us1 mr. lipman chapter four the revolutionary war
TRANSCRIPT
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US1 MR. LIPMAN
CHAPTER FOURTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR
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The Tax Uproar
• 1764 - the Sugar Act– Passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue from
colonies– Increased duty on imported molasses from West
Indies – Duties lowered after bitter colonial protests
• 1765 – Quartering Act– Required some colonies to provide food and living
quarters for British troops
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• 1765 – Stamp Act– Stamps certify payment of the tax {direct tax}
– Required on bills of sale and on certain commercial and legal documents
• British saw tax as reasonable - Americans to pay fair share of their own defence, through taxes already familiar to British – British citizens had paid a higher stamp tax for 2
generations
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Tax Stamps
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• Violent colonial protests against the Stamp Act
– Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty groups were formed to protest
– Mobs ransacked houses of British officials and hanged effigies of stamp agents
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Tar and Feathers and the Threat of Hanging Used During a Stamp Act Protest
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Paying the
Excise (Tax) Man
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• 1765 – Stamp agents forced to resign – No one to sell the stamps meant the Stamp Act
had been nullified by colonists
• English were hard-hit by boycotts
– PARLIMENT REPEALS STAMP TAX ACT IN 1766 but also passed the Declaratory Act at the same time
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• 1767 – Townshend Acts passed
– Named after Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer
– Import duties on glass, white lead, paper, paint, tea
– Colonists had objected to Stamp Act because it was an internal (direct) tax
– Townshend duties were external (indirect) taxes (paid by the shippers of the goods, not by the consumers)
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March 5, 1770 the Boston Massacre took place
– Towns people threw snowballs at redcoats • Angry over killing of 11-year-old boy 10 days
earlier during a protest
• Also angry that part time work being done by British soldiers costing colonists their chance for additional income
– Troops fired and killed 5 and wounded 6 • Crispus Attucks was first to die
– At trial, only 2 were found guilty of manslaughter; they were branded on the hand and released
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• 1773 – British East India Company facing bankruptcy
– If it failed, Britain would lose tax revenue
– Britain gives company a monopoly to sell tea in America meaning cheaper tea for America
(even with the tax)
– Americans believed government trying to tax them by tricking them and “tea parties” are organized with largest one in Boston
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Boston Tea Party: 1773
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• 1774 – Parliament passed laws to punish Boston for the tea party
– Known as the Coercive Acts in Britain, but labelled the Intolerable Acts in America
– Closed Boston Harbor until tea was paid for
– British officials who killed colonist in line of duty would be tried in Britain, not America, and this angers the colonists
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Boston After the Coercive
Acts
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• Fall 1774 – First Continental Congress called as a response to the Intolerable Acts
– Meet in Philadelphia
– 12 of 13 colonies go to the meeting (Georgia absent)
– John Adams and Patrick Henry, among others, begin to argue that independence might be the only recourse
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Lexington and Concord, April 1775
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• July 1775 – Olive Branch Petition sent by 2nd Continental Congress
– Symbol of peace
– Americans professed loyalty to crown and asked for an end of fighting
– After Bunker Hill, the London government refused to consider peace
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• January 1776 – Common Sense is published– Written by Thomas Paine, who had just come
from England 1 year earlier
– Widely circulated
– Called separation “common sense”
– “Nowhere in the heavens did a smaller body (like Britain) control a larger body (like America)”
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• Jefferson writes Declaration as part of committee of 5
• Abigail Adams wants women’s rights included but they are not
• Argument for freedom of slaves is dropped
• Formally adopted on July 4th, 1776
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• Loyalists (“Tories”) – People in America loyal to the crown
• Patriots (“Whigs”)– People who fought for the revolution
Revolution only supported by a minority of the population; many colonists stayed neutral
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Campaigns for New York and New Jersey
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• Fall of 1777, the British lose at Saratoga
- Burgoyne surrenders to American General Horatio Gates after being bogged down in the mud
• The importance of Saratoga, N.Y.– Known as the turning point of the war – France enters the war on the side of the
Americans - now believes America could win (before were hedging their bets)
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• June 1778 – Monmouth (New Jersey) – Washington attacked British troops retreating
from Philadelphia back to New York
– Extreme heat led to many soldiers collapsing
– Battle was indecisive, but Molly Pitcher becomes famous
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Value of Continental Currency Drops 1777 – 1781 Due to Inflation
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• Treaty of Paris of 1783 ( What US Gets)
– Britain recognized the independence of the US
– Generous boundaries were granted to the US • Mississippi to west; Great Lakes to north • To Spanish Florida (recently captured from British
by Spain) to south
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America After the Treaty of Paris
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