use of a battery of bioassays to classify hazardous wastes and evaluate their impact int the aquatic...

Use of a battery of bioassays to classify hazardous wastes and evaluate their impact int the

aquatic environment

Benoit Ferrari1 and Jean–François Ferard2

1 Institut F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Switzerland 2 ESE, CNRS FRE 2635, University of Metz, France

UNIVERSITE DE METZ

curriculum in natural environmental science, 2005

http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/icons/solid_waste.gif

Topics

• Hazardous waste legislation – Where are we now in Europe?• Waste hazardous criteria – Summary• Focus on the H14 criterion “Ecotoxic” – The French proposal• Implementation of the methodology – Case study of two solid

wastes– Ecotoxicological testing approach– Data interpretation– Waste classification

• Interest of the H14 criterion assessment – Case study of two waste deposits– Ecotoxicological approach– Ecological approach



Hazardous waste regulatory aspects

Framework Directive on Waste

(Council Directive 91/156/EEC)

Framework Directive on Waste


•Definition of waste

•Management of waste

•Definition of waste

•Management of waste

Hazardous Waste Directive


Hazardous Waste Directive


Waste displaying one or more of 14 defined hazardous properties

(H1 to H14) listed in Annex III

Waste displaying one or more of 14 defined hazardous properties

(H1 to H14) listed in Annex III

Waste containing any constituents listed in Annex II (C1 to C51) and having

one or more hazardous properties

Waste containing any constituents listed in Annex II (C1 to C51) and having

one or more hazardous properties

(e.g. C25 = asbestos)

European Waste Catalogue EWC including the Hazardous Waste List HWL

(Decision 2000/532/EC)



The 14 defined hazardous properties

H1 Explosive

H2 Oxidizing

H3A Highly flammable

H3B Flammable

H4 Irritant

H5 Harmful

H6 Toxic

H7 Carcinogenic

H8 Corrosive

H9 Infectious

H10 Teratogenic/toxic for reproduction

H11 Mutagenic

H12Substances and preparations which release toxic or very toxic

gases in contact with water, air or an acid

H13Substances and preparations capable by means, after disposal,

of yielding another substance, e.g. leachate, which possesses any of the characteristics listed above

H14 Ecotoxic

H1 to H3 = physical hazard

H4 to H12 = hazard for human health

H13 = hazard following elimination of waste

H14 = environmental hazard

H1 to H3 = physical hazard

H4 to H12 = hazard for human health

H13 = hazard following elimination of waste

H14 = environmental hazard



Assessment of the H14 criterion “Ecotoxic”

The French proposal

(French Ministry of Environment, 1998)

The French proposal

(French Ministry of Environment, 1998)

•C = Concentration

•EC = Effective Concentration

NON–ECOTOXIC

WASTE

HAZARDOUS WASTE

OR

NO

NO

YES

YES

WASTE

Chemical characterization of :

Raw waste

Leachate

Ecotoxicological characterization of:

C > Limit

Values?

Raw wasteLeachate

EC < Limit Values?



Example of two solid wastes

Municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (BA)

EWC/HWL code 19 01 01

Granular (> 4 mm)

Slag from a second smelting of lead (2SL)

EWC/HWL code 10 04 01

Granular (< 4 mm)

Crushing procedure – particle size lower than 4 mm

Evaluation of moisture content (drying at 1055°C until constant weight)

and

Sub–sampling of BA and 2SL for ecotoxicity tests on solid–phase and on eluates



Batch leaching procedure: Eluates

Roller rotating device

European standard EN 12457–2 (2002)

Waste (particle size < 4mm)

Deionized Water

Liquid/Solid ratio =10 (on dry weight basis)

100rpm – 24 hours

Settling (15 min)

Centrifugation (10 min – 3500 rpm)

Eluates tested immediately without

filtration and pH adjustment



Indirect ecotoxicity testing: Eluates

Procedure for testing BA or 2SL eluates

Measurement of light output inhibition of the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri (Microtox™) after 30 min (AFNOR T90–320, 1999) = MTX

Measurement endpoint = EC50

Measurement of mobility inhibition of the cladoceran Daphnia magna after 2 d (AFNOR T90–301, 1996) = Dm


Measurement of growth inhibition of the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata after 72 h (AFNOR T90–375, 1998) = Ps

Measurement endpoint = EC20 + EC50

Measurement of reproduction inhibition of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia after 7 d (EPA 600/4_91/002, 1994) = Cd

Measurement endpoint = EC20 + EC50

Acute tests

Chronic test



Direct ecotoxicity testing: Solid–phase

Procedure for testing BA or 2SL

Measurement of growth inhibition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) after 14 d (OECD 208, 1984) = Ls ger (germination), Ls fb (fresh biomass), Ls db (dry biomass)


Acute test



0.01

0.1

1

10

100

% E

luat

e

MTX Dm Ps Cd

EC50 EC20

Experimental data: Toxicity of BA (1)

EC50 limit value

(Acute test)

EC20 limit value

(Chronic test)

INDIRECT

Most sensitive test



Experimental data: Toxicity of BA (2)

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

% d

ry w

aste

eq

uiv

alen

t

Ls ger Ls fb Ls db

EC50

EC50 limit value

DIRECT



Experimental data: Toxicity of 2SL (1)

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

% E

luat

e

MTX Dm Ps Cd

EC50 EC20

EC50 limit value

(Acute test)

EC20 limit value

(Chronic test)

INDIRECT

Most sensitive test


Experimental data: Toxicity of 2SL (2)

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

% d

ry w

aste

eq

uiv

alen

t

Ls ger Ls fb Ls db

EC50

EC50 limit value

DIRECT


Classification according to H14

BA

2SL

At least 1 bioassay shows a toxicity value inferior to the

fixed limit

3 of the 5 bioassays show toxicity values inferior to

the fixed limits

HAZARDOUS

HAZARDOUS


Interest of H14 criterion

• To select the most suitable way for managing waste in the environment

• To warn about the ecotoxicological potential hazard of waste leachates for the aquatic ecosystem

• To ensure that unacceptable adverse effects would not arise from storage, treatment, re–use or disposal of waste

Prerequisite step…


Field monitoring: Waste deposits

• 3 fractions: – P0.5, P1, P2 for BA = cumulated quantities of percolates according to L/S

rations of 0.5, 1, 2– P2.5, P5, P7.5 for 2SL = cumulated quantities of percolates according to L/S

rations of 2.5, 5, 7.5

• Tested using bioassays: MTX, Dm, Ps and Cd

• And supplying outdoor artificial streams (5 m, 440 L, 3 concentrations + control) colonized by aquatic invertebrate communities after having percolated through permeable subsoil

BA 2SLAdapted from Perrodin et al. (2002)


Field data: Waste deposits (1)

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

EC

50 (

% o

f p

erco

late

)

MTX Dm Ps Cd

P0.5 P1 P2

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

EC

50 (

% o

f p

erco

late

)

MTX Dm Ps Cd

P2.5 P5 P7.5

BA 2SL

Existence of a residual ecotoxicity in the last fraction



BA 2SL

Significant effects on abundance, richness and emergence of the aquatic invertebrates

Percolates 10–fold diluted by water before supplying

the artificial river

Percolates 100–fold diluted by water before supplying

the artificial river

Perrodin et al. (2002)



BA 2SL

Long–term ecotoxic potential hazard of leachates for the aquatic ecosystem if no storage management

Ecotoxicological approach + Ecological approach


References• AFNOR 1996 Water quality – Determination of the inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna Straus

(Cladocera, Crustacea) – Acute toxicity test. N°T90-301, Association Française de Normalisation, Paris.• AFNOR 1998 Water quality – Determination of water chronic toxicity by growth inhibition of the fresh

water algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Selenastrum capricornutum). N°T90-375, Association Française de Normalisation, Paris.

• AFNOR 1999 Water quality – Determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of Vibrio fischeri (Luminescent bacteria test) – Part 3: Method using freeze-dried bacteria. N°T90-320-3, Association Française de Normalisation, Paris.

• Council Directive 91/156/EEC of 18 March 1991 amending Directive 75/442/EEC on waste. Official Journal L 078, 26/03/1991, Brussels, 32–7.

• Council Directive 91/689/EEC of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste. Official Journal L 377, 31/12/1991, Brussels, 20–7.

• EN 12457-2 2002 Characterization of waste – Leaching – Compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges – Part 2: One-stage batch test at a liquid to solids ratio of 10 l/kg for materials with a particle size below 4 mm (with or without size reduction), CEN/TC292/WG2, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.

• EPA 1994 Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. EPA 600/4_91/002, Environmental Systems Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.

• French Ministry of Environment 1998 Criteria and methods for the assessment of the ecotoxicity of wastes. French Ministry of Environment/Directorate for Prevention Pollution and Risk Control January, Paris.

• OECD 1984 Guidelines for testing of chemicals: Terrestrial plants, growth test. Document 208, Oragnisation for Economic Co–ordination and Development, Paris.

• Perrodin, Y., Gobbey, A., Grelier-Volatier, L., Canivet, V., Fruget, J.F., Gibert, J., Texier, C., Cluzeau, D., Gros, R., Poly, F. and Jocteur–Monrozier, L. 2002 Waste ecocompatibility in storage and reuse scenarios: global methodology and detailed presentation of the impact study on the recipient environments. Waste Management, 22, 215-228.


use of a battery of bioassays to classify hazardous wastes and evaluate their impact int the aquatic...

Documents

ecotoxic waste hazardous

eec waste

waste council directive

natural environmental

elimination of waste

waste particle size

eluates curriculum

environmental hazard