urogenital system of the vertebrates
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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Origin of Coelom & mesenteries
• Coelom & body cavity : originates from thecavity of the hypomere
• Parietal peritoneum: outer wall of thehypomere w/c comes in contact with muscles.
•
Visceral peritoneum or serosa: inner walls ofthe hypomere; covering of the visceral organs.
• Mesentery: 2 walls of the hypomere above &below the intestine w/c forms the double-
walled membrane• Dorsal mesentery
• Ventral mesentery
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Divisions of coelom• Transverse septum: divides the coelom into 2 compartments
Pericardial cavity
Pleuroperitoneal cavity
Birds Mammals : 4 compartments divided by diaphragm (mammals) &
oblique septum (birds)
Pericardial cavities
2 pleural cavities
Peritoneal cavity
-this arrangement increases the efficiency of the lung respiration.
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Digestive system dogshark
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Viscera of the pleuroperitoneal cavity
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Liver :holds the oil that gives the shark buoyancy, stores
nutrients and transforming food molecules arriving from the
gut
Gall bladder: storage of bile, a liquid that breaks up fat
droplets in the gut
Spleen: blood reservoir and has immune functions
Pancreas: produce digestive enzymes and an endocrine glandfor the regulation of metabolism.
Spiral valve: increase internal surface of the intestine for
digestion
Rectal gland: removes excess salts from the sharks
circulation
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Mesenteries
Parts of the dorsal mesentery
• Mesogaster: dorsal mesentery supporting the stomach
• Gastroplenic ligament: portion of mesentery from the spleen
to the stomach
•
Mesentery proper: supports the small intestines
Parts of the ventral mesentery
• Gastro-hepato-duodenal ligament: from the right side of the
stomach to the liver and duodenum, also called the “lesseromentum”.
• Suspensory or falciform ligament: suspend the liver
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Respiratory System• pharynx contains the visceral arches & gill pouches
•
Spiracle: first gill pouch• Gills
– Gill bar & gill arch: cartilage that support the gills
– Gill lamellae: where gas exchange occurs
– Gill rakers: prevents debris of or food entry to the gills
– Gill rays: support of the gill lamellae
Gill rakers
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2 types of gills:
1. Internal gills: borne in the side walls of the branchialbars• Demibranch or half gill: gill lamellae on 1 side
Holobranch or whole gill: gill lamellae on 2 sides
2. External gills: borne in the outer surface of branchialbars
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Respiratory & Digestive Syst. MammalsCat
• 2 functional units
–Airways that deliver or transport air into the body
– Areas the used for gas exchange with pulmonary capillaries
– Inspiration pathway
Nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
Bronchi, bronchioles & alveoli
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Masseter
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
Salivary glands
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Gland Location Function
Submaxillary central throat, large salivary
Sublingual anterior on submaxillary, whitish Secretes mucous
Parotid towards ear, outside submaxillary,soft salivary
Infraorbital Lies in the floor of the orbit salivary
molar Between the skin and the external
surface of the mandible in front of themasseter
salivary
GLANDS
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Oral Cavity
vestibule Lips/labia
Hard palate w/transverse ridges
Soft palate
tongue
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Trachea
Esophagus
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Greater omentum
Cecum
Small intestineMesentery
Large intestine
Pancreas
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Ascending colon Ileum
Colon
Spleen
Small intestine
Cecum
Ileocecal valve
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Diaphragm
Liver
Stomach
Intestine
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
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Gall bladder
Right lobes of liver
Duodenum
Pancreas
Ileocecal junction
Cecum
Jejunum
Small intestine
Descending colon
Ileum
Mesentery
Greater omentum
Spleen
Ascending colon
Stomach
Lesser omentum
Left lobes of liver
Falciform ligament
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Liver
Gall bladder
Cystic duct
Hepatic ducts Pancreas
Duodenum
Stomach
Bile duct
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Intestines
Spleen
Pancreas
Stomach
Liver
Superiormesentericartery
Diaphragm
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Colon
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UROGENITAL SYSTEM
OF THE VERTEBRATES
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Vertebrate kidneys consist of glomeruli, tubules surrounded byperitubular capillaries, & longitudinal ducts.
Glomeruli: masses of capillaries that (along withBowman's capsule) 'filter' theblood.
Kidney tubules: collect theglomerular filtrate & conduct it
to a longitudinal duct.Renal corpuscles: glomerulusplus the Bowman's capsule
Longitudinal ducts: begin
developing at anterior end of kidney & grow caudally untilopening into the cloaca
1 = Bowman's capsule, 2 = glomerulus, 3 = afferent
arteriole, 4 =efferent arteriole, 5 = proximal
convoluted tubule, 6 = distal convoluted tubule, 7 =
collecting duct, 8 = loop of Henle, 9 = peritubular
capillaries
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ARCHINEPHROS O R HOLONEPHROS
Excretory organ of the myxinoid cyclostomes
Consist of archinephric duct on thedorsal body wall extending the length
of the coelom
Tubules open to the coelom through
the nephrostome.
Each duct has a pair of tubules to asegment
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The pronephros is temporary &function only until glomeruli &tubules further back becomefunctional.
1st embryonic tubules in allvertebrates; located they are the 1stto develop & are anteriorly located
Number - never very many (e.g., 3 infrogs, 7 in human embryos, & 12 in
chicken embryos)
PRONEPHROS
The duct that drains the pronephrosis called the pronephric duct.
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the functional adult kidney in fish &hibians (& sometimes called theopisthonephros)
MESONEPHROS
formed by corpuscles & tubules thatdevelop caudal to pronephric region
form connections with existingpronephric duct (which is now calledthe mesonephric duct)
the embryonic kidney in reptiles,
birds, & mammals
awed fishes amphibians
- males, anterior tubules of
mesonephric conduct sperm from testis to mesonephric duct
“SEXUAL KIDNEY”.
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•the adult amniote kidney•the number of corpuscles is large; upto about 4.5 million is some species•drained by a duct called themetanephric duct or ureter
METANEPHROS:
Mammalian kidneys are divided into the ff:cortex(#5)
medulla (#6)pelvis(#4)
•Cortex - contains renal corpuscles & lots ofcapillaries
•
Medulla - contains collecting ducts and loopsof Henle; divided into pyramids (#7) &columns (#2)
•Pelvis - hollow; receives the urine (which exitsthe kidney via the ureter - #3)Tubules of mammalian kidney have U-shaped Loops of Henle (avian kidney = very short loops & reptilian kidney = no loops)
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes10.html#lohhttp://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes10.html#lohhttp://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes10.html#loh
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Urinary bladders are found in all vertebrates except agnathans, snakes,
crocodilians, some lizards, & birds (except ostriches).
•Fish - bladders are terminal enlargements of the mesonephric ducts called TUB L
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• In gnathostomes, the gonads form in the anterior,retroperitoneal region of the abdominal cavity. Only in
gonads migrate posteriorly in the body.
• In mammals the testes move down in a scrotal sac to allowsperm to develop in cooler temperature.
• pampiniform plexus counter-current heat exchanger w/c helpthat the testes remain cool. Composed of network of vein &arteries
The arteries, veins, nerves & vas deferens that enter or exit thescrotum, travel together in a bundle called the spermatic cord.
GONADS
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Types of UTERUS
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UROGENITAL OF THE ELASMOBRANCH: MALE
• Testes: located in the anterior portion of the body
dorsal to the liver
• Wolffian duct: forms connection to the testes & use totransport sperm. In most males, the Wolffian duct divides
into several regions.
Epididymis: stores sperms
Ductus (vas) deferens: also store sperm and it is
highly muscular to propel sperm out of the body
Male sharks have an epididymis & vas deferens that are
considered to be homologous & analogous to the structures in
mammals
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• Leydig’s gland: secretes fluid that are beneficial to the
sperm
• Sperm sac: (= alkaline gland), which may be used for
sperm storage but secretes highly alkaline fluids that may
protect the sperm
• Seminal vesicles: used for sperm storage not homologous
with the mammals
• Opisthonephros kidney: in males only the posterior
portion produces urine
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UROGENITAL OF THE ELASMOBRANCH: FEMALE
• Ovary: pair of soft bodies, oval in form, situated dorsal to the liver
suspended by the mesovarium.
• Paramesonephric/ Muellarian duct or oviduct: in immature
female they form as slender tube in mature female they are
usually enlarged suspended in mesotubarium.
•Ostium: common opening of the oviduct in the anterior part of the
body wall
infundibulum [=funnel] forms in reproductively active female
sharks when the falciform ligament enlarges, the single
ostium leads into either oviduct.
• Shell gland or nidamental gland: secretes thin membrane which
encloses the eggs.
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MAMMALS URINARY
Reproductive System
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Right kidney
Left kidney
Left ureter
Urethra
Right ureter
Urinary bladder
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Rightkidney
Right ureter
Urinarybladder
Penis
Left kidney
Left ureter
Urethra
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Ureters
Prostategland
Urinarybladder
Urethra
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Prostate gland:
surrounds the urethra, it ejects milky, slightly alkaline fluid
into the urethra that contributes to seminal fluid
Bulbourethral Cowper’s gland: is smaller primarily produces mucous prior
to ejaculation & mucous that empties into the urethra also contributes to
the seminal fluid
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Renal
capsuleRenal artery
Renal Vein
Ureter
Renal pelvis
Renalmedulla
Renalcortex
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Right ductusdeferens
Prostategland
Bulbourethral
glands
Right spermaticcord
Right testis
Epididymis
Scrotum
Urethra
Left ductusdeferens
Left spermaticcord
Penis
Left testis
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Right ductus deferens
Epididymis
Scrotum
Prostate
Urethra
Left testis
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Right spermaticcord
Righttestis
Left spermaticcord
Lefttestis
Scrotum
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Rightovary
Right uterine tube
Urethra
Leftovary
Left uterine tube
Uterine body
Vagina
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Uterine body
Left uterinetube
Left ovary
Vagina
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Right uterine hornwith fetus
Uterine
bodyUrinarybladder
Left ovary
Left uterine hornwith fetus
Urethra
Right ovary
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Uterine horn
Urethra
Body of uterus