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Lesson 5: Urbanization & Health January 13, 2006
ENVIR 202: Population & Health 1
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ENVIR 202: Lesson No. 5
Urbanization& Health
Gail SandlinGail SandlinUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of WashingtonProgram on the EnvironmentProgram on the Environment
January 13, 2006January 13, 2006
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What is . . .
Urban?
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Definitions
Countries differ in the way theyclassify population as "urban“
Density
Number of residents
Percent population not dependent onagriculture
Provision of public utilities and services
Lesson 5: Urbanization & Health January 13, 2006
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DefinitionsA listing of country definitions is publishedannually in the United NationsDemographic Yearbook.
Typically, a community or settlement with apopulation of 2,000 or more is consideredurban.
Urbanization:Growth in the proportion of a populationliving in urban areas.
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Urbanization Trends
Industrialization
Global urbanization
Megacities
The Livable City
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QualityBurdenEnvironmental
DiversityDeficitCultural
FreedomPersecutionPolitical
OpportunityHardshipEconomic
PullPush
Migration Factors
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Early Pull Factor
“The air of cities makes you free”
17th Century German proverb
After one year and one day in the city
Legally released from feudal bonds andbecame freemen
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Industrialization19th & 20th Centuries
In 1851, a boy born in inner Liverpool had a life expectancyof only 26 years, compared with a boy born in the smallmarket town…who could expect to live to 57.
London's 'Great Stink': The Sour Smell of Success By Professor Martin Daunton
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Building Pattern –the Courtyard system
No means toremove sewageand refuse
So that the courts,alleys, and streetsserved as wastereceptacles
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Fredrich Engels -1845
…In one of these courts there standsdirectly at the entrance a privywithout a door, so dirty thatinhabitants can pass into and out ofthat court only by passing throughfoul pools of urine and excrement.Below it on the river there areseveral tanneries which fill thewhole neighborhood with the stenchof animal putrefaction.
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Urban DiseasesCholera and typhoid from pollutedwater
Typhus - spread by lice
'summer diarrhea' - flies feeding onhorse manure and human waste;contaminated food
Tuberculosis- leading cause of deathin 19th Century
Other respiratory diseases
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Causes
Crowed and poor housing conditions
Poor sanitation infrastructure
Inadequate drinking water
Inadequate hygiene
Child labor
Undeserving poor
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Miasmas to Germ Theory
A belief that diseases were the resultof “bad air” or directly related tofoul odor
The discovery that diseases may becaused by microorganisms
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Early Sanitary Reforms
Launchesmodern publichealth
The field ofurban planning
Edwin Chadwick
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“Typhoid Fever City”
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Chicago1891, typhoid death at1,997
death rate 174 per100,000 persons
exceeded typhoid deathsof any other city
water polluted byhuman waste, tanneries,glue factories, animalcarcasses from the ChicagoStock Yard
Columbian ExpositionShould we drink thewater?
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Chicago Sanitary DistrictOne of the firstregional authorities inthe country
1892
Sanitary & Ship Canal
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Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893
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Columbian ExpositionCourt of Honor, 1893
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The City Beautiful MovementEarly 20th Century
To remove social ills of the city
The beautiful city would inspire civic loyaltyand moral rectitude of the impoverished
American cities brought at par withEuropean cities
Haussmann’s Paris
Nash’s London
A more inviting city would bring the upperclasses back to work and shop
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Washington, D.C. 1901
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The Garden CityEbenezer Howard
1850-1928
The UtopianVillage
Letchworth, 1903
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Urban ParksFrederick Law Olmstead
1803-1922
father of landscapearchitecture
The Urban Park
The lungs of the city
“ to supply to the hundreds
of thousands of tiredworkers, who have noopportunity to spend their
summers in the country, aspecimen of God’shandiwork…”
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The Zoning SystemThe use of public regulatory power (police power)to specify how private land may be developedand used
Nuisance control and public safety
Upheld by the Supreme Court in 1926 (Euclidean)
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Donora Incident - 1948
Temperature inversion trappedfumes from smelter smokestacks atstreet level for 4 days
20 deaths; 6000 sick
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Great London Smog - 1952Dr. H.A. des Vœux
1905- Meeting of thePublic Health Congress
“it required no
science to see thatthere was somethingproduced in great
cities which was notfound in the country,and that was smoky
fog, or …‘smog.’”
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Bhopal, India -198436 metric tons of highlytoxic methyl isocyanategas released
>500,000 exposed;20,000 died
many of them squattersliving near the plant
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Jilin, China- 2005
100 tons ofbenzene andnitrobenzenereleased into river
90% of 3.8 millionresidents ofHarbin rely onriver for drinkingwater
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The 21st CenturyGlobal Urbanization
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Megacities > 10 million
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Population HealthScale of Impact
Global pandemics
Avian Flu
HIV
Urban air pollution
Urban slums
Water quality
Food Security
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Air Quality
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Urban SlumsIt is expected that by 2020, 85% of the poor in LatinAmerica, and about 40-45% of the poor in Africa and Asiawill be concentrated in towns and cities
Consequence of migration and rapid urbanization wherepeople need to find adequate ways to secure food andincome
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The Livable City
Europe South America
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Questions
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Suggested Readings
Cities of Tomorrow, E. Howard 1902http://www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/howard.htm
Land Use & Society, R. Platt, 1996
The Monster at Our Door: The GlobalThreat of Avian Flu, Mike Davis,2005
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