usa space debris environment and operational updates ...reentry of the jules verne atv • nasa and...

USA Space Debris Environment and Operational Updates

Presentation to the 46th Session of theScientific and Technical Subcommittee

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer SpaceUnited Nations

9-20 February 2009

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

2


Presentation Outline

• Evolution of Low Earth Orbit Satellite Population since 1994

• Satellite Launches and Reentries in 2008

• Collision Avoidance

• Retirement of USA LEO and GEO Spacecraft in 2008

• Satellite Fragmentations in 2008

• Recent Space Shuttle and ISS Space Debris Impacts

• New Meter-Class Autonomous Telescope (MCAT)

• Recent Satellite Collision

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Growth of Satellites in Low Earth Orbit

• Since UN COPUOS STSC first included the topic of space debris on its agenda in 1994, the population and concentration of satellites in LEO has markedly increased.

0.E+ 00

1.E-08

2.E-08

3.E-08

4.E-08

5.E-08

200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200 1 400 1 600 18 00 20 00

A ltitu de (km )

19 94

19 99

20 04

20 09

Spa

tial D

ensi

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(obj

ects

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km

3)

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Historical Growth of the Large Earth-Satellite Population

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10000

11000

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1400019

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Total

Fragmentation Debris

Spacecraft Rocket Bodies

Mission-related Debris

Num

ber

of C

atal

oged

Obj

ects

1994

5


50

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70

80

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198 4 1 986 19 88 199 0 1 992 19 94 199 6 1 998 20 00 200 2 2 004 20 06 200 8

International Annual Launch Rate

Satellite Launch Traffic in 2008

• The number of world-wide space launches in 2008 to reach Earth orbit or beyond was 67:

– Russian Federation 27– USA 14– China 11– France 6– India 3– Japan 1– SeaLaunch 5

• Cataloged Objects in Earth Orbit (from USA Space Surveillance Network):Total USA

1 January 2008 12456 4200

1 January 2009 12743 4259

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NASA Space Missions of 2008

• Seven NASA space missions were undertaken in 2008.

• All spacecraft, rocket bodies, and mission-related debris residing in or passing through LEO have already reentered or will reenter within 25 years.

Mission Launch Date Destination Other Objects Left in Earth Orbit

STS-122 07 February LEO (ISS) No objects left in Earth orbit

STS-123 11 March LEO (ISS) No objects left in Earth orbit

STS-124 31 May LEO (ISS) No objects left in Earth orbit

GLAST 11 June LEO One rocket body

JASON 2 (with France) 20 June LEO Rocket body left in disposal orbit above LEO

IBEX 19 October Highly Elliptical Earth Orbit Two rocket bodies and one debris

STS-126 15 November LEO (ISS) One picosat deployed

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Reentry of Satellites in 2008

• Due to two significant low altitude satellite breakups, the number of known space object reentries was much higher in 2008, compared with recent years.

– However, total reentering mass was similar to that of 2006 and 2007.

• A total of 743 spacecraft, launch vehicle orbital stages, and other cataloged debris reentered during the year.

• The total number of uncontrolled reentries was 730, including 6 payloads and 34 launch vehicle orbital stages with a total mass of about 80 metric tons.

No instances of injuries or property damage were reported.

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Reentry of the Jules Verne ATV

• NASA and ESA conducted a joint observation campaign of the reentry of the Jules Verne ATV on 29 September 2008.

– Two aircraft collected a wide variety of data from vantage points over the Pacific Ocean near the reentry path of the Jules Verne.

Jules Verne undocking on 5 September 2008

Reentry over Pacific Ocean

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Jules Verne ATV Reentry Video

• Intensified optical imaging by NASA Johnson Space Center

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Orbital Debris Collision Avoidance

• Since 2007 NASA has required all of its maneuverable spacecraft in LEO or GEO to conduct satellite conjunction assessments on a routine basis to avoid accidental collisions with resident space objects.

• Using ESA’s ATV-1 spacecraft, ISS conducted the eighth collision avoidance maneuver during its 10 years of operations.

Spacecraft Maneuver Date Object Avoided

Aura 26-Jun-2008 TRIAD 1 debris

Cloudsat 20-Jul-2008 Delta rocket body debris

ISS 27-Aug-2008 Cosmos 2421 debris

TDRS 5 1-Oct-2008 Cosmos 1888

PARASOL (France) 19-Oct-2008 Fengyun-1C debris

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Disposal of GEOSAT Follow-On (GFO)

• The GEOSAT Follow-On (GFO) spacecraft was launched in 1998 on an eight-year mission to provide precision ocean surface topography.

• Operational orbit: 785 km circular orbit with 108 degree inclination.

• Following a highly successful mission, GFO was decommissioned and passivated in 2008.

• Although designed before LEOdisposal recommendations wereestablished, GFO was maneuveredto a lower orbit to ensure reentry within 25 years.

– 8 burns totaling 65 minutes– Final orbit: 455 km by 785 km– Estimated orbital lifetime:

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Disposal of USA GEO Satellites in 2008

• Five USA civil GEO spacecraft completed operations in 2008.

MARISAT 2, TELSTAR 11 and PAS 6B meet USA, IADC, and United Nations recommendations for GEO disposal and will not come within the

GEO protected region during the next 200 years.

Spacecraft International Designator Minimum Height above GEO Maximum Height above GEO

MARISAT 2 1976-101A 330 1205

TELSTAR 11 1994-079A 380 580

ECHOSTAR 2 1996-055A N/A 1 N/A

PAS 6B 1998-075A 245 390

GALAXY 10R 2000-002A 165 2 190

1 A catastrophic spacecraft failure prevented a disposal maneuver

2 The spacecraft suffered primary and secondary propulsion system failures prior to 2005

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Satellite Fragmentations in 2008

• USA 193: This uncontrolled spacecraft was destroyed on 21 February shortly before reentry to prevent hazardous materials from reaching the surface of the Earth. No debris remain in orbit from this event.

• Kosmos 2421: This spacecraft, at an altitude of approximately 400 km, experienced at least three major fragmentation events during March-June, producing more than 500 large debris. The majority of the debris have already reentered the atmosphere.

– The debris posed several close approaches to the International Space Station, resulting in one collision avoidance maneuver on 27 August.

• Kosmos 1818: This 21-year-old, decommissioned spacecraft with a nuclear power supply released dozens of small debris in early July at an altitude near 800 km. Preliminary radar observations indicate that some of the debris might be sodium-potassium coolant from the NPS.

– The debris will likely be long-lived.

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Recent Debris Impacts on ISS

• During the STS-122 mission to ISS in February 2008, a crew member discovered a small impact crater (~2 mm diameter) on the US airlock hand rail. This ragged feature might have been the source for cuts found on some EVA suit gloves.

• During the STS-123 mission to ISS inMarch 2008, a larger 5 mm diameter impact crater was observed on an EVA tool which had been externally stored.

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Recent Debris Impact on the Space Shuttle

• During the STS-126 to ISS in November 2008, a small space debris particle impacted one of the pilot’s windows, creating a 1-cm diameter crater . An investigation of the damage site revealed that the impacting particle was a micrometeoroid.

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New Orbital Debris Telescope in Development

• The Meter-Class Autonomous Telescope (MCAT) is intended to supplement current knowledge of the orbital debris environment in under-sampled orbital regimes: low inclinations from LEO to GEO

• The 1.3 m aperture f/4 system will be equipped with a 4K x 4K CCD camera

– Capable of detecting 10 cm target at GEO with 5 second exposure (0.1 albedo)

– Wide field-of-view (0.96º) for debris searches

– Economical autonomous operation (no dedicated operator)

• Deployment will be on Legan Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, in September 2010

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Collision of Iridium 22 and Cosmos 2251

• The first accidental hypervelocity collision of two intact satellites occurred on 10 February 2009 at an altitude of 790 km.

• Iridium 33 (1997-51C), an operational U.S. communications satellite, collided with Cosmos 2251 (1993-36A), a non-functional Russian communications satellite. The Iridium satellite ceased functioning at the time of the collision.

• The U.S. Space Surveillance Network is tracking hundreds of new debris in the orbital planes of the two spacecraft.

Iridium33

Cosmos 2251

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Simulation of Debris Clouds

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Known Accidental Hypervelocity Collisions

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1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Alti

tude

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Cosmos 1934 and mission-related debris

Cerise and fragmentation debris

U.S. Rocket Body and fragmentation debris

Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251

USA Space Debris Environment and Operational UpdatesPresentation OutlineGrowth of Satellites in Low Earth OrbitHistorical Growth of the Large �Earth-Satellite PopulationSatellite Launch Traffic in 2008NASA Space Missions of 2008Reentry of Satellites in 2008Reentry of the Jules Verne ATVJules Verne ATV Reentry VideoOrbital Debris Collision AvoidanceDisposal of GEOSAT Follow-On (GFO)Disposal of USA GEO Satellites in 2008Satellite Fragmentations in 2008Recent Debris Impacts on ISSRecent Debris Impact on the Space ShuttleNew Orbital Debris Telescope in DevelopmentCollision of Iridium 22 and Cosmos 2251Simulation of Debris CloudsKnown Accidental Hypervelocity Collisions

usa space debris environment and operational updates ...reentry of the jules verne atv • nasa and...

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