u.s. involvement in world war i
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U.S. Involvement in World War I. Through Images. Underlying causes of the War. Nationalism Imperialism Militarism International Anarchy System of Alliances. Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand. Wilson declares U.S. neutrality. Wilson and the War. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
U.S. Involvement in World War I
Through
Images
Going! Going! ——? The Barbarian Finds His "Place in the Sun" Too Hot for Him. From The Tatler, London
Underlying causes of the War
Nationalism Imperialism Militarism International Anarchy System of Alliances
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Wilson declares U.S. neutrality
Wilson and the War
Sympathy for France –goes back to Revolutionary War
England common language customs, democratic heritage-cut the transatlantic cable to Germany
Germany-unrestricted submarine warfare
Lusitania sunk by Germans—1915—1200 died –123 Americans—Lusitania Notes—Bryan resigns—Arabic Pledge—Sussex Pledge
Pressure for War
House sent to Europe to propose peace conference—both Germany and England reject idea
In June of 1916 Wilson asks Congress to pass 1. The National Defense Act –increased size of army and provided for military training in high schools and colleges
More Measure
Naval Appropriation Bill –new warships United States Shipping Board Act—
50,000 to buy or build merchant shils Created Council of National Defense—
to mobilize industry if war should start
Election of 1916
Democrats nominated Wilson—tariff an keeping peace
Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes who had been the New York Supreme Court Justice
Progressives tried to get TR to run Electoral Vote 277 to 254
Final Effort for Peace
In December of 1916, Wilson asked both sides to state term and then announced that both sides were making impossible demands
Instead Wilson gives a list of his terms to Congress-1. Peace without victory 2.right of self determination-2. Military and naval limits 4. Freedom of the seas 5. No secret alliance and 6. A league to enforce peace.
THE KAISER: "So, you see--you've lost everything."THE KING OF THE BELGIANS: "Not my soul."
Unfriendly Acts by Germany Germany invaded Belgium-against neutrality Attempted to sabotage American industries—
Black Tom blew up-started strikes Zimmerman Letter-plot to bring Mexico into
the war All these acts cause an anti German feeling
in United States Germany decides to starve out Great Britain
1.Arabic Pledge-protect lives of non-combatants2.Sussex Pledge-March 1916-would not sink merchant ships unless crew safe3.Wilson wins 1916 presidential election4.Wilson calls for “peace without victory5.Germany resumes unlimited submarines6.Zimmermann note discovered-Germany’s plan to urge Mexico to Attack U. S.
Czar Nicholas is deposed
Zimmerman Note
Germany resumes submarine warfare
Wilson asks for a declaration of war.
Lansing replaces Bryan as Sec of State
U.S. PREPARES FOR WARFood Administration-Herbert HooverCreel Committee—George Creelor Committee on Public InformationSelective Service Act-3 million drafted
The Committee of Public The Committee of Public Information (George Information (George Creel)Creel)
The Committee of Public The Committee of Public Information (George Information (George Creel)Creel)
America’s “Propaganda
Minister?”
Anti-Germanism.
Selling American Culture.
U.S. Prepares for War
Increasing Presidential Power
Congress gives the president broad emergency power
War Industries Board was headed by Bernard Baruch—organized industries
Fuel Administration directed by Harry A Garfield- daylight savings time
U. S. Food U. S. Food AdministrationAdministrationU. S. Food U. S. Food AdministrationAdministration
U. S. Food U. S. Food AdministrationAdministrationU. S. Food U. S. Food AdministrationAdministration
Financing the war with sale of bonds- 23 billion- raised taxes-10 billion
Punishing Espionage and Sedition Espionage Act of 1917-to stop spying,
sabotage and obstructing the war effort Sedition Act 1918-forbade the use of
"disloyal, profane, , or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces
Schenck v U.S. (1919) criticized conscription—circulated flyers—Justice Holmes set out the “clear and present danger” standard
Abrams v United States—20 years sentence for distributing pamphlets against war
Debs sent to jail for ten years-Big Bill Haywood
Big Bill Haywood and Espionage April 1918, Haywood and 100 of the arrested
IWW members began their trial, presided over by Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis. The trial lasted five months, the longest criminal trial up to that time; Haywood himself testified for three days. All 101 defendants were found guilty, and Haywood (along with fourteen others) was sentenced to twenty years in prison.
Despite the efforts of his supporters, Haywood was unable to overturn the conviction. In 1921, Haywood skipped bail while out on appeal and fled to Russia. (wikipea)
Wilson’s 14 Points
America at War-American troops2 million soldiers turn tide of war in 1918
In the trenches: Infantry with gas masks, Ypres, 1917
AEF
Trench warfare deadly for Allies
Airplanes brought added firepower to the devastating "Great War"
War At Home-Red CrossWomen play Major role
Munitions WorkMunitions WorkMunitions WorkMunitions Work
The Girls They Left The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!Behind Do Their Bit!The Girls They Left The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!Behind Do Their Bit!
Even Grandma Buys Even Grandma Buys Liberty Liberty BondsBonds
Even Grandma Buys Even Grandma Buys Liberty Liberty BondsBonds
Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans in African-Americans in WW1WW1
Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans in African-Americans in WW1WW1
“Great Migration.” 1916 – 1919
70,000
War industries work.
Enlistment in segregated
units.
For “Colored” Men in For “Colored” Men in ServiceServiceFor “Colored” Men in For “Colored” Men in ServiceService
African-Americans on a African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for Troop Ship Headed for FranceFrance
African-Americans on a African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for Troop Ship Headed for FranceFrance
Sec. Of Navy -Daniel Josephususe the convoy system to get men and goods over to Europe
Newton D. Baker-Sec of Wardrew up plans for compulsory military conscription of up to four million men
Mothers of soldiers from McLennan send love and hope to their sons in France in 1918
Battle of Chateau-ThierryFrench and American troops block German advance-Second Battle of the Marne under Foch is next-poet Joyce Kilmer died at this battle
I think that I shall never see A poem lovely as a tree.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest Against the sweet earth's flowing breast;
A tree that looks at God all day, And lifts her leafy arms to pray;
A tree that may in summer wear A nest of robins in her hair;
Upon whose bosom snow has lain; Who intimately lives with rain.
Poems are made by fools like me, But only God can make a tree.
Joyce Kilmer
Argonnes ForestSeptember 26,1918
Combined offensive of French and American troops—Germans will ask for Armistice
Battle of St. Mihiel
was the first major American offensive led by Gen. John J. Pershing
Colored band Unit in FranceGreat Migration in the United States
Ruins of War--Verdun
Chow Line
Hemingway
Aerial Bombing
Casualties of War
Army Hospital in France
Hospital Room
Aftermath of War
Lenin and Trotsky
The agreement signed in March exacted even greater demands on Russia than those proposed earlier. Soviet territorial losses included the following areas to be controlled by Germany and Austria-Hungary: Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Kurland, Livonia and Bessarabia. Russia recognized the independence of Georgia, Ukraine and Finland. The Armenian districts of Ardahan, Kars and Batumi were ceded to the Ottoman Empire. Five months later, Russia agreed to pay hefty reparations for its part in opposing the Central Powers.
The Russians lost more than 300,000 square miles.
Treaty of Versailles David Lloyd George-expand empire maintain
superiority George Clemenceau-safe from future invasion Vitoria Orlando—enlarge territory Wilson- a better World
Before
After
More Treaty
Germany surrendered-Alsace Lorraine and Saar Valley—minor border region to Denmark and Belgium
Colonial Losses Disarmament War Guilt and Reparations
Results
Social-10 million soldiers killed—legacy of hatred and extreme nationalism
Economic-total cost over 350 billion-will help bring on the Great Depression
Political-three major dynasties disappear—new nations—three nations turned to dictatorships
League of Nations established U.S. will emerge as a leading world power
League of NationsOpposing Views
Isolation was the predominant sentiment after WWI
International Cooperation
Many prominent Americans including Taft-Lodge supported a type of international league
It will become a problem of politics
The League of Nations
Part of the Treaty of Versailles Purpose-to provide a world organization
and eliminate international anarchy To prevent war To solve economic and social problems
through international cooperation To settle disputes—League could
advise but not enforce
Treaty and League
Senate Defeats the Treaty Republican Opposition-Wilson did not
take major Republicans with him
I have always loved one flag and
I cannot share that devotion [with]
a mongrel banner created for a League
Quote from Henry Cabot Lodge
Arguments against the Treaty
Irreconsibles led by Robert Lafollette and Hiram Johnson—extreme isolations—do not want the treaty under any circumstances
Lodge and his supporters argued that
a. league could involve U.S. in a war
b. League could interfere in domestic matters such as tariffs
c. League would involve U.S. in world problems
More Treaty
Lodge started a Round Robin resolution to add amendments—37 Republicans signed it
Wilson denounced Lodge an decided to go to the people
In Colorado, Wilson suffered a physical collapse—hope for treaty dies here
Wilson trip to save the Treaty
Who defeated the League?
Lodge by his insistence on reservations Wilson because he refused to
compromise American people-didn’t make
themselves heard except by election of 1920
Nov. 2 - Warren Harding elected in a "great and solemn referendum."