use of glass in build

Prepared by:Confederation of Construction Products and Services (CCPS)

Project Sponsored by:All India Flat Glass Manufacturers Association (AIFGMA)

DRAFT FOR COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings

© No copying without CCPS permission

Part A: Human Safety

13th September, 2007

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LIST OF STEERING COMMITTEE MEMBERS

A steering committee was formed to ensure the integrity of the process and the acceptance of the recommendationsof the committee by the industry. Four meetings of steering committee were organized in Delhi, Mumbai andBangalore. Apart from the meetings the draft was circulated and recommendations of the members of steeringcommittee was accepted by email, courier and post.The role of steering committee was to: 1. Guide and support the secretariat in its functioning2. Assist and advise and if possible share responsibility in background research, analysis, preparation of draft report3. Review and confirm the draft report4. Assist and advise on wider feedback to the draft report.5. Review and confirm the final report

Below is the list of the members of the steering committee:

Mr. K.K. Trivedi Secretary General, AIFGMA, DelhiMr. Deependra Prashad, Architect, Secretary, International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture &Urbanism (INTBAU), DelhiMr. Kunwar Narayan, Chief Operating Officer, AIS Glass Solutions Ltd., DelhiMr. Phillip Davies, Director, Dupont China Holding Co., Ltd., ChinaMr. Sandeep Kashyap, Business Manager - India/ Pak., EI Dupont India Pvt. Ltd., GurgaonMr. Sharanjit Singh, Managing Director, GSC Toughened Glass Pvt. Ltd., Greater NOIDAMr. Paresh Misra HOD - Architectural Division, Gujarat Guardian Ltd., DelhiMr. N. G. Rao, National Head, Gujarat Guardian Ltd., DelhiMr. Amit Malhotra, Managing Director, McCoy Silicones Ltd., DelhiDr. Gerard Savineau, Architectural Applications Manager, Saflex Interlayers, FranceMr. Anand Jain, Project Manager, Saint Gobain Ltd., ChennaiMr. Naren Kumar, Manager - Institutional Sales, Saint Gobain Ltd., ChennaiMr. V. B. Sud, Business Manager, Solutia Chemicals India Pvt. Ltd., DelhiMr. Arun Sharma Managing Director, Trosifol, DelhiMr. Ashok Menon, Division Head - Construction Market Center, 3M India Ltd., BangloreMr. N. Gopinath, National Sales Manager, 3M India Ltd., BangloreMr. A. B. Bhalerao, Director, Garware Polyester Ltd., AurangabadMr. Sandeep Chowdhry, Managing Partner, Al Karma, DelhiMr. Phil Murray, Technical Services Manager, CPFilms - Middle East, Africa, IndiaMr. R. Subramanian, Director (Operations), Sejal Architectural Glass Ltd., MumbaiMs. Meeta Zaveri, Director, Gras Impex Pvt. Ltd., MumbaiMr. Prashant Yadav, Architect, SP Fabricators Pvt. Ltd., BangloreMr. P Ganesh, Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer, Glass & Glazing Systems (P) Ltd., KeralaMr. Naveen Keswani, Managing Director, Aluplex India Pvt. Ltd., MumbaiMr. S. C. Marwah, Vice President, Indo Alusys Industries Ltd., DelhiMr. Nimish Patel Architect, Abhikram, AhmedabadMr. Balbir Verma Architect, Balbir & Associates, DelhiMr. Manjunatha Prasad, GM (Projects), Brigade Gateway, BangaloreMr. L. Venkatesh Architect, C.R Narayanan Rao Architects and Engineers, ChennaiMr. Dhananjay Dhake, Architect, Construction Catalysers Pvt. Ltd., PuneMr. Vivek Sabherwal, Architect, Interior India, DelhiMr. K. Nagaraj, Architect, Jurong Consultants (India) Pvt. Ltd., BangaloreMr. Vijay Dahiya, Architect, Morphogenesis Architect Studio, DelhiMr. Nalin Sharma, Architect (Ex), Airports Authority of India (AAI), Delhi

Mr. S.C. Bhatia, Architect, Ex-Central Public Works Department (CPWD), DelhiMr. Mayank K. Tilak, Superintending Engineer (TAS)/ CSQ., CPWD, DelhiMr. V. D. Deewan, Chief Architect, Delhi Development Authority (DDA), DelhiMr. A. K. Jain, Commissioner Planning, Delhi Development Authority (DDA), DelhiMr. K.K. MutrejaEngineer-in-Chief, New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), DelhiMr. V. K. Rustogi, General Manager - RE, National Buildings Construction Corporation Ltd. (NBCC), DelhiMr. A. K. SinghalChief Engineer, Public Works Department (PWD) - Delhi, DelhiMr. B.L Moolchandani, Chief Engineer 1st, Rajasthan Housing Board, JaipurMr., Sudhir Kumar, Addl. Chief Executive Officer, Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority, Uttar PradeshMr.L. Mahesh, Asst.General Manager-Planning, Skyline Builders, CochinMr. Aprameya Kar, Architect, Unitech Ltd., GurgaonMr. Nilabh Nagar, Architect, Architect Hafeez Contractors, MumbaiMr. Abhijit Ray, Architect, The Indian Institute of Architects, DelhiMr. Ashok B Lal, Architect, TVB School Of Habitat Studies, DelhiMr. Ashok Kumar, Architect Scientist - Housing & Planning, CBRI, RoorkeeMr. Subir Saha, Professor School of Planning and Architecture, New DelhiDr. Leon JacobMr. Sthaladipti Saha, Deputy Design Head, Larsen & Toubro Limited | ECC Division,GurgaonMr. Suhel, Managing Director, FG Glass, MumbaiMr. Feroz, Director, FG Glass, MumbaiYogesh Dutt, Director, Impact Safety Glass WorksDeepak Malik, Executive Director A BC GroupMr. G. P. Savlani,CREDAIMr. Vivek Dubey, Marketing Head, Gold PlusMr. R. K. Gandhi, Chief Engineer, PWD (B&R), HaryanaMr. Raj Kapoor, Architect, Department of Architecture, PWD (B&R), Haryana

Use of Glass in Buildings

4

5

LIST OF SPECIAL INVITEES TO STEERINGCOMMITTEE MEETINGS

During steering committee meetings, which were organized in Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore, it was decided toinvolve the professionals from the building industry as special invitees to these meeting, so that wider feedback couldbe taken. The following members participated in the deliberations as special invitees:

1. Mr. Ravindra Mudugu, Assistant Manager - Projects, Oberoi Constructions, Mumbai2. Mr. Vivek Kulkarni, Assistant Manager - Projects, Oberoi Constructions, Mumbai3. Ms. Manisha Thakur, Sr. Engineer - Projects, Oberoi Constructions, Mumbai4. Mr. G. Naga Varma, AGM - Marketing, HNG5. Mr. Gaurav Tyagi, Director, Shiv Shakti Float Glass Pvt. Ltd.6. Mr. Sushil Padwal, Officer Purchase, Kalpataru, Mumbai7. Mr. Bharat Gawde, Officer Purchase, Kalpataru, Mumbai8. Mr. Uttaran B. Ray, Director and Architect, Impact Safety Design9. Mr. Vijay G., Assistant Technical Manager, 3M India Limited10. Mr. Pradeep Ramesh, Engineer, A. N. Prakash and Consultants11. Mr. Pankaj Keswani, Managing Director, Alufit12. Mr. A. C. Kadir Velu, Consulting Engineer13. Mr. Srinivasan Desikachari, Architect, CREDAI14. Mr. Giriyappa, Proprietor, Giriyappa and Associates15. Mr. K R. Singh, Branch Manager, GSC Toughened Glass Private Limitd16. Mr. Vineet Gupta, Territory Head, Gujarat Guardian Limited17. Mr. T. Ravindran, Director, Instruct18. Mr. Madan Lal, Director, Mahaveer Safety Glass19. Mr. Javed Anwar, Managing Director, Milestone20. Mr. Gaiwal, Assistant Engineer, Building Proposal Department of M.C.G.M., Municipal Corporation of Greater

Mumbai, Mumbai21. Mr. Ingawale V. D., Executive Engineer, Building Proposal Department of M.C.G.M., Municipal Corporation of

Greater Mumbai, Mumbai22. Mr. Susanta, Engineer, Natraj and Venkat23. Mr. Raj Dilip, Sr. Architect, Natraj and Venkat24. Mr. Motta Tarun, Joint Secretary, Practising Engineers and Architecture Town Planner Association (PEATA)25. Mr. Vasim Sayed, Manager North, S. P. Fabricators25. Mr. Nanda Kumar, Commercial Department, S. P. Fabricators26. Mr. Praveen, EDM (South), S. P. Fabricators27. Mr. Ajit Chnadrashekharan, Manager - Institutional Sales, Saint Gobain Glass28. Mr. Jaubilant C., Architect, Saint Gobain Glass29. Mr. Raj Gopal, Architect, Sundaram Architects30. Mr. Prem, Sr. Vice President, Zak Trade Fairs and Exhibition.

This document has been adopted by Confederation of Construction Products and Services (CCPS) and All India FlatGlass Manufacturers Association (AIFGMA) on _______ October, 2007.

Since this document is a consensus standard, a steering committee was formed keeping in mind the integrity of theprocess and the acceptance of the recommendations of the committee by the industry. The document was adoptedafter the draft was finalized by the steering committee through a series of meetings held throughout India.

To cater to the needs of the present building industry, this document has been made keeping in mind the latestInternational Standards and the building practices.

In preparing this standard assistance has been derived from:

- IS 2553 (Part 1) : 1990 - Safety Glass - Specification.- IS 2835 : 1987 - Specification for Flat Transparent Sheet Glass (third revision)- IS 875 - Codes for the Wind Loads. (for wind load calculations please refer to annexure 2)- IS: 3548 - 1988 - Code of Practice for Glazing in Buildings- IS: 10439 - 1983 - Code of Practice for Patent Glazing - 16CFR Ch II (1-1-04 Edition) - Part 1201 - Safety Standards for architectural glazing materials.- ANSI Z 97.1 - 1984 (R1994) - Safety Glazing Materials - Used in Buildings - Safety Performance Specifications

and Methods of Tests.- AS: 2208:1996 - Safety Glazing Materials in Buildings- AS 1288 - 2006: Glass in Buildings - Selection and Installation.- BS 6206 : Part 4 : 1995 - Specifications for impact performance requirements for flat safety glass and safety

plastics for use in buildings- BS 6262, Part 4 - 1994 - Code of Practice for Glazing for Buildings - Safety related to Human Impact- BS 6262: Part 6: 1997 - Code of Practice for Glazing for Buildings: Special Applications- BS 952 - For nominal thickness of glass.- BS 8000: part 7: 1990 - Workmanship on Building Sites - Code of Practice for Glazing- BS 5516-1:2004: Patent Glazing and Sloped Glazing for Buildings - Code of Practice for Design and Installation.- BS 8213: Part 4: 1990 - Windows, Doors and Rooflights: Code of Practice for the Installation of Replacement

Windows and Doorsets in Dwellings- BS EN: 12600:2002 - Glass in buildings - Pendulum tests - Impact test method and classification for flat glass- JIS R 3206: 1997 - Tempered Glass- JIS R 3205: 1997 - Laminated Glass- DIN 52 337 - Methods of testing flat glass for use in buildings - pendulum impact tests. - Glass Association of North America Installation Guide.

FOREWORD

Foreword

Scope 8

A. Safety Glass 8

B. Critical Locations 9

Table A: Safety Glass required in different buildings with their locations 10

C. Application / Installation 12

D. Traceability of Safety Glass 13

Annexure 1: Sketches of examples for cases 1 to 5, table A 14

Annexure 2: Safety Glazing test requirement 16

Annexure 3:Correlation between Glass Area and Glass Thickness 18

Annexure 4: Thickness Calculation of Glass under load 20

Annexure 5: Definitions 22

CONTENTS

1.0 Scope

The scope of this guide is limited to the behaviour ofsafety glass when subjected to various kinds ofhuman impact, precautions against risk of fall andfalling glass. Conditions outside of 'human impact'are outside the purview of this document.

This guide does not assume that the safety glass usedin accordance to this document will not be brokenunder all human impact conditions, rather: - It will not be broken under most likely forms of

human impact and - Even if it breaks the likelihood of cutting or

piercing injuries will be minimized by virtue ofthe protection given to the glass, or by thelimited size or increased thickness, or by thefracture characteristics of the glass.

This guide does not deal with the security of peopleor goods in relation to risks of:- Vandalism, riots, burglary or break in protection.- Fire arm protection- Protection from explosion (terrorist attack)

It also does not deal with protection of people incase of natural disasters like Earthquakes, Hurricane,Fire etc

This document also does not deal with plasticglazing. This case is to be dealt with in otherdocuments.

2.0 Safety Glazing

2.1 SAFETY GLASS

Glazing material constructed, treated, or combinedwith other materials so as to reduce, in comparisonwith ordinary sheet, float or plate glass, the likelihoodof injury to persons by objects from exterior sourcesor by these safety glasses when they may be crackedor broken.

(IS 1382 - 1981)

The following are three products in the scope of thisdocument that may be used in safety glazing providedthey meet the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)conditions and are marked accordingly. Also theymust meet the requirements of traceability.

2.1.1 Toughened (Tempered) Safety GlassA single piece of specially heat-treated or chemicallytreated glass, with a stress pattern such that the piecewhen fractured reduces to numerous granularfragments, with no large jagged edges.

(IS 2553 (Part I: 1990) 3.1.2)

2.1.2 Laminated Safety GlassTwo or more pieces of glass held together by aninterleaving layer or layers of plastic materials. Thelaminated glass will crack and break under sufficientimpact, but the pieces of glass tend to adhere to theplastic and do not fly. If a hole is produced, the edgesare likely to be less jagged than than would be thecase with ordinary glass.

(IS 2553 (Part I: 1990) 3.1.2)

2.1.3 Safety organic-coated glassA glazing material consisting of a piece of glasscoated and permanently bonded on one or both sideswith a continuous polymeric coating, sheet or film,which meets the test requirements of the safetyglazing standards

(AS 1288-2006)

Precautions: All heat-treated glass is not safety glass and alllaminated, toughened and safety organic coated glassis not safety glass. Heat strengthened glass andannealed glass are not classified as safety glass unlesslaminated to meet the test specified for safety glass inannexure 1 of this document. Glass laminated withother than PVB may not classify the requirement ofsafety glass.

Only glass that meets the test criteria as defined in thisdocument are expected to qualify as safety glass.

All window films are not safety films unless they areof the required minimum thickness and type, and passthe test standards defined in this document.


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3.0 Critical Locations

3.1 DEFINITION

Part of a building most likely to be subject toaccidental human impact.

3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF CRITICALLOCATIONS

Where any glazing is within 1.5 meter above the floorlevel of a building, it is considered likely to besubjected to human impact and, hence, shall complywith the human impact safety requirements of thisguide. Safety glazing material should also be used:

1. Where there is danger of falling infill glassmaterials from overhead glazing

2. The danger of falling due to a change in floorlevel.

3. In case of balustrades, stairs and floors.

In some circumstances the requirements of otherStandards can exceed the requirements of thisguideline and, in such cases the higher requirementshall become applicable.

Accident statistics show that the glazing in somelocations in buildings is more vulnerable to human

impact than in others. These critical locations, someof which have been shown in Table A, include thefollowing:

- In and around doors - Panels mistaken for a doorway or opening- Panels at low levels in walls and partitions- Bathrooms- Building associated with special activities, e.g

gymnasia, enclosed swimming pools etc.- Schools and child care facilities- Nursing Homes and aged care facilities

Precautions should be taken to reduce the injuries thatcan result from glass breakage by:

- Selecting glass of a suitable type, thickness andsize.

- Enhancing a person's awareness of the presence ofglass by making glass visible (manifestation).

- Minimizing manual handling of large pieces ofglass during installation.

Based on the above facts and to avoid confusionsregarding the type of the glass for a particular locationas mentioned above, this guide has given details onthe basis of five cases found in common accidentalcases.

(AS1288-2006, Glass in building - Selection andInstallation)

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Case 5Glass acting as a

balustrade / handrail

LF

BalustradesBalconyHandrailLifts

Case 4Horizontal or

Sloped GlazingGlass

LF

Roof (SkylightRoof)CeilingsBus SheltersFloorsStairsSloped Facade

For definition ofsloped glazingplease refer toannexure 4

Case 3Vertical walls -

Risk of fallHf >1.5m & Hs <

0.75m

Safety Glass

Curtain WallsFaçadeSpandrelsHigh ActivityAreaHigh Risk Area

Case 2Vertical walls - No

risk of fallHf < 1.5m & Hs <

0.75m

Safety Glass

DoorsSide PanelsCurtain WallsGlazed AreaDoors in Bathroom, a) Fully Framedb) Partially Framedc) FramelessFaçadeWindowsPartitions

Type ofGlass

Examples

Case 1Vertical walls - Riskof fall but residual

protection* or Hs >0.75m

Any Glass*

Please refer to note 4*Residual protectionis the protectionprovided to avoid theimpact of humanbeing to glass. It isprovided on the sideof glass where thereare chances ofHuman impact. It canbe achieved byproviding a sillstructure or a grillinside.Also please refer torecommendationagainst falling ofglass.

*Safety glass is notmandatory


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Table A - Safety Glass required in different buildings with their locations (to be read in association with notes only)

For drawings of examples see anexure 1

NOTES TO TABLE ANote 1: 'Hf 'corresponds to falling height in case of change in level and 'Hs' corresponds to the sill height.Note 2: For definition's explanation of terms see annexure 5.Note 3: In case of mirror glazing, it should confirm to the requirements of other safety glasses unless it is fullybacked by a solid material.Note 4: If the smaller dimension of the pane is 250 mm or less and its area is 0.5 m2 or less, glass not conformingto safety glass requirements may be used, provided that its nominal thickness is not less than 6mm.(applicable tovertical glazing)Note 5: Toughened or laminated safety glass or safety organic coated glass should meet respective testrequirements as mentioned in annexure 1 of this document to qualify as safety glazing.Note 6: The effective toughened Float glass (TF) thickness and / or laminated Float glass (LF) and / or safetyorganic coated glass configuration shall be determined case by case with regard to:- Other solicitations (wind load, snow load, dead load, and human load)- The overall dimension (length / width, or surface)- The aspect ratio of the glass (length / width)- The glazing fixing type (framing, bolted system, structural system etc.)Note 7: If IGU is used in situations mentioned in this guide then any one of the following will apply:i) If IGU is installed in areas subjected to human impact on either side then both the panes of the unit shall meet

the requirements of this guide. The maximum area specified may be multiplied by 1.5 provided that each of thecomponent glass of the unit otherwise complies with the relevant guidelines of this guide.

ii) In situations where access is restricted to one side of the unit, then only the accessible side should meet therequirements of this guide without the application of above-mentioned factor of 1.5.

Note 8: Precautions against chances of injuries due to broken glass falling on people:(a) Broken annealed glass falling on people can cause grievous or even fatal injuries; hence it is recommended to

use safety glass in locations other than defined in case 1 where the risk of people getting hurt by falling glass ishigh.

(b) Toughened (tempered) glass has a safe breakage pattern, as it breaks and disintegrates into small and relativelyharmless particles. However thick toughened glass particles may stay interlocked and fall as lumps of thesemultiple particles and can cause a minor or medium injury mainly due to the weight of the cluster.

(c) Laminated safety glass will generally not fall out of fixing. However, where laminated glass with both glassestoughened, used for horizontal or sloped glazing is used, in case of failure of both toughened glasses, it maycrumple as a blanket and fall out of fixing. This factor needs to be considered while designing horizontal andsloped glazing.

(d) Safety organic coated glass if broken will be difficult to penetrate provided that the covering is applied inaccordance with the manufacturers' recommendations. (BS 6262, Part 4)

(e) Any broken glass in any glazing should be removed immediately on breakage.(f) The strength of the glazing system should be such that it has the ability to hold glass in place and prevent it

from falling out as a whole.Note 9: For inclusion of glass in furnitures the following standards ay be referred:(a) BS 7499:1991 - Specification for inclusion of glass in the construction of furniture, other than tablesor trolleys,

including cabinets, shelving systems and wall hung or free standing mirrors.(b) BS 7376:1990 - Specification for inclusion of glass in the construction of tables or trolleys.(c) IS 7760:1985 - Specification for steel glass-front cabinet.(d) BS EN 1727:1998 - Domestic furniture, storage furniture, safety requirements and test methods.(e) BS EN 1153: 1996 - Kitchen furniture, safety requirements and test methods for built-in and free standing

kitchen cabinets and work tops.

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3.3 LIST OF STANDARDS TO BE REFERREDFOR PROPER SELECTION

As mentioned above in the note 6, various factorslike wind pressure, glass thickness, human load,aspect ratio, glazing type etc. needs to consideredbefore selecting the safety glass. Below given arefew standards available, which can be referred tocorrectly select the safety glass.

1. IS 2553 (Part 1) : 1990 - Safety Glass -Specification.

2. IS 2835 : 1987 - Specification for FlatTransparent Sheet Glass (third revision)

3. IS 875 - Codes for the Wind Loads. (for windload calculations please refer to annexure 2)

4. BS 952 - For Nominal Thickness of Glass.5. ANSI Z 97.1 - 1984 (R1994) - Safety Glazing

Materials - Used in Buildings - SafetyPerformance Specifications and Methods ofTests.

6. AS 1288 - 2006: Glass in Buildings - Selectionand Installation.

7. BS 6262, Part 4 - 1994 - Code of Practice forGlazing for Buildings - Safety related to HumanImpact

8. EN 12600: 2002 - Glass in Buildings - PendulumTest - Impact test method and classification forflat glass

4.0 Application/Installation

4.1 GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATION

Many human impact injuries are due to failure to takereasonable safety precautions. Some materials, suchas glass, may break under impact and cause injury.Most people are aware of this and treat such materialswith due care. However a person's ability to perceivethis potential risk and to cope with it can vary. Safetystandards are therefore based on a number of factorsincluding the assumption of a reasonable level ofawareness and behaviour and also suitable productdesign and choice of materials.

Accident statistics show that glazing in somelocations in buildings is more vulnerable to humanimpact than in others. These critical locations are:

1. In and around doors (particularly in side panels

which may be mistaken for doors);2. At low levels in walls and partitions.

The designer, or specifier, should take precautions toreduce the risk of injuries from accidental humanimpact in these locations by:

1. Selecting glazing of a suitable type, thickness andsize, primarily by reference to impact behaviourand safety characteristics as established by testingin accordance with this guide;

2. Providing mechanical protection* to glazing incritical locations;

3. Enhancing a person's awareness of the presence ofglazing by incorporating manifestation asmentioned in 4.4.

Glazing in locations other than critical locations is notlikely to be subject to human impact and consequentlynot likely to cause injury.

(BS 6262: Part 4: 1994)

4.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATION

The principle design considerations to be taken intoaccount by the designer, or specifier, when selectingglazing should be:

1. The properties of materials, in particular theirbreakage characteristics;

2. The design of the building and its use, in particularthe number and likely behaviour of the peopleexpected to be in close proximity to the glazing incritical locations;

3. Requirements for fire, security and wind loading.(BS 6262: Part 4: 1994)

4. Structural integrity, thermal breakage, energyefficiency and deflection, vision, sounds and otherconsideration.

4.3 INSTALLATION OF GLASS

For guidance on installation of glass please refer tofollowing standards- IS: 3548 - 1988 - Code of Practice for Glazing in

Buildings- IS: 10439 - 1983 - Code of Practice for Patent

GlazingApart from the above Indian Standards the followingmay be referred: - BS 8213: Part 4: 1990 - Windows, Doors and


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* see annexure 5 for definition

Rooflights: Code of Practice for the Installation ofReplacement Windows and Doorsets in Dwellings

- BS 6262: Part 6: 1997 - Code of Practice forGlazing for Buildings: Special Applications

- BS 8000: part 7: 1990 - Workmanship on Buildingsites - Code of Practice for Glazing

- AS 1288 - 2006; Section 8 and 9 - Glass inBuildings - Selection and Installation

- BS 5516-1:2004: Patent Glazing and SlopedGlazing for buildings - Code of practice for designand installation.

- Glass Association of North America InstallationGuide.

In case of installation of safety films at site it shouldbe verified that they are free from defects orimperfection, any foreign contaminants may beremoved with industrial razors and neutral cleaningsolutions. It should also be noted that in case the glassreceives scratches or any defects while installation ofsafety films that glass should be removed or rejected.

4.4 MANIFESTATION

Presence of glass in a door, side panel or a panelcapable of being mistaken for a doorway or opening,which are not made apparent by transoms, colonialbars, other components of glazing system, or otherdecorative treatment, such as being opaque, orpatterned, the glass be marked to make it visible.

Marking shall be in the form an opaque band not lessthan 20mm in height and located so that the verticaldistance from the floor level is not less than 700 mmfrom the upper edge of the band and not more than1200 mm to the lower edge of the band.

The band shall be such that it is readily apparent andit can be achieved by contrasting the band withbackground or by increasing height of band. Safetyglazing cannot be substituted by making the glassvisible by marking.

A band or marking is not required where any one ofthe following applies:i) Height of the glazing is not greater than 1000 mm

at any part.ii) The width of the glazing is not greater than 500

mm at any part (this applies to overall panelassembly - not individual glass pieces in case offaceted glazing)

iii) Within 700 mm of the floor there is no glazing.

The glazing is provided with at least one fixed glazingbar, firmly attached to the styles to locate and protecteach face of the glass. At least one glazing bar shall belocated with its upper edge not less than 500 mm andits bottom edge not more than 1000 mm above thefloor level. The glazing bar shall have a face width notless than 40 mm ± 3 mm.

Broken lines or patterns using company logo may beacceptable form of marking provided it meets theother criteria set in this guideline.

(AS:1288-2006, PP 68-69)

5.0 Traceability of SafetyGlass

Either a label that cannot be removed and reused or apermanent mark on the glass surface shall mark all thepanels of safety glass according to BIS Standards.

Each panel shall be marked with the ISI mark asprescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS),manufacturers name, registered trademark or code ofthe manufacturer or supplier, type of safety glassmaterial, the standard or guidelines to which thesafety glass has been tested and the grade of testclassification.

(AS:1288-2006, PP 70)

"All Safety glazing shall be procured from a certifiedmanufacturers and product shall confirm to relevantstandards.

The Steering Committee recommends the I glass (AllIndia Flat Glass Manufacturers' Association) and theCCPS should come up with the recommendation forthe establishment protocol for the above.

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CASE 1: Vertical walls - Risk of fall but residual protection or Hs > 0.75m


14

Annexure 1: Sketches of examples for cases 1 to 5, Table A

CASE 2: Vertical walls - No risk of fall; Hf < 1.5m & Hs < 0.75m


16

CASE 4: Horizontal or Sloped Glazing

CASE 3: Vertical walls - Risk of fall; Hf >1.5m & Hs < 0.75m

17

CASE 5: Glass acting as a balustrade / handrail


18

This annexure sets out test requirements forclassification of safety glazing materials for use inbuildings. The test requirements are designed so asto promote safety and to reduce or minimize thelikelihood of cutting and piercing injuries fromhuman impact.

Thickness Test: For thickness test please refer toIndian Standard 'IS 2553 (Part 1:1990)'.

TEST REQUIREMENTS

If the glazing materials satisfy the relevant impact(or fragmentation test for toughened glass) testperformance requirements in addition to all otherappropriate tests to be carried out as listed in thetable below, these materials can be classified assafety glazing material.

LaminatedSafety Glass

YES

-

YES

YES

YES

Test

Impact / Resistanceto shock

Fragmentation

Boil

AcceleratedWeathering andAgeing Test

Fracture andAdhesion Test

Light Stability Test

ToughenedSafety Glass*

YES

YES

-

-

-

-

SafetyOrganic-coatedGlass

YES

-

-

YES

YES

YES

Standards to be referred

AS: 2208:1996BS EN: 12600:2002BS 6206 : Part 4 : 1995ANSI Z97.1 - 198416CFR Ch II (1-1-04 Edition)JIS R 3206: 1997JIS R 3205: 1997DIN 52 337IS 2553 (Part 1:1990)

IS 2553 (Part 1:1990)

IS 2553 (Part 1:1990)

AS: 2208:1996ANSI Z97.1 - 198416CFR Ch II (1-1-04 Edition)

IS 2553 (Part 1:1990)

IS 2553 (Part 1:1990)

Annexure 2: Safety Glazing Test Requirement

In the above table 'YES' indicates test to be conducted.* For toughened safety glass impact or fragmentation test shall be carried out.Boil test for heat strengthened and toughened laminated glass can use laminates from ordinary annealed glass manufacturedsimultaneously.

(AS: 2208:1996, p 13)

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DESCRIPTION OF TESTS REQUIRED TOCLASSIFY GLASS AS SAFETY GLAZINGMATERIAL

Determination of Thickness testThis test determines the thickness of a glazingmaterial. The glazing material is measured atspecified locations with a vernier calliper ormicrometer.IS 2553 (Part 1:1990) may be followed for the test.

Impact testThis test determines the resistance of glazing materialto impact by penetration method. The specimen issupported vertically in a steel frame and an impactshot bag is released from a pre-determined height tostrike the specimen at the centre. The height isprogressively increased until fracture occurs.The following standards may be referred for the test: AS: 2208:1996; BS EN: 12600:2002; BS 6206 : Part4 : 1995; ANSI Z97.1 - 1984; 160CFR Ch II (1-1-04Edition); JIS R 3206: 1997; JIS R 3205: 1997DIN 52 337;

Resistance to Shock TestIn this test the toughened safety glass is given asudden shock with a smooth surface steel ball of 63.5mm in diameter from a height of 100 cm.IS 2553 (Part 1:1990) may be followed for the test.

Fragmentation TestThis test determines the fracture characteristics oftoughened safety glass or other glazing materials. Thespecimen is laid horizontally on a surface thatsupports it over its entire area, and is broken by apunch applied at a predetermined location. Thenumbers of particles of broken glazing materialwithin a given area are counted. IS 2553 (Part 1:1990) may be followed for the test.

Weathering TestThis test is carried out to determine the effect ofradiant exposure on safety glazing materials.

Specimens are exposed, under specified conditions, tolight from an artificial light source. After exposure,safety films are then subjected to the Charpy ImpactTest. Safety film backed glass is subjected to a tensiletest and an adhesion test. Comparing the test results ofthe exposed specimens with those of unexposedspecimens assesses the effect of the radiant exposure.The following standards may be followed:AS: 2208:1996; ANSI Z97.1 - 1984; 16CFR Ch II (1-1-04 Edition)

Ageing TestThis test is carried out for determining the effect ofaccelerated ageing on safety glazing materials.Specimens are exposed under specified conditions towarm, humid and dry cycles and then subjected toimpact test. Comparing the impact test results ofexposed specimens with those of unexposedspecimens assesses the effect of the acceleratedageing.The following standards may be followed:AS: 2208:1996; ANSI Z97.1 - 1984

Boil TestThis test determines the effect of exposure of safetyglazing material to temperature and humidityconditions by boiling. The specimens are immersed inhot water and then boiling water for a specified periodof time and inspected for bubbles or other defects. IS 2553 (Part 1:1990) may be followed for the test.

Fracture and adhesion testLaminated glass is given sudden punch and thefragments from the under surface are collected andweighed.IS 2553 (Part 1:1990) may be followed for the test.

Light Stability TestThe purpose of this test is to ensure that the glazingmaterial is resistant to the effects of exposure to lightencountered in service.IS 2553 (Part 1:1990) may be followed for the test.


20

A: FOUR SIDES FRAMED GLASSIn case of framed glass panels supported on four sidesstarting between the finished floor level and less thanequal to 750mm as described in case 2 & case3 givenin table A the maximum allowable area of the glasspanel is as follows:

The maximum area of the normal or annealed glassless than equal to 0.5 m2

The maximum area of the safety glass with respect toits thickness shall be with in the permissiblemaximum area as defined in the table below.

In case of glass panels supported on all four sidesstarting above grater than equal to 750 mm or aprotection / transom / chair rail is in placepermanently from the finished floor level as given inCase 1, table A, the thickness of annealed glass shallbe with in the permissible maximum area as definedbelow.

B: TWO / THREE SIDES FRAMED GLASSIn case of glass panel supported on two/ three sidesstarting` less than equal to 750 mm or has a protectionfrom the finished floor level as given in Case 1, tableA, then annealed glass can be used in following caseselse tempered or laminated glass shall be used

Annexure 3: Correlation between maximum glass area and glassthickness (impact load)

Type ofGlass

TemperedSafety Glass

LaminatedSafety Glass

NominalThickness

(mm)

4mm5mm6mm8mm10mm12mm

681012

Maximum allowable area (sqm)

2346810

2357

In case of laminated glass the thickness of PVB in not accounted

Nominal Thickness(mm)

4mm5mm6mm8mm10mm12mm

Maximum allowable area(sqm)

0.81.22.13.24.46.3

NominalThickness(mm)

6mm8mm10mm

Maximumallowable heightof glass (m)

< 1.2> 1.2 to < 1.6> 1.6 to < 2

Maximumallowable glassarea (sqm)

0.91.82.7

Table B

Table C

Table D

21

In case of non-framed or frameless glass paneltoughened safety or laminated safety glass shall beused. The thickness of safety glass and correspondingmaximum permissible area is given in the followingtable E:

In all above cases and in cases wherein the glass areaexceeds 7.5 m2 it is recommended to check anddetermined thickness of the using finite elementanalysis under wind load as per IS 875 for externalglazing and / or loads given in table H in case ofinternal glazing or glazing wherein there are chancesof human impact

C: POINT SUPPORTED GLASSFor point fixed system the glass area and glassthickness shall be determined by the specific strengthanalysis and type of point fixing hardware.

Nominal Thickness(mm)

681012

Maximum allowable area(sqm)

34.56

7.5

Table E


22

A. Wind load calculations

The thickness of the glass supported on all four sideto be used in façade, window panels is governed bythe following factors:

i. Area to be covered by the window panel.ii. Aspect ratio of window panel (length / breadth) or

(longer side / shorter side).iii. Effective wind pressure at the window heightiv. Strength/load bearing capacity of glass to be used.

The empirical relation between the wind pressure,area of the glass panel and the required glassthickness is as follows:

Pnet * A = 200.0 * Tk (T < 6 mm)

Pnet * A = 200.0 * Tk + 1900 (T > 6 mm)Wherein,Pnet = Net design wind pressure (N/m2)

A = area of glass panel (m2)T = SNT of the standard nominal thickness (mm), k = is a constant as shown in table G

Determining Pnet:

The wind pressure computation is based on theprocedure given in IS: 875 (Part-3) 1987, (Reaffirmed1997).

Net wind pressure (Pd), may be defined using thefollowing equation:

Pd = Pz x Cp

where, Cp = Net pressure coefficient as per IS: 875

(part. 3) 1987

Pz = Design wind pressure at height 'Pz' (N/m2) as per

IS: 875 (part. 3) 1987.

Depending upon the type of processed glass used netdesign wind pressure (Pnet) can be calculated as given

below:

Pnet = Pd /Pf

Wherein, Pf is the pressure factor dependent on the

type of glass as shown in the table E.

Limiting Aspect Ratio (ARMAX)

The design of the thickness using empirical relation inas detailed above will be valid upto a limiting aspectratio ARmax. The value of ARmax for different SNT of

glass is shown in the following table H

Side panels, partitions etc on the sides of thewalkway, which can be subjected to human impact,need to be designed considering guarding loads givenin table I. For four sided supported glass panel youcan calculate the glass thickness required by insertingthis loads in place of wind load.

SNT3 mm4 mm5 mm6 mm8 mm

ARmax

7.36.86.56.35.9

SNT10 mm 12 mm15 mm19mm25 mm

ARmax

4.94.33.83.32.9

Table H: SNT and Corresponding 'k' values

Annexure 4: Glass Thickness Calculation (wind load)

S. No1.2.3.4.5.

Glass typeNormal (Annealed)LaminatedTemperedInsulatingHeat Strengthened

Pf

1.000.802.51.501.60

'T'3 mm4 mm5 mm6 mm8 mm

'k'1.6831.7321.7531.7651.570

'T'10 mm12 mm15 mm19 mm25 mm

'k'1.5781.5831.5791.5691.569

Table F: The values of the pressure factor Pf

Table G: SNT and Corresponding 'k' values

23

Table I: In case of side panels - Design loads indifferent buildings

B. Other AreasFor other areas refer to the previous clauses.

Type ofBuildings

Residential

OfficeBuilding,Hotels,Hostels,Library,Museum,Hospital &Schools

Cinema,publicbuildings& points ofassembly

Line loadUDLKN/m run

0.36

0.74

3.0

UDL (infill)KN/ sq m

0.5

1

1.5

PointLoadKN

0.25

0.5

1.5

Where UDL means Uniformly Distributed Load


24

For the purpose of this guide the definitions given below will apply:

Area The area of a panel between sightlines after glazing, calculated using the sight size.Annealed Glass Another term for "ordinary" glass, most commonly used for float glassAspect Ratio The ratio of a longer side of panel to its shorter side.Balustrade A low wall forming a parapet to a stair, ramp, balcony, raised level, or a change in

level.Back Putty The portion of the putty remaining between the glass and the depth of the rebate

after the glass has been pushed into position.Beads or Glazing Beads A strip of wood, metal or other suitable material attached to the rebate to retain the

glass.Bite The width of silicone used to bond the fin or frame member to the edge of the glass

panel. Bedding Putty The compound placed in the rebate of the opening into which the glass is bedded.Bent Glass Flat glass that has been shaped while into hot cylindrical or other curved shapes. Bevelling The process of edge finishing flat glass to a bevel angle.Block (Setting Block) A small piece of wood, lead or other suitable material used between the edges o f

the glass (generally the bottom edge only) to centralize the glass in the frame(frequently called a setting block).

Chair Rail A fixed glazing bar, or rigid push bar, that provides protection from human impact.Clear Glass Transparent GlassDistance Piece A small piece of wood, lead or other suitable material used to locate the glass

between the bead and the back of the rebate, and prevent lateral movement.Door A hinged, sliding or otherwise supported openable barrier providing entrance to and

exit from a building, corridor or room. Doors may be framed or unframed.Double Glazing Glazing that incorporates two panels, separated with an air space, for the purpose

of sound insulation or thermal insulation or both.Edge Polished Usually applied to flat glass, the edges of which have been polished after cutting.Edging Grinding the edge of flat glass, to a desired shape or size.Exposed Edge A glass edge that is not covered. Faceted Glazing Flat panes of glass installed vertically at an angle to each other, to form a faceted

curve.Fin A piece of glass positioned and fastened to provide lateral support.Flat Glass A general term covering sheet glass, float glass and various forms of rolled and

plate glass.Float Glass A form of flat glass produced by reheating the continuous ribbon of glass whilst it

floats over a bath of molten metal.Frame A structure manufactured from timber, metal, glass or other durable material or

combinations of materials such as glass fins and structural sealant, supporting thefull length of a glazed panel edge.

Frameless Glazing See unframed glazing.Front Putty The compound forming a triangular fillet between the surface of the glass and the

front edge of the rebate.Fully framed glazing Panels that have all edges framed.Glass An inorganic, non-metallic material produced by the complete fusion of raw

materials at high temperatures, into a homogeneous liquid, which is then cooled toa rigid, condition essentially without crystallization.

Glazing The securing of glass in prepared openings in windows, door panels, partitions andthe like.

Annexure 5: Definitions

25

Guarding Glass used to prevent people falling wherever there is a change in floor level bymeans of a permanent barrier.

Heat Strengthened Glass Glass which has been heated past its softening point and chilled rapidly to increaseits strength and make it thermally safe, but which breaks like annealed glass.

Heat Strengthened Laminated Safety Glass Laminated Safety Glass utilizing two or more panels of heat-strengthened glass in

the makeup. Infill balustrades Balustrades in which the supported glass resists an infill pressure and / or point

load applied to the glass panel.Insulating Glass Unit (IGU) The standard configuration for residential and commercial windows consisting of a

sealed unit of two panes of glass separated by a metal spacer.Internal Partition An interior dividing wall or such portion of an interior dividing wall that is not a

door, side panel, shopfront or atrium wall.Laminated Glass A composite material consisting of two or more sheets of glass permanently bonded

together by a plastic interlayer material.Laminated Safety Glass Laminated glass that satisfies the requirements for a safety glazing material

according to this guide.Maximum Thickness The thickness of a panel of glass at the maximum thickness tolerance.Manifestation Any technique for enhancing a person's awareness of the presence of transparent

glazed areas.Mechanical Protectionto GlazingMinimum Thickness The thickness of a panel of glass at the minimum thickness tolerance.Mirror A piece of glass silvered on one side.Nominal Thickness A numeric designation used for reference purposes that indicates the approximate

thickness of glass.Non-residential Buildings Buildings other than those defined above such as hotels, hostels, motels, shops,

offices, schools, public assembly buildings, and factories and those parts of theresidential buildings common to a group of dwellings such as common circulationareas in blocks of two or more flats.

Safety organic-coated glass A glazing material consisting of a piece of glass coated and permanently bonded on one or both sides with a continuous polymeric coating, sheet or film, which meets thetest requirements of the safety glazing standards

Pane Single piece of glass cut to size for glazingPanel An assembly containing one or more panes.Partly framed glazing Panels that have one or more edges unframed.Rebate The part of a surround; the cross section of which forms an angle into which the

edge of the glass is received.Residential Buildings Buildings and such portions of buildings used as separate dwelling houses and flats,

but not incorporating common circulation areas in blocks of two or more flats.Residual protection It is the protection provided to avoid the impact of human being to glass. It is

provided on the side of glass where there are chances of Human impact. It can beachieved by providing a sill structure or a grill inside.

Shower doors, shower screens and bath enclosures the panels, doors or windows a enclosing or partially enclosing a shower or bath.Side Panel A panel (operable or inoperable) located adjacent to a doorway. It may or may not

be in the same plane as the doorway.Window Sill Solid wall (Brick or concrete wall) starting from the finised floor level to the base

of first window or structural member consisting of a continuous horizontalmetal/wooden forming the lowest member of a framework or supporting structure

Sloped overhead glazing Glazing that is inclined at less than 75 degrees to the horizontal and located, wholly


26

or partially, directly above an area that may be used by people.Span The dimension between supports. For panels supported on all four edges, it

corresponds to the smaller of the sight size dimensions.Spandrel That portion of the exterior wall of a multistory commercial building that covers

the area below the sill of the vision glass installation.Toughened laminated safety glass Laminated safety glass utilizing two panels of toughened safety glass in the make

up.Unframed glazing Panels without framed edges.Wardrobe doors Doors that provide access to built in storage areas, excluding those fitted to pieces

of furniture that are not built into the building.

use of glass in build

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