USE OF SYSTEMIC TREATMENTS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC INSECT PESTS OF

SEED ORCHARD AND PLANTATION TREES

SFTIC 2017

Don Grosman

Coneworm (5+ spp)

Conifer mite

Cone beetle (5+ spp)

Seedworm

Thrips

Seed bug (2 spp)

Midge

Bark beetle (5+ spp)

Hydraulic sprays can only reach to a height of ~30 feet. For larger trees, the need for a bucket truck increase cost considerably.

Even with a light breeze, pesticide can easily drift off target.

Limitations of Bole or Foliar Sprays

ExpensiveBecoming difficult to find applicators (seed orchards)Short treatment duration, e.g. several (2 – 6)

treatments required per yearWorker exposureDriftPotential for non-target (bees, parasites & predators)

mortality

Potential Advantages of Tree Injections

Full dose administered to tree; reduce pesticide load in treatment area

No need for bucket trucks to treat large trees; entire tree protected

No exposure to customer, minimal to applicatorNo drift or non-target effectsWide treatment windowLong treatment duration (2 or more years); no

photo- or microbial-degredation of chemical

Registered Systemic Insecticides• Abamectin (Abicide 2, Greyhound, Vivid)• Acephate (ACECAP 97, ACE-jet, Dendrex, Lepitect) • Azadirachtin (AzaSol, TreeAzin)• Bidrin (Inject-a-cide B*)• Chlorantraniloprole (Acelopryn) • Dinotefuran (Safari, Transtect)• Emamectin benzoate (Arbormectin, Boxer, TREE-äge*,TREE-äge G4)• Imidacloprid (IMA-jet, Imicide, Pointer, Xytect)

* Restricted Use Product

What is Emamectin Benzoate (TREE-äge)?

• It was derived from abamectin and produced by a naturally occurring soil born bacteria called Streptomyces avermitilis.

• Mode of Action – Acts on insect nerves to suppress muscle contraction, resulting in insect paralysis and death.

• Emamectin benzoate is highly active against a range of pests, particularly in the order Lepidoptera.

• After injection into a tree, emamectin benzoate appears to be stored with the tree’s sugars and proteins, and released as the tree uses it’s stored energy. This results in extended tree protection (2 or more years).

Systemic Insecticide Injection Studies

Systemic Insecticide Injection Studies1996 - 2013

ObjectivesEvaluate trunk injection of systemic insecticides as alternatives to:

1) aerial sprays for the control of cone and seed insects in pine and hardwood seed orchards.

2) trunk sprays for protection against bark beetles.

Seed Orchard and Plantation Trials• Coneworm (18: 1996 – 2012, 2017)• Seed bugs (18: 1996 – 2012, 2017)• Seedworm (3: 1998 - 2004)• Pales weevil (1: 2003)• Bark beetles (27: 2004 – 2017)• Acorn weevil (3: 2004 - 2006)• Pine needle scale (1: 2005)• Slash pine flower thrips (1: 2005 – 2006)• Cone beetle (1: 2011 – 2012)• Pine wood nematode (3: 2012 – 2014)• Ambrosia beetles (6: 2012 – 2017)• Conifer mite (3: 2013 – 2015)

EB Control of Pine ConewormStudyTexas Forest Service

Treatments20 trees injected with EB 1999 and 10 of these injected again in 2000

Evaluation Cones were collected & assessed for coneworm damage in 1999 - 2002

TREE-äge ResultsSignificantly less damage in single treatments from 1999 and for annual treatments 1999 & 2000.

Shows 2+ years of control against Pine Coneworm

Donald M. Grosman et. al, 2002

EB 99

Untreat…0

10

20

30

40

1999 2000 2001 2002

Perc

ent C

onew

orm

dam

age

Percent coneworm (Dioryctria spp.) damage and reduction in damage compared to check, Woodville, TX 2010 & 2011.

Percent seed bug (Leptoglossus and Tetyra sp.) damage to second year cones, Woodville, TX 2010 & 2011

New Formulations of TREE-äge for Control of Pine Coneworm

Study SiteGeneva State Forest, AL

Treatments10 trees each injected in early April with:

1) TREE-äge (4% RUP, 8.6ml/pt) 1:1 with water via TREE IV F-Series)

2) TREE-äge G4 (4% GUP, 8.6ml/pt via Quikjet Air)

3) TREE-äge R9 (9.5% RUP, 3.6ml/pt via Quikjet Air)

Evaluation Cones will be collected & assessed for coneworm damage in 2017 and 2018

Null HypothesisAll EB treatments will significantly reduce coneworm damage to similar levels compared to untreated checks.

TREE-äge® insecticide is a Restricted Use Pesticide and may only be sold to and used by a state certified applicator or by personsunder their direct supervision. TREE-äge® is a registered trademark of Arborjet, Inc.

Effects of EB and Imidaclopridon Pales Weevil After Feeding on White Pine - 2003

StudyTexas Forest Service & Virginia Tech

TreatmentsOne white pine tree each injected with emamectin benzoate or imidacloprid in 2003

Evaluation Twigs collected from trees & presented to male and female pales weevil in petri dishes; measured level of feeding and mortality

ResultsAll weevils (male and female) died after feeding on EB-treated twigs.

Chart2

Check - Female

Check - Male

Imid - female

Imid - Male

EB - Female

EB - Male

Treatment

Percent Mortality

Mortality

0

0

0

0

100

100

Sheet1

Pales WeevilMalesArea Fed per TreatmentMalesMortality per Treatment

TreatmentSexdate(aug)AreaFedPropDeadDateCEBImidDateCEBImid

C1m1452.501435.17.235.214000

C2m1451.501566.412.838.815000

C3m14001664.433.912.716000

C4m1432.501761.8516.54.4517000

C5m143901861.8516.54.4518000

C1f144901947.111.34.819000

C2f141202052.7013.420000

C3f1444.502165.7024.721000

C4f14107022520.619.2220200

C5f1422.502345.3015230600

EB1m148.502449.1014.2240800

EB2m1410.502542.957.352501000

EB3m146.502642.957.352600

EB4m144.502729.810.82700

EB5m14602826.411.32800

EB1f1415.502913.213.82900

EB2f1410.503024.640.73000

EB3f1435.503132.752.1310.00.0

EB4f1400

EB5f14270

IMID1m1413.50FemalesArea Fed per TreatmentFemalesMortality per Treatment

IMID2m14340DateCEBImidDateCEBImid

IMID3m1433.50144717.715.81406.380

IMID4m1435015109.824.251.815000

IMID5m146001655.738.61.716000

IMID1f1441.501775.8564.91.7170200

IMID2f1488.301875.8541.50.9180200

IMID3f1418.501975.840.50190200

IMID4f146802045.870.10200200

IMID5f149702170.572.70.6210200

C1m1568.502291.727.11.2220200

C2m15102.502342.540.54.5230200

C3m15430245731.90240200

C4m155302544.93.3250200

C5m156502644.98260200

C1f1512602740.20270200

C2f155402825.71.1280200

C3f1514002930.69.3290200

C4f158303033.360.7300800

C5f1514603132.00.0310.01000.0

EB1m1500

EB2m15290

EB3m1500

EB4m15280

EB5m1570

EB1f15150

EB2f15290

EB3f15630

EB4f1530

EB5f15110

IMID1m15790

IMID2m15550

IMID3m15350

IMID4m15250

IMID5m1500

IMID1f1500

IMID2f15680

IMID3f1567.50

IMID4f15127.50

IMID5f15850

C1m1643.50

C2m16850

C3m16570

C4m1666.50

C5m16700

C1f1633.50

C2f1658.50

C3f1654.50

C4f16640

C5f16680

EB1m1660

EB2m16240

EB3m16100

EB4m1639.50

EB5m16900

EB1f1695.50.2

EB2f16240.2

EB3f1638.50.2

EB4f16.0.2

EB5f16350.2

IMID1m1600

IMID2m1600

IMID3m1612.50

IMID4m16510

IMID5m1600

IMID1f1600

IMID2f164.50

IMID3f1600

IMID4f167.50

IMID5f1610.50

C1m17390

C2m1787.50

C3m1731.50

C4m1768.750

C5m1782.50

C1f1781.50

C2f1760.250

C3f1777.250

C4f1795.750

C5f1764.50

EB1m1759.50

EB2m1714.50

EB3m178.50

EB4m1700

EB5m1700

EB1f1700.2

EB2f1700.2

EB3f1700.2

EB4f17.0.2

EB5f1700.2

IMID1m1720

IMID2m1700

IMID3m172.50

IMID4m1717.750

IMID5m1700

IMID1f174.750

IMID2f176.250

IMID3f171.750

IMID4f1716.50

IMID5f1738.750

C1m18390

C2m1887.50

C3m1831.50

C4m1868.750

C5m1882.50

C1f1881.50

C2f1860.250

C3f1877.250

C4f1895.750

C5f1864.50

EB1m1859.50

EB2m1814.50

EB3m188.50

EB4m1800

EB5m1800

EB1f1800.2

EB2f1800.2

EB3f1800.2

EB4f18.0.2

EB5f1800.2

IMID1m1820

IMID2m1800

IMID3m182.50

IMID4m1817.750

IMID5m1800

IMID1f184.750

IMID2f186.250

IMID3f181.750

IMID4f1816.50

IMID5f1838.750

C1m19560

C2m1954.550

C3m1939.50

C4m1937.50

C5m19480

C1f19430

C2f1939.50

C3f1982.50

C4f1986.50

C5f19127.50

EB1m1920

EB2m1900

EB3m194.50

EB4m1900

EB5m1900

EB1f1900.2

EB2f1900.2

EB3f1900.2

EB4f19.0.2

EB5f1900.2

IMID1m1900

IMID2m1900

IMID3m19190

IMID4m1950

IMID5m1900

IMID1f1900

IMID2f1900

IMID3f19170

IMID4f1921.50

IMID5f19120

C1m20330

C2m201000

C3m20300

C4m20420

C5m2058.50

C1f20240

C2f20480

C3f2010.50

C4f201260

C5f2020.50

EB1m2000

EB2m2000

EB3m2000

EB4m2000

EB5m2000

EB1f2000.2

EB2f2000.2

EB3f2000.2

EB4f20.0.2

EB5f2000.2

IMID1m2000

IMID2m2000

IMID3m2034.50

IMID4m20190

IMID5m2013.50

IMID1f2000

IMID2f2018.50

IMID3f2016.50

IMID4f2070.50

IMID5f2063.50

C1m2132.50

C2m21270

C3m2181.50

C4m2140.50

C5m211470

C1f21340

C2f2147.50

C3f21750

C4f21135.50

C5f2160.50

EB1m2100

EB2m2100

EB3m2100

EB4m2100

EB5m2100

EB1f2100.2

EB2f2100.2

EB3f2100.2

EB4f21.0.2

EB5f2100.2

IMID1m2100

IMID2m2100

IMID3m21350

IMID4m2185.50

IMID5m2130

IMID1f2100

IMID2f2120

IMID3f21170

IMID4f2162.50

IMID5f21850

C1m2251.50

C2m22670

C3m22520

C4m2244.50

C5m22450

C1f221440

C2f22780

C3f2247.50

C4f22104.50

C5f2284.50

EB1m2200.2

EB2m2200.2

EB3m2230.2

EB4m2200.2

EB5m22.0.2

EB1f2200.2

EB2f2200.2

EB3f2200.2

EB4f22.0.2

EB5f2200.2

IMID1m229.50

IMID2m22430

IMID3m2226.50

IMID4m2200

IMID5m22170

IMID1f2200

IMID2f22200

IMID3f22440

IMID4f2275.50

IMID5f2253.50

C1m2335.50

C2m2387.50

C3m2336.50

C4m2300

C5m23670

C1f23250

C2f2370

C3f2339.50

C4f2392.50

C5f2348.50

EB1m2300.6

EB2m23.0.6

EB3m23.0.6

EB4m2300.6

EB5m23.0.6

EB1f2360.2

EB2f2300.2

EB3f2300.2

EB4f23.0.2

EB5f2300.2

IMID1m2300

IMID2m23220

IMID3m23360

IMID4m2300

IMID5m23170

IMID1f2300

IMID2f23460

IMID3f2345.50

IMID4f2337.50

IMID5f2390.50

C1m2438.50

C2m2487.50

C3m24410

C4m2431.50

C5m24470

C1f24460

C2f24370

C3f2441.50

C4f241180

C5f2442.50

EB1m2400.8

EB2m24.0.8

EB3m24.0.8

EB4m24.0.8

EB5m24.0.8

EB1f2422.50.4

EB2f24.0.4

EB3f2400.4

EB4f24.0.4

EB5f2400.4

IMID1m2400

IMID2m24600

IMID3m2400

IMID4m244.50

IMID5m246.50

IMID1f2400

IMID2f2410.50

IMID3f2414.50

IMID4f2460

IMID5f24200

C1m2527.750

C2m25980

C3m25200

C4m2516.50

C5m2552.50

C1f2543.50

C2f25270

C3f25340

C4f25760

C5f25440

EB1m25.1

EB2m25.1

EB3m25.1

EB4m25.1

EB5m25.1

EB1f2500.6

EB2f25.0.6

EB3f2500.6

EB4f25.0.6

EB5f25.0.6

IMID1m25100

IMID2m256.50

IMID3m2514.50

IMID4m2520

IMID5m253.750

IMID1f2500

IMID2f259.50

IMID3f2537.250

IMID4f2511.50

IMID5f2521.50

C1m2627.750

C2m26980

C3m26200

C4m2616.50

C5m2652.50

C1f2643.50

C2f26270

C3f26340

C4f26760

C5f26440

EB1f2600.6

EB2f26.0.6

EB3f2600.6

EB4f26.0.6

EB5f26.0.6

IMID1m26100

IMID2m266.50

IMID3m2614.50

IMID4m2620

IMID5m263.750

IMID1f2600

IMID2f269.50

IMID3f2637.250

IMID4f2611.50

IMID5f2621.50

C1m27170

C2m27250

C3m27180

C4m2725.50

C5m2763.50

C1f2748.50

C2f2734.50

C3f2700

C4f2754.50

C5f2763.50

EB1f2700.6

EB2f27.0.6

EB3f2700.6

EB4f27.0.6

EB5f27.0.6

IMID1m27270

IMID2m27130

IMID3m274.50

IMID4m2710

IMID5m278.50

IMID1f2700

IMID2f2790

IMID3f2790

IMID4f2754.50

IMID5f2787.50

C1m2821.50

C2m28440

C3m2800

C4m2818.50

C5m28480

C1f28100

C2f2818.50

C3f28230

C4f2839.50

C5f2837.50

EB1f2800.8

EB2f28.0.8

EB3f28.0.8

EB4f28.0.8

EB5f28.0.8

IMID1m2800

IMID2m2800

IMID3m2814.50

IMID4m2850

IMID5m28370

IMID1f2890

IMID2f2800

IMID3f28110

IMID4f2850.50

IMID5f28790

C1m299.50

C2m2900

C3m29100

C4m29310

C5m2915.50

C1f29270

C2f2939.50

C3f29250

C4f29310

C5f2930.50

EB1f2900.8

EB2f29.0.8

EB3f29.0.8

EB4f29.0.8

EB5f29.0.8

IMID1m2900

IMID2m295.50

IMID3m2954.50

IMID4m2990

IMID5m2900

IMID1f293.50

IMID2f298.50

IMID3f2924.50

IMID4f29560

IMID5f29600

C1m3022.50

C2m3053.50

C3m3000

C4m3030.50

C5m3016.50

C1f3051.50

C2f30450

C3f3022.50

C4f306.50

C5f30410

EB1f3000.8

EB2f30.0.8

EB3f30.0.8

EB4f30.0.8

EB5f30.0.8

IMID1m3046.50

IMID2m3000

IMID3m3044.50

IMID4m30180

IMID5m3094.50

IMID1f30590

IMID2f3043.50

IMID3f3035.50

IMID4f3029.50

IMID5f30390

C1m3124.66666666670

C2m3156.33333333330

C3m3137.83333333330

C4m3113.50

C5m3131.33333333330

C1f31310

C2f3120.50

C3f317.33333333330

C4f3140.50

C5f3160.83333333330

IMID1m3189.50

IMID2m311.16666666670

IMID3m3132.66666666670

IMID4m3149.66666666670

IMID5m3187.66666666670

IMID1f3124.50

IMID2f311090

IMID3f3161.66666666670

IMID4f3154.66666666670

IMID5f3175.16666666670

EB1f31.1

EB2f31.1

EB3f31.1

EB4f31.1

EB5f31.1

Weevil Mort Gr

385773857738577385773857738577

385783857838578385783857838578

385793857938579385793857938579

385803858038580385803858038580

385813858138581385813858138581

385823858238582385823858238582

385833858338583385833858338583

385843858438584385843858438584

385853858538585385853858538585

385863858638586385863858638586

385873858738587385873858738587

385883858838588385883858838588

385893858938589385893858938589

385903859038590385903859038590

385913859138591385913859138591

385923859238592385923859238592

385933859338593385933859338593

385943859438594385943859438594

C-Male

C-Female

Imid-Male

Imid-Female

EB-Male

EB-Female

Effects of EB and Imid on Mortality of Pales Weevil after Feeding on White Pine Twigs, Virginia, 2003

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

20

20

0

0

0

0

60

20

0

0

0

0

80

20

0

0

0

0

100

20

0

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

80

0

0

0

0

100

Sheet2

MalesMortality per Treatment

DateC-MaleC-FemaleImid-MaleImid-FemaleEB-MaleEB-Female

13-Aug000000

14-Aug000000

15-Aug000000

16-Aug0000020

17-Aug0000020

18-Aug0000020

19-Aug0000020

20-Aug0000020

21-Aug00002020

22-Aug00006020

23-Aug00008020

24-Aug000010020

25-Aug000020

26-Aug000020

27-Aug000020

28-Aug000020

29-Aug000080

30-Aug0000100

FemalesMortality per Treatment

DateCEBImid

1406.380

15000

16000

170200

180200

190200

200200

210200

220200

230200

240200

250200

260200

270200

280200

290200

300800

3101000

Chart1

Check - Female

Check - Male

Imid - female

Imid - Male

EB - Female

EB - Male

Treatment

Percent Mortality

Mortality

0

0

0

0

100

100

Sheet3

Check - FemaleCheck - MaleImid - femaleImid - MaleEB - FemaleEB - Male

Mortality0000100100

Six-spined engraver beetleIps calligraphus

Mountain Pine BeetleDendroctonus ponderosae

Western Pine BeetleDendroctonus brevicomis

Spruce BeetleDendroctonus rufipennis

Southern Pine BeetleDendroctonus frontalis

Black Turpentine BeetleDendroctonus terebrans

Eastern five-spined IpsIps grandicollis

Small southern pine engraverIps avulsus

Conifer Bark Beetles of Economic Importance

Pine engraverIps pini

http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/fetch21/FRST308/lab6/dendroctonus_brevicomis/adult.jpg

Effects of emamectin benzoate on Ips engraver beetle colonization of loblolly pine logs 1 month after

injection - 2004Check EB @ 1 month

TREE-äge® control of Western Pine Beetle on Ponderosa Pine- CA

2005 Treatment – 2005, 2006 & 2007 assessmentsTree Mortality

• 40 to 50% of the check trees died each year• TREE-äge: Only 1 tree died within 2 years!

Donald M. Grosman et. al, 2010(Dead/Total) TREE-äge: (1/30) Check: (43/95)

TREE-äge® insecticide is a Restricted Use Pesticide and may only be sold to and used by a state certified applicator or by personsunder their direct supervision. TREE-äge® is a registered trademark of Arborjet, Inc.

TREE-äge® control of SPB on Loblolly Pine - AL2009 Treatment – 2009 – 2012 assessmentsTree Mortality

• 41 to 58% of the check trees died each year• TREE-äge: Only 4 trees (13%) died within first 2 years!• TREE-äge + fungicide: Only 6 trees (20%) died within first 3 years!

TREE-äge® insecticide is a Restricted Use Pesticide and may only be sold to and used by a state certified applicator or by personsunder their direct supervision. TREE-äge® is a registered trademark of Arborjet, Inc.

TREE-äge® insecticide is a Restricted Use Pesticide and may only be sold to and used by a state certified applicator or by personsunder their direct supervision. TREE-äge® is a registered trademark of Arborjet, Inc.

TREE-äge™ Pest Targets• Pine Wood Nematode

• Lepidoptera• Pine Coneworm• Western Spruce Budworm• Winter Moth• Bagworm• Fall Webworm• Gypsy Moth• Tent Caterpillars • Clearwing Borers• Leaf Miners• Oakworm Caterpillar• Tussuck Moth

• Hymenoptera• Erythrina Gall Wasp• Sawfly

• Coleoptera• Emerald Ash Borer• Bronze Birch Borer• Two Lined Chestnut Borer• Longhorn Borers• Bark Beetles (Scolytids)• White Pine Weevil

• Mites• Mites – Eur., Spruce, 2 spotted• Eryiophid Mites

Sidewinder

Tree IV

Portle

Quick-jet

Evaluated ability of injection systems to inject two volumes of TREE-äge into pine and treatment efficacy over time.

Mauget

M3

Pine Infuser

Macroinjection

Other systems available, but none have pressure capable of pushing product into conifers.

Chemjet

EcojectTree Tech

Arborjet’s Tree I.V. Micro Infusion System

Tree I.V. System with Larger Trees

Leap Frog with Multiple Trees Increases Productivity

•First you measure the DBH of the tree

•Then you put the exact amount of chemical in the bottle and pressurize the bottle

•Next you drill and plug the tree

•Attach IV lines and open the bottle and let it push into the tree

Original TREE I.V.

New F-SeriesTREE I.V.

For Larger Commercial Projects

& City Treatments

Arborjet’s VIPER Air Hydraulic Device

Texas Forest Service

Arborjet’sQUIK-jet Micro Injection System

QUIK-jet Air

New System Trials established in 2017

Coneworm/Seed Bug – AL

Gypsy Moth – Cape Cod, MA

Banyan Stem Gall Wasp – Oahu, HI

Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer – CA

Injection time for average 15” DBH = 3.2 minutes

• Make applications when trees are actively transpiring (Apr - Nov)• Fall is the best season for uptake; to provide enough time for trees

to circulate product• Spring is second best• For most trees, early morning and evenings are best• Drill deep to take advantage of thick active tissue layer in pines• Avoid heat of day, when stomata are likely to close• During summer, treat just after a ½”+ rain event or during drought

periods, irrigate trees prior to and after treatment.• Closer distances between injection points (4” or less) ensure good

protection against BTB.

Suggestions for Improving Trunk Injection

AcknowledgementsCooperative research with S. Clarke, D. Cox, J. Doccola, C. Fettig,

C. Jorgensen, S. Munson, L. Rankin, G. Severson, and S. Salom.

W. Upton, C. Dabney, J. Helvey, B. Kavanagh, R. Borys, C. Hayes, S. McKelvey, V. Cizek, J. Burns, L. Myslivec, D. Hollowell, V. Cizek, B. Pope, J. Childers, R. Menard, W. Johnson, D. Blackford, V. DeBlander, R. Halsey, P. Mocettini, C. Nelson, J. Neumann, and T. Ulrich provided field and lab assistance.

Anthony, ArborGen, Campbell Group, Champion, FIA, Hancock, IFCo, International Paper, Plum Creek, Potlatch, Rayonier, Sierra Pacific, Temple Inland, Texas Forest Service, USDA Forest Service, Weyerhaeuser Co. provided study sites.

This research was supported, in part, by the Forest Pest Management Cooperative, USDA Southern and Western Pine Beetle Initiatives; as well as donations and supplies from Arborjet, Inc., BASF, and Syngenta Crop Protection.

Thank you for your attention!

Questions?

USE OF SYSTEMIC TREATMENTS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC INSECT PESTS OF �SEED ORCHARD AND PLANTATION TREES��SFTIC 2017�Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Limitations of Bole or Foliar SpraysPotential Advantages �of Tree InjectionsRegistered Systemic InsecticidesWhat is Emamectin Benzoate �(TREE-äge)?Slide Number 9Systemic Insecticide Injection Studies�1996 - 2013��Objectives Seed Orchard and Plantation TrialsEB Control of Pine ConewormSlide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15New Formulations of TREE-äge for �Control of Pine ConewormSlide Number 17Slide Number 18Effects of emamectin benzoate on Ips engraver beetle colonization of loblolly pine logs 1 month after injection - 2004TREE-äge® control of Western Pine Beetle �on Ponderosa Pine- CATREE-äge® control of SPB on Loblolly Pine - ALSlide Number 22TREE-äge™ Pest TargetsSlide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Tree I.V. System with Larger TreesSlide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Slide Number 31Slide Number 32Slide Number 33AcknowledgementsSlide Number 35