U.S. History Final Format

• 75 Multiple Choice ( .7 pts. each) 52.5• 10 True or False ( .7 pts. each) 7.0• 15 Matching (3x5) ( .7 pts. each) 10.5• 2 of 8 Essay Questions (15 pts. each) 30.0 100.0

Junior 15pt. Essay Themes

• These essays are to be answered in Knockout Format! Both Content and Style matter!

• Usually Knockouts are 5 paragraphs. You may add extra paragraphs if you have more than 3 seeds.

1. Rise and Fall of Racial Segregation2. Industrial Revolution (Business, Industry, Transportation, Communication)3. Railroads (Expansion v. Plains Indians)4. Age of Imperialism / Western Hemi. Relations5. Progressives (Labor, Immigration, Corruption, Women, Urban Centers)6. Reasons and Results of Entering World War I7. Causes of the Stock Market Crash8. Examples of New Deal’s Goals of Relief, Recovery & Reform

Unit 6: Civil WarUnit 6: Civil War

CottonCotton• Cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney in 1793Cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

– Demand for cottonDemand for cotton• Leads to “land butchery”Leads to “land butchery”

– westward expansionwestward expansion• more slaverymore slavery

• ½ of world’s cotton grown in South½ of world’s cotton grown in South– South believes their economic importance to the world South believes their economic importance to the world

would give them support in case of war with Northwould give them support in case of war with North

““Cottonocracy”Cottonocracy”• ““Antebellum” (pre-Civil War South)Antebellum” (pre-Civil War South)• Oligarchy – government by a small number of Oligarchy – government by a small number of

eliteelite– About 1,700 families had large plantations with more About 1,700 families had large plantations with more

than 100 slavesthan 100 slaves– Had the most political powerHad the most political power

• Social ranking system:Social ranking system:– 1. elite, large slave-owners1. elite, large slave-owners– 2. small farmers – owned a few slaves2. small farmers – owned a few slaves– 3. poor, non-slave owning whites (3/4 of white 3. poor, non-slave owning whites (3/4 of white

population) population) • Despised wealthy slave ownersDespised wealthy slave owners• Still pro-slavery, very racistStill pro-slavery, very racist

Plantation SlaveryPlantation Slavery• Slave importation banned in Slave importation banned in

18081808– Not regulated or enforcedNot regulated or enforced– Slave population self-sufficient Slave population self-sufficient

through childbirth through childbirth • Slaves = investmentSlaves = investment

– Protected from dangerous jobsProtected from dangerous jobs• Deep South – SC, LouisianaDeep South – SC, Louisiana

– Most strict, tough areas for Most strict, tough areas for slavesslaves

• Slave revolts (Denmark Slave revolts (Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner) caused Vesey, Nat Turner) caused tighter security and worse laws tighter security and worse laws for blacksfor blacks

Abolitionist MovementsAbolitionist Movements• ““Uncle Tom’s Cabin” by Harriet Uncle Tom’s Cabin” by Harriet

Beecher StoweBeecher Stowe– Emotional and chilling portrayal of Emotional and chilling portrayal of

slaveryslavery– HUGEHUGE impact on debate of impact on debate of

slaveryslavery• Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass

– Escaped slaveEscaped slave• William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison

– Extremist-abolitionistExtremist-abolitionist– Seen as disruptive to unity, Seen as disruptive to unity,

Northern economyNorthern economy

South’s DefenseSouth’s Defense

• ““Bible supported slavery”Bible supported slavery”• Slave owners convert their slaves to Slave owners convert their slaves to

ChristianityChristianity• Whites and “happy darkies” get alongWhites and “happy darkies” get along• Slaves and slave-owners like familySlaves and slave-owners like family• Slaves lived better lives than Northern Slaves lived better lives than Northern

“wage slaves”“wage slaves”

1840s America1840s America• William Henry Harrison dies after a William Henry Harrison dies after a

month in office – VP John Tyler is new month in office – VP John Tyler is new presidentpresident– Tyler not very “Whig-minded”Tyler not very “Whig-minded”– Vetoes Whig legislation – kicked out of Vetoes Whig legislation – kicked out of

partyparty– Tyler deals with numerous foreign affairsTyler deals with numerous foreign affairs

• Canadian attack on American shipCanadian attack on American ship• Borders of Maine (U.S. vs. Britain)Borders of Maine (U.S. vs. Britain)• British giving escaped slaves asylumBritish giving escaped slaves asylum

• James K. Polk wins election of 1844James K. Polk wins election of 1844– Democratic partyDemocratic party– Platform of expansion and “Manifest Platform of expansion and “Manifest

Destiny”Destiny”

Polk’s PresidencyPolk’s Presidency• Very successful and efficientVery successful and efficient• 4 part plan:4 part plan:

– Lower the tariffLower the tariff– Restore independent treasuryRestore independent treasury– Clear up the Oregon border issueClear up the Oregon border issue– Get CaliforniaGet California

• Accomplished all in 4 yearsAccomplished all in 4 years

• Issue with TexasIssue with Texas– Still independent – Texas becoming friendly with Still independent – Texas becoming friendly with

European countriesEuropean countries– Dilemma for AmericaDilemma for America

• Slavery issue, economic factors, Monroe doctrineSlavery issue, economic factors, Monroe doctrine– Polk invites Texas to join the U.S. in 1845Polk invites Texas to join the U.S. in 1845

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)Mexican-American War (1846-1848)• Polk wants California (Mexican territory)Polk wants California (Mexican territory)

– Offers to buy first, uses force when refusedOffers to buy first, uses force when refused– ““Baited” Mexico into a warBaited” Mexico into a war– Santa Anna cleverly returns to lead Mexican Santa Anna cleverly returns to lead Mexican

ArmyArmy• U.S. dominates Mexico in 3 phases:U.S. dominates Mexico in 3 phases:

– Occupy CaliforniaOccupy California– Secure TexasSecure Texas– Conquer Mexico CityConquer Mexico City

Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• Mexican Cession – forced to give up present day CA, NV, AZ, NM, Mexican Cession – forced to give up present day CA, NV, AZ, NM, CO, UTCO, UT

• Gadsden Purchase made in 1854Gadsden Purchase made in 1854– Needed land for railroad routeNeeded land for railroad route

1840s-1850s America1840s-1850s America• Gen. Zachary Taylor wins Gen. Zachary Taylor wins

presidency under Whig Party in 1848presidency under Whig Party in 1848• Challenged by “Free Soil Party”Challenged by “Free Soil Party”• People moving west (new land, gold People moving west (new land, gold

in CA)in CA)– Issue of slavery – slave or free states?Issue of slavery – slave or free states?

• Huge debate between North and Huge debate between North and SouthSouth– Clay, Webster, CalhounClay, Webster, Calhoun– Slowly working towards compromiseSlowly working towards compromise– Taylor (anti-slavery) threatens to veto if Taylor (anti-slavery) threatens to veto if

North makes any concessionsNorth makes any concessions– Taylor dies, compromising VP Millard Taylor dies, compromising VP Millard

Fillmore takes over…Fillmore takes over…

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850• North gets:North gets:

– California is a free state – balance tipped to free sideCalifornia is a free state – balance tipped to free side– Texas gives up disputed New Mexico landTexas gives up disputed New Mexico land– Slave Slave trade trade now illegal in D.C. (symbolic significance now illegal in D.C. (symbolic significance

only)only)• South gets:South gets:

– Popular sovereignty in new Mexican Cession landsPopular sovereignty in new Mexican Cession lands• New states vote whether to be a free state or slave stateNew states vote whether to be a free state or slave state

– Texas paid $10 million for loss of land given to New Texas paid $10 million for loss of land given to New MexicoMexico

– Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law: runaway slaves given no “due : runaway slaves given no “due process”, money paid for catching and returning of process”, money paid for catching and returning of slave, Northern officials forced to catch slavesslave, Northern officials forced to catch slaves

• North passes laws to avoid forced captureNorth passes laws to avoid forced capture• Leads to further dissention between North and SouthLeads to further dissention between North and South

1850s America1850s America• President Franklin Pearce wins election in President Franklin Pearce wins election in

18521852– Democratic party, safe choice – no enemiesDemocratic party, safe choice – no enemies

• Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act– Transcontinental railroad compromiseTranscontinental railroad compromise

• Kansas open to popular sovereignty Kansas open to popular sovereignty • Becomes battleground between North and Becomes battleground between North and

SouthSouth– Extreme and violent abolitionist: John BrownExtreme and violent abolitionist: John Brown

• murderer or martyr?murderer or martyr?– Kansas “wins” vote to become slave state (scandal)Kansas “wins” vote to become slave state (scandal)

• President James Buchanan wins election in President James Buchanan wins election in 18561856– Democratic Democratic – Ran against John Fremont (Republican)Ran against John Fremont (Republican)– Northerner, but sympathetic towards SouthNortherner, but sympathetic towards South

Dred Scott CaseDred Scott Case• Slave moved by master from South Slave moved by master from South

to North, then back to Southto North, then back to South– Tried to sue for freedom Tried to sue for freedom →→ lost case lost case– Decision Stated slaves not citizens Decision Stated slaves not citizens →→

cannot use legal processcannot use legal process– Also stated Congress cannot outlaw Also stated Congress cannot outlaw

slaveryslavery• Infuriates NorthInfuriates North• South now had advantage politically South now had advantage politically

(president, Supreme Court, Constitution)(president, Supreme Court, Constitution)• North has powerless majority CongressNorth has powerless majority Congress

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850• North gets:North gets:

– California is a free state – balance tipped to free sideCalifornia is a free state – balance tipped to free side– Texas gives up disputed New Mexico landTexas gives up disputed New Mexico land– Slave Slave trade trade now illegal in D.C. (symbolic significance now illegal in D.C. (symbolic significance

only)only)• South gets:South gets:

– Popular sovereignty in new Mexican Cession landsPopular sovereignty in new Mexican Cession lands• New states vote whether to be a free state or slave stateNew states vote whether to be a free state or slave state

– Texas paid $10 million for loss of land given to New Texas paid $10 million for loss of land given to New MexicoMexico

– Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law: runaway slaves given no “due : runaway slaves given no “due process”, money paid for catching and returning of process”, money paid for catching and returning of slave, Northern officials forced to catch slavesslave, Northern officials forced to catch slaves

• North passes laws to avoid forced captureNorth passes laws to avoid forced capture• Leads to further dissention between North and SouthLeads to further dissention between North and South

Dred Scott CaseDred Scott Case• Slave moved by master from South Slave moved by master from South

to North, then back to Southto North, then back to South– Tried to sue for freedom Tried to sue for freedom →→ lost case lost case– Decision Stated slaves not citizens Decision Stated slaves not citizens →→

cannot use legal processcannot use legal process– Also stated Congress cannot outlaw Also stated Congress cannot outlaw

slaveryslavery• Infuriates NorthInfuriates North• South now had advantage politically South now had advantage politically

(president, Supreme Court, Constitution)(president, Supreme Court, Constitution)• North has powerless majority CongressNorth has powerless majority Congress

1850s America1850s America• Panic of 1857Panic of 1857

– Caused by over-speculation, Caused by over-speculation, inflation caused by California gold, inflation caused by California gold, and overproduction of grainand overproduction of grain

• 1858 Illinois Senate Race: 1858 Illinois Senate Race: Lincoln (Rep) vs. Douglas (Dem)Lincoln (Rep) vs. Douglas (Dem)– ““The Great Debates”The Great Debates”– Douglas wins election, loses his Douglas wins election, loses his

heavy support from South after heavy support from South after “Freeport Doctrine”“Freeport Doctrine”

• Stated people hold power to vote Stated people hold power to vote down slavery, despite the Supreme down slavery, despite the Supreme CourtCourt

– Lincoln loses, but becomes Lincoln loses, but becomes national figure national figure

Election of 1860Election of 1860• Democrats split:Democrats split:

– North wants Stephen Douglas to runNorth wants Stephen Douglas to run• Popular sovereignty positionPopular sovereignty position

– South wants John C. BreckinridgeSouth wants John C. Breckinridge• Pro-slavery positionPro-slavery position

• Republicans select Abe Lincoln Republicans select Abe Lincoln – Campaign successfully unites many Campaign successfully unites many

Northern factions:Northern factions:• Free-Soilers (will stop slavery’s expansion)Free-Soilers (will stop slavery’s expansion)• Manufactures (will raise the import tariff)Manufactures (will raise the import tariff)• Immigrants (will secure better rights)Immigrants (will secure better rights)• Westerners (will build a NW railroad)Westerners (will build a NW railroad)• Farmers (will establish Farmers (will establish homesteadinghomesteading))

– System of federal land grantsSystem of federal land grants

Election of 1860Election of 1860• Lincoln Lincoln notnot an abolitionist, but was a Free- an abolitionist, but was a Free-

Soiler Soiler → → hated by the southhated by the south• SC threatens to secede if Lincoln wins SC threatens to secede if Lincoln wins

electionelection• Southern votes split between Douglas and Southern votes split between Douglas and

BreckenridgeBreckenridge• Lincoln wins comfortably in November, Lincoln wins comfortably in November,

18601860– Scheduled to take office in March 1861Scheduled to take office in March 1861

The South Secedes The South Secedes • SC secedes in Dec. 1860SC secedes in Dec. 1860

– Soon followed by “Deep South”Soon followed by “Deep South”• Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,

TexasTexas

– Feb 1861 – Southern states form “Feb 1861 – Southern states form “Confederate Confederate States of AmericaStates of America””

• Elect Jefferson Davis as President of C.S.A.Elect Jefferson Davis as President of C.S.A.

– President Buchanan did almost nothing to stop President Buchanan did almost nothing to stop the secessionthe secession

– One final compromise offered – Crittendon One final compromise offered – Crittendon Compromise (extend Missouri Compromise line Compromise (extend Missouri Compromise line – north = free, south = slave)– north = free, south = slave)

– Lincoln takes over, crushes compromiseLincoln takes over, crushes compromise• ““Honest Abe” took free-soil pledge, wouldn’t break itHonest Abe” took free-soil pledge, wouldn’t break it

Why the South Seceded:Why the South Seceded:• Institution of slavery threatened by NorthInstitution of slavery threatened by North

– Would kill Southern economy if outlawedWould kill Southern economy if outlawed• Believed starting own nation allows own Believed starting own nation allows own

developmentdevelopment– Economy, industry, banking, shipping, etcEconomy, industry, banking, shipping, etc

• Compared their secession to independence of Compared their secession to independence of American colonies in 1776American colonies in 1776– U.S. breaks from England, South breaks from NorthU.S. breaks from England, South breaks from North

• South didn’t think North would try to stop their South didn’t think North would try to stop their secessionsecession

• If war did break out, Europe would support South If war did break out, Europe would support South due to its economic valuedue to its economic value

Civil War BeginsCivil War Begins

Lincoln’s Inauguration (Mar. 4, 1861)Lincoln’s Inauguration (Mar. 4, 1861)• Primary goal:Primary goal:

– REUNITE THE NATIONREUNITE THE NATION• Problems with South leaving:Problems with South leaving:

– Dividing country impossible due to Dividing country impossible due to geographic reasonsgeographic reasons

– They still owe national debtThey still owe national debt– Runaway slave issues would surely Runaway slave issues would surely

lead to conflictlead to conflict– Europe could prey on a weak and Europe could prey on a weak and

split America (economically, split America (economically, diplomatically, militarily)diplomatically, militarily)

War Begins (1861)War Begins (1861)• Lincoln’s inauguration (Mar)Lincoln’s inauguration (Mar)• Southern delegates offer Southern delegates offer

peace treaty to Lincolnpeace treaty to Lincoln– Lincoln refusesLincoln refuses

• Fort Sumter, SC (April)Fort Sumter, SC (April)– Island fort held by North, being Island fort held by North, being

surrounded by Southsurrounded by South• Supplies running out, Supplies running out,

reinforcements too latereinforcements too late• South open fires on Ft. South open fires on Ft.

SumterSumter• North surrenders after dayNorth surrenders after day• War officially beginsWar officially begins

Lincoln Preps for WarLincoln Preps for War• Call to armsCall to arms– 75,000 soldiers75,000 soldiers

• Orders naval blockade of SouthOrders naval blockade of South• 4 undecided states secede and CSA4 undecided states secede and CSA

– Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and NCVirginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and NC

Border StatesBorder States

Border StatesBorder States• Missouri, Kentucky, MarylandMissouri, Kentucky, Maryland

– All slave states that had not secededAll slave states that had not seceded• Importance:Importance:

– Would increase South’s populationWould increase South’s population– Would increase South’s industrial potentialWould increase South’s industrial potential

• Lincoln’s plan to gain border states:Lincoln’s plan to gain border states:– Declared martial law in MarylandDeclared martial law in Maryland

• Railroad importance, buffer to D.C.Railroad importance, buffer to D.C.– Convinced border states his motives were to end war, Convinced border states his motives were to end war,

not slaverynot slavery• Splits between border states:Splits between border states:

– Tennessee “volunteers”Tennessee “volunteers”– Anti-slavery West Virginia breaks away from VirginiaAnti-slavery West Virginia breaks away from Virginia

AdvantagesAdvantages

NorthNorth• Larger populationLarger population

– 3x South’s population3x South’s population• IndustryIndustry• RailroadsRailroads• U.S. NavyU.S. Navy

– Naval blockade’s Naval blockade’s importanceimportance

• More moneyMore money

SouthSouth• Only had to defend, Only had to defend,

not conquernot conquer• North needed a North needed a

decisive victory to windecisive victory to win• Geographical Geographical

advantagesadvantages• Better military Better military

leadershipleadership– Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee– ““Stonewall” JacksonStonewall” Jackson

Warm UpWarm Up

• Of the advantages and disadvantages we Of the advantages and disadvantages we know of, which do you think will be the know of, which do you think will be the most important throughout the course of most important throughout the course of the war?the war?– Which will help the North the most?Which will help the North the most?– Which will hurt the South the most?Which will hurt the South the most?

South’s Foreign Aid?South’s Foreign Aid?• South believed Europe would help themSouth believed Europe would help them

– Economic importance – cottonEconomic importance – cotton• Reasons help never came:Reasons help never came:

– Some Europeans Some Europeans wantedwanted a split U.S. a split U.S.– Other Europeans were anti-slaveryOther Europeans were anti-slavery

• Effect of Uncle Tom’s CabinEffect of Uncle Tom’s Cabin– England’s reliance on Southern cotton England’s reliance on Southern cotton

decreasingdecreasing• Had started own crops in colonized Egypt and Had started own crops in colonized Egypt and

IndiaIndia– North sends food over to famine-affected North sends food over to famine-affected

Europe throughout war Europe throughout war → support grows→ support grows

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs• England gives very little support to SouthEngland gives very little support to South

– ““Trent affair”Trent affair”• Northern ship stops British ship with 2 Southern diplomats on Northern ship stops British ship with 2 Southern diplomats on

it it →→ arrested arrested →→ released released– CSS CSS AlabamaAlabama

• Staffed with British forces, attacked U.S. ships worldwide, but Staffed with British forces, attacked U.S. ships worldwide, but not in U.S. watersnot in U.S. waters

– Brits never follow though with promise to build raider Brits never follow though with promise to build raider ships for South → could hurt England one dayships for South → could hurt England one day

• U.S.-Canada border issuesU.S.-Canada border issues• Puppet government set up in Mexico by Puppet government set up in Mexico by

Napoleon III (France)Napoleon III (France)– violates Monroe doctrineviolates Monroe doctrine

A. Lincoln vs. J. Davis A. Lincoln vs. J. Davis

• Stable & established Stable & established governmentgovernment– Can easily exert powerCan easily exert power

• Better foreign Better foreign relationsrelations

• Navy at disposalNavy at disposal• Telegraph and Telegraph and

railroad systemrailroad system

• Never popularNever popular– (Elected by delegates, (Elected by delegates,

not common people)not common people)• An unstable An unstable

“confederacy”“confederacy”– Loosely unitedLoosely united– Weak by designWeak by design– Hard to governHard to govern– Hard to exert powerHard to exert power

Lincoln vs. the ConstitutionLincoln vs. the Constitution• Unconstitutional actions:Unconstitutional actions:

– Martial law declared in MarylandMartial law declared in Maryland– Increases the size of the ArmyIncreases the size of the Army

• Created draft tooCreated draft too– Paid $2 million to a few private citizens for Paid $2 million to a few private citizens for

undisclosed military purposesundisclosed military purposes– Suspended Suspended habeas corpushabeas corpus

• Anti-unionists arrested and held without trialAnti-unionists arrested and held without trial– ““Supervised” Border State electionsSupervised” Border State elections

• Turn and talk with a partner:Turn and talk with a partner:– Which actions are the worst? Rank them.Which actions are the worst? Rank them.– Do you think these actions are acceptable? Why or Do you think these actions are acceptable? Why or

why not?why not?– Do the ends justify the means?Do the ends justify the means?

Economies During WarEconomies During War

NORTH NORTH • Raises import taxRaises import tax• Railroads and open seasRailroads and open seas• Sold war bondsSold war bonds

– Funded 62% of war for Funded 62% of war for NorthNorth

• Recreated National Recreated National Banking SystemBanking System– Secured and regulated Secured and regulated

money in economymoney in economy• War boomed industryWar boomed industry• Women’s role increasedWomen’s role increased

– Factory workers, Red CrossFactory workers, Red Cross

SOUTHSOUTH• Union naval blockade Union naval blockade

killed South’s money flowkilled South’s money flow– Could not export cottonCould not export cotton– Could not import for (no Could not import for (no

import tax)import tax)• MassiveMassive inflation inflation

– New CSA currency failsNew CSA currency fails• Southerners held 30% of Southerners held 30% of

nations wealth before nations wealth before secession secession → 12% after→ 12% after

• Lack of money kills Lack of money kills South’s war effortSouth’s war effort

War Starts War Starts • Ft. Sumter (April 1860)Ft. Sumter (April 1860)• Both sides confident war will be Both sides confident war will be

shortshort– ““Ninety-Day War”Ninety-Day War”– North wants to take Richmond, VA North wants to take Richmond, VA

(CSA capital)(CSA capital)• July 1860 – Battle of Bull Run (VA)July 1860 – Battle of Bull Run (VA)

– Both sides unprepared, unorganizedBoth sides unprepared, unorganized– Southern Gen. Thomas Jackson Southern Gen. Thomas Jackson

holds line, fights off Northholds line, fights off North• ““Stonewall Jackson”Stonewall Jackson”

– North panics & retreats, South wins North panics & retreats, South wins the first major battle of the Civil Warthe first major battle of the Civil War

• Significance?Significance?– Realization war was going to take Realization war was going to take

much longermuch longer– Both sides needed better preparationBoth sides needed better preparation– 5,000 casualties in one day5,000 casualties in one day

• Both sides stall to prepare for Both sides stall to prepare for long warlong war

• Lincoln puts Gen. George Lincoln puts Gen. George McClellan in chargeMcClellan in charge– Organized, master plannerOrganized, master planner

• Planned to take RichmondPlanned to take Richmond– Would end warWould end war

• ““The Peninsula Campaign” The Peninsula Campaign” (Summer 1862)(Summer 1862)– Stonewall Jackson bluffs attack on Stonewall Jackson bluffs attack on

D.C.D.C.– Northern troops splitNorthern troops split– Southern Gen. Jeb Stuart’s cavalry Southern Gen. Jeb Stuart’s cavalry

circles & outflanks McClellancircles & outflanks McClellan– Southern Gen. Robert E. Lee Southern Gen. Robert E. Lee

attacks in “attacks in “Seven Days’ BattlesSeven Days’ Battles””– Pushes McClellan back to seaPushes McClellan back to sea– South wins another huge battleSouth wins another huge battle– 35,000 total dead35,000 total dead

• North’s quick solution to war North’s quick solution to war fails twicefails twice

• Lincoln’s new plan: Lincoln’s new plan: TOTAL TOTAL WARWAR– Blockade, divide, conquerBlockade, divide, conquer

• Strengthen naval blockadeStrengthen naval blockade• Free the slavesFree the slaves• Divide the South along Mississippi Divide the South along Mississippi

RiverRiver• Capture Richmond, VA (CSA Capture Richmond, VA (CSA

Capital)Capital)• Engage battle anywhere possibleEngage battle anywhere possible

– Abandons using only large, Abandons using only large, planned battlesplanned battles

• South would be pounded into South would be pounded into submission in every facet of submission in every facet of warwar

North’s New

Strategy

Northern Gen. Winfield Scott’s Northern Gen. Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan”“Anaconda Plan”

Naval BlockadeNaval Blockade• Penetrable at first, strengthened over timePenetrable at first, strengthened over time• Stopped and searched any ships coming in or outStopped and searched any ships coming in or out• C.S.S. MerrimackC.S.S. Merrimack – ironclad ship threatened blockade – ironclad ship threatened blockade• North builds North builds U.S.S. MonitorU.S.S. Monitor• MonitorMonitor defeats defeats Merrimack Merrimack in Chesapeake Bay March, 1862in Chesapeake Bay March, 1862• New plan: replace wooden ships with iron, steam shipsNew plan: replace wooden ships with iron, steam ships

– Who’s more likely to manufacture more and at a faster rate?Who’s more likely to manufacture more and at a faster rate?

AntietamAntietam• Aug 1862 – Second Battle of Bull Aug 1862 – Second Battle of Bull

RunRun– North beaten North beaten badlybadly by South, led by by South, led by

LeeLee• South undoubtedly winning the South undoubtedly winning the

warwar• Lee marches forward invades Lee marches forward invades

Antietam, MDAntietam, MD– Wants to lure Border States to join Wants to lure Border States to join

CSACSA– Draw war off of Virginia’s farmlandDraw war off of Virginia’s farmland– Make a symbolic victory on Northern Make a symbolic victory on Northern

soilsoil• Loses battle plans – found by Loses battle plans – found by

NorthNorth• Gen. McClellan (back in charge) Gen. McClellan (back in charge)

prepares for battle…prepares for battle…

AntietamAntietam• Battle of Antietam Battle of Antietam

Creek (Sep. 1862)Creek (Sep. 1862)• Most critical battle of Most critical battle of

war so farwar so far– Could be knockout Could be knockout

punch for Southpunch for South– Northern victory would Northern victory would

keep war alive, keep war alive, convinces Europe to stay convinces Europe to stay out of warout of war

• North winsNorth wins– Overpowers South with Overpowers South with

numbersnumbers• Over 20,000 killedOver 20,000 killed

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation• First, much awaited victory for NorthFirst, much awaited victory for North• Gives Lincoln a stage to announce next Gives Lincoln a stage to announce next

part of plan: part of plan: free the slavesfree the slaves• Not just a war to reunite the nation, but Not just a war to reunite the nation, but

now to end slavery as wellnow to end slavery as well– Gives North a “moral” rationale for fightingGives North a “moral” rationale for fighting

• Proclamation did not free slaves in Proclamation did not free slaves in Border StatesBorder States– States too fragile States too fragile → could leave secede in → could leave secede in

angeranger• No real legal repercussions to No real legal repercussions to

Proclamation – why?Proclamation – why?– Lincoln holds no political power in SouthLincoln holds no political power in South– Lincoln didn’t have authority to free slaves Lincoln didn’t have authority to free slaves

even in the Unioneven in the Union– North would have to win the war for it to go North would have to win the war for it to go

into effectinto effect– South complains Lincoln is stirring slave South complains Lincoln is stirring slave

rebellionrebellion

Black Soldiers Join EffortBlack Soldiers Join Effort• Free Black men in the North Free Black men in the North

banned from enlisting at firstbanned from enlisting at first• As war progressed, more soldiers As war progressed, more soldiers

were neededwere needed– Black men now allowed to enlistBlack men now allowed to enlist– 10% of army made up of Black men10% of army made up of Black men

• Southern army often just executed Southern army often just executed captured Black soldiers rather captured Black soldiers rather than treat them as POWsthan treat them as POWs– Massacre at Ft. Pillow, TennesseeMassacre at Ft. Pillow, Tennessee

• Advancing Northern armies freed Advancing Northern armies freed slaves, some of which joined the slaves, some of which joined the warwar

Futile Northern GeneralsFutile Northern Generals• Gen. McClellan demoted again Gen. McClellan demoted again

after Antietamafter Antietam– Had Lee’s plans!!!Had Lee’s plans!!!– Barely won the battle Barely won the battle

• Largely because of numbersLargely because of numbers– Failed to pursue and crush LeeFailed to pursue and crush Lee

• Gen. Burnside takes overGen. Burnside takes over– Defeated at Fredericksburg, VA Defeated at Fredericksburg, VA

(Dec, 1862)(Dec, 1862)• Gen. Hooker takes overGen. Hooker takes over

– Defeated at Chancellorsville, VA Defeated at Chancellorsville, VA (May, 1863)(May, 1863)

– Lee’s most impressive victoryLee’s most impressive victory– Humiliating loss for the NorthHumiliating loss for the North– Stonewall Jackson mistakenly killed Stonewall Jackson mistakenly killed

by own menby own men• Gen. Meade takes over…Gen. Meade takes over…

GettysburgGettysburg• Lee again goes for Lee again goes for

“knockout punch”“knockout punch”• Invades North againInvades North again• Battle of Gettysburg, PA Battle of Gettysburg, PA

(July 1863)(July 1863)– South wins first two days of South wins first two days of

battle forcing North to battle forcing North to retreat up into hillsretreat up into hills

– Third Day: “Pickett’s Third Day: “Pickett’s Charge”Charge”

• Lee sends 15,000 men across Lee sends 15,000 men across open field to crush the North open field to crush the North with frontal assaultwith frontal assault

• Fails miserably – Northern Fails miserably – Northern lines holdlines hold

• North wins North wins HUGEHUGE battle battle

GettysburgGettysburg• Biggest win for North thus farBiggest win for North thus far• Massive Massive loss for Southloss for South

– 25,000 casualties25,000 casualties• Turning point in warTurning point in war• South could not keep up with South could not keep up with

North’s influx of soldiers, North’s influx of soldiers, suppliessupplies– Chances at victory dwindling Chances at victory dwindling

fastfast• Gettysburg Address (Nov Gettysburg Address (Nov

1863)1863)– Lincoln returned to battlefield to Lincoln returned to battlefield to

give speech to troopsgive speech to troops– Meant to boost morale, Meant to boost morale,

rationalize warrationalize war

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg AddressFour score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.not perish from the earth.

Blockade, Divide, Blockade, Divide, ConquerConquer

• Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant– ““Unconditional Surrender”Unconditional Surrender”– Rose to fame by capturing Rose to fame by capturing

Jackson and Vicksburg, MSJackson and Vicksburg, MS• One day after GettysburgOne day after Gettysburg• Divides South at Mississippi Divides South at Mississippi

RiverRiver• Gen. Sherman divides Gen. Sherman divides

South from Tennessee to South from Tennessee to Atlanta (Spring 1864)Atlanta (Spring 1864)

• ““March to Sea”March to Sea”– Total war tacticsTotal war tactics– Destroyed Destroyed everythingeverything in his in his

pathpath– Burns Atlanta to groundBurns Atlanta to ground

Election of 1864Election of 1864

• Lincoln had some Northern oppositionLincoln had some Northern opposition– ““Radical Republicans” felt Lincoln was Radical Republicans” felt Lincoln was

mismanaging warmismanaging war– Democrats split on Lincoln supportDemocrats split on Lincoln support

• ““War Dems vs. Peace Dems”War Dems vs. Peace Dems”

• Lincoln forms “Union Party”Lincoln forms “Union Party”– Combines Republicans and War DemocratsCombines Republicans and War Democrats

• George McClellan runs vs. LincolnGeorge McClellan runs vs. Lincoln• Lincoln easily wins electionLincoln easily wins election

The Final Stages: Lee vs. GrantThe Final Stages: Lee vs. Grant• Grant promoted to Grant promoted to

Commanding General ArmyCommanding General Army• South blockaded & dividedSouth blockaded & divided• GRANT’sGRANT’s strategy now: strategy now:

– Beat the South by outlasting Beat the South by outlasting the Souththe South

– North has strength in numbersNorth has strength in numbers• Series of battles in VA grinds Series of battles in VA grinds

away at South:away at South:– The Wilderness (May 1864)The Wilderness (May 1864)– Spotsylvania Courthouse (May)Spotsylvania Courthouse (May)– Cold Harbor (June 1864)*Cold Harbor (June 1864)*– Petersburg (June 1864 - Mar Petersburg (June 1864 - Mar

1865)1865)

All result in Northern All result in Northern “ “victories”*victories”*

The South SurrendersThe South Surrenders• Petersburg was South’s Petersburg was South’s

last standlast stand– After it falls, South After it falls, South

doomeddoomed– Grant marches to Grant marches to

RichmondRichmond• ““Scorched earth” method of Scorched earth” method of

South causes fires in South causes fires in RichmondRichmond

• Evacuation allows for easy Evacuation allows for easy capture of capitalcapture of capital

– April 1865 – Lee April 1865 – Lee surrenders at Appomattox surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse in VACourthouse in VA

AftermathAftermath• 600,000 dead600,000 dead

– A whole generation goneA whole generation gone• $15 billion spent$15 billion spent• Long-term animosityLong-term animosity• Physically destroyed the SouthPhysically destroyed the South• Pro: Slavery ended foreverPro: Slavery ended forever• Lincoln assassinated 5 days after the war endsLincoln assassinated 5 days after the war ends

– At a play at Ford’s Theater in D.C.At a play at Ford’s Theater in D.C.– Shot by John Wilkes Booth in part of plot to still help Shot by John Wilkes Booth in part of plot to still help

South win the warSouth win the war– Lincoln an instant martyr in NorthLincoln an instant martyr in North

• Died reuniting the nation, ending slaveryDied reuniting the nation, ending slavery– Assassination celebrated in South, ironically dooms themAssassination celebrated in South, ironically dooms them

• Radical Reps who replace Lincoln not as forgiving as LincolnRadical Reps who replace Lincoln not as forgiving as Lincoln

The ReconstructionThe Reconstruction• ““Freedmen” – freed slaves in tough Freedmen” – freed slaves in tough

situation:situation:– Most stayed (either by choice or Most stayed (either by choice or

force) on plantationforce) on plantation• U.S. Army freed all slaves eventuallyU.S. Army freed all slaves eventually

– Some fled NorthSome fled North– Some rioted against former mastersSome rioted against former masters

• New social structure for blacks is New social structure for blacks is shakyshaky– Churches grow and become pillar of Churches grow and become pillar of

black communityblack community• Freedman’s Bureau created to help Freedman’s Bureau created to help

blacks adjust to free life – provided blacks adjust to free life – provided food, clothing, educationfood, clothing, education– Improved literacy, failed in most other Improved literacy, failed in most other

areasareas– Disliked by Southerners, Pres. Disliked by Southerners, Pres.

JohnsonJohnson

President Andrew JohnsonPresident Andrew Johnson

• Tennessee Democrat chosen by Lincoln to Tennessee Democrat chosen by Lincoln to balance ticket in 1864 electionbalance ticket in 1864 election– Was only Southern Congressman to not Was only Southern Congressman to not

secedesecede• Disliked by both North and SouthDisliked by both North and South• Stubborn, confrontational, short-tempered Stubborn, confrontational, short-tempered

white supremacist white supremacist

The Reconstruction PlanThe Reconstruction Plan• Lincoln’s plan: “The 10% Plan”Lincoln’s plan: “The 10% Plan”

– Southern states could rejoin the U.S. after Southern states could rejoin the U.S. after 10% of the voters take oath of loyalty and 10% of the voters take oath of loyalty and respect for emancipationrespect for emancipation

• Plan seen as very forgivingPlan seen as very forgiving• Radical Republicans wanted to punish Radical Republicans wanted to punish

SouthSouth– Propose Wade-Davis Bill – up to 50%, add Propose Wade-Davis Bill – up to 50%, add

laws to protect freed blackslaws to protect freed blacks– Lincoln vetoes – why?Lincoln vetoes – why?

The Reconstruction PlanThe Reconstruction Plan• Lincoln assassinatedLincoln assassinated• Johnson adds some changes:Johnson adds some changes:

– Former Confeds cannot voteFormer Confeds cannot vote– Secession ordinances repealedSecession ordinances repealed– U.S. repudiated Confed debtsU.S. repudiated Confed debts– States must ratify the 13States must ratify the 13thth amendment amendment

• Outlaws slaveryOutlaws slavery

• South’s social structure & workforce South’s social structure & workforce demolished and disassembleddemolished and disassembled

The Black CodesThe Black Codes

• White Southerners pass “Black Codes”White Southerners pass “Black Codes”– Laws designed to keep freed blacks under Laws designed to keep freed blacks under

control of their white employerscontrol of their white employers• ““Contracts” forcing blacks to work for whitesContracts” forcing blacks to work for whites

– Very discriminatoryVery discriminatory• Blacks given little rights, punishable offensesBlacks given little rights, punishable offenses

• Northerners outragedNortherners outraged

Battle for CongressBattle for Congress

• North dominated Congress during warNorth dominated Congress during war– Passed many major bills during warPassed many major bills during war

• Dec 1865 – Johnson allows all Southern Dec 1865 – Johnson allows all Southern states to rejoin the U.S.states to rejoin the U.S.– Southern politicians return to CongressSouthern politicians return to Congress

• Could gain more representation now than beforeCould gain more representation now than before– Three-Fifths Compromise eradicated nowThree-Fifths Compromise eradicated now

Johnson vs. CongressJohnson vs. Congress

• Johnson vetoed all Republican billsJohnson vetoed all Republican bills– Civil Rights Bill – grants blacks citizenship, weakens Black Civil Rights Bill – grants blacks citizenship, weakens Black

CodesCodes• Congress creates 14Congress creates 14thth Amendment Amendment

– Blacks get citizenshipBlacks get citizenship• Didn’t guarantee suffrageDidn’t guarantee suffrage

– States lose Congressional representation if blacks were States lose Congressional representation if blacks were denied votingdenied voting

– Confederate leaders banned from federal officesConfederate leaders banned from federal offices• Johnson battles Congress with “round the circle” Johnson battles Congress with “round the circle”

speeches – backfiresspeeches – backfires• Ratified by states in 1868Ratified by states in 1868

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction• Republicans now in control of ReconstructionRepublicans now in control of Reconstruction

– Split: (Radicals vs. ModeratesSplit: (Radicals vs. Moderates• Radical Reps:Radical Reps:

– Led by Sen. Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Led by Sen. Charles Sumner and Thaddeus StevensStevens

– Wanted a slow Reconstruction to institute major Wanted a slow Reconstruction to institute major social and economic changes to Southsocial and economic changes to South

• Moderate Reps:Moderate Reps:– Wanted a more “hands-off” approach to Wanted a more “hands-off” approach to

ReconstructionReconstruction• Both groups wanted black suffrageBoth groups wanted black suffrage

The Reconstruction ActThe Reconstruction Act

• Passed March 1867Passed March 1867• Divides South into 5 military districtsDivides South into 5 military districts

– Army occupied each to maintain orderArmy occupied each to maintain order• Southern states not fully readmitted to U.S. until:Southern states not fully readmitted to U.S. until:

– 1414thth Amendment is ratified Amendment is ratified– Black suffrage guaranteedBlack suffrage guaranteed

• Radical Reps pass 15Radical Reps pass 15thth Amendment in 1870 to ensure Amendment in 1870 to ensure suffrage cannot be removed suffrage cannot be removed

Unit 7: Postwar

The ReconstructionThe Reconstruction• ““Freedmen” – freed slaves in tough Freedmen” – freed slaves in tough

situation:situation:– Most stayed (either by choice or Most stayed (either by choice or

force) on plantationforce) on plantation• U.S. Army freed all slaves eventuallyU.S. Army freed all slaves eventually

– Some fled NorthSome fled North– Some rioted against former mastersSome rioted against former masters

• New social structure for blacks is New social structure for blacks is shakyshaky– Churches grow and become pillar of Churches grow and become pillar of

black communityblack community• Freedman’s Bureau created to help Freedman’s Bureau created to help

blacks adjust to free life – provided blacks adjust to free life – provided food, clothing, educationfood, clothing, education– Improved literacy, failed in most other Improved literacy, failed in most other

areasareas– Disliked by Southerners, Pres. Disliked by Southerners, Pres.

JohnsonJohnson

President Andrew JohnsonPresident Andrew Johnson

• Tennessee Democrat chosen by Lincoln to Tennessee Democrat chosen by Lincoln to balance ticket in 1864 electionbalance ticket in 1864 election– Was only Southern Congressman to not Was only Southern Congressman to not

secedesecede• Disliked by both North and SouthDisliked by both North and South• Stubborn, confrontational, short-tempered Stubborn, confrontational, short-tempered

white supremacist white supremacist

The Reconstruction PlanThe Reconstruction Plan

• Lincoln’s plan: “The 10% Plan”Lincoln’s plan: “The 10% Plan”– Southern states could rejoin the U.S. after 10% Southern states could rejoin the U.S. after 10%

of the voters take oath of loyalty and respect for of the voters take oath of loyalty and respect for emancipationemancipation

• Plan seen as very forgivingPlan seen as very forgiving• Radical Republicans wanted to punish Radical Republicans wanted to punish

SouthSouth– Propose Wade-Davis Bill – up to 50%, add Propose Wade-Davis Bill – up to 50%, add

laws to protect freed blackslaws to protect freed blacks– Lincoln vetoes – why?Lincoln vetoes – why?

The Reconstruction PlanThe Reconstruction Plan• Lincoln assassinatedLincoln assassinated• Johnson adds some changes:Johnson adds some changes:

– Former Confeds cannot voteFormer Confeds cannot vote– Secession ordinances repealedSecession ordinances repealed– U.S. repudiated Confed debtsU.S. repudiated Confed debts– States must ratify the 13States must ratify the 13thth amendment amendment

• Outlaws slaveryOutlaws slavery

• South’s social structure & workforce South’s social structure & workforce demolished and disassembleddemolished and disassembled

The Black CodesThe Black Codes

• White Southerners pass “Black Codes”White Southerners pass “Black Codes”– Laws designed to keep freed blacks under Laws designed to keep freed blacks under

control of their white employerscontrol of their white employers• ““Contracts” forcing blacks to work for whitesContracts” forcing blacks to work for whites

– Very discriminatoryVery discriminatory• Blacks given little rights, punishable offensesBlacks given little rights, punishable offenses

• Northerners outragedNortherners outraged

Battle for CongressBattle for Congress• North dominated Congress during warNorth dominated Congress during war

– Passed many major bills during warPassed many major bills during war• Dec 1865 – Johnson allows all Southern Dec 1865 – Johnson allows all Southern

states to rejoin the U.S.states to rejoin the U.S.– Southern politicians return to CongressSouthern politicians return to Congress

• Could gain more representation now than beforeCould gain more representation now than before– Three-Fifths Compromise eradicated nowThree-Fifths Compromise eradicated now

Johnson vs. CongressJohnson vs. Congress

• Johnson vetoed all Republican billsJohnson vetoed all Republican bills– Civil Rights Bill – grants blacks citizenship, weakens Black Civil Rights Bill – grants blacks citizenship, weakens Black

CodesCodes• Congress creates 14Congress creates 14thth Amendment Amendment

– Blacks get citizenshipBlacks get citizenship• Didn’t guarantee suffrageDidn’t guarantee suffrage

– States lose Congressional representation if blacks were States lose Congressional representation if blacks were denied votingdenied voting

– Confederate leaders banned from federal officesConfederate leaders banned from federal offices• Johnson battles Congress with “round the circle” Johnson battles Congress with “round the circle”

speeches – backfiresspeeches – backfires• Ratified by states in 1868Ratified by states in 1868

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction• Republicans now in control of Republicans now in control of

ReconstructionReconstruction– Split: Radicals vs. ModeratesSplit: Radicals vs. Moderates

• Radical Reps:Radical Reps:– Led by Sen. Charles Sumner Led by Sen. Charles Sumner

and Thaddeus Stevensand Thaddeus Stevens• From Sumner-Brooks Affair (1856)From Sumner-Brooks Affair (1856)

– Wanted a slow Reconstruction Wanted a slow Reconstruction to institute major social and to institute major social and economic changes to Southeconomic changes to South

• Moderate Reps:Moderate Reps:– Wanted a more “hands-off” Wanted a more “hands-off”

approach to Reconstructionapproach to Reconstruction• Both groups wanted black Both groups wanted black

suffragesuffrage

The Reconstruction ActThe Reconstruction Act• Passed March 1867Passed March 1867• Divides South into 5 military districtsDivides South into 5 military districts

– Army occupied each to maintain orderArmy occupied each to maintain order• Southern states not fully readmitted to U.S. until:Southern states not fully readmitted to U.S. until:

– 1414thth Amendment is ratified Amendment is ratified– Black suffrage guaranteedBlack suffrage guaranteed

• Radical Reps pass 15Radical Reps pass 15thth Amendment in 1870 to ensure Amendment in 1870 to ensure suffrage cannot be removed suffrage cannot be removed

Progression of Black Rights

• 13th amendment – abolishes slavery• 14th amendment – makes ex-slaves

citizens• 15th amendment – protects black suffrage

14th Amendment

• “The right to vote at any election… is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged… (if violated) the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.”

15th Amendment

“The rights of citizens of the U.S. to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

What is controversial about the language used in the 14th and 15th amendments?

Women Suffrage

• 14th amendment refers to citizens as “males”

• 15th amendment claims voting can’t be denied by race, color, or previous servitude– Women outraged, feel left out, see

opportunity• Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B.

Anthony lead women’s movement– Fought to keep these amendments from

entering Constitution without guaranteeing women’s suffrage

• Failed – amendments passed

Reconstruction in Action• Blacks begin to organize, create

Union League– Web of associations working

together to help black communities, consolidate political power, etc.

– Many white southerners temporarily unable to vote leads to blacks gaining power politically

– Hiram Revels becomes first black Senator (1870)

• White Southerners infuriated– Blacks freed, serving over whites in

Congress and state legislatures– “Scalawags” – whites who were sympathetic

towards North– “Carpetbaggers” – Northerners who moved

to South after the war• Some came to help, some came to profit, some

swindled

• Underground movement among White Southerners gaining strength…

Southern White

Retaliation

• The Ku Klux Klan– “The Invisible Empire of the South”– Formed in Tennessee (1866)– Thrived on fear, unknown membership– Threatened, lynched, murdered blacks– Effective in slowing down black progress

• White Southerners use political tricks to disenfranchise blacks– Started “literacy tests” as requirement to vote

• Targets illiterate blacks – problem?– Add “grandfather clauses” to protect illiterate

whites• Allows voting rights to any citizen who’s grandfather

could vote

Congress vs. Johnson• Johnson impeding Congressional Reconstruction

– Radical Reps plot to impeach Johnson• Pass Tenure of Office Act (1867)

– President needs Senate approval to fire anyone who had been previously appointed to him

– Rational: Senate approves appointees when hired, thus should approve when fired

– Johnson wants to replace Sec. of War Edwin Stanton• Appointed by Lincoln• Conspiring against Johnson with Radical Republicans

– Lose-lose for Johnson, Win-Win for Congress:• Allow Stanton to stay – Radical Reps happy• Fire Stanton – breaking the law, could be impeached

Impeachment?

• Johnson fires Stanton in 1868• Congress votes to impeach Johnson on “high crimes and

misdemeanors”– Generally due to all of Johnson’s misdoings during

Reconstruction, specifically due to firing Stanton• Impeachment trials:

– Johnson remains silent– His lawyers argue he was acting under Constitution, not Tenure

of Office Act– Senate needs 2/3 to support impeachment, fall short by one vote– Johnson remains in office– Radical Republicans claim the non-guilty verdict as a

“dangerous precedent”

Purchase of Alaska• Russia willing to sell Alaska• William H. Steward – Johnson’s Sec. of

State– Expansionist, pushed for purchase of Alaska

• Unpopular campaign– “Seward’s Folly”, “Seward’s Icebox”– Eventually gains enough support in Senate

• Purchased for $ 7.2 million– Seward scorned for purchase– Adds to Johnson’s unpopularity– Vindicated long after death – gold and oil

discovered

Legacy of Reconstruction

• Reconstruction just as bad as the war for South– Loss of infrastructure, economy, political power,

massive physical destruction• Causes decades of animosity

– South felt beaten down, humiliated– Civil War referred to as “War of Northern Aggression”

• Emancipation gives somewhat false hope to blacks– Progress made with 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments– But in some cases, had it better in “antebellum” times– Violence, tricky politics keep blacks down

• Significant progress not made again until the 1950s and 60s

“The Gilded Age” (1870-1900)“Gilded” – Covered thinly with gold paint

Times appeared great…– Railroads– Industry booms– Westward Expansion– Relative Peace– Wealth

…but numerous problems:– Corruption– Crooked business

practices– Tight and chaotic

political races – Ethnic conflict– Wealth Gaps

Political Division of the Gilded Age

• Republicans:– Supported in North and West– Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.)

• Military veteran group devout to Republican party– Allude to Puritan ancestry– Most political power after Civil War

• Democrats:– Supported mostly by the South– Supported by Lutherans and Catholics– Very little political power after Civil War

• Various political parties emerge during era in response to problems of the Gilded Age: corruption, economy, labor rights, etc.

Election of 1868Ulysses S. Grant

vs.Horatio Seymour

• Grant and the Republicans (Radical):– Radicals needed a strong president to enforce their policies– Grant had no political experience – Reps. relying on what?– War-hero, slogan: “wave the bloody shirt”

• Hoping military heroics would be enough to win election• Seymour and the Democrats:

– Seymour a former Governor from NY– Party extremely disorganized

• Agreed on only one thing:– Dislike of military Reconstruction

• Grant narrowly wins election – what does this imply?– Political campaigns now tightening up, more efficiently run

Grant’s Reconstruction• Implemented Radical Rep policies of Reconstruction• Protection of equal rights for blacks

– Civil Rights Act (1875)• Creates Dept. of Justice

– Helps prosecute KKK leaders, members• Used military to:

– Enforce fair voting practices– Quell KKK violence

• Grant’s support would slowly decline during terms:– Why?– Mission already accomplished: many felt Reconstruction

was largely complete by 1870– Corruption…

Corruption• Time period AKA “The Era of Good

Stealings”• Widespread corruption after Civil

War• “Jubilee”Jim Fisk & Jay Gould:

– Caught with scheme to cornerstone gold market

• Boss Tweed:– Ran “Tammany Hall”, a political

organzation in NYC– Bribes, rigged elections, cronyism– Prosecuted by Samuel J. Tilden

Corruption• Credit Mobilier scandal:

– Railroad company caught fixing hiring process to get paid double

– Bribed Congressmen and VP Schuyler Colfax with stocks

• “Whiskey Ring”:– Revenue from liquor tax being stolen– Large ring of government workers &

Grant’s secretary– Grant: “Let no man escape” – doesn’t

prosecute secretary• William Belknap:

– Grant’s Sec. of War caught swindling $24,000 from Indians

Grant’s Presidency• Grant a very honest man – not involved in any

scandals…• But still condemned as corrupt:

– Major corruption in administration– Failed to recognize it– Failed to deal with it properly

• Reformers form own party to combat crooked Republicans: Liberal Republican Party– Included both ex-Reps and ex-Dems– Main goal: clean up government corruption

Election of 1872Ulysses S. Grant

vs. Horace Greeley

• Republican Grant tries for second term• Horace Greeley nominee for Liberal Republicans• Editor of NY Tribune, little political experience

– Stubborn abolitionist, and harsh critic of Democrats– Still gets support from Southern Dems – why?

• Soft on Southern Reconstruction• Dems desperately eager to gain office

• Extreme mudslinging:– Greeley called an atheist, communist, vegetarian,

Confederate sympathizer– Grant: drunk, stupid, swindler

Results of Election of 1872

Grant• Popular vote: 55%• Electoral vote: 286 (of 352)

Greeley• Popular vote: 46%• Electoral vote: 3 (of

352)

What happened?

(Last 63 Electoral votes spread out among various Democratic and Liberal Republican politicians)

Greeley dies during election – after popular vote, but before electoral vote. Grant easily wins election.

Effects of Election of 1872

• Popular vote was close enough to scare Reps• Republican Congress begins to reform:

– The Amnesty Act (1872)• Removed voting and office-holding restrictions on many

ex-Confederates– Efforts to reduce tariff rates

• Would help Southern economy– Clean up the corruption in Grant’s administration

• Fired any workers involved in any past scandals

Panic of 1873• Industrialization of U.S. caused over-growth

– Railroads & manufacturing boom• Economic downturns every twenty years in

1800s: (1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893)• Panic of 1873: What caused it?

– Over-speculation• Overspending, overinvesting with borrowed money• Railroads and factories specifically

– Banks giving too-easy credit• Young American industry hit hard• Black communities hurt especially – why?

– Economic downturn → less jobs → last to be hired• Debate ensues on how to fix economy…

“Soft Money” vs. “Hard” Money• AKA “Cheap Money”• Policies call for forced inflation• Paper currency – fluctuating

value• Would ease debt payments of

masses• Supported by middle and lower

classes

• Policies keep amount of money stable by keeping it correlated with amount of gold

• Coin currency – defined value• Inflation unfair: lent money would

be less valuable once paid back• Supported by wealthy, banks

• SOLUTION: • Grant supports hard money policy, passes

Resumption Act:• Aimed to lower paper money in circulation &

phase it out• Backfires: starts “contraction” – amount of

money in circulation decreases → worsens recession → value of dollar bill increases

• “Greenback” Labor Party emerges in 1878 – main goal:– CHEAP MONEY POLICIES

Grant’s Presidency (1878-1876)

• How did public rate his presidency?

• How do you rate it?• General historical

view: – Good and honest

leader – but presidency is marred and burdened by widespread corruption, economic downturn

Election of 1876• Grant’s two terms complete• Republican split redevelops:

• “Stalwarts” (Radicals) led by Roscoe Conkling

• “Half-Breeds” (Moderates) led by James G. Blaine

– Agree to nominate Rutherford B. Hayes

• The “Great Unknown”• Neutral Republican• From Ohio (important swing state)

• Democrats nominate Samuel Tilden– Famous for prosecuting Boss Tweed

Election of 1876Rutherford B. Hayes

vs. Samuel Tilden

• Tilden gets 51% of popular vote, but falls one electoral vote short of winning election

• But 20 votes disputed due to questionable process of return and handling

• Near chaos ensues:– Both Reps and Dems send officials to investigate…

• Both sides claim victory– Recount called for – but who in Congress would count?

• Democratic majority in House, Republican majority in Senate– Congress creates “Electoral Count Act” which sets up

commission of 15 men to solve crisis – problem?• Uneven number: 8 Republicans, 7 Democrats

– Republicans claim victory, Democrats filibuster to stop process…

Compromise of 1877

• North gets:– Hayes elected as Republican

president• South gets:

– Removal of military occupation• Reconstruction now officially

over• Effects of Compromise of 1877:

– Southern blacks unprotected now– White Southerners regain more

political power• Civil Rights Act of 1875 significantly cut

back• Pass Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow Laws• Many laws created to keep blacks in subservient

role in South– Many blacks were sharecroppers:– Farmed land they didn’t own, paid landlords with crops– System abused, designed to keep blacks poor

Jim Crow Laws• Many states had begun to legalize segregation –

constitutional?• Forced segregation in all public facilities:

– Schools, theaters, restrooms, transportation• Violation could result in fines, imprisonment,

violence• Mob lynchings peak during this era• 1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson – Supreme Court ruled

it legal –  “separate but equal”

Separate Yes… but Equal?

Class Conflict• 1877 – 4 largest railroad

companies agree to cut wages by 10%– Workers strike, railroads shut

down– Cripples industry, transportation– Hayes uses federal troops to

suppress violent strike – Several weeks pass – workers

lose• Shows weakness of labor

movement

Ethnic Conflict

• Chinese immigration– Many young, poor Chinese

men emigrate to California– Find jobs building railroads– Job competition with Irish– Chinese willing to work for

lower wages• San Francisco – Denis

Kearney forms Irish gang– Terrorizes Chinese community

• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)– Immigration from China cut off– First immigration restriction in

America• Why were the Chinese

targeted?

Election of 1880

• Reps nominate James A. Garfield– “Dark horse” from Ohio– Running mate: Chester Arthur (a Stalwart)

• Dems nominate Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock– Civil War veteran, no political experience

• Popular vote close, but electoral vote gives Garfield the win

Garfield’s Presidency• Heated feud between

Stalwarts and Half-Breeds– Hindered any progress for

Garfield• July 1881 – Garfield

assassinated– Shot by Charles J. Guiteau

(Stalwart)– Dies in September– VP Chester Arthur (Stalwart)

takes over

President Chester Arthur• A Stalwart, but more reform-minded than

other Stalwarts• (1883) – Pendleton Act passed

– Political reform calling for merit based hiring for government jobs

– Civil Service Commission created to enforce act– Effects: Only applied to 10% of federal jobs

but…• Stopped worst offenses of cronyism• Stepping stone to future reform

Election of 1884

• Reps nominate James G. Blaine – Half-Breed leader– Blaine not very reform minded– Reps wanting reform abandoned and supported Dems

• “Mugwumps”

• Dems nominate Grover Cleveland– From New Jersey, but supported by South– Seen as a man of principle, honest

• Extreme mudslinging• Cleveland wins very close election

President Grover Cleveland• First democrat elected since 1857 (James Buchanan)

– Democratic majority in Congress • Believed in “laissez-faire” capitalism

– Pleased big businesses, upsets working class• Names two former-Confeds to cabinet

– Aims to mend North and South• Wants to follow merit system

– But pressure mounts from Dems– Replaces 40,000 Reps with Dems

• Military pensions– Powerful G.A.R. pushing bills to raise already high pension– Many passed – seen as exploitation – Cleveland (not a veteran) in tough spot:– Doesn’t want to disrespect and outrage veterans– Vetoes many pension bills

President Grover Cleveland• Budget surplus

– Extra money in government budget from high tariff• Two options to use it:

– Invest it– Lower taxes

• Chooses to lower the tariff• Reps, Dems, businesses – Who supports this?

Who doesn’t?– Dems support lowered tariff– Reps and business owners support higher tariff

• Debate ensues, leads into election of 1888

Election of 1888

• Dems nominate Cleveland• Reps nominate Benjamin Harrison

– From Indiana– Grandson of Old Tippecanoe

• Benjamin wins very close race

Return of a Republican Congress

• Republicans win back power in Congress• Elect Thomas “Czar” Reed as Speaker of the

House– Ran House like a dictator– Tall, tough debater, vicious rhetoric– Dems resist, refuse to answer roll call– No roll call = no quorum = no meeting

Return of a Republican Congress

• Republicans win back power in Congress• Elect Thomas “Czar” Reed as Speaker of the

House– Ran House like a dictator– Tall, tough debater, vicious rhetoric– Dems resist, refuse to answer roll call– No roll call = no quorum = no meeting– Reed changes role call stipulations

and proceeds with meetings• With no opposition in the House:

– More hard money policies enacted– Military pensions increase

• 1890 – McKinley Tariff– Increases tariff to 48%

Political Discontent• 1892 – Populist Party emerges

– AKA People’s Party• Demanded:

– Mostly inflation and “cheap money” policies– Graduated income tax– Higher salary = higher income tax– More government regulation on big business– Direct election of U.S. senators– “Initiative and Referendum”

• The people can propose laws, vote to pass them– Shorter working day– Immigration restrictions

• Who does this party represent?– Farmers, working class, common people

Election of 1892

• Dems nominate Cleveland again• Reps nominate Harrison again• Populist Party nominate James B. Weaver

– Southern support – why?• Farmers, targeted Northern business

– South withdraws support from Populist ticket – go back to Dems – why?– Populist party tried to help blacks vote – upsets white Southerners

• Cleveland wins election• Populist Party does relatively well in election• Threatened white southerners tighten black voting rights

– Literacy tests and grandfather clause

Cleveland’s 2nd Presidency• Depression of 1893 hits – ironic?

– Cleveland now has budget deficit, not a surplus– Gold supply dangerously low

• Cleveland makes deal with J.P. Morgan and other bankers– Loan U.S. $65 million in gold to fix problem

• Cleveland loses popularity– Image of “common man’s president” takes hit with JP

Morgan deal– Promises to lower taxes fail with weak Wilson-

Gorman Tariff• Looked like Cleveland was helping rich, not the poor

The Gilded Age

Characteristics of the Gilded Age(1870-1900)

Industrialization in America

• U.S. becomes largest manufacturing nation in world – why?– Liquid capital – lots of money, assets– Natural resources – great plains, mountains,

California, etc– Immigration – large workforce kept labor

cheap– Inventions – help mass production

Railroads• 1865 – 35,000 miles• Congress commissions expansion and grants

land to railroad companies• 1900 – 200,000 miles

• Transcontinental railroad completed in 1869

Railroads• Impact of Railroads?

– Eastern and western markets now linked

– Investment and westward expansion

– Western cities boom• Chicago, San Francisco,

Denver

• Problem with industrial centers & railroads spread across 3,000?– Coordination: Time zones

begin in 1883

Titans of Industry• John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil

Company)– Monopolized oil industry

• Andrew Carnegie (U.S. Steel Corp)– Monopolized steel industry

• Uses “Bessemer process”• U.S. becomes top producer of steel by

1900

• J.P. Morgan– Financier – made millions by making

deals, buying and flipping companies• Leland Stanford

– Monopolized Western industry

Plutocracy and Corruption• Plutocracy develops

– Rule by the rich• Wealthy business owners unregulated

– Big business and bribed Government• Numerous scandals fixed by reform• Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

– Aimed to outlaw monopolies and trusts, limit their power

New Type of Labor• Rise of factories = rise

of factory workers• Pros:

– Mass production and wealth

– Job creation– Standard of living rose

• Cons:– Immigration increasing

= wages decreasing– Workers rights minimal

at first

Unions

• Unions ineffective at first – why?– IMMIGRATION, scabs, business owners had gov’t on

their side, job contracts outlawing unions, black lists, etc

• Unions gain power and influence:– National Labor Union (1866)– Knights of Labor (1881)– American Federation of Labor (1886)

• By 1900, Unions become more successful– Strikes, collective bargaining, Labor Day

Urbanization• Population in cities triple

during Gilded Age– Steel industry, trolley cars,

skyscrapers• Problems with rapid

urbanization?– Poor sanitation, spread of

disease, crime• Cities began having lights,

plumbing– Telephones, typewriters– Who do these inventions

influence?• Bring women to workplace

Immigration• Old Immigration – Northern and

Western Europe– Britain, Ireland, Germany,

Scandinavia• Shared similar cultures:

– Light-skinned– Educated, democratic political

views– Came with some money– Mainly protestant

• Who of these groups got the worst treatment?– Irish – uneducated, poor, Catholic

Immigration Shifts• New Immigration – Southern

and Eastern Europe– Poland, Italy, Slovakia, Croatia,

Jews• Very different than Americans:

– Different cultures– Little democratic experience– Poor, Catholic or Jewish

• Which group would gain success fastest?– Jewish – came from cities of

Europe…– Knew city-life skills unlike other

immigrants

Immigrants Receive Backlash• “Nativism” begins

– Bias against “inferior” foreigners begin– Saw them as threatening American culture and way of

life– Unable and unwilling to assimilate– Evidence: Little Italy, Little Poland– Scabs

• Statue of Liberty given to America from France in 1886 – irony?– “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses

yearning to be free”• Reform movements for immigrants and women

gain strength

Cultural Advancements

• Americans becoming more literate– Education system growing in America– Libraries spawning across the country

• Music, Art, Poetry, Literature, Theater, Sports all flourish– Barnum and Bailey, “Buffalo Bill”, Baseball,

Boxing, Basketball, Horse Racing, Bicycling

Power of the Press• Newspapers:

– Joseph Pulitzer – New York World– William Randolph Hearst – San Francisco

Examiner, New York Journal– Both Created a news monopolies– Became rivals

• Effects of Newspapers?– Helped unite nation– National sports rose – baseball– “Yellow journalism” begins

• Juicy story, not accurate story

Yellow Journalism

• Also used for political, economic gains

• Spanish American War (1898)

• San Francisco Earthquake (1906)

Industrial Revolution’s Effects:

• Many setbacks, but standard of life overall improved

• Majority of population leaves agrarian lifestyle, move to cities

• Issues of corruption, immigration, worker rights all met with eventual reform

• Debate between Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton finally solved: who won?

• Hamilton’s idea of an industrial, big-city America has come to fruition

Westward Expansion

• Main problem with expansion?– Native American problem

• Federal Government’s Agenda:– Clear out Indian presence in the west to allow

for white settlement

The “Indian Wars” (1864-1890)• Series of skirmishes, battles, and massacres• Overtime, new advancements in weaponry give U.S.

advantage– Colt .45 revolver, Winchester rifle

• Reservation system:– Lands reserved for Indians to protect from white settlers

• Problems:• America’s misconception of Indian political structure

leads to conflict– Overestimating a chief’s authority and representation

• Indians never received promised food & supplies from federal government in exchange for land

• Conditions are harsh on reservation – cold, barren, unfamiliar land – many die

Massacres and Battles• Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

– Col. J.M. Chivington and his troops encircled and killed up to 150 Indians in Colorado

– Many were women and children• Fetterman Massacre (1866) –

American soldiers securing “Bozeman’s Trail” to gold in Montana– 81 soldiers ambushed and killed in

Wyoming by the Sioux tribe• Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) –

Government made peace with Sioux, abandon use of trail

• 1874 – Gold discovered in South Dakota on Sioux reservation– Set the stage for “Custer’s Last Stand”

Massacres and Battles• Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)• General George Custer sent in

with 400 cavalry soldiers to remove Sioux

• Met by a coalition of 10,000 Indians led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

• All American troops killed, including Custer– Battle and previous massacres

reduce Indian-White relations to an all-time high for hostility

Massacres and Battles• Chief Joseph and Nez Perce

tribe defeated at Battle of Bear Paw Mountain– Relocated to reservation in

Kansas• Apache, led by Geronimo, in

Southwest very hostile– Apache every hard to subdue– Geronimo eventually caught

and imprisoned in Oklahoma

Native Americans Defeated

• Indians subdued because:– Railroads– Increasing white population in America– Diseases– Buffalo population decreasing– War

• Indians lose 50% of their during Gilded Age

Efforts to Help Indians• Missionaries sent in to reservations to

convert Indians– Efforts led to Battle of Wounded Knee– Over 200 Indians massacred for

practicing outlawed traditional dance– Marks the end of the “Indian Wars”

• Dawes Severalty Act (1887) – goal was to anglicize Indians:– Indians could become U.S. citizens after

25 years– European immigrants were becoming

citizens after only 3 years– Carlisle Indian School opens in 1879

• Forces assimilation• Indian children trained to be “white”• “Kill the Indian, save the child”

• Dawes Act successful in it’s goal of killing Indian way of life

The Wild, Wild West• Growing urban populations in

East increase demand for food• Ranching and beef become big

business in west– “Cowboys” drove herds across

plains to east – very inefficient– Newly built railroads begin to

transport cattle back east• Cowboys only existed 20 years,

but became a popular image of American West

Farmers• Homestead Act (1862) and “land rushes” (in

Oklahoma) encourages western settlement• Farming was not as easy in western states

– Land was fertile, but very dry• “Dry farming” system starts:• Farmers would plow dew into top few inches of

soil– Effective, but created a dusty layer of power on top of

soil…– Would lead to the 1930s Great Dust Bowl

• By 1890, U.S. Census Bureau determines there is no longer a “discernable frontier”

Farmers• New inventions allow for mass production• Farming transformed into “cash crop” farming• Farmers transport product by railroad

– (Refrigerator car invented in the 1880s)– Farmers became at the mercy of railroads

• Farmers unite to gain political power:– Greenback Labor Party (1868)– The Grange (1869)– Farmers Alliance (1870s)– Populist Part AKA People’s Party (1891)

Unit 8: Imperialism and Reform

1896-1914

Goals of this Unit• To be able to explain the economic, political, and

cultural forces that sparked a spectacular burst of imperialistic expansionism for the United States, culminating in the Spanish-American War.

• To understand the importance of the strong progressive movement successfully demanding that the powers of government be applied to solving the economic and social problems of industrialization.

• To explain why a split Republican party will lead to Woodrow Wilson’s progressive idealism and isolationism would initiate sweeping reforms domestically, but lead to dangerous military involvements internationally.

Election of 1896• Issues: – Base currency off gold, silver, or both?– Demands of working class vs. worried upper classes

• Reps nominate William McKinley– “Safe” choice: Civil War vet, good Congressional

record, pro-tariff, friendly and likeable– Very pro-business

• Dems nominate William Jennings Bryan– “Boy orator of the Platte”– Young (36), great speaker & debater from Nebraska– Anti-tariff, used Populist Party’s main platform: coin

more silver• Populists started joining the Democrats:

– “Dem-Pop” Party

• McKinley exploits economic fears of country, drums up far more campaign money

• McKinley easily wins election• Results & effects of election?

– Currency will be based on gold, not silver– Victory for business owners and upper classes

President William McKinley• Very safe and cautious with his decisions

– Made decisions based off public opinion– Two issues: gold vs. silver & fix economy

• Dingley Tariff Act (1897) – significantly raised tariff to 46%– Goal was to increase revenue & fix economy

after Panic of 1893 – Cleveland’s low Wilson-Gorman Tariff deemed

ineffective• Gold Standard Act (1900)

– Allowed for people to trade paper money for gold

– More symbolic than anything– Giving people the option brought calmness and

confidence in the economy• Gold discovered in Alaska causes inflation

– Helps lower classes

Prosperity• McKinley successful in fixing

economy– Country pulled out of

recession– Pro-business policies, inflation

from gold discovery, gold vs. silver debate solved…

• Allows for calmness and confidence in economy– Calmness and confidence →

economic growth– Uncertainty in economy →

hinders growth

The Rise of Imperialism

• Europe had been colonizing in Africa and Asia for most of the 1800s

• Isolationist America turning towards imperialism now

Why Imperialism?• Europe showing economic benefits of

imperialism– New markets in rare resources from Africa & Asia

• Yellow journalism– Increased public interest in foreign “exotic and

adventurous” lands• Missionaries

– Wanted to “save” un-Christian natives of these lands• Reverend Josiah Strong leader of movement

• Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan’s “Influence of Sea Power Upon History”– Stressed that key to power is through the navy– Effect of book:

• U.S. starts building up Navy• Stronger navy allows for imperialism

Why Imperialism?• Widely believed social theories:• Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory:

– Weaker nations will wither away due to course of nature

– Thus, it’s only natural for stronger nations to conquer the weak

• Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden”:(Read the poem silently and turn to a partner to discuss it’s meaning)

– Theorized that “white” Europe and America have a responsibility to colonize to “help” the weaker nations

• Thus make own nation stronger

• Both used as justification for imperialism

“The White Man’s Burden”By Rudyard Kipling

TAKE UP THE WHITE MAN'S BURDEN—SEND FORTH THE BEST YE BREED—GO BIND YOUR SONS TO EXILETO SERVE YOUR CAPTIVES' NEED; TO WAIT IN HEAVY HARNESS, ON FLUTTERED FOLK AND WILD—YOUR NEW-CAUGHT, SULLEN

PEOPLES, HALF-DEVIL AND HALF-CHILD. TAKE UP THE WHITE MAN'S BURDEN—

NO TAWDRY RULE OF KINGS, BUT TOIL OF SERF AND SWEEPER—THE TALE OF COMMON THINGS. THE PORTS YE SHALL NOT ENTER, THE ROADS YE SHALL NOT TREAD,GO MARK THEM WITH YOUR LIVING, AND MARK THEM WITH YOUR DEAD.

TAKE UP THE WHITE MAN'S BURDEN—

IN PATIENCE TO ABIDE, TO VEIL THE THREAT OF TERRORAND CHECK THE SHOW OF PRIDE; BY OPEN SPEECH AND SIMPLE, AN HUNDRED TIMES MADE PLAINTO SEEK ANOTHER'S PROFIT, AND WORK ANOTHER'S GAIN.

International Incidents & PoliciesHow does each push America towards imperialism and the

need for a strong navy?

• James G. Blaine’s “Big Brother” (AKA “Big Sister”) policy– U.S. responsibility to protect Latin America

• 1882 – Blaine leads Pan-American Conference– U.S. mediates disputes between Latin

American countriesPush towards imperialism/navy?

• Goals for Blaine were imperialistic:– Make Latin America supportive and reliant

on U.S. – Allow U.S. to have direct influence in Latin

American politics

• 1888 – Standoff: USA vs. Germany over Samoa– Result: Samoa split in half

• 1891 – Standoff: USA vs. Italy – 11 Italian immigrants lynched in New Orleans– Result: USA made payments to Italian families

Push towards imperialism/navy?Navy needed strengthening in case of war

• 1889 – Standoff: USA vs. Britain after gold is discovered in Guiana (Venezuelan region)– Britain attempts to take over and mine gold – Issue?– Breaking the Monroe Doctrine– Result:

• Venezuela pleads with U.S. for help• U.S. steps in and sticks up for “little sister”

• Britain backs down, war narrowly avoidedPush towards imperialism/navy?

– Strengthens Latin American dependence on U.S.– Navy needed strengthening in case of war

Hawaii• American “economic

imperialism” present in Hawaii since early 1800s– Fruit and sugar companies had

lots of power over islands due to economic power

– Hawaii regarded as a “little sister” as well

• Reasons for imperialism:– Companies feared Japan

might try to take over– Resistance of native

Hawaiians growing– McKinley’s high import tax was

hurting American companies in Hawaii

• Solution?– Annex Hawaii

Hawaii’s Annexation?• Queen Liliuokalani refused

to give up power– 1893 – Americans in Hawaii

& dethrone Queen with some U.S. military help

• President Grover Cleveland upset by non-diplomatic methods– Refused to sign off on annexation– Temporary republic set up by

business owners• Hawaii eventually annexed in

1898 by McKinley

Cuba• 1895 – Cubans revolt against

Spain• American roots for Cuba –

why?– Supports the Monroe Doctrine

policy– Cuba valuable for ports and

location – Sentimental of American

revolution• Spanish General Weyler sent

to stop revolt– Harsh tactics: concentration

camps for “insurrectos”

Effect of Yellow Journalism• Hearst & Pulitzer portray Weyler as

super villain– Embellished pictures outrage Americans

• The de Lome letter– Stolen letter written by Spanish diplomat

insulting McKinley is published in Hearst’s newspapers

– Americans angered• The U.S.S. Maine explosion (1898)

– Ship explodes in Havana harbor killing 258 American sailors

– Cause of explosion unknown but the yellow press blamed Spain

– American public demanded war for revenge on Spain

• McKinley reluctantly gives in, Congress declares war April 1898– Teller Amendment – U.S. promises not to

annex Cuba after war

Spanish-American War

• Spanish-American War– War heavily supported by the public– America overconfident and underprepared– Poor planning on both sides

War in the Pacific• Secretary of the Navy Teddy Roosevelt sees chance for

imperialistic gains• Roosevelt orders Commodore George Dewey to attack

Spain in the Philippines– May 1, 1898 – Dewey attacks and first battle of war ensues– 10 aged Spanish ships vs. 6 modern American ships– Very one-sided naval battle – America wins naval battle

• Unprepared: couldn’t invade – must wait on foot soldier reinforcements• Aug 13 – U.S. captures Manila from Spain with help of Filipino insurgents

against Spain– Americans save Filipino rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo from exile to

help fight Spain• Now with U.S. controlling Philippines, a coaling station

needed between Southeast Asia & California…– Hawaii officially annexed in 1898

War in the Caribbean• U.S. led by Gen. William Shafter• Teddy Roosevelt resigns from Sec. of Navy to fight in war

– Organizes “Rough Riders” cavalry – horseless cavalry– Unprepared: couldn’t get horses from ships to shore

• Spain sends fleet to Santiago’s narrow harbor– Mistake: creates a gauntlet for Spain to get in or out

• U.S. sends ships and troops to Santiago– Unprepared: soldiers issued wool uniforms – suffer in extreme

summer heat – U.S. navy blockades harbor and soldiers surrounded the Spanish

from the other side of the harbor– Spain tries to run gauntlet out of the harbor and gets mowed down

by the U.S. navy• U.S. easily takes Spanish-owned Puerto Rico and Guam

too• Spain surrenders and signs armistice by August 1898

Aftermath of Spanish American War• Effects of the “Splendid Little War”

– Unprepared: poor medical planning – more soldiers (5,000) will die of disease than in battle (4,000)

– U.S. seen as a rising world power– North vs. South tension disappears a

bit• Common enemy was the Spaniards, not

each other• Teddy Roosevelt rises to fame• Post-war treaty proposed:

– Cuba would be free– U.S. would gain Puerto Rico, Guam,

and control of Philippines• What to do with all these countries?

Cuba• Promised freedom to Cuba, but America wanted

to ensure a stable government would take power:– Temporary military government led by Col. Leonard

Wood– Sets up Cuban government, education system,

agriculture– Makes medical advancements to combat rampant

disease• U.S. leaves Cuba by 1902 – creates Platt

Agreement:– U.S. approves all Cuban treaties – U.S. could intervene if Cuban economy crashes– U.S. military owns one coaling station in Cuba

• Guantanamo Bay

Puerto Rico

• Retained as an unincorporated territory of the U.S.– Issue: Do American laws apply

here?– Series of “Insular Cases” taken to

Supreme Court– Supreme Court declares American

laws don’t extend to these new lands

• Improvements made in sanitation, transportation, education, etc

• Foraker Act gives P.R. limited elected government

• 1917 – Puerto Ricans granted full U.S. citizenship– Many freely move to New York City

The Annexation of Puerto Rico

The Philippines Dilemma • Big issue at treaty talks: “What to do

with the Philippines?”• Give back to Spain?

– Spain ruled harshly and abusive of natives

• Let Filipinos rule themselves?– Could result in chaos due to rival

warlords• U.S. takes over the country?

– Would make U.S. look like imperial bullies

– Angry Filipinos willing to fight for freedom• McKinley decides to take over

Philippines            – Swayed by yellow press’s effect on public

opinion and imperialist business owners– $20 million paid to Spain for Philippines

The Philippines Dilemma

• Senate still needs to approve treaty – debate ensues:– Anti-Imperialist League lobby against

annexation:• Unlike Hawaii or Alaska, Philippines had a heavily

resistant population and out of U.S. “jurisdiction”– Imperialists lobby for annexation:

• “The White Man’s Burden” used as justification

• Treaty approved by one vote in Senate

Filipino Resistance• Filipinos felt deceived by USA,

wanted independence– Feb 4, 1899 – Emilio Aguinaldo

leads uprising – ironic?• Philippine-American War

– Fighting lasts for over a year– America uses cruel tactics to

suppress Filipinos– American soldiers die more from

disease than battle• Diplomatic solutions taken

– William H. Taft sent to serve as civil governor of Philippines

– Taft well liked by Filipinos

Filipino Resistance

• Taft institutes “benevolent assimilation” policy:– Goal was to caringly help and improve the Philippines– Millions of American dollars invested in Filipino

infrastructure:• Sanitation, roads, education, economy, healthcare

• Fighting fades away, but desire for independence still alive

• Philippines not granted freedom until 1946.

Imperialized China

• Separated into “spheres of influence” by Europe– Various European countries had exclusive

trade rights in coastal cities of China• American business wants in on China’s

natural resources• Sec. of State John Hay drafts “Open

Door Policy”– Suggests that Chinese cities should be

open to all nations for trade – ban all exclusive trade rights

• Europe not willing to compromise• 1899 – China’s Boxer Rebellion against

foreigners quelled by combined forces of Europe and America

• Open Door Policy now accepted at treaty talks

• America now has open and lucrative trade with China

Election of 1900• Rematch between McKinley and William

Jennings Bryan• Mudslinging:

– Bryan: McKinley is an imperialist bully and war monger

– McKinley: Bryan as president would kill American prosperity

• McKinley chose famous and beloved Teddy Roosevelt as VP

• McKinley is easily reelected…• McKinley shot and killed 6 months into

second term– Assassin was a disgruntled anarchist– Secret Service reassigned to full-time duty of

protecting presidents and politicians

President Theodore Roosevelt• AKA “Teddy” or “TR”• Short, brawny New Yorker,

Harvard grad• Theory of role: a president

should lead, not supervise• Motto: “Speak softly and carry

a big stick”– Ironic because TR was

boisterous, stubborn, and temperamental

• BELOVED by the public – why?– Press often portrayed him a

spunky, cartoonish, war-hero

Imperialist Teddy: Panama Canal

• TR wants canal in Central America built – why?– Would greatly benefit

trade and power of navy– French engineer Philippe

Bunau-Varilla hired• Obstacles:

– European jurisdictions– Location of canal:

Nicaragua? Panama?– Panama chosen, but is

part of Columbia – refused to give up land

The Panama Canal• Bunau-Varilla incited Panama

rebellion in 1901• U.S. Navy helps Panama in

wining independence from Columbian “tyrants”– Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty signed

between Panama and U.S.• Approves construction and

lease of canal to U.S• Panama Canal completed in

1914– Obstacles of sanitation, disease,

and overwhelming engineering task overcome

– Construction led by George Washington Goethals

U.S.-Latin America Relations Damaged

• Canal causes major tension because of “Big Stick Policy”– Bullying techniques used to cause war

between Panama and Columbia• Latin American countries

consistently behind in repaying debts to Europe

• TR worried Europe would intervene – problem?– Violates Monroe Doctrine– Creates the “Roosevelt Corollary”– Amendment to Monroe Doctrine stating

U.S. will intervene and collect debts for Europe

• U.S. significantly intervenes in Cuba in 1906, and later Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic

• TR’s “Big Stick Policy” contradicts the intended “Good Neighbor Policy”

• Latin American relations with U.S. deteriorate

Teddy the Peacemaker

• 1905 – TR asked to mediate treaty talks after Russo-Japanese War– Both Japan and Russia unhappy with results,

especially Japan– Relations between all three countries decline

• 1906 – TR successfully mediates a dispute in North Africa

• Wins Nobel Peace Prize for peace-making work

Rocky Relations with Japan• Japan bitter after TR’s mediation• Small number of Japanese laborers begin

to migrate to California– “Yellow peril” sweeps through state thanks

to influence of press• 1906 – Asian immigrants segregated from

SF Schools• Japan outraged at treatment of Japanese

in California – talks of war– TR makes “Gentleman’s Agreement” to end

issue– Asian segregation in schools ends, Japan

halts emigration to U.S.• TR worried agreement makes America

look weak• Sends the “Great White Fleet” on

“diplomatic good-will mission”…– Subtly shows power of U.S. military

• U.S. and Japan sign Root-Takahira agreement – respect for each other’s territories

Progressive Party Rises• New reform movement gaining influence

– “Progressives”– Roots from Greenback Party (1870s) and

Populist Party (1890s)• Goal: to achieve social justice by using

government as an “agency of human welfare”

• Calling for more government intervention, less “laissez-faire” capitalism

• 1902 – “Muckrakers” emerge – writers and social critics exposing corruption and injustice through newspapers and magazines– “Cosmopolitan” Magazine– “The Shame of Cities” by Lincoln Steffens

Who was the Progressive Party?

• Mostly made up of middle class– Felt squashed between

business tycoons at top and working class at bottom

• Political reforms wanted:– Initiative and referendum –

public can propose & vote on laws

– Recall – voters can remove elected officials

– Secret ballot – ensures free and fair voting

– Female suffrage

Women’s Movement• Lillian Ward & Jane Addams lead

suffrage movement– Create “Hull House” in Chicago to help

working class and immigrants• Women’s rights gaining strength through

legislation:– 1908 – Muller v. Oregon – extra laws to

protect female workers deemed constitutional– 1911 – Triangle Shirtwaist Fire – new motion

for laws for better hours, conditions, safety, and worker compensation

• Prohibition Movement– Anti-Saloon League join Woman’s Christian

Temperance Movement– Well-organized, well-financed– Many states started banning alcohol

• Half of Americans by 1914 live in “dry” areas– 1919 – 18th Amendment passes “Prohibition”

• Alcohol sale, consumption, and possession banned

Teddy the Progressive

• TR deeply influenced by “muckrakers” progressivism – ironic?– TR created the derogatory name

• Teddy calls platform: “The Square Deal”:– Vows to accomplish the “Three C’s”:

• Control corporations• Consumer protection• Conservation of natural resources

1st C: Control the Corporations• Creates the Dept. of Commerce

and Labor– Bureau of Corporations responsible

for:– Investigating interstate trade– Stops railroad corruption & bullying– Breaking up monopolies (AKA

“trusts”)• Teddy the “Trust buster”

– TR proudly begins to break up monopolies

– Disbands over 40 “bad” trusts• Biggest was JP Morgan’s trust

– “Good” trusts were allowed to operate

2nd C: Consumer Protection• 1906 – “The Jungle” by Upton

Sinclair exposes horrible conditions of meat packing industry– Has major influence on public and

Congress• 1906 – Meat Inspection Act and

Pure Food and Drug Act both passed– Proper labeling techniques, inspection,

prevents tampering– Results in increased exports of

American meat

3rd C: Conservation of Natural Resources

• By 1900, America realizing natural resources not unlimited

• TR leads conservation movement– 1902 – Newlands Act – massive

irrigation projects in West– TR lawfully protects 125 million acres

of forest• TR still a pragmatist over a

conservationist– Example: Hetch Hetchy Valley in

Yosemite– Leads to a philosophical split

The “Roosevelt Panic” of 1907• Sudden sharp economic

downturn• Beloved Teddy solely

blamed • Congress passes Aldrich-

Vreeland Act (1908)– Authorizes national banks to

release money into circulation– An elastic supply of currency

could now help during recessions

– Would lead to the Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Election of 1908• TR still very popular announced he

would not run for a third term– Endorses a similar-minded politician

• William Taft is Rep. Nominee– Taft was BIG and very likeable

• William Jennings Bryan is Dem. Nominee for 3rd time

• Taft easily wins election– Much help from TR’s popularity

• Socialist Party candidate Eugene Debs gets 3% of popular vote – significance?– Debs rose to fame in Pullman Strike in

Chicago– Sign of the times: social justice movement

Teddy’s Legacy

• Brought big business under control

• Increases role of presidency• Passes wide range of reform• Showed U.S. was a world

power– Therefore U.S. had “major

responsibility” TR stressed

President William H. Taft • Taft was well-liked, but less like TR than expected:

– Hands-off approach to leading– Mildly progressive– Desired stability rather than reform

• Taft pushed “Dollar Diplomacy” policy:– America would strategically invest in foreign countries to

gain power– Therefore, U.S. could gain power and money simultaneously– Very different from TR’s Big Stick Policy

• Dollar Diplomacy in action:– Purchase of Chinese railroads fail – blocked by Russia &

Japan– U.S. heavily invests in Latin America– U.S. now responsible for maintaining stability in Latin

America

Taft the Trustbuster • Taft “out-busts” TR – 90

trusts disbanded in his term– Biggest was Rockefeller’s

Standard Oil Company• Taft attempts to break up

U.S. Steel Company– TR had deemed it one of

the “good trusts”– Taft refuses to halt

investigation, TR furious

Republicans Split• “Old, traditional” Reps vs. “New, progressive”

Reps• 2 big dividing issues: the tariff & conservation

– Old Reps: high tariff, develop land for economic benefit– New Reps: low tariff, conserve lands

• Taft promised to lower tariff during campaigning– Signs Payne-Aldrich Bill which raises tariff– Further splits Rep. Party

• Taft allows for Wyoming, Montana, Alaska to be open for development– Very unpopular with public

• Who’s bound to gain power from this split?– Democrats win heavily in Congressional Elections in

1910

The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture• The Republican Party officially splits:

– 1911 – National Progressive Republican League

– Led by Senator Robert La Follette• Roosevelt so upset by Taft’s

presidency, he decides to run again• Progressive Republican Party

nominates TR• June 1912 – Republican Presidential

Convention– Taft vs. Roosevelt, winner would run as

Rep. nominee for president– Convention votes on Taft – why?– Incumbent, fear public wouldn’t vote for a

3rd term president• Teddy refused to step aside, vows to

run as a 3rd party candidate

Election of 1912• Republican Party nominates Taft• Progressive Party nominates Roosevelt

– “Bull Moose Party”• Democratic Party nominates Dr. Woodrow

Wilson– Governor of New Jersey– Very progressive minded

• Two Major Platforms:– Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism”

• Only disband “bad” trusts, female suffrage, social welfare programs

– Wilson’s “New Freedom”• Disband all trusts, supported small business

• Mudslinging and incident:– Major mudslinging between Taft and Roosevelt– Roosevelt shot on campaign trail, survives

Election of 1912

• Wilson wins easily– Popular vote:– Wilson: 42%– Roosevelt: 28%– Taft: 23%

• Why is this significant?– Majority wanted a Republican president, not

Wilson• Taft retires from politics, goes to law school

– Becomes Chief Justice of Supreme Court in 1921• Teddy goes on expedition of South Africa• Side note: Eugene Debs (Socialist) gets 6%

of popular vote

President Woodrow Wilson• Born and raised in South, very

intelligent, deeply religious, believed president should lead– Very different than TR:

• Stubborn idealist, not a pragmatist– Sometimes detrimental to achieving

goals– Not a people’s person– A Progressive President…

• Wilson vows to tear down “triple wall of privilege”:– The tariff, the banks, the trusts

Domestic: “Triple Wall of Privilege”• Major reforms made:• Tariffs: The Underwood Tariff (1913)

– Reduced tariffs on imports– Initiated a graduated income tax

• Banking: Federal Reserve Act (1913)– Creates appointed Federal Reserve Board– Oversee 12 regional, federal banks– Issue paper money to regulate amount of currency in circulation– Made conservative appointments to Board to keep business

tycoons happy• Trusts: Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)

– Investigates activities of trust– Goal: stop crooked business practices affecting consumers– Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) also passed

• Forbade price discrimination, interlocking directorates, helped union rights

Domestic: “Wilsonian Progressivism” • Follows up with several reforms:

– Protection for farmers– Better treatment and pay for sailors

• Paved way for better worker’s rights:– Worker’s Compensation Act (1916)– Adamson Act (1916)

• 8-hour workday and overtime

• Made small steps toward ethnic equality– Appoints Louis Brandeis, first Jewish

Supreme Justice– Little done for African Americans during

progressivism• W.E.B. Du Bois created National Association for

the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

International: Wilson’s Foreign Policy• Wilson a pacifist and anti-imperialist:

– Blocked American involvement in mass loan to China– Got Congress to repeal Panama Canal Tolls Act (1912)

• American ships now had to pay tolls

– Jones Act (1916) granting territorial status of Philippines

• Promises independence when stable government is established

– Defused situation with Japan over treatment of Japanese in California

– Purchases Virgin Islands from Denmark for protective reasons

• United States Virgin Islands

International: Wilson’s Foreign Policy

• Wilson a pacifist and anti-imperialist:– Why might this have a dangerous outcome on

America internationally?– America already had many businesses and

land overseas• From Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy• Abandoning them?

• Forced to send Marines to protect American investments in Haiti and Dom. Rep. after violence erupts

• Mexican Revolution…

Mexican Revolution (1910)• Extremely poor and oppressed

population revolts– Political chaos breaks out among rival

warlords– Mass immigration to Southwestern U.S.

ensues• Fearing war, Wilson declines to protect

American businesses– Rebel Pancho Villa despises American

business in Mexico– Raids and kills 16 American engineers– Kills 19 more in near border in New Mexico

• Wilson sends in Army to catch Pancho Villa– Meet resistance from rival Mexican armies– Troops called back to U.S. in 1914 – why?– WWI starts, never catch Pancho Villa

War Breaks Out in Europe

Central Powers: • Germany• Austria-Hungary• Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Allied Powers: • Russia• France• England• Australia

• 1914 – Austrian prince Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian nationalist

• Complex alliances pulls all of Europe into war one by one

• Wilson declares U.S. officially neural

Picking Sides

• About 20% of Americans supported the Central Powers– Due to ethnic heritage of immigrants

• The majority of America supported the Allies– Due to cultural, political, economic ties– Sympathetic to Allies– Kaiser Wilhelm II views as militant tyrant– Central Power operative caught with plans to

sabotage American industry

USA Profits off Neutrality • American businesses trade with both sides during war

– More with Allies, secretly and less with Central Powers• Germany hurt by it’s inferior navy

– Can’t compete with British navy or block trade with Allies• Germany’s solution:

– Rely on U-boats (submarines)– Announces “unrestricted submarine warfare” on Allies and

anyone assisting Allies• Wilson warns Germany will be held “strictly accountable”

for American damages

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare• British ship Lusitania sunk by U-boat attack

– 1,200 civilians killed, including 128 Americans– German warnings prior to attack ignored– Americans demand revenge, call for war

• Others civilian ships also attacked:– Arabic – British ship – 2 Americans killed– Sussex – French ship – 50 killed

• Wilson pressures Germany to end warfare policy• Germans issue “Sussex Pledge”

– Promises to give warning to the ship they are to attack – problem?

– Contradicts the purpose of a submarine – redacted• Unrestricted submarine warfare resumes• Wilson’s neutrality on verge of ending

Election of 1916• Republicans nominate Charles Evans Hughes

– Former Gov. of NY, progressive– “Flip-flopper” – problem with this?

• Undesirable trait during time of reform & war

• Democrats seek reelection with Wilson– Campaign slogan: “He kept us out of the war”– Americans hardly neutral now, but ravages of war

emphasized as fear tactic• Wilson uses neutrality platform to win close

election – ironic?– Wilson enters U.S. into war 5 months later

Unit 9: World War One

Goals of this Unit…• To be able to explain why America entered World War I.• To understand how Wilson turned Americas participation

into a fervent ideological crusade for democracy that successfully stirred the public to a great voluntary war effort, but at some cost to traditional civil liberties.

• To know that after Americas limited but important contribution to the Allied victory, a triumphant Wilson attempted to construct a peace based on his idealistic Fourteen Points.

• To comprehend that because of European and senatorial opposition, and partly his own political errors, doomed American ratification of the Versailles Treaty and participation in the League of Nations.

Goal of Today

Why was America neutral at first, but eventually was drawn into WWI?

War Breaks Out in Europe

Central Powers: • Germany• Austria-Hungary• Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Allied Powers: • Russia• France• Britain

– AKA “Triple Entente”

• 1914 – Austrian prince Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian nationalist

• Complex alliances pulls all of Europe into war one by one

• Wilson declares U.S. officially neural

Picking Sides• About 20% of Americans supported the Central

Powers– Due to ethnic heritage of immigrants

• The majority of America supported the Allies– Due to cultural, political, economic ties– Sympathetic to Allies– Kaiser Wilhelm II views as militant tyrant– Central Power operative caught with plans to

sabotage American industry

USA Profits off Neutrality • American businesses trade with

both sides during war– More with Allies, secretly and less

with Central Powers• Germany hurt by it’s inferior navy

– Can’t compete with British navy or block trade with Allies

• Germany’s solution:– Rely on U-boats (submarines)– Announces “unrestricted submarine

warfare” on Allies and anyone assisting Allies

• Wilson warns Germany will be held “strictly accountable” for American damages

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare• May 1915 – British ship Lusitania

sunk by U-boat attack– 1,200 civilians killed, including 128

Americans– German warnings prior to attack ignored– Americans demand revenge, call for war

• Others civilian ships also attacked:– Aug 1915: Arabic – British ship – 2

Americans killed– March 1916: Sussex – French ship – 50

killed• Wilson pressures Germany to end

warfare policy• May 1916 – Germans issue “Sussex

Pledge”– Promises to give warning to the ship

they are to attack – problem?– Contradicts the purpose of a submarine

Election of 1916• Republicans nominate Charles

Evans Hughes– Former Gov. of NY, progressive– “Flip-flopper” – problem with this?

• Undesirable trait during time of reform & war

• Democrats seek reelection with Wilson– Campaign slogan: “He kept us out of

the war”– Americans hardly neutral now, but

ravages of war emphasized as fear tactic

• Wilson uses neutrality platform to win close election – ironic?– Wilson enters U.S. into war 5 months

later

America’s Fading Neutrality• Jan 22, 1917 – Wilson gives speech

calling for “peace without victory”– Stressing neutrality, calling for end of war

• Germany announces redaction of the Sussex Pledge – unrestricted submarine warfare resumes– World shocked, Americans outraged

• March 1917 – Zimmerman Note• German telegram to Mexico intercepted• Note encouraged Mexico to wage war on U.S

• 4 more American merchant ships sunk by German subs

• Lenin’s Bolshevik Revolution in Russia– Czar overthrown, Russia backs out of war

America Declares War• Major causes of declaration:

– Unrestricted submarine warfare– Zimmerman Note– Russian Revolution

• Wilson asks Congress to declare war– Problem: Many congressman & Americans were anti-

war• Wilson’s idealist slogan for war:

– “The world must be made safe for democracy”• Purpose of war was to free Europeans from militant tyrants• NOT for riches or conquest

– Americans eagerly join cause, war effort • April 6, 1917 – America officially joins the Allied

Powers

America Declares War• Major causes of declaration:

– Unrestricted submarine warfare– Zimmerman Note– Russian Revolution

• Wilson asks Congress to declare war– Problem: Many congressman & Americans were anti-

war• Wilson’s idealist slogan for war:

– “The world must be made safe for democracy”• Purpose of war was to free Europeans from militant tyrants• NOT for riches or conquest

– Americans eagerly join cause, war effort • April 6, 1917 – America officially joins the Allied

Powers

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

• Idealistic goals for peace after war:• Abolishing secret treaties• Freedom of the seas• Removal of economic barriers between nations• Reduction of armaments• Fixing colonial claims to benefit both colonizers

and natives– “Self-determination”: oppressed nationalistic

groups should have own governments– League of Nations: Committee to peacefully

settle future international disputes

Propaganda• George Creel headed the

Committee on Public Information– Goal was to keep Americans

enthusiastic about war• Methods:

– Posters, pamphlets, films, songs

– “Four minute men” speeches– Advertise “war bonds”

• Effective in hiding the realities of the brutal war

Enforcing Loyalty• Anti-German sentiments grow:

– German-Americans labeled spies, saboteurs

– Suffer alienation, violence• Congress passes anti-foreign laws

– Espionage Act of 1917• Prosecutes “spies” – 2,000 convicted

– Eugene V. Debs sentenced to 10 years– Sedition Act of 1918

• Prosecutes anyone engaging in “seditious” activity

– Very broad definition – why?• Harder to interpret → easier to prosecute

any supposed anti-government activity• Laws safe from 1st Amendment

Preparing for War• Wilson gets unprepared nation

ready for war– Forms Council of National

Defense– Increases ship building– Increases size of army

• Biggest task: kick starting war industry– Appoints Bernard Baruch to lead

“War Industries Board”• Coordinates industry to help war

effort• Efforts only somewhat successful:

– Board’s power a bit weak, businesses enjoy autonomy

Wartime Labor• Government’s “work or fight” policy

provides for large war effort• National War Labor Board created to

settle and worker disputes and strikes– Ensures no loss of production

• Wartime inflation stops wage increases– Strikes rampant and violent– African-Americans migrate North as “scabs”

• Creates violent ethnic conflict in cities (Chicago Race Riots, 1919)

• American Federation of Labor (AF of L)– Led by Samuel Gompers– Loyal to war effort – provided factories with

laborers• Rewarded with desired workers rights

Women on the Home Front• National American Woman Suffrage

Association– Encourage women to join war effort– Many fill men’s jobs during the war –

effects?• Gaining a larger role in society• Women gain power and influence

• Wilson endorses women’s suffrage• By 1920 – 19th Amendment passed

– Women granted the right to vote• Women’s Bureau emerges after war to

protect women’s new rights and place in workforce– Fails: most women leave jobs and return

home after war• Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act (1921)

Wartime Economy• What’s needed in a wartime

economy?– Rationing, moderation, conservation to

assure adequate supplies for the military and allies

• Herbert Hoover chosen head to Food Administration – very successful

– Oversees the production & allocation of foodstuffs

– Uses propaganda, not laws• Grains not to be used for alcohol – what

movement does this help?– Prohibition movement gaining strength

• Fuel Administration encourages rationing, too

• Treasury Dept. sells war bonds– Raised money for 2/3 of America’s war

effort

Dependence on America • America pictures secondary role in war

effort – problem?• By 1917…

– European Allies out of men, money, supplies

– Russia pulls out of war after Bolshevik revolution – significance?

• Germany can fully concentrate troops on Western Front

• Germans planning big counterattack in Spring of 1918

• America becomes more involved than planned

• Selective Service Act• Draft increases army size, men quickly

trained– Blacks serve in segregated units– Women take support roles in military

Americans Arrive in Europe • Allies desperate for American

reinforcements– French barely hanging on at

Western Front• Small number of troops sent

over immediately• American soldiers arrive by

masses in Spring of 1918– American Expeditionary Forces

(AEF)– Led by Gen. John J. Perishing– Goals of Americans:

• Stop German invasion of Paris• Providing supplies to Allies• Boost the little morale left of Allied

Forces

Trench Warfare

The Western Front

Trench Warfare

New Technology

• Machine Guns• Flamethrowers• Poisonous Gas• Tanks & Planes• Land Mines• Mortars

American Action

• Battle of Chateau-Thierry– Stops invading German army 40

miles from Paris• Second Battle of the Marne

– Allies victorious, begins German withdrawal

• Battle at Belleau Wood– U.S. Marines fiercely fight off

Germans, gain prestige• Meuse-Argonne Offensive

– Largest battle in American history to that point, Allies victorious

• Germany on brink of surrender

War Ends• Germans becoming

increasingly anti-war – Kaiser Wilhelm II flees to

Holland– Fear of infinite American

manpower, supplies– Idealistic “Fourteen Points”

appealing to Germany• Armistice agreed upon –

when?– 11:00 AM, 11/11/1918– Known as “Armistice Day”,

later “Veteran’s Day”

Peace Talks• Wilson gains worldwide popularity

for:– Ending war– Idealistic promises of postwar Europe

• Wilson travels to Europe with delegates for peace talks– Does not invite any Republicans– Henry Cabot Lodge excluded

• Chairman of Senate Foreign Relations Committee – effects?

• Alienates party, strengthens party• The “Big Four” meet to lead Paris

Peace Conference in 1919– Woodrow Wilson (USA)– David Lloyd George (Britain)– George Clemenceau (France)– Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Treaty Trouble • Conflicting ambitions plagues

peace conference– Britain and France want Germany

punished– Italy wants compensation– America wants lasting peace

• League of Nations proposed• Wilson compromises to get League

created– Wilson reluctantly agrees to punish

Germany• War Guilt Clause

– Formally blames war on Germany– Humiliated Germans felt wrongly

accused– Germany charged with cost of war

($33 billion)

Treaty Trouble • Wilson needed 2/3 of Senate to approve treaty

– America’s opposition to treaty growing during talks– Wanted isolationism

• Europe uses American disapproval as bargaining chip

• New demands:• France wants bordering German regions

– Wilson compromises his “self-determination” policy• Japan wants German islands in Pacific, Chinese

peninsula– Wilson compromises his “self-determination” policy

• Italy wants strategic port in newly formed Yugoslavia– Negotiations sour, Italy turns on Wilson

Treaty of Versailles• Germany forced to sign – felt betrayed

– Wilson’s Fourteen Points largely excluded from treaty• Treaty creates economic chaos, lasting

animosity in Germany

Wilson: The Fallen Hero • Wilson forced to compromise during treaty talks

– Failure to bargain would have resulted in no treaty• Wilson seen as “fallen hero”

– Deemed a “sell out” by liberals, “soft” by imperialists• Wilson needs public support, Senate approval to

accept treaty • Returns to heavy American opposition:

– Isolationists against “entangling alliances”– “Hun-haters” felt treaty was too soft– Liberals felt treaty was too harsh– European-Americans felt treaty was too harsh on their

respective home countries • Senator Lodge sees opportunity for revenge on Wilson

– Rallies Senators against Treaty, stalls process

Wilson’s Tour for Support• Treaty losing support in the Senate

– Republican majority• Wilson goes on nation-wide tour to

sway public• Rough trip for Wilson:• Midwest largely populated by

German-Americans– Treaty promoting not received well

• Opposing Senators follow tour to give rivaling speeches after Wilson leaves town– William Borah and Hiram Johnson

• Western states supportive of Wilson– Collapses due to exhaustion in

Colorado– Suffers a stroke, bedridden & inactive

for months

Treaty Defeated• Lodge amends many parts of Treaty• Lodge’s goals:

– Retain America’s right to rule themselves• Membership in League of Nations would give

up some autonomy– Avoid promise of military aid if League nation

is attacked• Senate votes on newly amended Treaty:

– Lodge now pro-treaty, Wilson anti-treaty– Wilson rallies Dem Senators and forces them

to vote against Lodge and the new Treaty• Senate votes against Treaty twice• Treaty of Versailles never accepted by

U.S.– U.S. does not join League of Nations

Election of 1920

• Wilson, still pushing for original Treaty, calls for “solemn referendum”– A vote by the people on the Treaty – demands fail

• Republicans reorganized and strong – why?– Excluded by Wilson at peace conference– Unified by anti-treaty sentiment– Offered platform appealing to pro-treaty Reps too– Teddy Roosevelt dies in 1919

• Republicans nominate Warren G. Harding– Likable Senator from Ohio– Vowed for a “return to normalcy”– Calvin Coolidge as VP

• Democrats nominate James M. Cox– Pro-treaty Ohio Governor– Franklin Delano Roosevelt as VP

• Harding wins by a landslide (60% to 34%)• Eugene V. Debs (Socialist Party) gets 4% of

vote– Caused fear of socialism/communism growing in

U.S.

Effects of W.W.I.

• “The War to End All Wars” – ironic?– Helps lead to WWII two decades

later• America had opportunity to

become world leader…– Instead, recoils into isolationism– Trouble soon redevelops in

Europe– America not there to prevent it…

• League of Nations fail to enforce lasting peace– Instead creates legacy of

animosity and growing tension

RQ 1• Committee on Public Information (propaganda)

– Keeps Americans enthusiastic about war• Keeps war effort up

– Helps sell War Bonds• Forms Council of National Defense• Increases size of army, ship building• War Industries Board

– Kick starting American industry that’s geared towards war effort• “Work or fight” policy provides for large war effort

– American Federation of Labor• National War Labor Board

– Settles strikes / worker disputes = ensures no loss of production• Women take jobs in factories• Food Administration enforces rationing & conservation• Select Service Act drafts 3 million to U.S. army• Wilson’s 14 Points provided for post-war plans

RQ 2• **Question Clarification**• European Allies out of men, money, supplies

– Due to war of attrition• Russia pulls out of war after Bolshevik

Revolution– HUGE advantage for Central Powers

• Arrived in late Spring of 1918 to help push back final German offensive – helps end war

• Provided manpower, money, food and supplies to Allied nations

RQ 3• Europe: Too many conflicting motives

– US wanted insurance of peace, less punishment• (Wilson’s 14 points – League of Nations most importantly)

– Britain, France, Italy wanted compensation, harsh punishment of Germany

• Wilson had to compromise – Germany blamed and harshly punished

• American Senate:– Wilson alienated Lodge & Republican party

• Sought revenge, rallied against Wilson, Treaty, and League• American Public:

– Wanted isolationism• Did not want to get involved in future European conflicts

Unit 10: Great Depression and WWII

Goals of this Unit:• To recognize that a prosperous, pro-business,

Republican dominated 1920s pursued conservative, pro-business policies at home and economic unilateralism abroad.

• To be able to explain how the great crash of 1929 led to a severe, prolonged depression that devastated the American economy and spirit, and resisted Hoovers limited efforts to correct it.

• To understand Roosevelt’s New Deal helped tackle the Great Depression with massive federal programs designed to bring about relief, recovery, and reform.

Goals of this Unit:• To realize that in the early and mid-1930s, the United

States attempted to isolate itself from foreign involvements and wars. But by the end of the decade, the spread of totalitarianism and war in Europe forced Roosevelt to provide more and more assistance to desperate Britain, despite strong isolationist opposition.

• To understand that America, unified by Pearl Harbor, effectively carried out a war mobilization effort that produced vast social and economic changes within American society.

• To be able to explain that by following its get Hitler first strategy, the United States and its Allies invaded and liberated conquered Europe from Fascist rule.

• To grasp that the slower strategy of island-hopping against Japan also proceeded successfully, but it was the atomic bomb that brought a sudden end to World War II.

President Warren G. Harding• Likeable, friendly, popular• Average intelligence, easily swayed & tricked

– Builds strong administration around him – too strong?

• Very pro-business– Supported laissez-faire economics– Fordney-McCumber Tariff passed raising import

tax• Enjoyed a thriving post-war economy

Presidency Scandals• Harding’s administration takes advantage of him: • Col. Charles Forbes embezzled $200 million while in

charge of Veterans Bureau – Convicted – prison sentence: two years

• Attorney General Harry Daugherty accused numerous times of selling pardons and illegal liquor permits– Never convicted despite heavy evidence

• Teapot Dome Scandal - Sec. of Interior Albert Fall illegally places Teapot Dome (Wyoming) under his jurisdiction after oil is discovered in region– Took bribes for drilling rights– Convicted – prison sentence: one year

• Stress of scandal becomes overwhelming on Harding’s health– Collapses and dies in 1923

President Calvin Coolidge• Very serious, calm, boring and quiet

– “Silent Cal”• More pro-business than Harding

– “The man who builds a factory builds a temple and the man who works there, worships there”

• Rides America’s thriving economy to reelection in 1924– American public happy with economy, isolationism– Democratic party lacked direction & unity in such

changing times

War Debt• Coolidge and Congress

demanding loaned money to Europe from WWI be repaid

• Germany could not afford to pay Britain and France, who could not afford to pay America

• Dawes Plan created in 1924:• 1 - America loans money to

Germany• 2 – Germany makes reparation

payments to France & Britain• 3 – France & Britain repay war

loans to U.S.• 4 – Germany eventually repays

America for Dawes loan– No interest charged

Dawes Plan• What does the Dawes plan accomplish?

– Financially nothing, more a matter of principle:– Coolidge: “They borrowed the money didn’t they?”– England & France angered – see U.S. as greedy

• Dawes Plan shows little progress after 5 years

• Young Plan (1929) restructures loan to Germany, includes interest

• Would not matter by end of 1929… why?

Day One: Politics of 1920s

GOAL OF TODAY MET?

To understand the political trends of the 1920s and how

they influenced both domestic and international policies

Election of 1928• Coolidge decides not to run for reelection• Republicans nominate Sec. of Commerce – Herbert

Hoover – why?– Economic prosperity made him popular choice– Hoover’s slogan: “Rugged individualism”

• America needs to return to roots of tough, self-sufficient individuals

• Dems nominate Alfred Smith– Likeable and sociable NY Governor

• Campaigning over radio major factor in election:– Hoover sounded better than Smith’s NY accent– Smith portrayed as a drinking, Irish, Catholic, city-slicker

– significance?• Prohibition• Dems supported mostly in South – Smith not popular

among Southerners • Hoover wins by a landslide

President Herbert Hoover• Benefitting from economic prosperity

at first• Pro-business and isolationist:• Support of farmers – lending money,

buying surpluses• Hawley-Smoot Tariff proposed –

raises import tax to almost 60%– Full-blown isolationism – Europe furious

• Dangerous lack of presence in European affairs

– Slowed trade – America self-sufficient enough in 1920s, but…

• Will worsen economic conditions during the Depression

Economic Depression Hits

• America’s economic prosperity in 1920s largely built on credit and investment

• U.S. Stock Market was growing too large, too fast… problem?– Not built on physical wealth or assets– Built on borrowed money and entangled

investments– A trigger could cause a crash, a crash could

cause a dangerous chain reaction• Leading to economic depression

“Black Tuesday”• October 29, 1929 – the U.S. Stock Market

Crashes– Rumors of economic trouble in England scares

stockholders– Panic-selling ensues, prices plummet

• Stockholders lost $40 billion by January• Crash triggered, chain reaction starts:

– Frightened public becomes overly-cautious with their money

– Panicking public pulls all their money out of banks fearing banks would go bankrupt

– Businesses can’t attract scared customers – close down

– As businesses close, unemployment rises• Great Depression begins…

The Great Depression• Underlying causes of the Great Depression:

– Trend of mass-consumerism based on credit, not real money

– Over-speculation in stocks– Over-production in factories and farms

• Became international depression – struggling European postwar economies suffered

• Caused affected countries to dive deeper into isolationism

• Coincidentally, droughts dried up regions of U.S. – further hurting farmers

Hoover’s Initial Response• Hoover blamed for depression – unfair?• Many Americans looking to Hoover for help• “Rugged individualism” being stressed• Hoover slow to take action

– Saw this as part of a natural “business cycle”• Economy has ups and downs – this was a natural downturn

– Unsure if government intervention would even be helpful

• Hoover’s solution was to “wait it out” – unpopular decision

Hoover’s Slow Reaction

• Soup kitchens and shelters on the rise

• Newly forming shanty-towns soon to be called “Hoovervilles”

• “Bonus Expeditionary Force” (BEF) formed by veterans to demand bonuses for participation in WWI– Camped out in DC, forcefully evicted by

Gen. MacArthur and U.S. army in “Battle of Anacostia Flats”

• Ugly incident hurts Hoover’s image further

Hoover Takes Action

• Urges Congress to jumpstart economy with over $2 billion in government spending– Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) passed

• Lends money to finance massive government projects– Hoover Dam – massive project employs 20 thousand

• Would eventually fund many of FDR’s “New Deal” projects• Hoover goes on good-will tour of Latin America to repair

their tarnished relations with America– New policies call for less “dollar diplomacy” and troops pulled

out of Haiti and Nicaragua• Laid foundation for FDR’s “Good Neighbor Policy”

• Hoover’s legacy: despite slow response and tarnished image, Hoover did help America battle the Great Depression…– But effects of his efforts not felt until after his presidency

Trouble Brewing Overseas• 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria region of China

– Violates all idealistic agreements forbidding imperialism made after WWI

– League of Nations respond with hollow threat of universal trade boycott against Japan – not effective, why?

• Depression forces need for some nations to trade with Japan• Failure of League of Nations to enforce it’s rules

was a dangerous precedent – why?– Displays the League’s policy of “appeasement”– Aggressive nations could take over weaker nations

without penalty or interference– First steps toward WWII taken

Election of 1932• Hoover runs for reelection

– Argued he had helped the economic situation and “the worst has passed”

• Dems nominate Franklin Delano Roosevelt or “FDR”– NY Governor with “people’s touch”

• Always smiling, good speaker with a sense of caring for the common person

– Eleanor Roosevelt very proactive in politics as well

– “Confidence” his catchphrase and “Happy Days Are Here Again” his campaign song

• Hoover had no chance, FDR wins by a landslide– Hoover humiliated – even loses in home state of

CA

Election of 1932• Voting trends change:• Black voters overwhelmingly switch from

supporting Rep party to Dem party – why?– “Great Migration” of the 1920s – massive

movement by blacks from rural South the urban North

– New, competitive industrial labor and racism led to inequality for black workers

• “Last hired, first fired”– Reps had become big business-minded

• Sided with business owners– Dems more progressive

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• Takes office at worst point of Great Depression– Unemployment (25%) and bankruptcies at all-time high– “Only thing we have to fear is fear itself” – meaning?

• Americans should stop being fearful of:– Spending until economy improves– Putting their money in banks

• Stressing “confidence” – fear and panic is only making things worse

• FDR’s platform: The Three R’s– Relief: Was for immediate action – food, shelter– Recover: Was for a year or two – climb out of

Depression– Reform: Was for after Depression – ensured to never

allow this to happen again

“The

New

Deal”

• The “New Deal” FDR’s plan for pulling America out of the Great Depression

• FDR had support of overwhelmingly Dem-controlled Congress– First “100 Days” – passes numerous bills

into law• Gained public support:

– “Fireside Chats” – series of radio segments talking to Americans about problems faced and progress made

The New Deal: Managing Money

• Emergency Banking Relief Act – sets up bank holidays

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC) – insured up to $5,000 of people’s money in the bank

• FDR orders Federal Reserve to create inflation so debts can be repaid faster– Lenders happy to be paid back, upset it’s at a

lesser value

The New Deal: Job Creation• FDR uses federal money on programs

and projects to help jumpstart economy– Based off Hoover’s RFC

• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)– Hired young men to improve national

forests– Very popular and effective

• Workers Progress Administration (WPA)– $11 billion spent for public facilities and

infrastructure• Hired federally-paid, unskilled workers to build

smaller projects• Criticized by some as “boondoggling”

The New Deal: Industry• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) tried to help farmers by paying

them not to farm – why?– Less spending oversupply of product prices fall product

sells for very little or not at all farmers go bankrupt– Farmers by law destroy excess crops, slaughter excess livestock– Effect: Farmers incomes did rise, but so did farmer unemployment

• National Recovery Administration (NRA)– Aimed to help industry, labor, unemployment– Relied on “fair competition”

• Spreads work out among more people due to increased hours, decreased wages

– Government forcing businesses to abide was unconstitutional – dismantled

• Public Works Administration (PWA)– Similar to WPA, but gave private firms contracts to hire skilled

workers– Worked on larger-scale projects – building public works and

infrastructure• Bridges, dams, hospitals, schools, etc

– One of the most successful programs created in New Deal

New Deal: Reform• FDR vowed to reform to prevent future crashes• Stock market reform:

– Federal Securities Act – companies must report honest financial numbers for investors

– Securities Exchange Commissions (SEC) – set up to investigate and watch over stock market activities

• Housing reform:– Federal Housing Authority (FHA) – low interest on homes

• Created shelter, economic bump, and employment• Social Security Act – sets up payment plan for senior citizens,

handicapped, etc– Funded by taxes on business and personal income– Receives criticism from Republicans – “socialism”

• Unions gain strength, numbers, and influence during Depression:– Norris-La Guardia Act – outlaws anti-union contracts (AKA “yellow dog”

contracts)– Wagner Act – legalizes union organization and collective bargaining– Fair Standards Act – minimum wage, maximum working hours, set

working age at 16

The Dust Bowl (1933)

• Causes:– System of dry-farming used in plains for decades

creates loose topsoil– Long drought in lower plains region– Heavy wind storms of 1933

• Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas farmland destroyed• Many farmers migrate west to California looking

for work– “Grapes of Wrath” by John Steinbeck

• Government relief programs help relocate farmers, improve soil, plant trees as windbreaks (CCC)

Election of 1936• Reps nominate Alfred Landon

– Gov of Kansas, criticized FDR’s massive spending

– Hurt by record of past support of FDR’s spending, weak campaign, weak radio voice

• Immensely popular FDR wins by an overwhelming landslide

The “Court-Packing” Scheme (1937)• FDR still had Democrat dominated Congress, but

a conservative Supreme Court• FDR proposed to increase Supreme Court to 15

justices and that justices over 70 be removed– FDR can appoint liberal justices

• Congress shocked and upset with FDR’s scheme for increased power– Proposal fails, FDR accused of trying to become a

dictator– Effect was less cooperation from Congress

New Deal Effective?• By 1937 – Progress stalls, effects

inconclusive– Unemployment dropped from 25% to 15% in first

term– “Roosevelt Recession” in 1937 caused by

policies like the Social Security tax on incomes• Less income, less spending, less economic activity

– FDR’s overspending and “socialist” policies gaining criticism

• Debt had doubled from $20 to $40 billion• Government becoming too much of a “handout state”

– Americans not working towards recovery, but being given it instead

Legacy

of

FDR’s “New

Deal”

• Both heavily supported and criticized• FDR took over in a chaotic time and made big

changes while keeping peace and order– Other nations (Germany, Italy) did not succeed in

keeping peace and order during this economic turmoil• The New Deal helped, but did not pull U.S. out of

Depression• What did…?

– World War II

FDR’s Foreign Affairs • London Conference (1933) set up to create

international solutions to the Great Depression– Europe tries to enforce currency stabilization

• Economic policy that causes deflation, deters spending– Policy is counter to FDR’s plan of “confidence” in spending

and trust– FDR angrily pulls U.S. out of London Conference

• Solidifies U.S. isolationism• Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) guarantees

independence for bothersome Philippines by 1946• “Good Neighbor Policy” denounces TR’s “Big Stick

Policy” of Latin America – heavily reduces involvement in Latin America and promises no use of military force– Very successful in bettering Latin American relations

Dangerous Leaders Rise• Post WWI political and

economic chaos, Great Depression lead to rise of totalitarian and/or fascist regimes:– Joseph Stalin (USSR)– Francisco Franco (Spain)– Benito Mussolini (Italy)– Hirohito (Japan)– Adolf Hitler (Germany)

• Totalitarianism focuses all efforts on empowering the state

Trouble Overseas

• 1931 – Japan invades and occupies Manchuria (China)

• 1935 – Italy attacks and defeats Ethiopia • 1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis: allies Germany

and Italy• League of Nations does nothing to stop

these events– Display of weakness allows sets dangerous

precedent• America remains isolated

– Does not want to get involved in foreign problems and conflicts

– Congress passes:• Neutrality Acts – series of acts to put preventive

restrictions on foreign relations with countries at war• Johnson Debt Default Act – forbids loans to

countries that still owe money to U.S.

Isolationism Put to Test• Spanish Civil War breaks out (1936-1939)

– Fascist government vs. republican government

– America rooting for republican government, but must remain isolated and uninvolved

• Germany and Italy help fellow fascist General Franco

• Franco and Spanish Fascists win control• Franco’s 40 year dictatorship begins• Democracy falls in another European

country, America unhappy

Appeasement

• Appeasement – giving into demands to avoid conflict

• League of Nation’s policy of appeasement, past negligence, and U.S. isolationism all lead to further conflict

• Japan conducts mass invasion of China (1937)– Second Sino-Japanese War– “Rape of Nanking” – Japanese army

murders 300,000 unarmed Chinese civilians

Appeasement• Hitler breaks Treaty of Versailles:

– Builds up German military– Remilitarization of the Rhineland region

(1936)– Persecutes Jews– Annexes Austria (1938)

• Hitler convinced European leaders each step of expansion would be his last

• League of Nations appeased every demand of his

Appeasement

• Hitler demands annexation of Sudetenland (small bordering region of Czechoslovakia)

• Munich Conference called to discuss (Sept. 1938)– Tense talks lead to appeasement

of Hitler’s demand– English Prime Minister

Chamberlain: “I have returned from Germany with peace in our time.”

– All of Czechoslovakia annexed months later

Appeasement Ends, War Starts• Russo-German Nonaggression Pact signed

(1939)– Stalin and Hitler promise no military aggression

against each other– This ensures Hitler will not fight a two-front war like

WWI and also allows for an easier invasion of Poland• Hitler’s motives clear – France & Britain finally

takes a stand– Warns Hitler an invasion of Poland would merit war

declaration• Hitler attacks Poland one week later (Sep 1,

1939)• War declarations ensue – WWII starts

Battle Lines Drawn

Belligerents as of 1940:Allies: Britain, France, Poland

VS. Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan

Isolationist America

• America committed to neutrality, but was rooting for Britain and France…

• Neutrality Acts amended and put in effect:– U.S. will sell war materials on a “cash-and-

carry” basis• No credit, no U.S. ships involved• Ensures isolationism, helps economy

– Utilized exclusively by Allies, as intended

Lightening Strikes• Sept 1939 – Germany defeats Poland• Months of inactivity – some suspected

a “phony war”– Hitler amasses & consolidates military

• April 1940 – Hitler suddenly launches “blitzkrieg” attack– “Lighting warfare” using tanks, planes,

infantry simultaneously – very effective– Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium

all defeated instantly

Lightening Strikes

• France invaded and surrenders by June 1940– Italy joins and invades weakened France before

surrender• Britain is last of the Allies left standing in

Europe• America shocked – FDR begins immediate

military built up– Conscription law passed – first ever peacetime

draft• Havana Conference called to ensure U.S. and

Latin America would work together to defend Monroe Doctrine

Helping Britain• Hitler begins bombing Britain with

planes– All-air “Battle of Britain” ensues– Britain temporarily fights off

Germany• Americans split on whether to

help or stay isolated• FDR makes compromise

between the two sides:– Destroyer Deal (1940) trades 50 old

WWI destroyers for 8 naval bases• By 1941, Britain needed money

for war effort– FDR hesitant after WWI debt crisis– Solution was to loan weaponry, not

money…

Lend-Lease Act• Lend-Lease Bill passed

– U.S. now “arsenal of democracy”

– Until 1945, $50 billion worth of ships, tanks, weaponry, ammunition supplies to be “borrowed”

• Effects of Neutrality Act, Destroyer Deal, and Lend-Lease?– American isolationism and

neutrality fading fast– Axis powers avoided U.S.

prior to this, not anymore

Election of 1940• FDR announces a run for third term

– Strong leadership during uncertain times more important than the two-term tradition

• Reps nominate Wendell Willkie– Criticized FDR’s New Deal – but not

the issue anymore…– Threat of war was

• FDR easily wins third electionFDR (1940)

FDR (1932)

Hitler Invades Soviet Union(Notes are on next slide in your note packet)

• June 1941 – Paranoid Hitler breaks pact with Russia and attacks Moscow– FDR sends $1

billion to help Russia

– Germany’s quick invasion fails by December due to harsh winter

Atlantic Charter• August 1941 – Atlantic

Conference called as meeting between Winston Churchill and FDR (and absent Stalin)

• Atlantic Charter created to discuss aid to Soviets & layout plans for postwar– Main points similar to

Wilson’s 14 Points:• Self-determination• Disarmament• New peace-keeping

organization• U.S. again rapidly moving

away from isolationism and neutrality

End of U.S. Neutrality

• Convoys of U.S. destroyers escorted merchant ships to Britain often clashed with German U-Boats in North Atlantic

• November 1941 – Congress repealed Neutrality Act of 1939 and allowed for arming of merchant ships

• Japan beating China badly in since 1937– Numerous massacres of Chinese civilians and sinking of

USS Panay angered Americans• July 1941 – In protest, U.S. puts embargo on Japan

who heavily relied on U.S. oil• Japan’s solution was to attack• American code breakers suspect possible Japanese

activity in the Pacific – Philippines? British Malaysia? Australia?

Pearl Harbor• December 7, 1941 – Japan launches

all-out sneak attack on U.S. naval bases in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

• 3,000 Americans killed, Pacific fleet of U.S. Navy almost entirely wiped out– America’s only aircraft carriers on Pacific

were out at sea• America was now at war…

America Declares War

• War declarations ensue:• Dec 7: Japan declares war on U.S. and

Britain• Dec 8: U.S. declares war on Japan

– “Infamy Speech” given by FDR• Dec 11: Germany & Italy declare war on

U.S.• Dec 11: U.S. declares war on Germany and

Italy

Effects of Pearl Harbor

• Effects of Pearl Harbor on Americans?• Go from wanting isolationism, to wanting

revenge• National unity strong• West coast goes into panic

– Fears of invasion in California– Japanese-Americans greatly affected

Internment• FDR authorizes Executive Order 9066:• Japanese-Americans rounded up and

detained in internment camps– Non-citizen Italians detained as well

• Official reasoning was to protect them• Hidden motive was to protect America from

them– Wrongfully accused of being spies loyal to Japan

spies• Lost businesses, houses, possessions• Jailed without due process of law?

– Supreme Court upheld the internment camps

Day 6: Quiz

Day 7: America Enters WWII

GOAL OF TODAY:

To understand how the United States prepared for war, what

impact the war had on the home front socially and economically, and what the turning point for America was in the Pacific.

America Prepares for War• Americans wants immediate

revenge on Japan• FDR’s plan: “get Germany first” –

why?– Hitler a more urgent problem

• Do not let Britain or Russia fall, hold of Japan until Germany defeated– Problem: America greatly unprepared– Isolationism and depression weakened

U.S. military• America’s task: • All industry and workforce to support

war effort– Means New Deal organizations end– Organize massive military– Ship weapons, supplies, soldiers in two

directions– Feed the Allies

The War Effort• War Production Board takes control of industry• Controls what’s produced and how much of it• Manufacturing and agriculture boom • Rationing instituted

– Food, metals, gasoline, rubber– Japanese had control of rubber fields in British Malaysia

• Office of Price Administration regulated prices• War Labor Board enforced low wages to ensure low

prices• Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act kept strikes minimal

– Gives government power to take over industries crippled by strikes

The War Effort• 15 million men in the military

creates need for labor• Women fill vacant industrial jobs • “Rosie the Riveter” works as

propaganda• Helps women gain respect and new

roles in society– But 2/3 of women return to maternal

roles after war– Post-war “Baby boom”

• “Bracero Program” brings in seasonal workers from Mexico to help harvest crops

Second Great Migration• Many African-Americans leave

South to move to Northern and Western cities

• Reasons why:– War industry created jobs– New agricultural innovations and

machinery in South– FDR banned discrimination in defense

industries• Fair Employment Practices Commission

(FEPC)• Helps with movement for equality

– Slogan: “Double V”• Victory overseas vs. dictators and

victory at home vs. racism• 125,000 serve in segregated units

in military– 50,000 Native Americans also helped

fight in WWII• “Code talkers”

Races Clash• Newly diversified

cities experience some backlash– “Zoot Suit” Riots in

LA (1943)– Detroit Race Riots

(1943)

War Effort’s Economic Effects• U.S. enters WWII in economic despair• New Deal helped, but war production pulls

U.S. out of Great Depression– $330 billion war cost

• WWI had cost $33 billion– Paid for mostly on credit

• National debt quintuples

• U.S. ends war extremely prosperous– GNP, business profits, disposable incomes all

had doubled

War in Pacific• Dec 7, 1941 – Japan launches series

of attacks on American and British islands in Pacific:– Guam, Wake Island, the Philippines,

Hong Kong, Dutch East Indies, coastal China, etc

• By March 1942, all islands except the Philippines had fallen to overpowering Japan

• Japan beats General Douglas MacArthur in Battle of the Philippines – 75,000 American and Filipino POWs

subjected to “Bataan Death March”– Embarrassed MacArthur escapes – “I

shall return”• Japan seemed unstoppable

Doolittle Raid• April 1942 – Lt. Colonel James Doolittle

leads bombing raid• American bombers hit mainland Japan

– Not overly successful, but big morale boost“The Japanese people had been told they were invulnerable ... An attack on the Japanese homeland would cause confusion in the minds of the Japanese people and sow doubt about the reliability of their leaders. There was a second, and equally important, psychological reason for this attack ... Americans badly needed a morale boost.”

-James Doolittle

Japanese Expansion Halted• May 1942 – Battle of Coral Sea

– First major “naval” battle of war in Pacific

• Fought entirely with aircrafts via carriers

– Heavy losses on both sides– Tactical victory for Japanese

• Sunk more ships– Strategic victory for Allies

• Japanese expansion stopped• Two Japanese carriers damaged &

rendered useless– Would hurt Japanese in next major

battle…

Battle of Midway• Japanese want to further defense

perimeter after Doolittle Raid and damage of Battle of Coral Sea

• Code breakers intercept messages of surprise attack on Midway Island

• Admiral Chester Nimitz and Admiral Raymond Spruance send huge U.S. fleet to defend island

• Japanese diversion:– June 3, 1942 – Japan invades islands

in Aleutian chain of Alaska• Not significant strategically, but greatly

upset Americans

• Not phased, U.S. fleet waiting for Japan at Midway…

Battle of Midway• June 7, 1942 – Battle ensues• Japan’s surprise attack spoiled,

ambushed by waiting U.S. fleet• U.S. routs Japan:

– 3,000 Japanese killed vs. 300 Americans killed

– 4 Japanese carriers sunk vs. 1 American carrier

– 250 Japanese aircrafts shot down vs. 150 American aircrafts

• Midway was the turning point of war in the Pacific

• Japan’s fleet virtually wiped out“The most stunning and decisive blow

in the history of naval warfare” –Military historian John Keegan

War in Pacific • America’s new plan in Pacific: “island hopping” AKA “leapfrogging”– Do not attack mainland

Japan yet– Attack the weaker islands

around the Pacific one by one

– Build airbases on each island

– Cut off resources to Japan– Main islands of Japan

would then be bombed into submission

Island Hopping• U.S. Marines storm beaches while

sailors and bombers shell the island• Gen. MacArthur in south Pacific

– Aug 1942 – Victory at Guadalcanal – Followed by Solomon Islands– Reaches New Guinea by 1944– MacArthur closing in on the Philippines

• Admiral Nimitz in central Pacific– Marshall Islands, Gilbert Islands,

Marianas Islands• “Marianas Turkey Shoot” (1944) –

American “Hellcat” fighters shoot down 250 Japanese planes

• U.S. now close enough for B-29 bombers to reach Japan

• Progress was being made, but slowly and at great costs

War in Europe• 1940-1942: German

dominance– Germany occupying most of

Europe– Britain trying to hold off Hitler– Controlling the seas with deadly

u-boat “wolf packs” • 1942: turning point of war in

Europe (and Pacific)– Germany’s “enigma code” broken– Prowling u-boat wolf packs can

now be located• Allies begin to win Battle of the

Atlantic– Supplies can now easily be

shipped to Britain & France

Hitler Halted• Britain bombs Germans

in Cologne, France• Americans bomb

Germany• Sept 1942 – Battle of

Stalingrad– Russians stop German

offensive at Stalingrad, begin successful counteroffensive

Hitler Halted• Oct 1942 – Battle of El

Alamein– German Gen. Erwin Rommel

dominating North Africa• Nicknamed the “Desert Fox”

– Stopped by the British from gaining control of Suez Canal

• Germany stopped in both campaigns– Endures heavy losses,

retreat ensues

The “Soft Underbelly”• Burdened Soviet Union

urges Allies to open second front

• FDR wants to invade through France

• Churchill wants to invade through Northern Africa and Italy– “Soft underbelly”

• “Soft underbelly” approach chosen to lure war away from Britain

The “Soft Underbelly”• Nov 1942 – Gen. Dwight

Eisenhower leads successful campaign in North Africa– Jan 1943 – Casablanca Conference

• FDR & Churchill agree to seek “unconditional surrender” of Germany

• Germans pushed out of Africa by May 1943

• Sept 1943 – Allies invade south Italy– Mussolini overthrown, Italy surrenders– German soldiers keep fighting invading

Allies– Invasion slow and bloody– Allies finally take Rome by June 1944

• Campaign soon becomes just a diversion…

D-Day Invasion• Nov-Dec 1943 – Tehran

Conference– FDR, Churchill, and Stalin meet to

coordinate– Plans of a new invasion of France

made– Gen. Eisenhower chosen to lead the

operation• June 6, 1944 – D-Day Invasion

– Over 150,000 Allied soldiers successfully invade beaches of Normandy region on French coast

• Largest amphibious assault in history– Invading Allies spread through

France into different campaigns

Effects of D-Day Invasion• Paris liberated by 1945

– Huge morale boost for Allies• Germany in full-on retreat• End was nearing for Hitler

and German army• 1944 – FDR wins 4th election

– Reps nominate Thomas Dewey– Success of war leads to easy

victory for FDR– Dems choose VP Harry Truman

• Important choice with FDR’s declining health

– FDR dies by April 1945, Truman becomes president

War in Europe• Nazis make one last centralized

push at Ardenne Forest…• Dec 1944 – Battle of the Bulge

– Surprised Americans pushed back• Creating a “bulge” in the battle line

– Largest and bloodiest battle for American Army

– Americans hold on to key city of Bastogne until Allied reinforcements arrive

– Germans eventually defeated, resume retreat

• Both America and Russia converging towards Berlin

Holocaust Discovered• Holocaust had been just

an rumor and thought to be embellished at most

• Retreating Germans accelerate “final solution”

• Advancing Allies shocked as they begin to discover Nazi concentration camps

• German civilians forced to march through camps

Germany Surrenders

• April 1945 – Russia reaches Germany– Hitler kills himself

• May 8, 1945 – Germany officials surrender– V-E Day (Victory in

Europe)

War in the Pacific• By 1945, U.S.

weakening Japan:– U.S. subs destroying

Japanese merchant ships

– U.S. bombers devastating Japanese cities with firebomb campaigns

• Mar 1945 – Two day fire-bomb raid on Tokyo

– 1/4 of city demolished and 80,000 deal

War in the Pacific• Series of costly, hard-fought, U.S.

victories:• Mar 1945 – Battle of Leyte Gulf

– Gen. MacArthur recaptures the Philippines

• Mar 1945 – Battle of Iwo Jima– U.S. takes small, but strategic island

• June 1945 – Battle of Okinawa– Last island before Japanese

mainland– American victory

• But with 50,000 American casualties

The Atomic Bomb• Japan refusing to surrender

– Seen as dishonorable to give up – “Kamikaze” suicide missions increase– Must protect their godlike emperor

• U.S. leaders know invasion of Japan would be grueling and deadly

• Manhattan Project – Since 1940, U.S. secretly began developing world’s first atomic bomb– Mostly worked on by ex-German scientists– 1945 – Tested in New Mexico and ready

for use• July 1945 – Potsdam Conference

– American, British and Russian officials meet to give Japan final ultimatum: “Surrender or be destroyed”

Japan Surrenders• Japan refuses to surrender,

continue hostility• American aircrafts drop leaflets

warning of atomic bomb, urging evacuation of targeted cities

• Aug 6, 1945 – Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima– 70,000 die instantly, 200,000 casualties

overall• Aug 8, 1945 – Russia declares war

on Japan– Invades Manchuria

• Japan still refuses to answer Potsdam Declaration,

• Aug 9, 1945 – Second bomb dropped on Nagasaki– 80,000 killed

War Ends• Aug 19, 1945 – Japan

officially surrenders – WWII ends– V-J Day

Effects of WWII• America able to succeed in WWII because of:

– Great political, military, and civilian leaders• FDR, Eisenhower, MacArthur, Patton, etc.

– Astonishing industrial production and resources• A “total war” effort by whole country

• America comes out of war stronger-than-ever– One million American casualties

• Relatively small compared to other nations– America homeland virtually untouched

• Other nations in ruins

• U.S. becomes the world superpower