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Lake Michigan Lake Trout Management and Restoration Mark E. Holey Project Leader Green Bay Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office US Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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Page 1: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Lake Michigan Lake Trout Management and Restoration

Mark E. HoleyProject Leader

Green Bay Fish and Wildlife Conservation OfficeUS Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Page 2: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

• Brief history and review of management responses to the collapse of lake trout

• Impediments to restoring lake trout• FWS actions to remediate impediments• Status of Evaluation Objectives & Wild Lake Trout• Lake Trout Movement and Sport Fisheries• Adjusting to a Changing Forage

Topic Outline

Page 3: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Lake Michigan lake trout populations extirpated by 1956

Wells and McClain (1973)

Sea lamprey 1streported 1936

Lake trout commercial harvest (1879 – 1970)

Alewives first appearance in Lake Michigan 1949Sea lamprey control program established in 1955Chinook salmon first introduced in 1967 

Lake Trout Stocking Initiated

Page 4: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

• 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan• 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and

Eradication of Predatory Sea Lamprey of the GL• 1949 USFWS ordered to find hatchery locations• 1951 Pendills; 1965 Jordan; 1984 Iron River• 1952 first lake trout stocked – Lake Superior• 1956 Lake Michigan lake trout extirpated• 1956 Great Lakes Fishery Commission established 

Timeline of  Lake Trout Collapse and Government Response

Page 5: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

• 1959 First lake tout stocked in LM• 1985 First Lake Trout Restoration Plan• 2003 Review of Impediments• 2008 LMTC Restoration Guide• 2011 Implementation Strategy

Lake Trout Restoration Strategies

Page 6: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Lakewide Populations Too LowToo Few Stocked, Survival Too Low

Inappropriate Stocking PracticesStocking in Wrong PlacesLimited Genetic Diversity

Poor Early‐Life Stage SurvivalThiamine Deficiency, Predation

Impediments to Lake Trout Restoration

Page 7: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Too Few StockedStocking in Wrong Places

Impediments to Lake Trout Restoration

Page 8: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

LMC Stocking Priorities Refocused1985:  5.8 mil target2011:  3.66 mil target

2.74 mil interim target1st Priority Sites = 69%N. Lake Michigan 1,440,000 YS. Refuge/Julian’s    720,000 Y

2nd Priority Sites 950,000 Y550,000 FF

3,110,000 Y550,000 FF

Page 9: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

LMC Stocking 2nd Priority Sites

Wisconsin Waters

YearlingsSturgeon Bay   50,000Kewaunee 50,000Wind Point 50,000

Fall FingerlingsKewaunee 100,000Manitowoc 100,000Wind Point 50,000

Page 10: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

LMC Stocking Priorities ‐ LocationU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Page 11: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Stocking in Wrong PlacesSurvival Too Low

Impediments to Lake Trout Restoration

Page 12: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Offshore Stocking ‐ VesselsU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Page 13: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

2016:  2.67 million offshore (93%) in Lake Michigan

Page 14: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Onshore Offshore Onshore Offshore0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Spaw

ner m

ean

CPU

E (n

umb e

r/km

of n

et)

stocked unstocked

a

a

P < 0.001

b

c

Site location and stocking history

100755025Kilometers

0

Escanaba

Green BayAlgoma

Two Rivers

Sheboygan

Milwaukee

Waukegan

Michigan City

Chicago

Grand Haven

Frankfort

Manistique

Charlevoix

BentonHarbor

3536 34

32

33

31

29 2839

37

4041

42 38

4345

1

2526

242322

21

2019

18

17

2

4

3

16

15

5

68

9

10

1314

Southern Refuge

Northern Refuge

Michigan

Michigan

Wisconsin

Illinois

Indiana

7

1112

30

44

27

Sturgeon Bay

Manistique River

Specific Site Stocking Justified U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Boat Stocked in 2016 = 93.5%

Page 15: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Refocused Stocking LocationsU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Page 16: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Limited Genetic Diversity

Impediments to Lake Trout Restoration

Page 17: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of
Page 18: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Lake Trout Strains StockedU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Page 19: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Survival Too LowThiamine Deficiency

Impediments to Lake Trout Restoration

Page 20: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Sea Lamprey Abundance at Target

Page 21: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Sea Lamprey Mortality At Target

Page 22: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Thiamine Levels Near Target

Page 23: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

LMC Implementation Strategy Evaluation Objectives

Page 24: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

LMC Implementation Strategy Evaluation Objectives

• Objective 1:  Increase the average catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) to >25 lake trout 1000 feet of graded mesh gill net (2.5‐6.0 inch) over‐night set lifted during spring assessments pursuant to the lakewide assessment in MM‐3, WM‐5, and at Julian’s Reef by 2019.

Page 25: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Lakewide AssessmentProgram

Spring Gill Net Surveys

Page 26: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Spring  Assessment  Catch Rates

Page 27: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

LMC Implementation Strategy Evaluation Objectives

Objective 2: Increase the abundance of adults to a minimum catch‐per‐unit‐effort of 50 fish per 1000 feet of graded mesh gill net (4.5‐6.0 inch) gill net fished on spawning reefs in MM3, WM5, and at Julian’s Reef by 2019. 

Page 28: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Fall  Assessment  Catch Rates

Page 29: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

LMC Implementation Strategy Evaluation Objectives

Objective 3: Significant progress should be achieved towards attaining spawning populations that are at least 25% females and contain 10 or more age groups older than age‐7 in first priority areas stocked prior to 2007. These milestones should be achieved by 2032 in areas stocked after 2008. 

Page 30: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Age Composition at Spawning

Page 31: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

LMC Implementation Strategy Evaluation Objectives

Objective 4: Detect a minimum density of 500 viable eggs/m2 (eggs with thiamine concentrations of >4 nmol/g) in previously stocked first priority areas. This milestone should be achieved by 2025 in newly stocked areas. 

Page 32: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Egg Densities at Selected Near Shore Reefs: Below Target

Page 33: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

% Wild FishProgress Report

Page 34: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

% Wild Fish Increasing

Fall SpawnSurveys

Page 35: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

% Wild Lake Trout in Sport Catches

April – September2015

Mass Marking

Page 36: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Lake Trout Movement Analysis of Legacy Data

Page 37: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Page 38: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Page 39: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Page 40: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Page 41: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Contribution to Sport Catch by Lake Trout Stocking Location 

Analysis of Mass Marking Data

Page 42: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Sport Catch LakewideU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

1st Priority Sites64.4%

Page 43: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Wisconsin Illinois

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

86.2% 93.2%From 1st Priority Sites

Page 44: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Factors Explaining Variability of Lake Trout Survival

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Page 45: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Factors Explaining Variability of Stocked Lake Trout Survival

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Page 46: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Page 47: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

d13C-28 -27 -26 -25 -24 -23 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18

d15N

3456789

101112131415

NearshoreOffshore

Trophic LevelOffshore Benthic

How are C and N stable isotopes interpreted? 

δ15 N

δ13C

Page 48: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

How are C and N stable isotopes interpreted? 

NearshoreOffshore

NearshoreOffshore

Brown TroutChinook SalmonCoho SalmonLake TroutSteelhead 

Data for small alewife and amphipods from Turschak and Bootsma 2015

Page 49: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

How are C and N stable isotopes interpreted? 

NearshoreOffshore

Brown TroutChinook SalmonCoho SalmonLake TroutSteelhead 

Trop

hic Level

Zooplankton & Mussels

Alewife, Smelt & Mysis

Data for small alewife and amphipods from Turschak and Bootsma 2015

Salmon & Trout

Page 50: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

How are C and N stable isotopes interpreted? 

NearshoreOffshore

Brown TroutChinook SalmonCoho SalmonLake TroutSteelhead 

Data for small alewife and amphipods from Turschak and Bootsma 2015

Brown TroutChinook SalmonCoho SalmonLake TroutSteelhead 

Trop

hic Level &

 Offsho

re Ben

thic

Alewife, Smelt & Mysis

Sculpin spp.

Page 51: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Brown TroutChinook SalmonCoho SalmonLake TroutSteelhead 

δ15 N

δ13C

• What is the probability of drawing a data point from one species from the niche of another? 

• E.g., what is the probability of drawing a green dot from the range occupied by blue dots? 

Overlap of Isotope Data Points an Indicator of Diet Overlap and Competition

Page 52: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Implications for Diet• The similar niches described for Chinook salmon, coho salmon and 

steelhead indicate similar feeding locations and diets, probably dominated by alewife and rainbow smelt

• By contrast, the data suggest lake trout are shifting away from alewife and rainbow smelt and toward deepwater and/or benthic forage

• Diet data from MI DNR also demonstrate a shift in lake trout diet away from alewife and toward benthic forage (round goby) over time

Page 53: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

How are Lake Michigan salmon and trout adjusting to a changing forage base?

Results suggest competition for declining prey fish will be highest among Chinook salmon, coho salmon, brown trout, and steelhead

Lake Trout

Coho Salmon Chinook Salmon

Brown TroutSteelhead

Page 54: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Spring Abundance (>25/1000’)  Below TargetFall Abundance (>50/1000’) At or Near TargetPercent Females in Fall (25%) Above TargetTen Age Groups at Spawning 50% at targetEgg Deposition (>500/sqm) Below TargetEgg Thiamine levels Near or Above Target%Wild Fish Good – South/WestLamprey Induced Mortality        At TargetContribution to Sport Fishery Highest ‐ Priority Sites Changing Prey Base LAT likely will compete 

less with Salmon

Page 55: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 10/11/2016  · U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • 1936 First Lamprey in Lake Michigan • 1946 Congress: passed Investigation and Eradication of

Lake Michigan Lake Trout Management and Restoration

Mark E. HoleyProject Leader

Green Bay Fish and Wildlife Conservation OfficeUS Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service