U.S. Foreign Policy U.S. Foreign Policy During the Cold War:During the Cold War:

1945-19801945-1980““Spies, Lies, Heroes and DisgraceSpies, Lies, Heroes and Disgrace””

Clicker Ch. 48!Clicker Ch. 48!

For 1950-1980, SWBAT:For 1950-1980, SWBAT:

• Analyze USFP Guiding Principles

• Describe trends in U.S. Foreign Policy (USFP)

• Analyze major Cold War events

• Evaluate U.S. Foreign Policy Decisions

Guiding Questions/PrinciplesGuiding Questions/Principles• Should the U.S. place our ideals of

“freedom” and “democracy” above our national (economic, security) interests?

• Should the U.S. attempt to “spread” democracy throughout the world? (If so, when, where, how, and to what effect?)

• What should we do when our ideals and national interests don’t coincide?

• How should the U.S. deal with “hostile” nations?

What should guide USFP?What should guide USFP?

A. Only to spread ideals (ex: democracy)

B. Mostly to spread ideals (ex: democracy)

C. Ideals and interests equally

D. Mostly U.S. national interests (ex: security)

E. Only U.S. national interests (ex: security)

Clicker Ch 48!

It’s Personal!It’s Personal!

• Think of relations between countries as relationships between people– How easy is it to influence/change behavior?

• The relationship leaders have with each other has a huge impact on policy– Individual goals, values, and personality

• Most leaders want to stay in power– Look strong, good to own people– What’s best for them vs. best for country

Historical Trends in USFPHistorical Trends in USFP• Isolationism (1780s to 1890s)

• Manifest Destiny (1820s to 1890s)

• Internationalism (1890s to 1910s)

• Return to Isolationism (pre & post WWI)

• Dominant Internationalism (WWII to present)– Cold War (1945-1991) then ….

Post WWII TrendsPost WWII Trends• Cold War Fears and Misunderstandings• Global Ideological Battle/Competition

– Capitalism & Democracy vs. Communism

• End of Colonialism– Nations around world gain independence

• Growth of International Trade

1940s Timeline of Major Events1940s Timeline of Major Events• 1947: Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan• 1947: USA creates CIA• 1947: India gains independence• 1948: Israel becomes a nation• 1948: Communists take Czechoslovakia• 1948-49: Berlin Blockade and Airlift• 1949: Communists (Mao) take over China• 1949: Soviets explode atomic bomb• 1949: NATO forms

1950s Timeline of Major Events1950s Timeline of Major Events• 1950-53: Korean War• 1954: CIA supports coups in Iran and Guatemala• 1954: Soviets establish KGB• 1954: French lose at Dien Bien Phu (Vietnam)• 1955: Warsaw Pact forms• 1956: Suez War (Israel, UK&Fr. attack Egypt)• 1956: Soviets crush liberation movement in Hungary• 1957: Soviets launch Sputnik• 1958: US forms NASA• 1958: US sends marines to Lebanon (civil war)• 1959: Communists (Castro) take over in Cuba• 1959: Khrushchev visits USA

1960s Timeline of Major Events1960s Timeline of Major Events• 1960: Soviets shoot down U2 spy plane• 1961: Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba• 1961: Construction of Berlin Wall• 1961: Kennedy forms Peace Corps• 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis• 1962: US troop buildup in Vietnam begins• 1963: President Kennedy assassinated• 1964: Senate ratifies Nuclear Test Ban Treaty• 1968: Soviets crush revolt in Czechoslovakia,

leads to Brezhnev Doctrine• 1968-69: Anti-Vietnam War Protests Peak• 1969: Apollo 11 lands on the moon

1970s Timeline of Major Events1970s Timeline of Major Events• 1972: Nixon visits China and USSR• 1972: Senate ratifies SALT I• 1973: First Oil Crisis (OPEC)• 1974: Nixon resigns over Watergate• 1975: US pulls out of Vietnam• 1979: Second Oil Crisis (OPEC)• 1979: Soviets invade Afghanistan• 1979: Iranians hostage crisis at U.S. Embassy• 1980: Ronald Reagan Elected

Was Fear of Communism Real?Was Fear of Communism Real?

• YES! (but…)

• Soviet spies in the West

• Soviet support of communism in world

• Communism and Capitalism incompatible?– At the time, very hard for either side to see

middle ground

• The Power of Fear– Domestic conditions impact foreign policy

Politicians Use Politicians Use ““FearFear”” to Get Elected to Get Elected

• 1952: Eisenhower elected by labeling Truman too passive against Soviets

• 1960: Kennedy elected by blaming Eisenhower-Nixon for Soviets lead in missiles

• 1968 & 1972: Nixon elected by taking strong anti-communist stance

• 1980: Reagan elected by promising to close “window of vulnerability” with USSR

Thinking QuestionThinking Question

To what extent do politicians/leaders today use fear to help get elected

and stay in office?

Just because you’re paranoid, doesn’t mean people aren’t watching you.

U.S and Soviet EspionageU.S and Soviet Espionage

• 1940s: Steve Nelson and Clarence Hiskey gave USSR info on Manhattan Project

• Nathan Silvermaster mole in US govt.

• Soviet agent Andrei Schevchenko pressured defense workers to give high tech secrets

• Hundreds of Soviet agents in US

U.S and Soviet EspionageU.S and Soviet Espionage

• Alger Hiss (1950)

• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg convicted in 1951 for sharing atomic secrets; executed 1953

• U2 spy flights over USSR (began 1957)

http://www.infoplease.com/spot/spies1.html

U.S. and Soviet EspionageU.S. and Soviet Espionage

• Pop Culture Reflects Tensions

• “Bond. James Bond” (by Ian Fleming)– First Book published 1953 (Casino Royale)– First Movie Dr. No (1962)

• Dr. No wants to destroy a U.S. moon rocket

– 2nd Movie From Russia with Love (1963)• Bond helps a Soviet corporal defect

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ii1tc493bZM

Thinking QuestionThinking Question

How are foreign policy events/issues reflected in pop

culture today?

How & Where was Cold War Fought?How & Where was Cold War Fought?

• Military Technology– Arms Race and MAD– In Space

• Newly Independent Countries– Aid, ideas, and war

• Kennedy’s inaugural address 1/20/61http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xE0iPY7XGBo

at 1 min

Arms Race & Space RaceArms Race & Space Race

• Technology = Power

• Atomic Bomb

• Hydrogen Bomb

• Fear of Missile Gap (ICBMs) vs. Reality

Arms Race & Space RaceArms Race & Space Race

• Sputnik (1957)

• NASA (1958)

• Kennedy’s promise “…because it is hard”– Land on moon by end of 1960s– Moon landing in 1969

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VIBmVZPWmI

at 8 minutes

How Far Did U.S. Go to Prevent How Far Did U.S. Go to Prevent the Spread of Communism?the Spread of Communism?

• 1940s: Truman Doctrine (1947) to “contain” Communism (Kennan’s idea)

• 1950s: John Foster Dulles’ policy of “brinkmanship” (Allen Dulles at CIA)

• 1960s: Dean Rusk promotes “Domino Theory” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_theory

What Does this Lead to?What Does this Lead to?• World Divided:

– First World (U.S. and W. Europe)– Second World (U.S.S.R and Satellites)– Third World (poor, developing countries)

• U.S. willing to SUPPORT ANY GOVT. as long as NOT COMMUNIST– U.S. Sponsored Military Dictators– U.S. Sponsored Coups &

Assassinations• Short-term and Long-term Implications?• Lessons for Today?

Newly Independent CountriesNewly Independent Countries• Third World: Democracy vs. ???

• Often US did not favor repression over democracy

• These areas had no established democratic institutions (govt, media)

• US supported anti-communist dictators in an effort to prevent communist dictators

• Coups and assassinations

• Stability Trade Freedom?

IranIran

www.solarpaces.org/_Libary/map-iran.jpg

IranIran• Both Russia and Britain have ties

• 1921-1941 Reza Shah dictator– Some reforms but harsh rule

• WWII occupied by Britain, Soviets, & USA

• 1941 Mohammad Reza Shah in power– Promises constitutional monarchy, but…

• 1951 Nationalize oil industry (from UK)

• 1951 Dr. Mossaddeq becomes PM– Very nationalist, but not communist

IranIran

• US and UK Fear communist leanings

• 1953 CIA sponsors coup of PM

• Reza Shah solidifies power– Shah of Iran in power (1941-1979)– Corrupt dictator, but some reforms– Seen as “puppet” of US

• Islamic fundamentalists take power (1979-present) initially promised democracy

http://www.mideastweb.org/iranhistory.htm

GuatemalaGuatemala

http://www.geographicguide.com/caribbean-map.htm

GuatemalaGuatemala

• 1931-1944 led by dictator (Ubico)

• 1944 virtually bloodless revolution– Ubico flees to live in USA

• 1945 Juan Jose Arevalo Bermej elected– Rejected Marxism but claimed to be a

“spiritual socialist”– US cuts off military aid

• 1952 Jacobo Arbenz Guzman elected– First peaceful, democratic transfer of power

GuatemalaGuatemala

• Arbenz plan to redistribute land– 2% owned 70% of land– Owner paid value based on taxes– 1.6 million acres

• U.S. Based United Fruit Co.– World’s biggest banana producer– Biggest landowner in Guatemala– Launches PR campaign against communists

GuatemalaGuatemala

• 1954 CIA trains and equips force to overthrow govt.– Uses propaganda

and bombs capital

• U.S. picked leader takes over (Castillo Armas)

http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~jaherric/Documents/map_guatemala.gif

GuatemalaGuatemala

• Almost 100% of United Fruit’s land returned– Peasant farmers forcibly removed

• 1,000s jailed or to camps

• Castillo Armas hero in US

• Guatemala Civil War 1960-1996– 50,000 “leftists” killed during 1970s– 1977 USA cuts military aid– 200,000 civilians killed

1950s Lesson from Guatemala?1950s Lesson from Guatemala?

• Latin American govts. wanting independence from US were viewed with distrust, suspected of communist leanings

• Countries cannot be neutral but must pick sides (US or USSR)

– Often play both sides!

• US will intervene to protect interests

CubaCuba

geology.com/world/cuba-map.gif

CubaCuba

• 1940s: Democratically elected govts.

• 1952: Coup led by Batista, US supports– Corruption in govt.; more dictatorial

• July 1953 Castro coup fails– Jailed (serves 3 of 15 years)– After release met Che Guevara

• Dec. 1956 Castro reenters: Civil War

• US encouraged Batista to leave

CubaCuba

• 1959 Fidel Castro takes power– US recognized, but soon tried to remove– Castro was nationalizing US companies

• April 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion– CIA sent 1,500 Cuban exiles to invade– Total Failure for US

• Oct. 1962 Cuban Missile Crisishttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7YkJxQT_0Y

CubaCuba

• Castro is longest serving dictator in Western Hemisphere (1959-2008)– Brother Raul Castro took over

• Castro claims 638 assassination attempts

VietnamVietnam

geology.com/world/vietnam-map.gif

• French colony after WWII

– Wanted independence

• South leader Ngo Dinh Diem

– Corrupt, dictatorial, but not communist

VietnamVietnam

• Defeats France at Dien Bien Phu (1954)

• Vietnam split at 17th parallel

• 1963 US supports military coup of Diem

– Increased instability, US troops increase

VietnamVietnam• 1963 Kennedy considers pulling out

• 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident

• 1968 Nixon elected with “secret plan” to end war– Bombs Cambodia illegally

• 1970 Anti-war Protests peak

• 1973 Most US troops pull out

US Troops in VietnamUS Troops in Vietnam

• 1961 – 2,000

• 1963 – 16,000

• 1964 – Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• 1965 – 184,000

• 1966 – 385,000

• 1969 – 542,000

• 1973 – Most forces leave

• 1975 – US evacuates embassy; remaining forces leave

Costs of VietnamCosts of Vietnam• Total deaths 58,000

• 300,000 wounded

• Cost of $150 billion

• 570,000 draft dodgers

• 563,000 less-than-honorable discharge

• 1975 – Communists unite Vietnam

Lessons of 1945-1980?Lessons of 1945-1980?• Consider both Short-term and Long-term

Goals

• National vs. Corporate interests

• Our ideals and national interest can conflict – What then?

• Military engagement should be last resort

• Nationalism is not Communism

• “Nation-building” is hard, if not impossible– Defense Sec. Gates speech (Feb. 2011)

• Leadership & personality matter!

How can the US deal with How can the US deal with ““roguerogue”” leaders/countries?leaders/countries?

• Military force and/or covert operations• Economic sanctions and trade

– More Trade = More Freedom?

• Moral persuasion• The Power of Social Networking!• Concept of BATNA (R. Fisher & W. Ury, 1981)

– “Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement"– Analyze the needs/values/motives of other side– What is likely to happen if you walk away?– Are leaders doing what’s best for them or country?

How did we do? SWBAT:How did we do? SWBAT:

• Analyze USFP Guiding Principles

• Describe trends in U.S. Foreign Policy (USFP)

• Analyze major Cold War events

• Evaluate U.S. Foreign Policy Decisions