Electrical Cornerstone for the 21st Century – Zero Net Energy (ZNE)

Schools

Lorenz (Larry) Schoff, PE, Energy Efficient Solutions

2016 DOE Mandate

Electrical Foundation

Topics

•  Background •  U.S Department of Energy’s Study / Rulings

•  Energy Savings Potential -- Examples

•  Recommendations

•  Questions

Background AF Civil Engineering Officer – ’64-’84 Director of Facilities and Transportation – K-12 Original member of US DOE – EnergySmart Schools Team -- Rebuild America Member of ASHRAE AEDG, LEED for Schools and CA Grid Neutral Committees U.S. Rep on IEA Annex 36 – EE in existing Schools Currently--Energy Efficiency Consultant

What is a Zero Net Energy Building?

•  Total amount of energy used by a building on an annual basis, is equal or greater than the amount of energy created on the site •  Key – All Energy consumed be at the minimum •  Achieve Grid Neutral -- Consumption = Production

Buildings consume 68% of electricity •  ZNE building today – like LEED in 1999-2000

u LVDT – Dry Type u  Currently, LVDT Out of Sight and Out of

Mind – Behind Locked/Closed Doors

u  Energy Efficient LVDT – the first step toward “Zero Net Energy Buildings” -- Future

It’s Humming Our Song

Background -- Loads – Yesterday (linear) and Today (non-linear)

•  Linear

•  Non-Linear

Electrical systems deliver optimum performance when feeding continuous “linear” loads: •  motors, resistive heating •  incandescent lighting, •  tape recorders, CRT TV’S

Electronics are everywhere -Computers, LED/LCD TV Copiers, test equipment etc

Variable Speed Drives pumps and Motors

Linear loads in Schools -- Yesterday

Non-Linear loads in Schools – Today

Other loads in Schools both Linear and Non-Linearr

Background -- Studies

•  Oak Ridge Study -- 1995

•  1999 Study of Loads in NE

Metered Load Factors for Low-Voltage, Dry-Type Transformers in Commercial, Industrial, and Public Buildings The Cadmus Group Inc. 12/7/99, Prepared for Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership

Figure ES-4 RMS Average Transformer Loads by Building Type

0%5%10%15%20%25%30%

Offfice

Manufacturing

Retail

Schools

HealthcareRM

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e Lo

ad F

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Design Load for max efficiency – 35-50%

Background – LVDT Ownership Cost

4%

96%

First Cost

Life Cycle OperatingCost

Operating cost (transformer losses) are ignored, yet offer by far the largest opportunity for savings

Why First Cost Dominates Purchasing Process –  First cost emphasized, owner rarely involved in the purchasing process*** –  Engineers/Architects unaware of design changes & potential savings***

Life of an LVDT -- DOE

•  Stated – 32 Years

•  Actual – life of bldg.

•  Low Load

U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Actions -- Study and Rulings – Preliminary and Final

•  Started Study to improve the efficiency of Low Voltage Transformers after Oak Ridge Study

•  Preliminary Ruling published in 2004 •  Efficiency key •  CSL-1 known at TP-1, Minimum – 98.0% = 1.00 (75 kVa) •  CSL-3 had Lowest Life Cycle Cost - 98.6% •  Linear loads

•  Key Study Finding – 60-80 B kwh in losses •  Equals 9 days of generation capacity -- 2.6% reduction

•  EPACT 2005 set TP-1 as Minimum – effective 7/2007

•  TP-1 Not UL approved for more than 5% NL loads

Example: Potential for Efficiency Improvements -- After Replacement (AR)

+ 12%

Example: Potential of Load Profile -- AR

- 17%

Example: Potential of Loss Reduction

-- 6 100 w incandenscent -- 24 23w CFL 100w eq -- 33 18w 4 ft tube LED -- 38 16w LED 100w eq

Example: Potential of Temperature Reduction

Temp. Reduction --111 F to 81 F

U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Actions -- Final Ruling -- Recommendations

•  Final Ruling published in 2013 •  EL 6 – LLC 99.1% @ 35% load (75 kVa) LLC

•  Can’t be built at this time due to lack of high grade steel •  Based on Linear Loads – not real world •  New Transformer labelled “DOE 2016”

•  Effective date – 1 January 2016 •  NEMA TP-1 no longer can manufactured

•  Key Study Finding – More Significant kWh Savings = $$$$$$$$

U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Actions -- Final Ruling -- Recommendations

•  2016 XXX Transformers manufactured -- Today •  Meet/exceed DOE 2016 Efficiency Standards 98.6% for 75 kVa •  EL-4 – 98.8% and EL-5 – 98.93% •  2016 XXX – 14% more efficient than DOE 2016 with linear loads •  XXX-HP unit 24% more efficient than DOE 2016 with linear loads •  UL approved for 100% Non-linear loads •  K-7 rated •  Savings beyond 2016 mandate – Level 4 -- $12 B

•  Level 5 -- $ 14.5 B over 30 years

•  Note: All Current Manufacturers Can Build – Most Decide Not to •  COMMENT – Future when most buildings are ZNE – Plug Loads will

be as high as 50% of the energy use

What is the potential for Schools?

•  Existing Schools

•  Elementary Schools – 2-5 XFMRs -- $6 –10K/yr •  Middle Schools – 6-12 XFMRs -- $9-15K/yr •  High Schools – 10-25 XFMRs -- $12-$32K/yr

•  Technology is changing

•  By 2030 – New Buildings will be NZE -- AIA

•  Existing buildings – NZE by 2050 or sooner •  2016 transformers built for Non-Linear loads will be the

cornerstone for the Future Electrical Sys.

A High Performance/Zero Net Energy Bldg., Needs a Solid Structural and Electrical Foundation for Success

2016 DOE Mandate

Electrical Foundation

Structural Foundation

One thing to Remember – Building don’t operate themselves – Occupants (People) do!!!!

2016 DOE Mandate

Electrical Foundation

Structural Foundation

2016 DOE Mandate

Contact Info: Lorenz V. Schoff Energy Efficient Solutions 2906 Tall Oaks Drive Blacksburg, VA 24060 lschoff@rev.net www.e2energysolutions.com 540-961-2184 540-230-9262 ©