those results will be detailed.
The indoor climate had a large influence on our project which had been simulated on two differ-ent types of apartments, which we assumed that they had the biggest possibility to overheat. The type was the double storey apartment, with the big solar heat gain window at the first floor. The second one was the corner apartment, with win-dows facing three different orientations. In both case we managed to obtain a good and healthy indoor climate, by shading the windows with over-hangs and the usage of hybrid ventilation. The corner apartment has just fulfilled the restriction concerning overheating hours as it is investigated, the conclusion was that the cooling problem can be ignored in wintertime because it was not lower than 19,5 degrees (p. 54).
The double-storey was submitted to a sensitivity test to verify if the apartment can obtain the changing of the occupants’ lifestyle. The apartment remained on a constant good and healthy indoor climate, the only problematic case was when there were 8 people’s visit was assumed and then the apartment had a maximum of 29 degrees.
To reduce the overheating in the apartment we cal-culated the sizes of openings to change the air 3.3 times per hour. The opening was sized to 38 mm which provides a comfortable indoor environment. (Appendix no.09).
The whole slab’s energy consumptions is divided into four smaller building envelopes (p. 55). The aim was that each of building zones should reach the 2020energygoalof20kWh/m2peryear.Thetwobiggest zones obtained the 2020 goal, when the surface area got to big compared to the squareme-ters, then the other buildings part did not achieved the 2020 goal (Appendix no.10). This should have been an earlier argument in the design process, to think more integrated when we shaped the build-ing . That was the reason why we did not fulfil the 2020 goal for the whole building slab. We could have added solar cells to fulfil the requirement, but our technical description shows that we wanted to reach it with only passive solutions (p. 40).
In order to have a Zero Energy Building solar cells has been installed onto the rooftop, in a total area of 292 m2. Hence these cells are the most effective on the roof, this area was prioritized for the PV pan-els . Calculations show how many solar cells are re-quired on the southern façade in order to achieve a Net Totally Zero Energy Building. The solar cells must placed on the load-bearing structure, which had the minimum wide of 800 mm, which idea works together with the architectural ideas. After a lot of consultation we decided on not to create a totally net ZEB, because it would change the ex-pression of the architectural spaces and concep-tion of a living space in our interpretation. This was the reason why we only just calculated the amount of solar cells to reach the totally net ZEB, so that we could saw if it was possible.(appendix no 11).
The technical part and the pragmatic design prin-ciples were integrated part of the architectural de-
velopment of this project, and also the reason that project is prioritized to have a good and healthy indoor climate and nearly reached 2020 goal with only passive solutions.
54
CONCLUSIONThe goal with this project according to the study guide was to develop architectural concepts for zero-energy architecture using the IDP (integrated Design Process). This have been achieved with our proposal.
In our analysis we took high consideration to the context as reaching sustainable ideals demanded a pragmatic approach. This meant that understand-ing the site, the climate and the orientation would help in designing an energy efficient envelope. Af-ter creating good circumstances for further energy efficient development, further design strategies could be implemented.
The goal that was set up by the group with the strategic and architectural concept was a success. Some of the design parameters were open for in-terpretation, but generally clear in what vision to fulfill.
Unfortunately the NET ZEB standard was not ful-filled nor the 2020 energy requirement goal.In retrospect it is quite easy to pin-point how to solve some of the issues that contributed to the bad performance results, but as the issues was dis-covered late in the process the ability to integrate the solutions into the design without compromis-ing the integrity of the project was hard. The inter-esting part was rather the discussion that followed on whether or not the prize of change was worth paying, in our case energy performance contra ar-chitectural expression.
In reality issues will occur and not all of them will be dealt with in time, which leads to compromises, but hopefully with experience, more of those issues can be foreseen and tackled earlier in the process.
The IDP offers a model to follow where iterations can be done throughout the process where sug-gested solutions gets assessed and reviewed whether they improve the project or not. When creating a sustainable residential area the level of technical implementation is high and measur-able. The IDP is ideal for this kind of tasks as the un-measurable architectural values can be backed up by the measurable performance based values for legitimacy. The requirement for a successful dialog between architectural and technical implementa-tion without clashes between them is to deal with contradictions as early as possible.
55
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(Rockwool Energy) http://energy.rockwool.dk/re/UI/Energy.html#Rockwool Energy Located12/4/2012
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(Velfac windows calculator)http://193.163.166.189/Step1.aspxLoacted02/05/12
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Ill. 01: Sketchy overview: Own ill. Ill. 01: Site plan, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 02: Site plan, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 03 - South facade: Own ill. Ill. 04 - North facade 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 05 - North Facade, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 06 - East Facade , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 07 - West Facade, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 08 - East Facade , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 09 - Basement , 1:500: Own ill.Ill. 10 - Ground floor , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 11 - 1st floor , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 12 - 2nd floor , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. xx - 5th floor , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 13 - 3th floor, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 14 - 4th floor , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 15 - 6th floor , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 16 - Roof plan , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 17 - Section B-B, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 18 - Section C-C , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 19 - Section A-A, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 20 - East elevation of the siteplan: Own ill. Ill. 21 - Parking lots: Own ill. Ill. 23 - Section A-A, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 22 - Plan 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 24 - Double story apartment: Own ill. Ill. 25 - Double story apartment: Own ill. Ill. 26 - Plan (not in scale): Own ill. Ill. 27 - Plan (not in scale): Own ill. Ill. 28 - Plan (not in scale): Own ill. Ill. 29 - 3D section (not in scale): Own ill. Ill. 30 - Plan 1:100: Own ill. Ill. 31 - Plan 1:100: Own ill. Ill. 32 - IDP phases (Knudstrup, 2005) Knudstrup, M-A. 2005, Arkitektur som Integreret Design, Panduras Boks, Aaborg Universitetsforla Ill. 33 - IDP phases Ill. 34 - Sustainability (Williamson, Radford and Bennetts 2003) Williamson, Terry. Radford, Antony. and Bennetts, Hel en. Understanding sustainable architecture. 2003 Spon Press London Ill. 35 - Entrance points: Own ill. Ill. 36 - Panorama view: Own ill. Ill. 37 - 39, Site pictures: Own ill. Ill. 40 - Rubble for pathways: Own ill. Ill. 41 - Concrete wood grass: Own ill. Ill. 42 - Wood: Own ill. Ill. 43 - Stone: Own ill. Ill. 48 - Vegetation: Own ill.
Ill. 47 - Maritime equipment: Own ill. Ill. 44 - Grass: Own ill. Ill. 45 - Grass: Own ill. Ill. 46 - Concrete: Own ill. Ill. 49 - Vegetation: Own ill. Ill. 50 - Contextual greenscape: Own ill. Ill. 51 - Soil banks : Own ill. Ill. 52 - Connections: Own ill. Ill. 53 - Functions: Own ill. Ill. 54 - Infrastructure: Own ill. Ill. 55 - Room programme: Own ill. Ill. 56 - Windrose (DMI) Danish meteorological Institute, Technical report 99-113, Copenhagen 1999 Ill. 57 - Sun Paths (DMI) Danish meteorological Institute, Technical report 99-113, Copenhagen 1999 Ill. 58 - Shadows: Own ill. Ill. 59 - Shadow studies: Own ill. Ill. 60 - Ecotect direct sun analysis December 1st to January 31th: Own ill. Ill. 62 - Sun - view relationship: Own ill. Ill. 63 - Pragmatic building process : Own ill. Ill. 64 - Studies: Own ill. Ill. 65 - Studies: Own ill. Ill. 66 - Slab typology study: Own ill. Ill. 67 - Slab typology study: Own ill. Ill. 69, Heating season (1st Oct. - 31th Mar.): Own ill. Ill. 70, Car traffic on shadow site: Own ill. Ill. 72, Solar heat gain through window: Own ill. Ill. 71, Soft traffic flow on sunny site: Own ill. Ill. 73, Double high apartments on the groundfloor: Own ill. Ill. 74, Outdoor season (1st Apr. - 30th Sep. ): Own ill. Ill. 75, Outdoor space: Own ill. Ill. 76, Vasari wind analysis: Own ill. Ill. 77, Soil banks for wind protection: Own ill. Ill. 78, Vasari wind analysis: Own ill. Ill. 79 - Slab development: Own ill. Ill. 80, Sun - view relationship: Own ill. Ill. 81, Heat distribution principle: Own ill. Ill. 83: Room distribution: Own ill. Ill. 82, Daylight principle: Own ill. Ill. 84, SIngle floor apartment: Own ill. Ill. 85, Ground floor: Own ill. Ill. 86, 1st floor: Own ill. Ill. 87, Corner apartment: Own ill. Ill. 88, March 21 16 o’clock: Own ill. Ill. 89, June 21 16 o’clock Ill. 90, March 21 16 o’clock: Own ill.
Ill. 91, June 21 16 o’clock: Own ill. Ill. 92, March 21 16 o’clock: Own ill. Ill. 93, June 21 16 o’clock: Own ill. Ill. 94, Ground floor(1st Oct. - 31th Mar.): Own ill. Ill. 95, 1st floor (1st Oct. - 31th Mar.): Own ill. Ill. 96, 2.5 m above groundfloor (1st Oct. - 31th Mar.): Own ill. Ill. 97, 1st floor(1st Dec. - 31th Jan.): Own ill. Ill. 99, Direct solar radiation through hole (Winter solstice ,12): Own ill. Ill. 98, 1st floor - Outdoor season(1st Apr. - 30th Sep.): Own ill.
Ill.100 - Thermal zone Living and Kitchen area: Own ill. Ill. 102- Thermal zone Living Space upper floor: Own ill. Ill. 101 - Thermal zone of the master bedroom: Own ill. Ill. 103 - Thermal zone bedroom upper floor: Own ill. Ill. 105: Own ill. Ill. 107: Own ill. Ill. 104: Own ill. Ill. 106: Own ill. Ill. 108: Own ill. Ill. 109 - Thermal zones in the corner Apartment: Own ill. Ill. 110: Own ill. Ill. 111: Own ill. Ill. 112 - Both single sided and cross ventilation: Own ill. Ill. 113 - Building envelope: Own ill. Ill. 114 - Wichita House http://marta-herford.info/index.php/die-presse/ vorschau/presse-vorschau-universum-buckminster-fuller 12/03/12Ill. 115 - Friland House http://www.friland.org/?page_id=151 - 12/03/12 Ill. 116 http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-prod uct-design/how-green-buildings-should-look-ken- yeang.html - 12-03-12 Ill. 117 http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/ view/4354/editt-tower-singapore-by-tr-hamzah- yeang.html - 25/05/2012 Ill. 118 - Ove Arups council
Ill. 119 http://www.sciencephoto. com/media/439862/enlarge - 25/05/2012Ill. 120-127: Typologies Pedersen, Poul Bæk. Sustainable compact city. Arkitekt skolens forlag. 2009
ILLUSTRATIONLIST
http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.showprojectbigimages&img=1&pro_id=10548
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Ill. 128: Shading http://www.yourhome.gov.au, 10/12/2012 Ill. 129: How it works http://www.yourhome.gov.au, 10/12/2012Ill. 130: Thermal mass http://www.yourhome.gov.au, 10/12/2012Ill. 131: Heat distr. http://www.daviddarling.info/images/passive_solar_de sign_elements.gif Ill. 133 Ill. 134 Ill. 135Ill. 166:
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Sustainability is a very broad term, and when you only look at sustainability in architecture it is still a broad term, that is one of the reasons that a Ph.D. paper has divide sustainability in architecture into different approach. To get a better understanding and knowledge of sustainability in architecture we study the different approach of sustainability in Hanne Tine Ring Hansen’s Ph.D. sensitivity analysis. The different approach is divide into these topics self-sufficient-, Ecological-, Green building-, Bioclimatic- Environmental- and solar architecture.
This approach devises from the early industriali-zation period. The building was independence, self-sufficient and receives no support for any external grid, but this self-sufficient is not only the energy consumption, because this is only a part of it. A self-sufficient building is also self-sufficient in several aspect such as colleting wa-ter, building materials cool- and heat gain. The buildings had repose to the environment. One for the pioneers for self-sufficient architecture was Richard Buckminster Fuller, he development the Wichita House after the world war 2 (Krausse and Lichtenstein 1999), he called it the Wichita dwelling Machine. Wichita house as you see on the illustration is a round steel building, but one for the unique part for this building it how it works, when looking at natural ventilation. Self-sufficient main known project is the biosphere by Richard Buckminster Fuller, he designed the Ca-nadian pavilion to expo in Untied State in 1967 (Baldwin 1996)
This approach has a connection to the Euro-pean political `green’ parties in 1970s and Greenpeace. The image of nature is green and that image is related to the approach “green architecture” and this green has also a relation-ship to energy and ecology (Wines 2000). This approach has a conservation and protection thinking of the environment.
In the early 60’s there came a comprehension of ecological architecture. The point of departure in this approach is the Circle of Life by this ideology; they tried to emphasize the natural materials and use renewable source direct from the earth, so they could return it back without causing any harm. They are design a solution from the char-acteristics of the site, its surrounding context, and the local topography and mirco-climate. Another point in ecological architecture is the impact on environment. (Steele 2005). There are some ex-amples of this approach in Denmark, a TV docu-ment has develop an area that’s call Friland, they use this idea of sustainably approach.
Green architecture Ecological architecture Self-sufficient architecture
ill. 114 - Wichita House ill. 115 - Friland House ill. 116 - Ken Yeang’s Human Research Institute
APPENDIX NO. 01 - GENERAL SUSTAINABLE APPROACH
ill. 117 - Editt Tower60
The bioclimatic approach has change some times since it was mentioned the first time by Victor Olgyay in 1963 and later by Ken Yeang in the post-climate crises era. This approach is not work-ing against nature, but with it. There have some focus points, which are climate and the protection of the climate. They have a focus of zooning by different climatic zonings according to tempera-ture, cold, hot and humid, and hot and arid. In this approach it is the first approach that’s working with the nature forces around the building rather against them. (Hansen 2007). In a bioclimatic ap-proach you consider the energy consumption and the material life-cycle, in that way there integrate some of passive and low-tech solution.
Environmental architecture
This approach was originates from the late 1907’s by the pioneered was the electricity council in Brit-ain and, Ove Arup and Partners (Schittich 2003). This approach has a main focus point, which is the relationship between building and climate. But also has a balance between exterior and interior climate, that’s mean that this approach respect the occupants well-being, which is the first time that the indoor climate requirement is describe (Hans-en 2007). Here is passive solution incorporated in the design by cooling, heating and ventilation for the indoor climate. The energy consumption is reducing to a low point and the climate on the site has a crucial parameter, when building environ-mental architecture.
Solar architecture
The solar architecture idea was originates from 1960’s, but the term become popular in the 80’s and 90’s. This approach is also known as passive house, energy-efficient or low-energy buildings. The primary focus is the energy-efficiency with integration of energy producing elements. Solar heating can be obtain as room heating thereby reduce the energy consumption, it can utilized in a passively and actively in the buildings.
Bioclimatic architecture
ill. 117 - Editt Tower ill. 118 - Office Building in Solihul ill. 119 - Heliotrope solar house 61
:
This paragraph is a short description of different ty-pologies with point of the departure in study made by Poul Bæk Pedersen, which is a study of differ-ent sustainable typologies. (Pedersen, 2009) These descriptions has focus on the dilemma on the site. The typologies are urban villa, urban block, slab,
APPENDIX NO. 02 - TYPOLOGY STUDYbarcode, Super block, Group high-rise, Conglomer-ate and the Kasbah.
The criterias, which are discussed:
• The view and sun relationship in the same apartment. • Daylight • Minimize the surface area as most as possible • Access to open space. • Flow between the building mass• Diversity in different spatial experiences, such as private
and public space.
Urban VillaFew apartments in each unit experience view and sun, it depends on the organization of the apartments.To obtain good daylight, the apartments shall have openings with a less two directions. There are potential of shadows from the surrounding buildings and then the daylight quality gets unpleasant.Open space only on the ground levelPlacement is important to create an interesting spatial experience between the buildings mass.No diversity and it are difficult to notice the variation of public and private spaces.
Urban blockNot all apartment obtain the view and the sun relation, because some has the orientation east-west. The daylight quality varying a lot in the urban block since the orientation is different.Open protect courtyard at ground level and it is possible to create open space higher in the building. Open space on upper level possess a more private character, the inner courtyard has a shared semi-public character.Little diversity such as the small space higher in the building, but on the ground level there are no diversity in the spatial experience.
BarcodeThe thin structure gives the apartment the view and sun relation, if the orientation is south and north. Daylight enters the apartment at less from two directions, there are potential of shadows from the surrounding buildings and then the daylight quality gets unpleasant. It produces a straight passage in one direction and a more complex and flowing character in the other one.Create different types of space and varying of the mix of semi-public and public area in the ground level.The open spaces higher in the building occur a more private character and only are use by the inhabitants.
SlabThe thin structure gives the apartment the view and sun relation, if the orientation is south and north. Daylight enters the apartment at less from two directions, there are potential of shadows from the surrounding buildings and then the daylight quality gets unpleasant.Minimize the surface area as most a possible.Open spaces on ground level, and in one direction closed and in the other direction open and inviting. It has only a small diversity in high of the building mass, because each unit has the same mode of expression. The opposite orientation of the direction in the slabs creates an interested flowing space between the buildings mass.
Ill. 120-127: Typologies
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:
The slab and barcode typologies is as point of de-parturethebestinrelationtothesiteandthesun/view relationship and the potential for daylight to reach each apartment from at least two orienta-tions. Another reason for this mixture of these two typologies is the direction on ground level, where you have a straight line in one direction and the more complex and diverse spatial and flowing space in the other direction.
Super BlockThe thin structure gives the apartment the view and sun relation, if the orientation is south and north. Daylight is entering in all apartments from two directions.Minimize the surface area as most a possible, because there are only one building, with few openings and complexity.Big open public space at ground level, with no spatial qualities because it is undefined. Small openings on the upper floors create diversity vertical in the building, with a more private character. Ground level has no diversity and relation to human scale.
HighriseThe thin structure gives the apartment the view and sun relation, if the orientation is south and north. Daylight enters the apartment at less from two directions there are potential of shadows from the surrounding buildings and then the daylight quality gets unpleasant.Minimize the surface area, when building the apartment in top of each other.It is a larger scale and has no human relation, even though they creating some kind of spatial qualities on ground level between the buildings mass, with a more public character.Higher in the building are small open space, with a private or semi-private character.
ConglomerateNot all apartments can achieve both sunlight and view, because some apartment is facing in other direction than south and north.Daylight is very different in each apartment, because of the different orientation. Potential of shadows from the surrounding buildings and then the daylight quality gets unpleasant.It is a complex typology and the surface area is not minimized.Open space vertical in the building mass, with a private or semi-private character.Ground level has different spatial experience between the buildings mass. That is creating diversity in the flow between the buildings.
ll apartments obtain the view and sun relation, because some has a orientation to east and west.
KasbahDaylight quality varying a lot since the orientation is different.Open space in the inner courtyard is a protected area and has a shared semi-public character.Open space on upper level possess a more private character, and the big opening obtain more daylight into the courtyard and the apartments.It is a labyrinthine, hollowed-out mass, with hyper complex patterns of circulation flows; up, down, toward and over.
APPENDIX NO. 03 - ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN STRATEGIES
Building Form & Planing
LocationThe location that a building is constructed on has a freat deal to do with how a build-ing is formed and planned. Certain design features that can be formed in order to suit a set environment may include:• Heightofbuilding(internal)• Typeofmaterials• Numberofroomsindwelling• Amountofopenings• ShapeofroofImportant facts to consider include:• Surroundingtrees/plants• Exposuretosun• Temperatureandhumidity• Directionofsun• Winddirectionandprevailingbreezes
BUILDING FORM & PLANING
SOLAR GAIN
NATURAL VENTILATION
MATERIALS
PV SYSTEMS
ShadingShading of the building and outdoor spaces reduces summer temperatures, improves comfort and saves energy. Direct sun can generate the same heat as a single bar radia-tor over each square meter of a surface. Shading can block up to 90% of this heat.
Fixed ShadingFixed shading devices (eaves, pergolas and louvers) can regulate solar access on south-ern elevations throughout the year, without requiring any user effort.
Adjustable ShadingAdjustable shading allows the user to choose the desired level of shade. This is particu-larly useful in spring and autumn when heating and cooling needs are variable. Note: active systems require active users.
OrientationThe orientation of a building can have an impact on heating, lighting and cooling costs. If the southern exposure is maximized one can take optimal advantage of the sun for daylight and passive solar heating. Cooling costs can be lowered by minimizing western exposures, where it is most difficult to provide shade from the sun.The orientation of walls and windows effect the amount of heat that enters and leaves a home. The general rule is to orient the house so the main wall and window areas face south, minimize windows to the west and to the east (lesser extent).By placing living areas and windows to the south it allows rooms to be heated during the day thereby reducing the need for artificial heating at night.
Ill. 128: Shading
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SOLAR GAIN
Passive solar buildings aim to maintain interior thermal comfort throughout the sun’s daily and annual cycles whilst reducing the requirement for active heating and cooling systems. Put simply, design for passive solar heating is about keeping out the summer sun and letting the winter sun in.
Principles of passive solar design:• Southernorientationofdaytimelivingareas• Appropriateareasofglassonsouthernfacades• Passiveshadingofglass• Thermalmassforstoringheat• Insulationanddraughtsealing• Floorplanzoning,basedonheatingneeds• Advancedglazingsolutions
Benefits of passive solar design:• Freewhendesignedintoanewhomeoraddition• Appropriateforallclimateswherewinterheatingisrequired• Potentiallyloweringtheheatdemandduringwintertime
How it worksSolar radiation is trapped by the greenhouse action of correctly orientated (south fac-ing) windows exposed to full sun. Window frames and glazing type have a significant effect on the efficiency of this process.
Thermal massThermal mass is used to store heat from the sun during the day and re-release it when it is required, to offset heat loss to colder night time temperatures. It effectively evens out day and night (diurnal) temperature variations.Adequate levels of exposed (ie. Not covered with insulative materials such as carpet) internal thermal mass in combination with other passive design elements will ensure that temperatures remain comfortable all night (and successive sunless days). This is due to a property known as thermal lag.Thermal lag is a term describing the amount of time taken for a material to absorb and then re-release heat, or for heat to be conducted through the material.
Thermal lag times are influenced by:• Temperaturedifferentialsbetweeneachface• Exposuretoairmovementandairspeed• Textureandcoatingsofsurfaces• Thicknessofmaterial• Conductivityofmaterial
Heat distributionHeat is re-radiated and distributed to where it is needed. Direct re-radiation is the most effective means. Design floor plans to ensure that the most important rooms (usually day-use living areas) face south for the best solar ac-cess. Heat is also conducted through building materials and distributed by air move-ment.
Rates of heat flow through materials are proportional to the temperature differential between each face.
External walls have significantly greater temperature differential than internal walls. The more extreme the climate the greater temperature difference.
In warmer temperate climates, external wall materials with a minimum time lag of ten to12hourscaneffectivelyevenoutinternal/externaldiurnal(day/night)temperaturevariations. In these climates, external walls with sufficient thermal mass moderate internal/externaltemperaturevariationstocreatecomfortandeliminatetheneedforsupplementary heating and cooling.
In cool temperate and hot climates (or when the time lag is less than ten to twelve hours), external thermal mass walls require external insulation to slow the rate of heat transfer and moderate temperature differentials. In these climates, thermal mass moderates internal temperature variations to create comfort and reduce the need for heating and cooling energy.
Ill. 129: How it works Ill. 130: Thermal mass Ill. 131: Heat distr.
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Passive ShadingPassive shading allows maximum winter solar gaing and prevents summer over-heating. This is most simply achieved with southerly orientation of appropriate areas of glass and well designed eaves overhangs.
InsulationHeat loss is minimized with appropriate window treatments and well insulated walls, ceilings and exposed floors. Thermal mass must be insulated to be effec-tive.
StrategiesDesign implementations Overhangs Appropriate glazing type, orientation and areal Thermal mass
Design Parameters• Orientationofwindows• Windowarea/roomvolume• Solartransmissivityofglass• Windowheatlosscoefficient• Thermalmassoftheroom• Controlstrategyforheatingsystem• Occupancyprofile
Natural ventilation
Natural wind driven ventilation works through the difference in air pressure to create an airflow circuit through a building. Positive pressure on the windward side of a build-ing then opposed by a low pressure on the leeward side creates a pressure difference to allow airflow from one point to another. Apertures or strategically placed openings in the building then allow these air circuits to operate, moving air around a space.[image]
Benefits with natural ventilation:• Costsavingsastheneedofartificialcoolingstrategiesisdiminishedorelimi nated• Environmentallyfriendlyasenergyrequirementisdiminished• Healthierindoorclimatefortheoccupantsasairqualityisgood
Principles
• Single-sided ventilation “Single-sided natural ventilation occurs in buildings or building zones with only one opening. This opening can be vertical or horizontal and ventilation can be driven by either thermal buoyancy or wind or a combination.”• Cross ventilation Cross ventilation occurs with openings in two or more walls or walls and roof• Stackventilation Stack ventilation leads out the input air through a chimney, pipe or an atrium via thermal buoyancy• Combined cross and stack ventilation A combination of thermal buoyancy and wind pressured air movement
STRATEGY
PASSIVE SHADING INSULATION
HOW IT WORKS
Ill. 133 Ill. 134
Ill. 135
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Double skin facades
ConceptTwo glass skins are placed with a cavity for air flows. Natural, fan-supported or mechanical ventilation possibility.Solar shading devices placed inside cavity for protection (eg louvres).A thermal buffer zone is formed which reduces heat losses and enable passive solar gains.
Varieties of Double Skin Facades• Multi-storey = no horizontal or vertical partitioning exist between skins, air cavityventilationviaflorr/roofopenings• Corridor Façade = horizontal partitioning for acoustical, fire security or venti lation reasons.• Box Window type = horizontal and vertical partitioning divide façade in smaller and independent boxes.• Shaft box type = box window elements connected via vertical shafts in fa çade (creates an increased stac effect).
Typical Pane Types• Internal skin = insulating double pane• External skin=temperedsinglepane/laminatedglass
Advantages• Lowerconstructioncost• Acousticinsulation• Thermalinsulation• Nighttimeventilation• Energysavings• Reducedenvironmentalimpact• Betterprotectionofshading/lightingdevices• Reductionofthewindpressureeffects• Lowthermaltransmission• Lowsolarheatgaincoefficient
Practical implementation strategies
Design Checklist• BuildingOrientation&Location• BuildingLayout• BuildingConstructions• Heat-&ContaminantLoads• EnergyUse• AirDistributionPrinciples,airflowsandopeningtypes• FireSafety• Accoustics&Noise(internal&external)• Daylight• Security&Safety• IndoorClimate(thermalcomfort&indoorairquality)• Control&Opening
Wind-Catchers
Wind - catchers are catching the wind. They are surfaces designed and positioned to capture and draw in the wind flowing past a building thus venting and cooling the building. Although in some climates with high temperatures this would only draw in hot dry air. To cool this air, it is first drawn into the building, then run over a cool sur-face such as a body of water.
VARIETIES OF DSF
HOW DSF WORKS
WIND-CATHER
Ill. 136
Ill. 137
Ill. 138
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When building an energy efficient house it is good to have a mizture of materials. When materials like bricks, concrete and earth are warmed up they stay warm for a long time. When lighter materials like wood are warmed up they cool down faster then the above mentioned. This means that a house made completely out of wood with a well insulated construction, with large south facing windows, easily could become too hot when exposed to sun and too cold when the sun goes down. If walls are built with heavy materials then they will retain heat and let it out slowly. Some walls or floors inside could be built out of lighter materials to balance out the effects of the heavier materials.
Factors should be considered choosing building material:• Humidity• Freeze/thawcycles• Rainfallfrequencyandintensity• Snowloads/snowpack• Thermalmass• Ventilation• Color• Shading• Insulation• Termites• Radon• Flood
Advantages:• Easytointegrateandvirtuallymaintenancefree• Requiresnoadditionallandspace• Canproduceincomefortenantorlowerelectricitybills• CostofPVwallorroofcanbeoffsetagainstthecostsofthebuildingele-ment it replaces• Littleplanningpermissionrequiredandminimaltenantdisruption Disadvantages• Mostexpensivemicro-generationtechnology• 5yearcarbondebt• Expensivetoconnecttothegridandrequiresandaccreditedinstaller• Correctroofaspectessential• Veryintermittent(dependsonfavorableweatherconditions)
Materials
A photovoltaic system converts solar radiation into electricity. This is not to be con-fused with a solar panel, which uses the sin’s energy to heat water or air. It consists of multiple components, including cells, mechanical and electrical connections and mountingsandmeansofregulatingand/ormodifyingtheelectricaloutput.
Due to the low voltage of an individual solar cell, several cells are combined into pho-tovoltaic modules, which are in turn connected together into an array. The electricity generated can be either stored, used directly or fed into a large electricity grid pow-ered by central generation plants or combined with one or more domestic electricity generators to feed into a small grid.
When sunlight, solar modules can power electrical loads in nearly the same way as a car battery. In the past, their main use has been for generating small amounts of electricity in areas where there is no other electricity available.With decreasing solar cell costs and the urgent need to find better ways of supplying the world’s energy, modules are being used in rapidly increasing numbers in urban areas, particularly on the family home. In the future, as industry grows and prices drop further, solar cells will be used side by side with conventional large scale power plants, and past 2050 almost all of the world’s energy could be generated by these cells.
PV Systems
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How it worksPhotovoltaic cells are most commonly made of silicon acting as a semiconductor as it absorbs sunlight and so it absorbs energy. This energy sets loose electrons and this flow or current is then drawn from the cell.
3 types of standalone systems• PV Direct Powers the load directly, without using any battery Has the most simple configuration Normally used either for applications that are not critical and match the avail ability of sunlight, such as calculators and ventilation fans, or when storage is already part of the system, such as in water pumping. Some kind of power conditioning may be needed to operate the load prop erly and maximize the photovoltaic output.• PV with Battery Includes storage that allows the load to be powered when the photovoltaic array cannot supply power directly, such as at night and during periods of low sunlight Most common type of photovoltaic system because it suits a wide range of applications worldwide.• PV Hybrid Includes systems that rely on an auxiliary source to compliment the local solar resource, generally a fossil fuel or wind generator
ImplementationSolar cells can be simply installed onto the roof of a family house, with the col-lected energy providing the necessary power to support the house. It can also be fed back into the grid for the benefit of other residents.
Another way of implementation is by a more thoughtful approach of integrating it into the design of a building. This can provide a quality aesthetic with a beneficial function. However, in many cases, it is difficult to gain full use of the solar cells as particular attention needs to be paid to the positioning of each cell.
IMPLEMENTATION
3 TYPES OF STANDALONE SYSTEMS
HOW IT WORKS Ill. 139
Ill. 140
Ill. 141
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APPENDIX NO. 04 - CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS
External Wall
Horizontal Division
Ground Deck
Roof Construction
Partition wall
External Wall Balcony
www.energy.rockwool.dkwww.energy.rockwool.dk Ill. 142-147
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APPENDIX NO. 05 - SYSTEM SETUP FOR BSIM
SystemPeople Load
Infiltration
Heating
Ventilation
Venting
Equipment
Living/Kitchen Living room (4. pers)
All Zones
Living/KitchenLiving room
Living/KitchenLiving roomMaster Bedroom Bedroom
All thermal zones
Master Bedroom Bedroom
Living/Kitchen
Master Bedroom Bedroom (4. pers)
Living room
Bedroom
Master Bedroom
Medium ActivityMedium Activity
BasicAirChange0.1m/sTmpFactor. 0, TmpPower 0,5, Windfactor. 0
MaxPower100Kw/m2Fixed part 0Part to air 0,5
InputSupply0,0477m3/s Pressure Rise 900 Pa Total eff. 0,7 Part of air 0,5OutputReturn0,0477m3/s Pressure Rise 600 Pa Total eff. 0,75 Part of air 0,5
Recovery Unit Max Heat Rec. 0.85 Min. Heat Rec. 0 Max Cool Rec. 0 Min Moist Rec. 0,6Heating Coil Max Power 2
Basic Air Change 2,1 -hTmpFactor 0,1TmpPower 0,5
WindFactor 0,2Max Air Change 5 -h
MaxPower100Kw/m2Fixed part 0Part to air 0,5
All energy consumption: 0,137kW(See appendix no. 06)
Normal activityNormal activity Sleep Activity
Laptop General 0,00228 kW
TV 24” LC-24DV510E 0,00376 kW
No Equipment
Thermal Zones DesprictionSchedule
HalfLoad 50%HalfLoad 50%
FullLoad 100%
Factor 1 , Set point 22 CDesign -12 CMin. Power 1,0 kWTe min 17,0 C
Part of Nom. Flow 1Point 1 Tel -12 CTinl 1 on line 22 CPoint 2 Tel 8 C Tinl 2 on line 22 CSlope before 0Slope after 0
Set point 24 CSet point 0 ppmFactor 1
Factor 1, Set point 21 CDesign -12 CMin. Power 1,0 kWTe min 17,0 C
Dayload 100%NightLoad 25%
QuaterLoad 25% QuaterLoad 25%NightLoad 100%
QuaterLoad 25% QuaterLoad 25%
QuaterLoad 25% QuaterLoad 25%
Day ProfileMorningAfternoon-Mon-FreWeekends Sat-Sun
Always
Always
Always
May-Sept
Always
Always
MorningAfternoon-Mon-FreWeekends Sat-SunNightAlways
MorningAfternoon-Mon-FreWeekends Sat-Sun
MorningAfternoon-Mon-FreWeekends Sat-Sun
Time Profile
Time period: Always: 1-24 Mon-SunMorningAfternoon-Mon-Fre: o’clock 7-8, 16-23 Weekends Sat-Sun: o’clock 8-24NatAlways: o’clock 23-7May-Sept: 1-24 Monday-Sunday from May to September
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Type Number KWh Time/Hour pr. day KWh pr. year Overall kWh
Laptop gerenal
Refrigerator/frezzer-BoschKGE36AI40
Dishwasher - Bosch SMV 69U30 EU
Washing machine - Panasonic NA-168VG3
Stove - Asko Vølund CC 9632w
TV 40” - Living LC-40LE631E
TV 24 “ - Bedroom LC-24DV510E
(www.Go’energy.dk 2012)
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
0,6
0,68
0,78
1,5 1 1
20
150
70
33
60
150
328,5
248,2
284,7
70
66
Energy consumptions
Average KiloWatt per day
1207,4 kWh
0,1378 kW
APPENDIX NO. 06 - EQUIPMENT IN THE APARTMENT
72
Double Storey Apartment
Corner apartment
Living/Kitchen
Living 1. floor
Living/Kitchen Bedroom, WC and entrance
Master Bedroom
Bedroom 1. floor
APPENDIX NO. 07 - OVERHEATINGS HOURS
Ill. 148-153
73
APPENDIX NO. 08 - SENSITIVITY TESTThis sensivity test investigates the scenarios, where the people load differs from a normal week. The test investigates three different sce-narios to stress the apartment. The first scenario is on a school holiday, with the rest of the family on vacation at the same time – all people will be in the apartment for a longer period of time.
The next scenario is when there are four visitors in the apartment on the warmest day, accord-ing to the weather scheme. The last scenario is when a mother is on maternity leave with a child, and they are home through a whole mount (month?).
School HolidayThese two graphs demonstrate the temperature and CO2 level trough the warmest summer week, which is week 31. The indoor temperature is very stable during the school holiday, but when the outdoor temperature is high, it has an effect on the indoor climate. The maximum of air change is 5 times per hour to reduce the overheating issue (Appendix no. 07). The CO2 level has a maximum level of 750 ppm. The simulation is made for the living spaces in the apartment, because they are mostly used in the school holiday. The level of CO2 is acceptable and fulfils the requirement (Technical requirement p. 40).
Maternity Leave with a ChildThe air quality is investigated, because as pervious study the temperature is not an issue with 8 peo-ple in the apartment at the same time. The graphs demonstrate the air quality in January, with a maximum level of CO2 of 610 ppm. The restriction is fullfilled (Technical requirement p. 40)
Four Visitors on the Warmest dayThis test is made with the family plus four visitors on the warmest day, according to the weather scheme in BSim. The visitors will arrive at 12 o’clock and go home around midnight. The tem-perature rises to maximum 27.5 degrees, which is acceptable, because it is only for a short period of time. Furthermore, the outdoor temperature is higheer, which means that the occupants have a minimum of clothes on. The level of CO2 is maximum 900 ppm, which fulfils the requirement (Technical requirement p. 40).
All three scenarios document good indoor climate in the sensivity sensitivity? test. The simulation approves that the double story apartment has a good indoor climate, even when the families have different schedules than normal.
Ill. 154
Ill. 155 Ill. 156
Ill. 157Ill. 156
74
APPENDIX NO. 09 - OPENINGS SIZES FOR CROSS VENTILATION
VAAL
10 ms
=1.25kgm3Air density: ρu
Discharge coefficient: Cd1
0.7
Wind reference
Wind Speed in 10 meter high in Aalborg Airport wind =
Terrain type
Suburban areas: K = 0.35 = 0.25
Building high = b 16000 mm
Wind speed profile = V =ref
VAAL b
α
α
= 7 ms
msV
ref = 7
High of the windows openingWindward window south: Η =
s38 mm
Leeward window north:
Windward window south:
Leeward window north:
Η =n
38 mm
Η =s
38 mm
Η =n
38 mm
Wide of the windowW =
s1500 mm
W =n
1500 mm
Sqarue meter of the windows openings
Windows openings sizes
Square meter of window S: A =1 Ws
Ηs
= 0.057m
Sguare meter of window N: A = 2
1
2Wn
Ηn
= 0.057m2
48.86 m2
Volume of the apartment
ap
a 2700 mmHeight of the apartment = H =
Square meter of the apartment: A =
=
=
H
H K
A = 0.057 m2
A = 0.057 m2
Appartment volume: V =ap 48.86 m2 2700 mm = 131.910 m3 m3Vap
131.9 =
75
Wind pressure Coefficient data
Input: Cp.i
= 0.18
Output: Cp.u
= - 0.2
Pi
12 ρ
uV
ref
2 A1
2C +
p.iA
2
2C
p.u
A +1
2A
2
2 = - 0.306 Pa
Wind pressure
Window south: P =w1 CP
P
p.i12 ρ
uV =
ref
2
C 12 ρ
uV =
ref
2
5.512 Paw1 = 5.512 Pa
Window north: P =w2 p.u
p.u
6.125 Pa w2= 6.125 Pa
Pressure difference across opening
P - w1
P =i
5.819 PaInput: ∆P =1
Outpt: ∆P =2
P -w2
Pi
- 5.819 Pa
5.819 Pa∆P =1
∆P =2
- 5.819 Pa
Air Flow Rate
AFR =1
Cd1
A1
Cp.i
ρu
V -ref
22P
i
ρu
= 0.122 m3
s
AFR =2
Cd1
A1
C ρu
V -ref
22P
i
ρu
= 0.122i m3
s
AFR 1
= 0.122 m3
s
AFR 2
= 0.122i m3
s
Air flow rate per hourAmount of air per hour:
AFR1
3600 = 438.279 m3
sAir =
ch 3 438.279 m3
sAir =
ch 3
Air Change per hour
Airhour
Airch
Vap
= 3.323 3.323m3-1
s3 =>
The air is changing 3.323 times pr. hour
=
=
= h Air =hour
3.323-1
h
N
Wind
90
0.18
-0.2
76
Building slab without solar cell
Building slab with solar cell
Building Part A
Building Part A
Building Part B
Building Part B
Building Part C
Building Part C
Building Part D
Building Part D
55 m2 of PV 74 m2 of PV 91 m2 of PV 72 m2 of PV
APPENDIX NO. 10 - ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Ill. 158-165
77
APPENDIX NO. 11 - TOTALLY NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGTotally Net Zero Energy Building
Bs
22526.73 m=Building square meter:
Ae
560 + Bs
16 40987.68== kWh per yearBuilding applanice energy per year
How must energy shall the solar cell producePrimary energy factor P
ef1.8 =
Fe
AePef
22770.933= = kWh per yearSolar cell produce Final energy
The amout of solar cell place on the southern facade
Sun radiation Sr 892=
System factor Sf
0.65=
Sqaure meter of solar cell = Xs
YX 15100=
=
s
Y 0.65 892Fe
Y = Effect YFe
0.65 892 39.274==
Xs 0.15100Y =
=Xs
Y 10015
Xs
Y 10015 261.825 m= =
261.825 m of solar cell on the southern facade2
2
to create a Totally Net Zero Energy Building
Solar Cells Panels
261,825 m2 of solar cells on the southern facade to create a Totaly Net Zero Energy Builing
(www.danskesolceller.dk 2012)
Ill. 166
78
APPENDIX NO. 11 - TOTALLY NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING APPENDEX NO. 12 - WINDOWS Velfac windows optimized for north orientation Velfac terrace door
Velfac windows optimized for south orientation
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VELFAC 200 Helo® Vindue, 48mm rudeKarmopstalt: K1Dato: 5/17/2012
Bredde: 1100 mmHøjde: 2200 mm
Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.48 gg=0.36 LTg=0.68
VærdierU-vindue, UwEnergitilskud, EwGlasandel, FfGlasareal, A-rudeElementareal, Aw
0.77W/m²K -9 kWh/m² pr. år 86% 2.07 m² 2.42 m²
Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeriVinduessystemets Eref værdi er 7OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt,åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv.
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VELFAC 200 Helo® Vindue, 48mm rudeKarmopstalt: K1Dato: 5/18/2012
Bredde: 1500 mmHøjde: 2200 mm
Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.48 gg=0.36 LTg=0.68
VærdierU-vindue, UwEnergitilskud, EwGlasandel, FfGlasareal, A-rudeElementareal, Aw
0.72W/m²K -3 kWh/m² pr. år 88% 2.91 m² 3.3 m²
Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeriVinduessystemets Eref værdi er 7OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt,åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv.
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VELFAC 200 Helo® Vindue, 48mm rudeKarmopstalt: K1Dato: 5/18/2012
Bredde: 2100 mmHøjde: 2700 mm
Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.53 gg=0.55 LTg=0.73
VærdierU-vindue, UwEnergitilskud, EwGlasandel, FfGlasareal, A-rudeElementareal, Aw
0.71W/m²K 34 kWh/m² pr. år 91% 5.15 m² 5.67 m²
Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeriVinduessystemets Eref værdi er 7OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt,åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv.
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VELFAC 200i Vindue, 36mm rudeKarmopstalt: K1Dato: 5/17/2012
Bredde: 900 mmHøjde: 2100 mm
Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.49 gg=0.5 LTg=0.72
VærdierU-vindue, UwEnergitilskud, EwGlasandel, FfGlasareal, A-rudeElementareal, Aw
0.95W/m²K -4 kWh/m² pr. år 83% 1.57 m² 1.89 m²
Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeriVinduessystemets Eref værdi er -24OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt,åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv.
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VELFAC 200i Terrassedør, 36mm rudeKarmopstalt: EnkeltDato: 5/17/2012
Bredde: 900 mmHøjde: 2475 mm
Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.49 gg=0.5 LTg=0.72
VærdierU-vindue, UwEnergitilskud, EwGlasandel, FfGlasareal, A-rudeElementareal, Aw
1.08W/m²K -15 kWh/m² pr. år 84% 1.87 m² 2.23 m²
Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeriVinduessystemets Eref værdi er -24OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt,åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv.
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VELFAC 200 Helo® Vindue, 48mm rudeKarmopstalt: K1Dato: 5/17/2012
Bredde: 600 mmHøjde: 2700 mm
Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.48 gg=0.36 LTg=0.68
VærdierU-vindue, UwEnergitilskud, EwGlasandel, FfGlasareal, A-rudeElementareal, Aw
0.89W/m²K -25 kWh/m² pr. år 78% 1.27 m² 1.62 m²
Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeriVinduessystemets Eref værdi er 7OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt,åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv.
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VELFAC 200 Helo® Vindue, 48mm rudeKarmopstalt: K1Dato: 5/18/2012
Bredde: 1200 mmHøjde: 2200 mm
Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.48 gg=0.36 LTg=0.68
VærdierU-vindue, UwEnergitilskud, EwGlasandel, FfGlasareal, A-rudeElementareal, Aw
0.75W/m²K -7 kWh/m² pr. år 86% 2.28 m² 2.64 m²
Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeriVinduessystemets Eref værdi er 7OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt,åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv.
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VELFAC 200 Helo® Vindue, 48mm rudeKarmopstalt: K1Dato: 5/18/2012
Bredde: 5600 mmHøjde: 2700 mm
Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.53 gg=0.55 LTg=0.73
VærdierU-vindue, UwEnergitilskud, EwGlasandel, FfGlasareal, A-rudeElementareal, Aw
0.65W/m²K 43 kWh/m² pr. år 94% 14.22 m² 15.12 m²
Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeriVinduessystemets Eref værdi er 7OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt,åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv.
Ill. 167: Velfac window calculator
79