Urinary System

Identify parts of Urinary system

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Write 4 multiple choice questions and 1 short answer question from the including the correct answer from information discussed today

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Removes wasteMaintains acid-base balance of body

Parts include:2 KIDNEYS2 URETERSBLADDERURETHRA

2 bean shaped organsProtected by ribs and fatEach kidney is found in mass of

fatty tissue (adipose capsule)2 main sections:

Cortex: outer layer, contains most of the neurons that aid in production of urine

Medulla: inner layer, contains most of tubes that carry urine from the nephrons through the kidneys

NephronsMicroscopic filtering

unitsOver 1 million/kidneyContains glomerulus

Cluster of capillaries that filter waste

Bowman’s capsuleSurround glomerulus

picks up filtered materials and passes it to the convoluted tubule

Substances needed by the body are reabsorbed and returned to the capillaries

NephronsAt the end, most of

the water, sugar, vitamins and salts have been reabsorbed

Excess salts, water, wastes remain in the tubule and become urine

Urine enters collecting ducts (tubes) in the medulla

Collecting tubes empty into the renal pelvis (first section of the ureter)

Ureters

2 muscular tubes 10-12 inches longOne extends from the renal pelvis to the

bladderPeristalsis: a wavelike motion of the

involuntary muscle that moves urine through the ureter from the kidney to the bladder

Bladder

Hollow muscular sacLining folds called rugae –

disappears as muscles of bladder allow it to expand and fill with urine

3 layers of visceral muscle

Urge to void occurs when bladder contains 1 cup

Circular sphincter muscleControl bladder openingCan’t be controlled by

infants

FUNCTIONS:Receives urine

from uretersStores urine until

eliminated from body

Urethra

Tube carries urine from bladder to outside

External opening called meatus

Different in male/femalesFemales shorterOpens in front of vagina

or passes through the penis

Male: carries both urine from urinary system and semen from the reproductive system

Liquid waste95% water1 ½ - 2 quarts produced daily

Urine

Excreting waste productsUreaCreatinineUric acid

The Concentration of components in a urine sample depends on osmotic movement of water

Normal Urine Is a clear, sterile solution, yellow color (pigment urobilin) generated in kidneys

5 Homeostatic Functions of Urinary System• Regulate blood volume and blood pressure:• by adjusting volume of water lost in urine

• releasing erythropoietin and renin

• Regulate plasma ion concentrations:

• sodium, potassium, and chloride ions (by controlling quantities lost in urine)

• calcium ion levels (through synthesis of calcitriol)

• Help stabilize blood pH:• by controlling loss of hydrogen ions and

bicarbonate ions in urine

5 Homeostatic Functions of Urinary System• Conserve valuable nutrients:• by preventing excretion while excreting

organic waste products

• Assist liver to detoxify poisons

Blood Supply of the KidneyApproximately ¼ of the total blood supply of

the body passes through the kidneys each minute

Renal artery branches inside the kidneyVenous blood leaves the cortex and medulla

Small veins join the renal vein

AcidosisLactic acidosis:

develops after exhaustive muscle activity (bulging muscles can cut off blood supply)

due to anaerobic respirationKetoacidosis:

Lower blood pH, higher acid, due to presence of ketones

develops in starvation or diabetesBody does not have sufficient glucose/glycogen to

sustain metabolic activity Muscle loss can occur - dieting

How do the Kidneys control of Blood pH?

By H+ removal and bicarbonate production at kidneys

ADH – antidiuretic hormoneHormone causes special water channels to

appearIncreases rate of osmotic water movement Higher levels of ADH increases:

number of water channels water permeability of ducts and collecting

system No ADH, water is not reabsorbed

All fluid reaching ducts is lost in urine producing large amounts of dilute urine

The Hypothalamus Continuously secretes low levels of ADH:

At normal ADH levels:collecting system reabsorbs 16,800 ml

fluid/ day (9.3% of filtrate)

A healthy adult produces: 1200 ml urine per day (0.6% of filtrate)

Key TermsPolyuria: excess urinationOliguria: below normal urinationAnuria: absence of urinationHematuria: blood in urineNocturia: urination at nightDysuria: painful urinationRetention: inability to empty bladder

Incontinence: involuntary urination

Inflammation of the bladderMore common in females due to shortness

of urethraSymptoms:

• Frequent urination• Dysuria and burning• Bladder spasm• Hematuria• ? Fever ?

Treatment:• Antibiotics and increased fluid intake

GlomerulonephritisInflammation of the glomerulusUsually follows strep infectionCan be acute or chronicSymptoms: hematuria, hypertension,

edema, fatigue, congestive heart failure, renal failure, death

Treatment: treat symptomsLow salt diet, high blood pressure medicine,

dialysis, transplant

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of kidney tissue and renal pelvisUsually caused by pus forming bacteriaSymptoms: chills, fever, back pain, dysuria,

hematuria and pyuriaTreatment: antibiotics, increased fluid intake

Renal CalculiKidney stone formed when salts in urine settleSmall stones can be eliminated in urineLarge stones may become lodgedSymptoms: sudden pain, hematuria and

retentionTreatment: increase fluids, pain meds, strain

urine w/ gauze, lithotripsy, possible surgery

Renal FailureKidneys stop functioningAcute

Caused by injury, poisoning, dehydrationPrompt treatment leads to good prognosis

ChronicProgressive loss of kidney function caused

by glomerulonephritis, hypertension, toxins and endocrine disease.

Waste accumulates and affects body systems

Uremia

Toxic condition where urinary waste is in bloodstream

Caused from any condition that affects proper function of kidneys

Symptoms: n/v, ammonia breath, anuria, headache and confusion, coma/death

Treatment: restrictive diet, dialysis, transplant

UrethritisInflammation of the urethraCaused by bacteria, viruses or chemicalsSymptoms: painful urination, redness,

itching at meatus, ?dischargeTreatment: sitz baths or warm

compresses, antibiotics, increased fluid intake