USEPA Regulations

By

Douglas Rittmann, Ph.D., P.E.Water/Wastewater Consultantwww.mixeddisinfectants.com

Presented to

Entrepreneurs Association of Bari

May, 2004

INTRODUCTION

* Arsenic

* Ground Water Rule

* Lead and Copper

* Microbials and Disinfection Byproducts

* Radionuclides

* Radon

ARSENIC* MCL = 0.010 mg/l from 0.050 mg/l

* Compliance by January 23, 2006

Best Available Treatment Technology

* Maximum % Removal

Ion Exchange 95%

Activated Alumina 95%

Reverse Osmosis >95%

Modified Coagulation/Filtration 95%

Modified Lime Softening (pH >10.5) 90%

Electrodialysis Reversal 85%

Oxidation/Filtration(20:1 Fe:As) 80%

* Pre-Oxidation may be required

GROUND WATER RULE

* Require 4-log inactivation of Viruses

* Perform System Sanitary Surveys

* Hydrogeologic Sensitivity Assessment

* System must restore disinfection within 4 hours

LEAD AND COPPER RULE

* 20% of Lead Exposure is from Drinking Water

* Action Levels = 0.015 mg/l as Pb & 1.3 mg/l as Cu

* Operate Corrosion Control

* Systems replace Pb service lines

* Permit more flexibility in sampling and frequency

* Effective January, 2000 (Minor Revisions)

MICROBIALS & DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS

* Cryptosporidium is Target Organism

* Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule a. MCLG of Zero for Cryptosporidium b. 2-log Cryptosporidium removal by filtration c. Individual filter turbidity monitoring d. Disinfection profiling and benchmarking e. Require covers for finish water reservoirs f. Sanitary surveys for all surface water systems g. Tightened turbidity performance criteria

* Filter Backwash Recycling Rule

LONG TERM 2 ESWTR

If your bin classification is……If your bin classification is…… And you are a conventional treatment in And you are a conventional treatment in full compliance with IESWTR or full compliance with IESWTR or LT1ESWTR then your additional LT1ESWTR then your additional treatment requirements are…….treatment requirements are…….

BIN 1BIN 1

CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium = <0.075/L = <0.075/L

No additional treatment required.No additional treatment required.

BIN 2BIN 2

((CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium = 0.075/L to <1.0/L) = 0.075/L to <1.0/L)

1 log treatment1 log treatment (systems may use any(systems may use any

technology or combination from toolbox technology or combination from toolbox as long as credit is at least 1 log).as long as credit is at least 1 log).

BIN 3BIN 3

((CrptosporidiumCrptosporidium = 1.0/L to <3.0/L = 1.0/L to <3.0/L

2 log treatment2 log treatment (1 log credit from ClO(1 log credit from ClO22, ,

OO33, UV, membranes, bag/cartridge filters, , UV, membranes, bag/cartridge filters,

or bank filtration).or bank filtration).

BIN 4BIN 4

((CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium = 3.0/L or higher = 3.0/L or higher

2.5 log treatment2.5 log treatment (1 log credit from ClO2, (1 log credit from ClO2, O3, UV, membranes, bag/cartridge filters, O3, UV, membranes, bag/cartridge filters, or bank filtration.or bank filtration.

Conventional Treatment Requirements Per Bin ClassificationConventional Treatment Requirements Per Bin Classification

* * Add 0.5 log to Bins 2, 3, and 4 for Direct Filtration Plant in Compliance with LT1ESWTRAdd 0.5 log to Bins 2, 3, and 4 for Direct Filtration Plant in Compliance with LT1ESWTR

DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS

* 1979 – 0.10 mg/l system average for TTHMs

* Stage 1 D/DBP Rule: Chlorine = 4 mg/l (MRDLG); Chloramines = 4 mg/l (MRDLG); Chlorite = 1.0 mg/l; TTHMs = 0.080 mg/l(system Avg); Bromate = 0.01 mg/l; Chlorine dioxide = 0.80 mg/l

* Stage 2 D/DBP Rule: TTHMs = 0.080 mg/l at Maximum Annual Average HAA5 = 0.060 mg/l at Maximum Annual Average

RADIONUCLIDESContaminant MCL

(Year Established)

Source Health Effect

Combined radium-226/228

5 pCi/L (1976) Naturally occurs Risk of Cancer

(Adjusted)

Gross Alpha

15 pCi/L (not including radon or

uranium) (1976)

Naturally occurs Risk of Cancer

Beta Particle and Photon

Radioactivity

4 mrem/year

(1976)

Facilities Risk of Cancer

Uranium 30 ug/L (2000) Naturally occurs Toxic to kidneys, and risk of cancer

Best Available Treatment: Ion Exchange, R.O., Coag./Flocc.,Green Sand Filtration, Barium Sulfate Precipitation, EDR,Manganese Oxide Filtration, Activated Alumina

RADON

Option 1: MCL = 4000 pCi/L with multimediamitigation program to address radon risks in indoor air

Option 2: MCL = 300 pCi/L without multimedia Mitigation Program to address radon risks in indoor air.

Best Available Treatment: High Performance Aeration

Source: 1%-2% from Drinking Water; 98% indoor air

What the Best Plants Do.What the Best Plants Do.1. Use ClO1. Use ClO22 or O or O3 3 for Pretreatment Disinfection for Pretreatment Disinfection

2. Reduce DBPs to proposed Stage 2 level2. Reduce DBPs to proposed Stage 2 level

3. Eliminate all Taste and Odors from Raw Water3. Eliminate all Taste and Odors from Raw Water

4. Filter Effluent Turbidity is less than 0.10 ntu4. Filter Effluent Turbidity is less than 0.10 ntu

5. Reduce influent TOC levels by 50%5. Reduce influent TOC levels by 50%

6. Use Automatic Cl6. Use Automatic Cl22 Cylinder changeover capability Cylinder changeover capability

7. Automatically shutdown plant for low chlorine7. Automatically shutdown plant for low chlorine

8. Automatically shutdown plant for high turbidity8. Automatically shutdown plant for high turbidity

9. Use Computers9. Use Computers to Automate Operationto Automate Operation

10.10. Require 100% Operator Certification and have Require 100% Operator Certification and have written operational procedures.