A project Report on

E

Use of Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess the Rainwater Harvesting Potential in Behror &

Neemrana Block, Rajasthan

Use of Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess the Rainwater

Harvesting Potential in Behror Tehsil, Rajasthan

By

Ekta Gupta

A project report submitted to Dr. Parul Srivastava, Professor at NIIT University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of M.Tech in GIS.

NIIT University, Neemrana

Rajasthan

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the Dr. Parul Srivastava for her valuable suggestion that has

given me immense support to ensure that my work conforms to the set

standards. I also do wish to extend my sincere gratitude to the NIIT University

for arranging vehicle for my field survey.

I thank to Arbind Anand, Ajit Babar, Shubhangi Mane and Srimoyee Dutta for

extending their support and help to me at all phases of my project completion.

Ekta Gupta

1 Contents 2 Introduction ........................................................................................... 10

2.1 Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) Concept ...................................................... 10

2.2 Application of Remote Sensing & GIS in RWH .............................................. 10

2.3 Problem Identification ......................................................................... 11

3 Objective .............................................................................................. 12

4 Study Area ............................................................................................ 13

4.1 Climate ........................................................................................... 13

4.2 Topographical and Hydrogeological Settings ............................................... 14

4.3 Man-Environment Relationship ............................................................... 14

4.4 Soil Characteristics ............................................................................. 14

5 Material and Methodology .......................................................................... 15

5.1 Material Used .................................................................................... 15

5.1.1 Software Used ............................................................................. 15

5.1.2 Dataset Used ............................................................................... 15

5.2 Methodology ..................................................................................... 16

5.2.1 Rainfall Data Interpolation ............................................................... 16

5.2.2 Thematic Maps Generation .............................................................. 18

5.2.3 DEM Hydro-Processing .................................................................... 19

5.2.4 Calculation of Rain Water Harvesting Potential (RWHP) ............................ 21

5.2.5 Decision Making and RWH Site Selection ............................................... 24

5.3 Results and Discussion ......................................................................... 26

5.3.1 Rain Water Harvesting Potential Map .................................................. 26

5.3.2 Suitable sites for Rain Water Harvesting ............................................... 26

6 Conclusion............................................................................................. 31

List of Figures

Figure 4-1 Study Area Map ............................................................................... 13

Figure 5-1 Methodology Flow Chart .................................................................... 16

Figure 5-2 Average Annual Rainfall ..................................................................... 17

Figure 5-4 Land Use/Land Cover Map................................................................... 20

Figure 5-3 Soil Texture Map .............................................................................. 20

Figure 5-5 Classified Slope Map ......................................................................... 20

Figure 5-6Strahler Drainage Order Map ................................................................ 20

Figure 5-7 Runoff Coefficient Map ...................................................................... 23

Figure 5-8 Rain Water Harvesting Potential Map...................................................... 27

Figure 10 Suitable Sites for Farm Ponds................................................................ 28

Figure 11 Suitable Sites for Percolation Tanks ........................................................ 29

Figure 12 Suitable Sites for Check Dams ............................................................... 30

List of Tables

Table 5-1The descriptive characteristics of the SCS soil groups based on infiltration rates ... 22

Table 5-2 Rational Method Runoff Coefficient ........................................................ 23

Table 5-3 Suitable area for different RWH Structures ............................................... 26

Abbreviations

RWH: Rain Water Harvesting

RWE: Rain Water Endowment

RWHP: Rain Water Harvesting Potential

SCS: Soil Conservation Service

HSG: Hydrological Soil Group

Abstract

This study presents a methodology that is used to identify Rain Water Harvesting

(RWH) sites using GIS and Remote Sensing product in Behror d Neemrana Tehsil

which belongs to the semi arid zone and is likely to face water deficiency in the

near future as new settlements are coming up due to industrialization and

urbanization in this area. Input layers that are used in this study includes rainfall

map, slope, land use/cover map, Soil map and stream order map. ArcGIS 10.1

and ERDAS Imagine 11 have been used to derive all these required key spatial

parameters. Runoff Modeling is done using Soil Conservation Services (SCS)

hydrological soil groups and rational method of runoff coefficient. For the

assignment of weights to each factor and site suitability analysis weighted overlay

method in ArcGIS 10.1 is used. The obtained results have revealed that the study

area has plenty of scope for the development of Water Harvesting Structures. The

total Rain Water Harvesting Potential of the study area is 41,23,356 cubic meters

which are sufficient to feed on the ever increasing demand on water if harvest and

conserve properly. Produced suitability map can be refered for the selection of

harvesting sites.

Summary

The present study has identified the application of GIS and Remote Sensing product for the

selection of suitable Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) sites along with the total RWH potential of

Behror d Neemrana Tehsil which belongs to the semi arid zone and is likely to face water

deficiency in the near future as new settlements are coming up due to industrialization and

urbanization in this area. Input layers that are used in this study includes slope, land

use/cover map, Soil map and stream order map. ArcGIS 10.1 and Erdas Imagine 11 have been

usedto derive all these key spatial layers. Runoff Modeling is done usingSoil Conservation

Services (SCS) hydrological soil groups and method. For the assignment of weights to each

factor weighted overlay method in ArcGIS 10.1 is used. The obtained results have revealed

that the study area has plenty of scope for the development of Water Harvesting

Structures.The total Rain Water Harvesting Potential of the study area is 41,23,356 cubic

meters which are sufficient to feed on the ever increasing demand on water if harvest and

conserve properly.. Out of the total area of 727 km2;187.3 km2, 194.5km2& 187.3km2area is

suitable for Check Dam, Percolation Tank and Farm Pond respectively. Produced suitability

map will help in the selection of the suitable location of harvesting structures and hence,

help in water conservation in a water depleted area.

2 Introduction

Water is the most crucial for maintaining an environment and ecosystem conducive to

sustaining all forms of life. It plays a vital role not only in fulfilling basic human need for life

and health but in socio-economic development also.It is essential to conserve and manage this

limited and precious resource. As the primary source of water is rainfall, so it becomes

necessary for us to harvest it effectively we can maximize the storage and minimize the

wastage of rain water.

2.1 Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) Concept

Rain Water Harvesting and Conservation, is the activity of direct collection of rain water

collected can be stored for direct use or can be re-charged into the Ground Water. The main

goal is to minimize flow of Rain Water through Drains/Nallahas to the rivers without making

any use of the same. It is a known fact that the Ground Water level is depleting and going

down and down in the last decades. Thus Rain Water Harvesting & Conservation aims at

optimum utilization of the natural resource, that is, Rain Water, which is the first form of

water that we know in the hydrological cycle and hence is a primary source of water for us.

The Rivers, Lakes and Ground Water harvesting and conservation, we depend entirely on such

secondary sources of water and in the process it is forgotten that rain is the ultimate source

that rain is the ultimate source that feeds to these secondary sources. The value of this

important primary source of water must not be lost. Rain Water Harvesting & Conservation

means to understand the value of rain and to make optimum use of Rain Water at the place

where it falls(1).

2.2 Application of Remote Sensing & GIS in RWH

Several studies have revealed that Remote Sensing Data and GIS tools are very helpful in

determining the potential sites for Water Harvesting. Padmavathy et al., 1993,(2) have used

Arc/Info for the derivation of various thematic maps such as a soil map, a land use map, a

contour map, a lineament and fracture map as well as a drainage map of an area selected

from IRS-1A imagery and Survey of India (SOI) topographic map sheets. "Check dam sites" were

selected according to a suitability ranking considering certain criteria without estimating

runoff. Gupta et al. 1997, (3) in their study, have identified the capability of GIS and Remote

Sensing in runoff estimation. Decision making and planning about the required number and

type of water harvesting structure to be constructed using RS and GIS in the watershed is

extremely important to avoid mammoth investments on unproductive structures(2).

2.3 Problem Identification

According to DEA Report Alwar, area around Neemrana exhibit steep depletion of water level

ranging from 7m to 10m during the period of 1984-1997(3). Moreover, according to National

Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB)’s(4) report on water resource in NCR, Behror Block

belongs to over-exploitation category. Availability of water in near future is going to become

a matter of grave concern as Shahajanpur-Neemrana-Behror (SNB) complex and 129 villages

along NH-8 in Rajasthan sub-region of NCR was identified as a suitable area for Global City

Project by Government of Rajasthan and hence, is being developed at an unprecedented rate.

This will increase demand and pressure on already depleting water resource many folds.

Studies need to be conducted for identification of catchment areas with good storage

recharge potential and ground water aquifers with goodretention and community level

projects be developed & implemented, so that sustainability of water resource can be

assured.

3 Objective

The main objective of the present study is to assess the Rain Water Harvesting

Potential of the study area.

To assess the Road Water Harvesting Potential

To identify and map out the potential Water harvesting Sites through site suitability

analysis in RS and GIS environment.

To suggest the suitable Rain Water Harvesting Practice in the study area

4 Study Area Study area is located in north-western corner of Alwar district, Rajasthan, covering two Tehsil

viz. Neemrana and Behror. It extends between 28°11'22"N to 27°47'57"N latitude and 76° 8'48"E to

76°31'12" E longitude. It covers an area of 727.64 sq km and accommodates 3, 05,688 people.

Study Area Map

4.1 Climate

The climate of the study area is semi-arid and very hot in summer and extremely cold in

winter. The monsoon season is of very short duration. The cold season starts by the middle of

November and continues up to the beginning of March. The summer season follows thereafter

and extends up to the end of the June. The south west monsoon continues from July to mid-

September. The period from mid-September to mid-November forms the post-monsoon

Figure 4-1 Study Area Map

Landsat8, 2013 image

(FCC)

(

season. The rainfall during the south-west monsoons constitutes about 80 % of the annual

rainfall. 620 mm is the annual average rainfall.

4.2 Topographical and Hydrogeological Settings

The Aravalli mountain range (one of the oldest in the world) in western India runs

approximately 482 km from northeast to southwest across the State of Rajasthan. The study

area has an average elevation of 312 m and land slope is less than 10 m per km. Most of the

area is covered with Alluvial Plain of Fluvial origin and Sandy Plain of Aeolian origin. There

are some patches of Ravinated pediments(5).

4.3 Man-Environment Relationship

Until the 1930s and 1940s, the Aravalli range had verdant forest cover. A multitude of

traditional water-harvesting systems ensured that the low rainfall was optimally utilized to

provide an adequate water supply to the village community throughout the year. However,

due to large-scale logging in later years, surface runoff increased every year, resulting in

considerable depletion of groundwater recharge. The complete transfer of water

management from community to government created a cycle of neglect and scorn for time-

tested traditions and a dependency-syndrome among the village community. The synergy

between humankind and nature that was the legacy of centuries of tradition was destroyed in

a matter of decades. Drought became a recurring and grim reality in the region (6).

4.4 Soil Characteristics

Study area has mainly four types of soil. Red gravelly soil has characteristic of excellent

drainage(7); soils of Aravalli Hills are moderately deep undifferentiated soils and rocky land

of Aravallis subjected to high run off and severely eroded; soil of Aravalli Pediment are very

deep, well-drained soils with gentle slope, coarse loamy soils with loamy surface, severely

eroded and slightly saline; soil of Old Alluvial Plain are moderately drained, fine loamy,

calcareous soils with loamy surface, low fertility status, low moisture retention capacity,

moderately eroded(8).

5 Material and Methodology

5.1 Material Used

5.1.1 Software Used

Erdas Imagine-11has been used for mosaicing and image classification.

ArcGIS Desktop10.1 for Vector and Raster based analysis such as Map Overlay,

Proximity Analysis, Local and Zonal Function, Rainfall Interpolation, and for generating

Flow Accumulation map, Raster Stream Network and Stream Order map.

Google Earth has been used for digitizing settlements, water body, pediments and

hills.

5.1.2 Dataset Used

Landsat 8 image, May 2013; band – 3, 4, 5; resolution 30m.

ASTER –DEM, resolution 30m.

Soil Map of Alwar (Source: NATMO)

Hydrogeological Map (Source: /www.indiawaterportal.org)

Rainfall Data of 37 years (1970-2012) (source: India Water Portal)

Field data has been generated using GPS for ground truth

5.2 Methodology

The methodology used in the present study has been summarized in the flow chart below

Conceptual Framework

Figure 5-1 Methodology Flow Chart

5.2.1 Rainfall Data Interpolation

Study area has only 3 rainfall gauging stations. A dense network is required to estimate

accurately spatial distribution of rainfall of a given area. Therefore, 16 stations in Alwar

district are used for interpolation on the entire district and then interpolated rainfall map of

the study area was clipped.

The interpolation has been done in ArcGIS 10.1 using Inverse Distance Weight (IDW). Inverse

distance weighted (IDW) interpolation determines cell values using a linearly weighted

combination of a set of sample points. The weight is a function of inverse distance (ArcGIS

10.1 Help).The interpolated raster map shows decrease pattern in Average Annual Rainfall

from north to south, seeFigure 5-2.

Figure 5-2 Average Annual Rainfall

5.2.2 Thematic Maps Generation

5.2.2.1 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Map

Landsat 8, May, 2013, imagery is used for LULC classification. Since the study area has been

covered by two imageries, therefore, images were mosaicked first and Supervised

Classification tool was run in Erdas Imagine 10. Parallelepiped and Maximum Likelihood

decision rule ware selected as non-parametric and parametric decision rule respectively. The

resulted imagery was recoded further using vector files that were digitized using Google

Earth. There are total seven classes, these are settlement, agriculture field, road, quarry,

waterbody, mixed shrubs and mixed vegetation, seeFigure 5-4.

5.2.2.2 Soil Map

The study area lacks an elaborate soil map. The soil map of the study area was digitized from

Alwar district soil map of 1: 100,000 scale. Further improvements were carried out with the

help of literature, seeFigure 5-3 .

5.2.2.3 Slope Map

The slope of a given area influences recharge and infiltration hence the amount of runoff that

is expected from the terrain. Technology suitability for different RWH options highly depends

on the slope of a given area (9).

Slope map was derived from 30 m resolution ASTER DEM. Firstly, ASTER DEM image was

processed to remove peaks and sinks using ArcGIS and then converted into Slope Map in

percentage. In this study two different classified slope maps was required. The first one is

classified on the basis of slope suitability criteria for various water harvesting structures. It is

classified into four categories; these are, 0-3, 3-5, 5-15 and >15 see Figure 5-1. The other one

is for calculating Runoff Coefficient on the basis of Error! Reference source not found..

5.2.3 DEM Hydro-Processing

DEM Hydro-Processing involves extraction of drainage parameters from DEM. In the present

study following hydrological parameters have been extracted from Hydrological tools of

ArcGIS.

5.2.3.1 Flow Accumulation Raster

The result of Flow Accumulation is a raster of accumulated flow to each cell, as determined

by accumulating the weight for all cells that flow into each downslope cell. It is used to

generate stream raster, which is required as an input to create Stream Order Raster.

5.2.3.2 Flow Direction Raster

Flow Direction tool creates a raster of flow direction from each cell to its steepest downslope

neighbor. It is also required as an input to create Stream Order Raster.

5.2.3.3 Stream Raster

Stream Raster requires a threshold value. For the present study threshold value of 500 has

been taken. Cells that have more than 500 cells flowing into them are used to define the

stream network. Con tool has been used to create a stream network raster where flow

accumulation values of 500 or greater go to one, and the remainder are put to the

background (NoData).

5.2.3.4 Strahler Stream Order

The method of stream ordering was proposed by Strahler in 1952. Stream order only increases

when streams of the same order intersect. Stream Order Raster was generated using Stream

Order tool see Figure 5-6.

Figure 5-4 Land Use/Land Cover Map

Figure 5-3 Soil Texture Map

Figure 5-5 Classified Slope Map Figure 5-6Strahler Drainage Order Map

5.2.4 Calculation of Rain Water Harvesting Potential (RWHP)

The total amount of water i.e. received in the form of rainfall over an area is called the Rain

Water Endowment (RWE) of that area. Out of this the amount that can be effectively

harvested called the Rain Water Harvesting Potential (1).

Rain Water Harvested Potential (RWHP) = Rainfall Endowment of the area X Runoff Coefficient X 0.8 (constant coefficient1)------------(i)

RWE: It was calculated for each pixel by multiplying pixel area with the interpolated rainfall

value (in meter) of that pixel.

Runoff Coefficient:The method used to calculate runoff coefficient is Rational Method. The

major factors affecting the rational method runoff coefficient value for a watershed are the

land use, the soil type and the slope of the watershed. The physical interpretation of the

runoff coefficient for a watershed is the fraction of rainfall on that watershed that becomes

storm water runoff. Thus the runoff coefficient must have a value between zero and one (10).

Land Use:Surfaces that are relatively impervious like streets and parking lots have

runoff coefficients approaching one. Surfaces with vegetation to intercept surface

runoff and those that allow infiltration of rainfall have lower runoff coefficients.

Slope: All other things being equal, a watershed with a greater slope will have more

storm water runoff and thus a higher runoff coefficient than a watershed with a lower

slope.

Soil Type: Soils that have a high clay content don't allow very much infiltration and

thus have relatively high runoff coefficients, while soils with high sand content have

higher infiltration rates and low runoff coefficients. The U.S. Soil Conservation Service

(SCS) has four soil group identifications that provide information helpful in

determining watershed runoff coefficients. The four soil groups are identified as A, B,

C, and D. Classification of a given soil into one of these SCS groups can be on the basis

of a description of the soil characteristics or on the basis of a measured minimum

infiltration rate for the soil.

The descriptive characteristics of the four SCS soil groups are summarized in the listError!

Reference source not found.:

Table 5-1The descriptive characteristics of the four SCS soil groups based on infiltration rates (9).

Sr. No. Hydrologic Soil Group

Description

1 Group A Have a low runoff potential due to high infiltration rates. These soils consist primarily of deep, well-drained sands and gravels.

2 Group B Have a moderately low runoff potential due to moderate infiltration rates. These soils consist primarily of moderately deep to deep, moderately well- to well-drained soils with moderately fine to moderately coarse textures.

3 Group C Have a moderately high runoff potential due to slow infiltration rates. These soils consist primarily of soils in which a layer exists near the surface that impedes the downward movement of water or soils with moderately fine to fine texture.

4 Group D Have a high runoff potential due to very slow infiltration rates. These soils consist primarily of clays with high swelling potential, soils with permanently high water tables,

The study area has Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG) A (Red Gravelly Soil), HSG B (Old Alluvial Plain

& Aravalli Pediment) &HSG D (Aravalli Hill Soil). This categorization has been done by

referring many papers on study area and on soil characteristics (8) (11).

In the present study, Table 5-2 is used. This table contains Runoff Coefficient value for

different landuse, watershed slopes and SCS based Hydrological Soil Groups. Group C is not

found in the study area, hence, not included in the table.

A Runoff Coefficient raster has been created by combining thematic layer of HSG Map, Slope

Map and LULC Map and then assigning respective values given in the Table 5-2. By putting this

raster layer and RWE raster layer into equation 1, Rain Water Harvesting Potential Map has

been generated and thetotal potential has been calculated (see Figure 5-1).

Table 5-2 Rational Method Runoff Coefficient (12)

Slope <2% 2-6% >6% <2% 2-6% >6% <2% 2-6% >6%

LULC classes

Soil Group A Soil Group A Soil Group A

Mixed Shrub

0.15 0.25 0.35 0.23 0.34 0.45 0.37 0.50 0.62

Mixed Vegetation1

0.12 0.18 0.26 0.17 0.24 0.32 0.26 0.35 0.44

Settlement2 0.48 0.51 0.53 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.56 0.58 0.65

Agriculture 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.16 0.21 0.28 0.24 0.29 0.41

Quarry3 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.79 0.82 0.85

Road 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.89 0.91 0.95

1 Runoff coefficient for mixed vegetation has been taken as an average of Forest and Pasture. 2 Runoff coefficient for settlement has been taken as an average of all the landuse belong to the settlement. 3 Runoff coefficient for quarry has been taken as an average of disturbed area and street.

Figure 5-7 Runoff Coefficient Map

5.2.5 Decision Making and RWH Site Selection

5.2.5.1 Criteria Selection

To find out suitable sites for Check dams, Percolation tank, farm pond following criteria is

used (13; 1).

1. Percolation Tank

A tank can be located either across small streams by creating low elevation.

Terrain with highly fractured and weathered rock for speedy recharge.

Submergence area should be uncultivated as far as possible.

Soils in the catchment area should preferably be of light sandy type to avoid silting up of the tank bed.

The location of the tank should preferably be downstream of runoff zone or in the upper part of the transition zone, with a land slope gradient of 3 to 5%.

2. Farm Pond

In relatively flatter terrain with good soil cover, a farm pond has an earth

section with usually 3:1 side slopes onwaterside and 2:1 side slopes on the

downstream face.

The drainage area above the pond should be large enough to fill the pond in 2

or 3 spells of good rainfall.

The pond should be located where it could serve a major purpose: e.g. for

irrigation, it should be above the irrigated fields and for sediment control it

should intercept the flow from the most erodible parts of the catchment.

Junction of two drainage channels or large natural depressions should be

preferred.

The land surface should not have excessive seepage losses unless it is meant to

serve as a percolation tank for ground water recharge.

3. Check Dam

Rainfall: 200 -750 mm; from arid to semi-arid areas.

Soils: all agricultural soils - poorer soils will be improved by treatment.

Slopes: best below 2% for most effective water spreading.

5.2.5.2 Weight Assignment and Overlay

Four thematic raster layers were overlaid using Weighted Overlay Tool in ArcGIS 10.1. This

tool multiplies each raster layers by their given weight and sums the multiplied value of all

layers. The individual categories within each layer were given weight on the basis of

suitability criteria. Evaluation scale was set in a range of 1 to 5 with equal reference to all

layers.

5.3 Results and Discussion

5.3.1 Rain Water Harvesting Potential Map

RWHP map (seeFigure 5-8)is created by the weighted overlay operation. Total calculated

RWHP of the study area is 41,23,356 cubic meter. Total Rainwater Endowment of the study

area is 49,28,319 cubic meter.

5.3.2 Suitable sites for Rain Water Harvesting

The derived suitable sites for farm pond, percolation tank and check dam are shown in

figureFigure 9, Figure 10&Figure 11 respectively.

5-3 Table showing suitable area for different RWH Structures

RWH Structures Area (square kilometers)

Suitaible Most Suitable Total

Farm Pond 37.3 150 187.3

Percolation Tank 110.9 83.6 194.5

Check Dam 102.14 93.3 195.44

Figure 5-8 Rain Water Harvesting Potential Map

Figure 9 Suitable Sites for Farm Ponds

Figure 10 Suitable Sites for Percolation Tanks

Figure 11 Suitable Sites for Check Dams

6 Conclusion

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization in the study area, demand for water

consumption has increased at an unprecedented rate. Statistics on water availability in the

study area has already revealed that water table has gone down remarkably in last 2-3

decades. Nevertheless, the area has sufficient potential to feed on the ever increasing

demand of water if harvest and conserve properly.

Site selection for RWH is carried out by overlying the slope, soil, landuse/land cover &

buffered stream order maps. The study area is having full scope for percolation tanks, farm

ponds and check dams. Produced map will help in the selection of the suitable location of

harvesting structures and hence, help in water conservation in a water depleted area.

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