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Use of Life Cycle Assessment in Irish Freshwater Aquaculture Systems
Environ 24/03/2016
Ronan Cooney, Richard Walsh, Richard FitzGerald, Eoghan Clifford
Outline
Introduction
MOREFISH
Irish Freshwater Aquaculture
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Impact Categories
References and Acknowledgements
Questions
Intro: MOREFISH
DAFM funded project
Partnership between NUI, Galway and AIT
To improve production management and efficiencies through working with industry
Objectives:
Enhancing sustainability
Reducing environmental impacts
Improving fish health and reducing mortalities
Water usage
Use of novel technologies and processes – Microbubble aeration and PUV
IndustryPartners
Intro: MOREFISH II
Life Cycle Assessment of Irish freshwater aquaculture sites
Looking at various types of systems utilizing different water sources
Inflow Outflow Inflow
Flow Through Aquaculture SystemRecirculating Aquaculture System
Intro: Irish FW Aquaculture I
First hatchery, 1852 in Oughterard Co. Galway
Resurgence again in 1950’s
Focused mainly on salmonids
Salmo trutta,Salmo salar (Smolts), Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salvelinus alpinus
Licensing – DAFM and County Councils
Demand for fish products continues to rise
Annual output of salmonids at 15,000 tonnes pa
Freshwater output at 728 (2013)
Under Food Harvest 2020 increased to 45,000 tonnes
Intro: Irish FW Aquaculture II
Different aquaculture systems in use:
Raceways, Ponds, RAS, Semi-RAS, tanks.
Water sources:
River, lake, spring
Varying degrees of water treatment
Most extensive use in RAS
Intro:Life Cycle Assessment I
ISO 14040 and 14044
A technique used to assess the environmental impacts associated with all stages of a products life from cradle to grave.
Can assist in:
Identifying opportunities to improve environmental efficiencies
Inform decision-making
Selection of more relevant environmental performance
Marketing of a product (MSC, Certified Sustainable etc…)
Reference Species System Country Functional Unit System Boundary Allocation Method Aubin et al. 2006 Turbot RAS France 1 ton live weight Farm Gate Economic Value
Aubin et al. 2009 Rainbow, sea-bass and turbot
Various France 1 ton live weight Farm Gate Economic Value
D’Orbcastel et al. 2009
Trout Various Model (France)
1 ton live weight Farm Gate Economic Value
Pelletier and Tyedmers 2007
Atlantic Salmon Salmon feeds Canada 1 ton live weight Farm Gate Gross Nutritional Energy
Ayer and Tyedmers 2009
Atlantic Salmon and Arctic Char
Various Canada 1 ton live weight Farm Gate Gross Nutritional Energy
Pelletier et al. 2009
Atlantic Salmon Cage Global 1 ton live weight Farm Gate Gross Nutritional Energy
Pelletier and Tyedmers 2010
Tilapia Net cage and Ponds
Indonesia 1 ton fillets Market Gross Nutritional Energy
Mungkung 2005 Shrimps Ponds Thailand 1.8kg shrimp tails Waste Economic Value
Gronroos et al. 2006
Rainbow Net Cage Finland 1 ton dead weight Farm Gate Mass
Ellingsen and Aanondsen 2006
Atlantic Salmon Net Cage Norway 200 gram fillet Market Mass/Economic Value
Iribarren et al. 2010
Blue Mussels Rafts Spain 1kg of dry mussel flesh Consumer System Expansion
Phong 2010 Various Ponds, integrated
Vietnam 1kg of live fish/ 1 kcal Farm Gate Economic Value
Martins et al. 2010
Various RAS Various N/a N/a N/a
Samuel-Fitwi wt al. 2013
Rainbow Various Germany & Denmark
1 ton live weight Farm Gate System Expansion
Samuel-Fitwi, Schroeder & Schulz 2013
Rainbow Various Germany 1 ton live weight Farm Gate System Expansion
Impact Category Frequency Used
Global Warming Potential 12
Acidification 12
Eutrophication 12
Energy Use 8
Biotic Resource Use 6
Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity 4
Abiotic Depletion Potential 3
Ozone Depletion Potential 3
Human Toxicity 3
Water Dependence 2
Photochemical Oxidant Formation 2
Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity 2
Terrestrial Ecotoxicity 2
Surface Use 2
Respiratory Impacts From Inorganics 1
Carcinogenic Effects on Humans 1
Impact Categories
Planning to assess 6 categories:
1. Global Warming Potential (GWP)
2. Acidification Potential (AP)
3. Water Dependence (WD)
4. Eutrophication Potential (EP)
5. Energy Use
6. Biodiversity Impact Potential (BIP)
Biodiversity Impact Potential
Distinct lack of use in LCA
Despite being one of the key indicators for sustainability
Address sustainability issues – impacts on habitats and species
Planned to take a multifaceted approach to assess the impact
Focus on WFD techniques
Emphasis on freshwater ecology
Rates/levels of water use
Inputs Vs Outputs
Summary
LCA of most common types of aquaculture systems in Ireland
Baseline study
Evaluate environmental performance of freshwater aquaculture
Looking at BIP – in depth
Acknowledgements
Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine
Team members of MOREFISH
Industry partners
ReferencesLiterature:
Asche, F., Roheim, C. A., & Smith, M. D. (2015). Trade intervention: Not a silver bullet to address environmental externalities in global aquaculture.Marine Policy.
Caffrey, J. M. (1986). Macrophytes as biological indicators of organic pollution in Irish rivers. Biological indicators of pollution Royal Irish Academy, 77-87.
Cao, L., Diana, J. S., & Keoleian, G. A. (2013). Role of life cycle assessment in sustainable aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5(2), 61-71
Ecosystems and human well-being. Vol. 5. Washington, DC:: Island press, 2005
Ellingsen, H., & Aanondsen, S. A. (2006). Environmental impacts of wild caught cod and farmed Salmon-a comparison with chicken (7 pp). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 11(1), 60-65.
Henriksson, P. J., Guinée, J. B., Kleijn, R., & de Snoo, G. R. (2012). Life cycle assessment of aquaculture systems—a review of methodologies. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 17(3), 304-313.
Ottinger, M., Clauss, K., & Kuenzer, C. (2016). Aquaculture: Relevance, distribution, impacts and spatial assessments–A review. Ocean & Coastal Management, 119, 244-266.
Pelletier, N., Tyedmers, P., Sonesson, U., Scholz, A., Ziegler, F., Flysjo, A., ... & Silverman, H. (2009). Not all salmon are created equal: life cycle assessment (LCA) of global salmon farming systems. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(23), 8730-8736.
Penman, T. D., Law, B. S., & Ximenes, F. (2010). A proposal for accounting for biodiversity in life cycle assessment. Biodiversity and conservation,19(11), 3245-3254.
Samuel-Fitwi, B., Schroeder, J. P., & Schulz, C. (2013). System delimitation in life cycle assessment (LCA) of aquaculture: striving for valid and comprehensive environmental assessment using rainbow trout farming as a case study. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18(3), 577-589.
Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R., & Cushing, C. E. (1980). The river continuum concept. Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 37(1), 130-137.
Wilkins, Noel P. (1989). Ponds, passes and parcs: aquaculture in Victorian Ireland, ISBN 0-907606-65-2
Images:
Earth Pond Image: http://www.nerc.ac.uk/nerc/assets/images/photos/fish-farm-scotland400x250.jpg
Rainbow Trout drawing: https://www.thefishinhole.com/imagesProducts/big/3842800.jpg
Perla: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/SteinfliegenLarve2.JPG