US History

Short version

Colonization• New England – economy: trade

– Massachusetts Bay• Puritans, separatists from English Church

looking for religious freedom• Salem Witch Trials• New England Way and town meetings –

only white male Puritans can participate

– Rhode Island, Connecticut• Established by Roger Williams and Anne

Hutchinson for religious freedom from Puritans

• Middle Colonies – economy: bread basket of colonies - trade– New York (a.k.a. New Amsterdam –

founded by the Dutch)– Pennsylvania - Quakers

• Southern Colonies- economy: tobacco– Virginia Colony

• Came for business – looking for gold• Jamestown• House of Burgesses – 1st legislative

assembly• Tobacco• Bacon’s Rebellion

• Quebec – economy: fur trade, timber/lumber– France founded it along Great Lakes area

Revolutionary Era• French and Indian War puts GB in debt• They raise taxes

– Stamp Act – colonies pay tax for paper– Intolerable Acts – punishment for Boston Tea party;

closed port of Boston till pay back tea• Sons and Daughters of Liberty protest

– Sew own clothes, boycott tea, Committees of Correspondence pass letters between colonies

• Thomas Paine writes Common Sense– Question divine right to rule and GB rule of colonies;

convinces colonists to leave GB• Thomas Jefferson writes Declaration of Independence

Revolutionary War• Battles of Concord and Lexington– In Massachusetts

• Battle of Saratoga – convinces French we can be winners

• Crossing of the Delaware – Washington, X-mas Eve, surprises and captures Hessians.

• Battle of Yorktown – Lord Cornwallis surrenders.

Constitutional Era• Articles of Confederation – WEAK!!

– No power to tax– No executive– No separation of powers– No military– Too easily amended

• Shays Rebellion happens… uh oh. Govt. is weak. Can’t stop it.• Alexander Hamilton and Madison write Federalist Papers to convince

people they need a FEDERAL govt.• Continental Congress Writes US Constitution – James Madison

– STRONG federal/national/central government.– Separation of powers. – Three branches.

• Great Compromise• 3/5 Compromise

• Southern states refuse to sign until Bill of Rights is written protecting states and individuals from abusive federal/central/national govt.

• Proclamation of Neutrality – Washington says don’t get involved in French revolution!!!!

Alexander Hamilton• Secretary of Treasury• Wanted to set up National Bank in North • South wants it located in South• compromise – put capitol in South if National Bank is in

North• Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury advises

Washington to pay of war debts through Whiskey tax. • Whiskey Rebellion

– Washington himself leads troops and puts down rebellion.– Shows that the federal/national/central government US

Constitution works…go Whiskey!

FOCUS O

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Country Tested/Westward Expansion• 1812 War

– US vs. GB – GB still wants to control Great Lakes trade

– We win; get sense of national identity

• Mexican-American War - 1848– Win territory all the way

to the Pacific Ocean– Gadsen Purchase –

bought by Southern businessman hoping to have Transcontinental railroad in South

Andrew JacksonFOCUS O

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• Jacksonian Democracy - Expanded suffrage to white, non-land owning males

• Expanded power of executive branch

• Went against Supreme Court and forced Indian Removal

Issue of Slavery• Missouri Compromise – draw line; most

of former Louisiana Purchase states would come in as free

• Nat Turner’s Rebellion – Af. Am. Pastor who led slave rebellion in VA

• Wilmot Proviso – ban slavery in territory won in Mex. Am. War

• Compromise of 1850 – California comes in as free state; New Mexico gets popular sovereignty; Fugitive Slave Act; slave trade outlawed in Wash. DC

• John Brown’s Raid – Harper’s Ferry – white abolitionist

• Kansas-Nebraska Act – allows these states to have popular sovereignty - leads to mini Civil War as voters move in to try to sway the vote

• Lincoln Elected• SC Secedes

Civil War• Fort Sumter

– 1st battle of war– Force Lincoln to declare war

• Antietam– Union wins; allows Lincoln to issue Emancipation Proc

• Vicksburg– Union gains control of Mississippi River; Grant and Jackson Western Generals

• Gettysburg– South brings fight North to Penn.– Bloodiest battle– Gettysburg Address

• March to the Sea – Sherman “scorched earth policy/total war”– Burns 60-mile wide strip from ATL to Savannah

• Appomattox Courthouse– Robert E. Lee, CSA general, Surrenders

Union Advantages CSA Advantages

Factories Homefront/defense

population Better officers

railroads Fighting spirit

More $$$$ Knew the terrain

Reconstruction

• Transcontinental Railroad helps people move west• Buffalo killed off; Indians moved to Reservations out West• Union organizes south into military districts; monitor treatment of freedmen

– Whites don’t get right to vote but Blacks do– Southern states elect new State Governments and write new Constitutions

• 13th Amendment – slavery outlawed• 14th Amendment – citizenship for freed slaves• 15th Amendment – voting rights for all males (including Black males)• Freedmen’s Bureau – helps blacks get housing, legal advice, jobs• Impeachment of Johnson by Radical Republicans

– He vetoed a lot of bills that helped blacks in the South– Declared not guilty

• Compromise of 1877– North withdraws military out of South; South lets Nor– Ends Reconstruction

Moderate ‘Presidential’ Republicans

Radical Republicans

President Andrew Johnson Thaddeus Stevens

Want to go easy on the South; bring Union back together

Want to give blacks rights; make south pay

Gilded Age• Growth of factories and cities

– Southern and Eastern European immigrants move in large #s and work– Ellis Island opened

• Tenement housing and ethnic ghettos – Polish, Italian, Czech, Jewish ghettos

• Laissez-faire government – govt. stays out of economy (lets businesses do what they want)

• Pullman Strike– Govt. sends in military to force railcar workers in Chicago back to work

• Because govt. not helping workers, they begin to organize unions• Samuel Gompers – 1st labor union – American Federation of

Labor

Spanish American War

• Fought Spain under Roosevelt corollary• Kicked them out of Cuba and gave Cuba

interdependence• Gained Spain’s other territories: Guam,

Philippines, and Puerto Rico• Era of imperialism for America

Progressive Era

• In general, government becomes more responsive to the needs of the people• Government Regulation of Business – govt. makes laws to force business

owners/factories to follow rules – no more laissez-faire– Establish 40-hour work week– 8-hour work day– Prevent Child Labor– Force factories to create safer working conditions

• Expansion of Suffrage– 17th Amendment – senators directly elected by the people instead of chosen by state

legislatures– Initiative – voters take the ‘initiative’ to get signatures on an issue and force the

legislature to vote on a law– Recall – voters can vote to ‘remove’ or recall an elected official that isn’t doing their job– Referendum – voters can request a special election on issue/law with enough

signatures on an ‘initiative’

Teddy Roosevelt – Square Deal

• Led volunteer Cavalry (horse) unit at Battle of San Juan Hill during SAW

• Led Progressive Era• Pure Food and Drug Act• Meat Inspection Act • Conservation of Forests

WWI

• Sedition Acts – makes it illegal to speak out against the government or hinder the military; violates 1st amendment

• Eugene V. Debs – socialist; speaks out against the war; arrested and sent to jail; runs for president in Socialist Party from jails

• Sinking of the Lusitania; Zimmerman Telegram• Woodrow Wilson – Fourteen Point Speech; create League of

Nations• Red Scare - • Immigration restriction acts – goal? Prevent socialists, Jews, and

Catholics from Southern and Eastern Europe18th Amendment• 19th Amendment

Harlem Renaissance

• Growth of African American Art centered in Harlem, a neighborhood in NYC

• Growth in popularity Jazz – form of African American music from New Orleans– Speakeasies – illegal bars– Cotton Club – white patrons but Black performers

• Louis Armstrong – Satchmo – trumpet player• Langston Hughes – African American poet who

wrote about Black issues• NAACP established by W.E.B. DuBois to stop lynching

Great Depression – 1930s• Causes:

– Overproduction– Under consumption– stock market crash– Speculation– Margin buying– Runs on banks

• 25% or ¼ of population out of work• Hoovervilles – shantytowns that burned down easily• Dust bowl make depression worse; causes hundreds of

1,000s of refugees to move to California looking for work

Franklin Delano Roosevelt – New Deal• Great Depression programs help out of work people

– TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority – put dams along Tennessee River to provide electricity for Appalachia

– CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps – work groups built bridges, roads, community centers

– Social Security – For retired people; out of work insurance; hurt on the job protection

– FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation – government insured up to $5,000 of savings

• Huey Long – socialist/communist Gov. from Louisiana– Said FDR’s New Deal wasn’t doing enough to help out of work– Share Our Wealth (SOW) – cap income at $1 million; give the rest to the govt.

for – Was assassinated during the election campaign

• Eleanor Roosevelt – supporter of African American and women’s rights

WWII

• Rationing, conservation, women jobs, war mobilization

• Pearl Harbor• Battle of Midway• D-Day• Fall of Berlin• Los Alamos, Hiroshima

Post-WWII

• Marshall Plan• Division of Germany and Berlin• Levittowns• Interstate Highway Act• Baby Boom• Television drives consumerism (tv ads make

people want to buy lots of stuff)

Cold War• Bay of Pigs • Cuban Missile Crisis• Space Race• Arms Race• Truman Doctrine – prevent communism from spreading

by giving countries money• Turkey Greece – containment SUCCESS!!!– 400 million

• Korean War – containment SUCCESS!!• Vietnam War – containment FAIL!!!

JFK

1968 – bad Year

• MLK killed• RFK killed• Tet Offensive in Vietnam• Democratic National Convention riots

LBJ

Nixon

• Rachel Carlson

Ford

Carter

Reagan

Bush

• 2000 Election