u.s. history spring semester
DESCRIPTION
U.S. History Spring Semester. FINAL EXAM. Key Terms. Neutrality : decision not to take sides in a war Faction : party or group that is split because of differences National Debt : total amount of money that a government owes. Key Terms. Suffrage : right to vote - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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U.S. HistorySpring Semester
FINAL EXAM
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Key Terms
• Neutrality: decision not to take sides in a war
• Faction: party or group that is split because of differences
• National Debt: total amount of money that a government owes
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Key Terms
• Suffrage: right to vote• Frigate: ship that sails fast and has
many guns
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Key Terms• Spoils System: practice
of rewarding supporters with government jobs
• “To the victor belong the spoils.” Means that a new President can reward his supporters with jobs
• “Spoils” are earned benefits
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Key Terms• Kitchen cabinet:
group of unofficial presidential advisers
• Cabinet: group of department leaders who serve the President
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Key Terms• Nullification: act of canceling a law• Majority: number equal to more than 1/2• Caucus: private meeting during which
powerful party members pick candidates
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Key Terms• Nominating
Convention: meeting of delegates from all states to choose a party’s candidates
• Mudslinging: use of insults to attack an opponent’s reputation
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Political Rallies
New politics in the 1840s led to both parties competing for votes by holding rallies
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Key Terms• Depression:
period of declining business profits and lost jobs
• National Debt: total amount of money that a government owes
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Key Terms• Amnesty Act: restored
the vote to most white southerners. Amnesty: government pardon
• Poll Tax: fee paid to vote
• Right to Strike: victory won by organized factory workers
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Key Terms• Siege: attack in
which enemy forces surround and try to capture a city or fort
• Refuge: place where one is safe from persecution
• Rendezvous: place where people meet
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Key People
• Nativist: group that wanted laws to limit immigration
• Artisan: skilled worker
• Trade Union: organization of workers
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Key Terms and People
• Freedman: former slave
• Black Code: law severely limiting rights of freedmen
• Segregation: legal separation of races
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Key Terms and People• Carpetbagger: term
for northerner who went to the South after the Civil War
• Scalawag: term for a white southern Republican
• Sharecropper: person who rented and farmed a piece of land
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Lewis and Clark
Their expedition mapped the Louisiana Purchase and increased knowledge about plant and animal life in the West
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John Adams
President John Adams was a Federalist, elected in 1796 by Pro-British voters in the North
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Thomas Jefferson
• He cut the federal budget to reduce the size and power of government.
• He also believed the violence of the French Revolution was justified.
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Andrew Jackson
He accused Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams of making a “corrupt bargain” when Clay persuaded House members to vote for Adams.
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John Quincy Adams
The supporters of John Quincy Adams were the Whigs.
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American System Fails
Henry Clay’s American System failed because Congress would not fund new roads, bridges and canals.
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Andrew Jackson
A new political party, the Democrats, attracted Andrew Jackson supporters.
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Andrew Jackson
President Jackson believed the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional because he thought that states should charter banks.
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Oregon Territory
The U.S. and Britain settled their dispute over Oregon by agreeing to divide the land.
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Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was a protest against taxes called by backcountry farmers.
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Whiskey Rebellion
Whiskey Rebellion resulted in people realizing that the new government would not tolerate violent protests.
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Judicial Review
• Judicial Review: The Supreme Court rules that a new law violates the Constitution.
• Marbury v. Madison: established judicial review
• Judiciary Act: called for 1 chief Justice and 5 Associate Justices on the Supreme Court
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Latin America
• Spanish colonies had to win independence through revolution.
• Creole: someone born in Latin America to Spanish parents
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Monroe Doctrine
President Monroe announced the Monroe Doctrine to protect Latin American republics from European attack.
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Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution depended on the development of the factory system
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Industrial Revolution: Key Terms
• Capitalist: invests to make a profit
• Lowell girl: worked in mills; returned home to marry
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Canal System
Steamboats allowed farmers to ship goods more quickly and cheaply.
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Canal System
Canal investors worried that the railroad competition would cause them to lose money.
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American Painters
Before 1800, the central influence on American painters was the European painting tradition.
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War of 1812
• War Hawk: Member of Congress in favor of going to war
• Henry Clay agreed with Grundy that war would have its advantages.
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War of 1812: Key Terms
• Nonintercourse Act: allowed trade with all EXCEPT Britain and France
• Pinckney Treaty: Allowed shipment of goods on the Mississippi
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War of 1812 Key Terms• Neutrality
Proclamation: declared that the U.S. would not support either side in the war in Europe
• Jay’s Treaty: called for Britain to pay damages for seized American ships
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Naval Escort Protects Trade
Barbary pirates were hurt by a law requiring Yankee traders to be escorted through the Mediterranean Sea by Navy ships.
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War of 1812 Battles
• Battle of Tippecanoe: celebrated as a major victory for settlers
• Battle of Lake Erie: resulted in victory despite poor preparation
• Battle of New Orleans: fought after the War of 1812 ended
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War of 1812: Key Terms
• Treaty of Greenville: allowed Americans’ land claims in part of present-day Ohio
• Treaty of Ghent: Allowed restoration of pre-War of 1812 conditions
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TEXAS
Texans defeated Santa Anna and won independence at San Jacinto.
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TEXAS
Texas was admitted to the Union when Congress passed a joint resolution accepting the annexation treaty.
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Popular Sovereignty
EX: In 1849, California voters approved a state constitution banning slavery
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Conflict Between States
Southern states were dependent on the North because southern planters borrowed money from northern banks to buy farm tools.
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Conflict Between States
• Fugitive: runaway person
• Martyr: sacrifices life for beliefs
• Border Ruffian: proslavery person who battled antislavery forces
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Conflict Between States
When Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860, several southern states seceded in protest.
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Civil War
The Civil War began when Confederate troops attacked Fort Sumter, South Carolina.
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Civil War
• Both the North and the South experienced inflation during the war
• Both had their economy disrupted
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Civil War
African Americans contributed to the war effort on the Union side. They fought in major battles.
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Civil War
• Combat was deadly, but infection and disease were greater threats.
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Civil War Battles• Except for Gettysburg,
most of the fighting was in the South
• Battle of Shiloh: bloodiest battle of war
• Battle of Fredericksburg: worst Union defeat
• Battle of Chancellorsville: Gen. Jackson’s last battle
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Women in the Civil War
• Civil War nurses helped change employment for women by opening up new employment opportunities for them.
• Sally Tompkins served as a Confederate nurse
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Abraham Lincoln
• U.S. President during the Civil War
• Was forgiving in his goals for a peaceful reconciliation of the country
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Reconstruction
During Reconstruction, corruption among state officials angered white southerners.
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Reconstruction• States limited the rights
of free African Americans; they were not permitted to go to school
• Southern Conservatives resisted Reconstruction by resorting to violence against African Americans.
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Reform
Temperance groups viewed alcohol abuse as the most serious social problem of the 1800s.
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Reform
Temperance movement led to eight states passing “Maine Laws.”
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Reform
Thomas Galludet led reform for people with disabilities
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Good Luck on Your Final!