u.s. history since 1877

U.S. History Since 1877U.S. History Since 1877

Thursday

6:00 PM to 8:50 PM

J. Mauldin, M.Ed.

Thursday

6:00 PM to 8:50 PM

J. Mauldin, M.Ed.

US History Since 1877Syllabus Review


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Office: C ~ 111 Off Hours: T ~ 11:30a to 12:15p; Th ~

11:30a to 12:00p & 2:00p to 5:00p; MWF ~ By Appointment

Telephone: W: 405.262.2552, Ext 4041; C: 405.274.1314

E-mail: [email protected]

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I) Crs Description: II) Crs Rationale: III) Prerequisites: IV) Next Crs in Sequence: V) Text: America Past & Present, $68.00 VI) Crs Objective: VII) Schedule: VIII) Instructional Methods:

I) Crs Description: II) Crs Rationale: III) Prerequisites: IV) Next Crs in Sequence: V) Text: America Past & Present, $68.00 VI) Crs Objective: VII) Schedule: VIII) Instructional Methods:



IX) Eval: A) Three exams (150pts @); B) Two film reviews 25pts @; C) Attendance @ 10pts/class.

X) Grading: XI) Attendance Policy: XII) Make-up Policy: XIII) Dishonesty: XIV) Cell Phones: XV) Accommodations:

IX) Eval: A) Three exams (150pts @); B) Two film reviews 25pts @; C) Attendance @ 10pts/class.

X) Grading: XI) Attendance Policy: XII) Make-up Policy: XIII) Dishonesty: XIV) Cell Phones: XV) Accommodations:



Forgot to include: Food & Drink

Sign & Turn In Info Sheet This evening’s attendance

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Sign & Turn In Info Sheet This evening’s attendance


Thursday

6:00 PM to 8:50 PM

J. Mauldin, M.Ed.

Questions?

Thursday

6:00 PM to 8:50 PM

J. Mauldin, M.Ed.

Questions?


Thursday

6:00 PM to 8:50 PM

J. Mauldin, M.Ed.

Introductions

Thursday

6:00 PM to 8:50 PM

J. Mauldin, M.Ed.

Introductions

Chapter 16THE AGONY OF

“RECONSTRUCTION”(*The period immediately following the Civil War)

Chapter 16THE AGONY OF

“RECONSTRUCTION”(*The period immediately following the Civil War)

Robert Smalls & Black Politicians

Robert Smalls & Black Politicians

Many remarkable leaders surfaced Born in 1839, Smalls had a white father & had

the opportunity to learn to be a river pilot 1862, Smalls took command of Confederate

steamship Planter w/ a slave crew & surrendered it to the Union navy

Went on to be a US Congressman *Know about Smalls

Many remarkable leaders surfaced Born in 1839, Smalls had a white father & had

the opportunity to learn to be a river pilot 1862, Smalls took command of Confederate

steamship Planter w/ a slave crew & surrendered it to the Union navy

Went on to be a US Congressman *Know about Smalls

p.451-452

The President Versus Congress

Constitution had no guidelines for putting the country back together

Disagreement over how much the fed govt should be in securing freedom & civil rights for the 4M former slaves

The North split on reconstructing the South White House seeks speedy reconstruction

with minimum changes in the South Congress seeks slower reconstruction,

demands protection for freedmenp.452-453

Wartime Reconstruction

Lincoln announces lenient policy in 1863 Congress resents Lincoln’s effort to control Congressmen seek to condition

readmission to Union on black suffrage Congress mistrusts white Southerners

p.453

Andrew Johnson at the Helm Republicans initially support Southern

Democrat Johnson as enemy of planter class

Johnson was from TN & remained loyal to the Union ~ Twist of fate that he became President

Johnson instructs Southern conventions to Declare secession illegal Repudiate (not accept) Confed debt Ratify the 13th Amdt (Abolition)

p.453-455

Andrew Johnsonat the Helm

Southern conventions reluctantly carry out Johnson’s orders

Conventions pass “Black Codes” Vagrancy laws, forced to work wo/ choice,

prevented from testifying in court, etc. More or less retuned Af Ams to servility

Johnson approves conventions’ actions Congress condemns conventions

p.455

Congress Takes the Initiative

Republicans insist on black suffrage They expect to get black vote Ideological commitment to equal rights, even

if some did not believe in racial equality Fear that South would fall under great planter

control without black suffrage

p.456

Congress Takes the Initiative 1866: Johnson vetoes two bills

Extension of Freedmen’s Bureau Civil rights bill to overturn Black Codes

Republicans pass Fourteenth Amendment Guaranteed equal rights to all States that denied the vote to Af Ams would

have their cong representation reduced 1866 mid-term elections strengthen

Republicans ~ A referendum for the 14thp.456

Congressional Reconstruction Plan Enacted

South under military rule until black suffrage fully secured

Split over duration of federal protection Radicals recognize need for long period Most wish military occupation to be short

Radical Reconstruction based on a dubious assumption: Black suffrage sufficient to empower freedmen to protect themselves

p.457-458

ReconstructionReconstruction

p.458

The Impeachment Crisis Johnson obstructs Congressional

Reconstruction Congress limits Presidential power

Tenure of Office Act ~ Req’d Senate approval for removal of cabinet officers, etc. ~ Johnson ignored it

Feb 1868: Cong impeaches (bring to trial) Senate refuses to convict Johnson (1 vote) Radical Republicans seen as subversive of

Constitution, lose public support p.458-459

Reconstructing Southern Society

Three contending interests in South Southern whites seek to keep newly freed

blacks inferior Northern whites seek to make money or to

"civilize" the region Blacks seek equality

Decline of federal interest in Reconstruction permits triumph of reaction & racism

p.460

Reorganizing Land & Labor

Ex-slaves wish to work their own land Fed govt grants 40 acres to some Land given back to white owners under

Johnson Slave owners try to impose contract labor

Commonly cheated former slaves Blacks insist on sharecropping Sharecropping soon becomes peonage

p.460-461

Republican Rule in the South 1867 ~ Southern Republican party

organized. Made up of… …businessmen interested in govt aid for private

enterprise …poor white farmers in danger of losing their

land to creditors …newly enfranchised blacks (the majority)

interested in education, civil rights, & landownership

Coalition did not hold together Made some progress in education, but other

initiatives (railroad subsidies, etc.) did not turn out well p.462-463

Claiming Public and Private RightsClaiming Public and Private Rights

Freed slaves viewed legalized marriage as an important step in claiming political rights

They also formed churches, fraternal & benevolent associations, political organizations, & schools

Education for children was a top priority Most blacks viewed separate schooling as an

opportunity rather than as a form of discrimination

Freed slaves viewed legalized marriage as an important step in claiming political rights

They also formed churches, fraternal & benevolent associations, political organizations, & schools

Education for children was a top priority Most blacks viewed separate schooling as an

opportunity rather than as a form of discrimination

p.464-465

The Election of 1868The Election of 1868

p.466

Retreat from Reconstruction The impeachment crisis of 1868 marked the

high point of popular interest in Reconstruction issues

Grant lacked the vision & sense of duty to tackle the difficult challenges the nation faced The plight of Af Americans

receded in white consciousness

p.466

Rise of the Money Question Panic of 1873 raises “the money question”

Should “greenbacks” (paper money used during the Civil War) be allowed to continue to circulate?

Some supported only “hard money” (Au & Ag) Cong waffles on hard money v. greenbacks

Greenbacks promoted easy credit & supported expansion

1878 ~ Greenback Labor Party elected 14 congressmen & kept issue alive into ’80s

p.466-467

Final Efforts of Reconstruction 1870 ~ Fifteenth Amendment ratified

All male citizens guaranteed the right to vote wo/ regard for race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Women’s rights group were upset that they were not granted the vote Stanton & Anthony (feminists)

Spt for blk citizenship waned

p.467

A Reign of Terror Against BlacksA Reign of Terror Against Blacks

Secret societies used terror tactics to keep blacks out of the political process & attempted to intimidate state govts State militias called out

1870s ~ Congress passed laws to provide fed protection of blk suffrage (fed crime) Intimidation continued

By 1876 Republicans control only South Carolina, Louisiana, & Florida

Northern supt for military action wanes

Secret societies used terror tactics to keep blacks out of the political process & attempted to intimidate state govts State militias called out

1870s ~ Congress passed laws to provide fed protection of blk suffrage (fed crime) Intimidation continued

By 1876 Republicans control only South Carolina, Louisiana, & Florida

Northern supt for military action wanesp.467-470

Chapter 16

THE AGONY OF RECONSTRUCTION

2/3 Point

Chapter 16


2/3 Point

The Election of 1872The Election of 1872

p.470

Horace

NY

Spoilsmen Versus Reformers Many accusations of corruption during Grant's administration

Crédit Mobilier Scandal Grant’s 1st VP, Schuyler Colfax, involved in siphoning off profits that should

have gone to stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad

Whiskey Ring His private sec, Orville Babcock, conspired to defraud the govt of liquor taxes

Indian Trading Posts Sec of War, Wm Belknap, took bribes involving the sale of Indian Trading

Posts & an associated “cover-up”

Grant consistently tried to shield his old friends from justice

p.470-471

Reunion & the New South

Reconciliation of North & South was costly to the less fortunate African Americans lost what little progress

they had made Lower-class whites saw their interests

sacrificed to those of capitalists & landlords Big business interests favored over small

farmer

p.471

Tilden clearly won the popular vote, but the returns from SC, FL, & Tilden clearly won the popular vote, but the returns from SC, FL, & LA were disputed. Cong appointed a special commission to resolve LA were disputed. Cong appointed a special commission to resolve

the issue. The Commission split along party lines & awarded the the issue. The Commission split along party lines & awarded the disputed votes to Hayes, but the decision still had to be ratified by disputed votes to Hayes, but the decision still had to be ratified by

both houses of Congboth houses of Congp.471-472

RB Hayes, gov of Ohio,

untainted by the Grant era

scandals

SJ Tilden, reform gov of NY who had successfully

battled corruption

The Compromise of 1877

To ensure the ratification of Hayes election, the Republicans made a more of less secret deal. They… …guaranteed federal aid to the South …agreed to removal of all remaining fed troops

Hayes’ agreement ends Reconstruction and southern blacks were abandoned to their fate

p.471-472

“Redeeming” a New South

Those who came to power after the collapse of Reconstruction are often referred to as “Redeemers” Some were members of the old ruling class, others

were middle-class people who favored manufacturing & industrial interests over agrarian interests.

A third group were professional politicians looking to go along with the “prevailing winds”

These “power brokers” generally agreed on two things: laissez-faire & white supremacy

p.472-473

The Rise of Jim Crow Redeemer Democrats systematically

exclude black voters Jim Crow laws legalize segregation and

restrict black civil rights Had to pass a test to vote Pay a poll tax to vote Couldn’t vote if your father wasn’t eligible to vote

By 1910 the process was complete The North and the federal govt did little or

nothing to prevent itp.473-476

The Rise of Jim CrowThe Rise of Jim Crow Lynching ~ 187 blacks lynched yearly 1889–

1899

A series of Supreme Court decisions between 1878–1898 gutted the Reconstruction amendments, leaving blacks virtually defenseless

Lynching ~ 187 blacks lynched yearly 1889–1899

A series of Supreme Court decisions between 1878–1898 gutted the Reconstruction amendments, leaving blacks virtually defenseless

Henry McNeal Turner & the “Unfinished Revolution”

Henry McNeal Turner & the “Unfinished Revolution”

Henry McNeal Turner’s career summarized the Southern black experience during and after Reconstruction

He supported the Union during the war and was elected to GA legislature in Reconstruction

“Redeemed” GA legislature expels him, exemplifying Northerners unspoken approval of oppression of Southern blacks

Turner becomes Af Meth Episcopal bishop & a major proponent of black emigration to Africa

Henry McNeal Turner’s career summarized the Southern black experience during and after Reconstruction

He supported the Union during the war and was elected to GA legislature in Reconstruction

“Redeemed” GA legislature expels him, exemplifying Northerners unspoken approval of oppression of Southern blacks

Turner becomes Af Meth Episcopal bishop & a major proponent of black emigration to Africa

p.477-478

Chapter 16


Chapter 16


u.s. history since 1877

Documents

us history

black suffrage congress

black codesrepublicans

black suffragep

black suffragethey

black codesvagrancy

syllabus reviewforgot

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