us democracy prom policy in car e yazdani 19 oct final

8/8/2019 US Democracy Prom Policy in CAR E Yazdani 19 Oct Final

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US DemocracyUS Democracy

Promotion Policy inPromotion Policy inCentral AsianCentral Asian

Republics: Myth or Republics: Myth or RealityReality

Précis Presentation By: Sanaullah KhanPrécis Presentation By: Sanaullah Khan

19 October 201019 October 2010



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EnayatollahEnayatollah YazdaniYazdani isis AssistantAssistant Professor Professor of of

InternationalInternational Relations,Relations, DepartmentDepartment of of PoliticalPolitical

Science,Science, UniversityUniversity of of Isfahan,Isfahan, IranIran

RenownedRenowned scholoar scholoar andand prolificprolific writer,writer,

participatesparticipates inin internationalinternational seminarsseminars

USUS DemocracyDemocracy PromotionPromotion PolicyPolicy inin CentralCentral AsianAsian

RepublicsRepublics:: MythMyth or or RealityReality waswas publishedpublished inin

JournalJournal of of thethe SchoolSchool of of InternationalInternational Studies,Studies,Jawahar Jawahar LalLal UniversityUniversity inin 20072007



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ArticleArticle aimsaims toto examineexamine USUS democracydemocracy

promotionpromotion policypolicy inin CentralCentral AsiaAsia

DiscussesDiscusses howhow suchsuch policypolicy hashas gonegone throughthrough

differentdifferent stagesstages of of USUS engagementengagement withwith thethe

regionregion

ArguesArgues thatthat USUS policiespolicies diddid notnot havehave positivepositive

impactimpact onon democraticdemocratic reformsreforms inin CARCAR andand

insteadinstead havehave helpedhelped thethe leadersleaders toto monoplizemonoplizethethe power power



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US Democracy Promotion Policy in CentralUS Democracy Promotion Policy in Central

Asian Republics: Myth or RealityAsian Republics: Myth or Reality

AbstractAbstract

¶Democracy¶Democracy PromotionPromotion Policy·Policy· hashas enjoyedenjoyed

prominenceprominence inin USUS relationsrelations withwith CentralCentral AsiaAsia

sincesince 19911991

InitiativeInitiative likelike FreedomFreedom SupportSupport ActAct inin 19921992

USUS aidaid toto regimesregimes inin power power despitedespite poor poor recordrecord

of of humanhuman rightsrights paricularlyparicularly inin UzbekistanUzbekistan andand

TurkmenistanTurkmenistan toto further further her her ownown interstsintersts inin thethe

regionregion



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AbstractAbstract Contd«.Contd«.

US believed thatUS believed that market reforms in the nationalmarket reforms in the nationaleconomyeconomy would trigger democratic reforms inwould trigger democratic reforms in

political lifepolitical life

USUS moneymoney andand policiespolicies didnotdidnot improveimprove thethesituationsituation inin CARs,CARs, for for example,example, KazakhstanKazakhstan andand

Uzbekistan,Uzbekistan, butbut theythey helpedhelped thethe leadersleaders toto

establishestablish monopolymonopoly onon power power



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AbstractAbstract Contd«.Contd«.

After After 99//1111 terroristterrorist attacks,attacks, compulsionscompulsions of of USUSonlyonly increasedincreased inin termsterms of of itsits needneed for for basesbases

whichwhich hashas necessitatednecessitated turningturning aa relativelyrelatively blindblind

eyeeye toto thethe dismaldismal humanhuman rightsrights recordsrecords of of thethe

regimesregimes inin Tajikistan,Tajikistan, TurkmenistanTurkmenistan andand

UzbekistanUzbekistan

NotwithstandingNotwithstanding thethe desiredesire of of USUS toto integrateintegrate

thethe CARsCARs intointo thethe WesternWestern orbit,orbit, itit hashas failedfailed toto

promotepromote politicalpolitical changeschanges andand economiceconomic

reformsreforms inin thesethese countriescountries



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RhetoricRhetoric of of democracydemocracy andand freedomfreedom isis apparentapparent

inin discoursediscourse onon USUS interestsinterests aroundaround thethe worldworld

Belief Belief seemsseems toto bebe thatthat openopen andand democraticdemocratic

societiessocieties serveserve asas instrumentsinstruments for for furtherancefurtherance of of

USUS nationalnational interestsinterests

¶Democracy¶Democracy PromotionPromotion Strategy·Strategy· isis basedbased onon

belief belief thatthat politicalpolitical character character of of other other statesstates hashas

enormousenormous impactimpact onon USUS abilityability toto enhanceenhance itsits

securitysecurity andand economiceconomic interestsinterests

ValueValue of of democracydemocracy hashas runrun throughthrough USUS foreignforeign

policypolicy



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USUS financedfinanced andand supportedsupported nonnon--democraticdemocratic

statesstates

After After colapsecolapse of of USSRUSSR inin 19911991,, PresidentPresident BillBill

ClintonClinton formulatedformulated newnew policypolicy ¶enlargement¶enlargement

of of freefree--marketmarket democracies·democracies· toto replacereplace

communismcommunism of of SovietSoviet UnionUnion

PromotionPromotion of of humanhuman rightsrights andand democracydemocracy toptop

prioritypriority of of USUS



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Democracy in Central Asia: The First StageDemocracy in Central Asia: The First Stage

of US Involvement in the Regionof US Involvement in the Region

InIn 19911991 USUS SecretarySecretary of of StateState JamesJames Baker Baker

outlinedoutlined 55 principlesprinciples of of peacefulpeaceful andand orderlyorderly

dissolutiondissolution of of SovietSoviet UnionUnion::



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11.. PeacefulPeaceful self self--determinationdetermination consistentconsistent withwith

democraticdemocratic valuesvalues andand principlesprinciples22.. RespectRespect for for existingexisting bordersborders withwith anyany changeschanges

occuringoccuring peacefullypeacefully andand consensuallyconsensually

33.. RespectRespect for for democracydemocracy andand rulerule of of lawlawespeciallyespecially electionselections andand referendareferenda

44.. HumanHuman rightsrights;; particularlyparticularly minorityminority rightsrights

55.. RespectRespect for for internationalinternational lawslaws andand obligationsobligations



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Commitments to these principles was pre-

condtion for opening embasies in the republics

Rhetorically US encouraged pluralism, freedom

and democracy in these stategically important

states

US continued to support CARs

Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian

Democracies and Open Markets (FREEDOM)

Support Act passed on 24 Oct 1992



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TheThe ActAct laidlaid foundationfoundation for for multifacetedmultifaceted

assistanceassistance toto CARsCARs initiallyinitially focussingfocussing onon

democracy,democracy, freefree marketmarket economy,economy, educationeducation

andand socialsocial programmesprogrammes

InIn addition,addition, CentralCentral AsianAsian--AmericanAmerican EnterpriseEnterprise

FundFund waswas incorporatedincorporated inin 19941994;; itsits functionfunction waswas

toto provideprovide budgetbudget for for programmesprogrammes andand practicespractices

conduciveconducive toto promotingpromoting developmentdevelopment inin privateprivate

sector sector

WasWas thethe aidaid restrictiverestrictive or or not?not? Or Or werewere thethe

conditionsconditions of of democraticdemocratic reformsreforms realreal or or not?not?



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During his visit to Central Asia in 1993, StrobeDuring his visit to Central Asia in 1993, Strobe

Talbott suggested that US aid might be tied toTalbott suggested that US aid might be tied to

their human rights performance recordtheir human rights performance record

US signed bilateral agreement with KyrgyzstanUS signed bilateral agreement with Kyrgyzstan

being ¶Island of Democracy·being ¶Island of Democracy·

Aid to Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan continuedAid to Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan continued

despite bad record on human rightsdespite bad record on human rights

Leadership in most CARs remained self Leadership in most CARs remained self--centeredcenteredand more authoritarian than Gorbachev Regimeand more authoritarian than Gorbachev Regime



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Some US politicians / scholars acknowledged thatSome US politicians / scholars acknowledged that

CARs are far from democracyCARs are far from democracy

Despite huge sum of US aid (2.2 Billion toDespite huge sum of US aid (2.2 Billion to

Caucasian and CARs for period from 1992 to 1997),Caucasian and CARs for period from 1992 to 1997),

no worthwhile market reforms and democraticno worthwhile market reforms and democratic

values flourishedvalues flourished

Kazak journalist Duanov wrote in 2001 that US aidKazak journalist Duanov wrote in 2001 that US aid

had counter had counter--productive effect i.e. concentration of productive effect i.e. concentration of

wealth and authority in same personalitieswealth and authority in same personalities

(appointing donkey to guard grain)(appointing donkey to guard grain)



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Democratization ScoreDemocratization Score

(Electoral Process, Political Rights, Civil(Electoral Process, Political Rights, Civil

Liberties, Independent Media and Governance)Liberties, Independent Media and Governance)CountryCountry 19931993 19941994 19951995 19961996

KazakhstanKazakhstan 5.5 NF5.5 NF 6.4 NF6.4 NF 6.5 NF6.5 NF 6.5 NF6.5 NF

KyrgystanKyrgystan 4.2 PF4.2 PF 5.3 PF5.3 PF 4.3 PF4.3 PF 4.3 PF4.3 PF

TajikistanTajikistan 6.6 NF6.6 NF 7.7 NF7.7 NF 7.7 NF7.7 NF 7.7 NF7.7 NF

TurkmenistanTurkmenistan 7.6 NF7.6 NF 7.7 NF7.7 NF 7.7 NF7.7 NF 7.7 NF7.7 NF

UzbekistanUzbekistan 6.6 NF6.6 NF 7.7 NF7.7 NF 7.7 NF7.7 NF 7.7 NF7.7 NF

Ranking Scale: 1 to 8 1 represents highest and 8 represents

lowest degree of achievement

Status: F (Free), PF (Partly Free), NF (Not Free)



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KyrgystanKyrgystan 4.4 PF4.4 PF 4.4 PF4.4 PF 5.5 PF5.5 PF 5.5 PF5.5 PF









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Economic Liberalization in CARsEconomic Liberalization in CARs

CountryCountry 19971997 19981998 19991999--20002000 20012001

KazakhstanKazakhstan 4.384.38 4.504.50 4.504.50 4.504.50

KyrgystanKyrgystan 3.753.75 3.753.75 3.833.83 44

TajikistanTajikistan 6.136.13 6.136.13 66 5.505.50

TurkmenistanTurkmenistan 6.386.38 6.426.42 6.426.42 6.506.50

UzbekistanUzbekistan 6.256.25 6.256.25 6.256.25 6.176.17

Ranking Scale: 1 to 7 1 represents highest and 7

represents lowest of achievement



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During testimony in House of Representatives in

2000, Congressman Christopher H Smith said ´Itseems bizarre, but it will not be out of realm of

possibility that some of these leaders who

already head what are, for all intent and

purpose, royal families are planning to establish

what can only be described as family dynastiesµ

Power never left the hand of communist elites

and US double standards towards these leadersnever motivated them to change to change their

behaviour



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US has lacked commitment to promotion of

democracy and human rights in the region

Why US support such leaders?

Duvanov wrote in 2001, that US aid is sincere only

when it coincides with the intesets of democracy

(like Yugoslavia). In all other cases it is like ashow up, a façade just to justify US presences

N Choamsky said ´it is beyond doubt that US has

no problem with dictators and tyrants if the serve

US interests, and will attack and destroy

committed democrats if they depart from their

service function



2121

US Attempts for ¶Democracy Promotion· inUS Attempts for ¶Democracy Promotion· in

Central Asia During the Second PeriodCentral Asia During the Second Period

InIn thethe secondsecond period,period, USUS considered,considered, DemocracyDemocracy

PromotionPromotion andand economiceconomic reformsreforms significantsignificant

USUS SecretarySecretary of of StateState WarrenWarren Christopher Christopher saidsaid inin 19961996

thatthat stablestable democraciesdemocracies inin former former SovietSoviet UnionUnion willwill

improveimprove USUS securitysecurity

InIn 19991999,, ¶US¶US NationalNational StrategyStrategy for for NewNew Century·Century· outlinedoutlined

´the´the independence,independence, sovereignty,sovereignty, territorialterritorial integrityintegrity andand

democraticdemocratic // economiceconomic reformsreforms of of NewlyNewly IndependentIndependentstatesstates areare importantimportant toto AmericanAmerican interestsµinterestsµ



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USUS StateState Department'sDepartment's countrycountry reportsreports onon HumanHuman RightsRights

PracticesPractices 19991999 outlinedoutlined thatthat PresidentialPresidential powerspowers inin

KazakhstanKazakhstan andand KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan overshadowovershadow legislativelegislative andand

judicial judicial powers,powers, andand thatthat Tajikistan,Tajikistan, TurkmenistanTurkmenistan andand

UzbekistanUzbekistan hadhad lostlost groundsgrounds inin democratizationdemocratization andand

respectrespect for for humanhuman rightsrights



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KyrgystanKyrgystan 4.2 PF4.2 PF 6.5 NF6.5 NF 6.5 NF6.5 NF 6.5 NF6.5 NF









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KyrgyzKyrgyz PresidentPresident waswas admiredadmired byby westernswesterns asas ¶man¶man of of

democracy·democracy· however however politicalpolitical partiesparties under under hishis rulerule werewere

banned,banned, oppositionopposition leadersleaders forcedforced intointo exile,exile, mediamedia

criticalcritical of of hishis repressiverepressive rulerule

TurkmenistanTurkmenistan regimeregime describeddescribed asas



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September 11 and ¶Democracy Promotion·September 11 and ¶Democracy Promotion·

in Central Asia:in Central Asia:

Supporting the Authoritarian RegimesSupporting the Authoritarian Regimes



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During testimony in House of Representatives in

2000, Congressman Christopher H Smith said ´Itseems bizarre, but it will not be out of realm of

possibility that some of these leaders who

already head what are, for all intent and

purpose, royal families are planning to establish

what can only be described as family dynastiesµ

Power never left the hand of communist elites

and US double standards towards these leadersnever motivated them to change their behaviour



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US has lacked commitment to promotion of

democracy and human rights in the region

Why US supports such leaders?

Duvanov wrote in 2001, that US aid is sincere only

when it coincides with the intesets of democracy

(like Yugoslavia). In all other cases it is like ashow up, a façade just to justify US presences

Noam Choamsky said ´it is beyond doubt that US

has no problem with dictators and tyrants if they

serve US interests, and will attack and destroy

committed democrats if they depart from their

service function



2828

September 11 and ¶Democracy Promotion·September 11 and ¶Democracy Promotion·

in Central Asia:in Central Asia:

Supporting the Authoritarian RegimesSupporting the Authoritarian Regimes



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ConclusionConclusion

USUS apparentlyapparently hashas beenbeen determineddetermined toto useuse

promotionpromotion of of democracydemocracy andand economiceconomic power power toto

integrateintegrate CARsCARs intointo westernwestern orbit,orbit, itit hashas failedfailed

toto promotepromote politicalpolitical changeschanges andand economiceconomic

reformsreforms inin thesethese countriescountries

USUS failedfailed toto pursuepursue region·sregion·s leadersleaders toto

democracy,democracy, pluralism,pluralism, respectingrespecting politicalpolitical

opinion,opinion, andand reformreform economiceconomic systemsystem

InsteadInstead of of anyany improvement,improvement, regions·regions· leadershipleadership

hashas monopolizedmonopolized power power



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Created through the act are theCreated through the act are the U.S. Civilian Research & Development FoundationU.S. Civilian Research & Development Foundation, the, the ArmeniaArmenia

School Connectivity ProgramSchool Connectivity Program and other organizations founded to foster growth in theand other organizations founded to foster growth in the former Sovietformer Soviet

UnionUnion..

Section 102 of the FREEDOM Support Act creates the position of a Coordinator within theSection 102 of the FREEDOM Support Act creates the position of a Coordinator within the

Department of StateDepartment of State..

In 1992, funding from the FREEDOM Support Act andIn 1992, funding from the FREEDOM Support Act and USAIDUSAID helped create (ABCs) under thehelped create (ABCs) under the

United States Commercial ServiceUnited States Commercial Service, designed to operate in the, designed to operate in the developing marketsdeveloping markets of of RussiaRussia and theand the

Newly Independent States Newly Independent States to stimulateto stimulate economic growtheconomic growth and createand create jobs jobs in thein the United StatesUnited States

PostPost--Cold War "new world order"Cold War "new world order"

The phrase "new world order", as used to herald in the postThe phrase "new world order", as used to herald in the post--Cold War era, had no developed or Cold War era, had no developed or

substantive definition. There appear to have been three distinct periods in which it wassubstantive definition. There appear to have been three distinct periods in which it was progressively redefined, first by the Soviets, and later by the United States before the Malta progressively redefined, first by the Soviets, and later by the United States before the Malta

Conference, and again after Bush's speech of September 11, 1990. Throughout the period of theConference, and again after Bush's speech of September 11, 1990. Throughout the period of the

phrase¶s use, the public seemed to expect much more from the phrase than any politicians did, and phrase¶s use, the public seemed to expect much more from the phrase than any politicians did, and

predictions about the new order quickly outraced the rather lukewarm descriptions made in official predictions about the new order quickly outraced the rather lukewarm descriptions made in official

speeches.speeches.

At first, the new world order dealt almost exclusively withAt first, the new world order dealt almost exclusively with nuclear disarmamentnuclear disarmament and securityand security

arrangements. Gorbachev would then expand the phrase to include UN strengthening, andarrangements. Gorbachev would then expand the phrase to include UN strengthening, and greatgreat

power power cooperation on a range of Northcooperation on a range of North--South, economic, and security problems. Implications for South, economic, and security problems. Implications for

NATO, the NATO, the Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact, and, and European integrationEuropean integration were subsequently included.were subsequently included.

The Malta Conference collected these various expectations, and they were fleshed out in moreThe Malta Conference collected these various expectations, and they were fleshed out in more

detail by the press.detail by the press. German reunificationGerman reunification,, human rightshuman rights, and the, and the polarity polarity of the international systemof the international system

were then included.were then included.

TheThe Gulf War Gulf War crisis refocused the term oncrisis refocused the term on superpower superpower cooperation and regional crises. Economics,cooperation and regional crises. Economics, North North--South problems, the integration of the Soviets into the international system, and the changesSouth problems, the integration of the Soviets into the international system, and the changes

us democracy prom policy in car e yazdani 19 oct final

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