using digitized newspapers for research sarah “moxy”...
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Using Digitized Newspapers for Research Sarah “Moxy” MoczygembaOutreach & Promotion, FPRDNP
UF George A. Smathers LibrariesEnvironmental History
• Creation of a digital version of an analog source• For example: sound, image, object
• Why digitize?• Preservation
• Including avoiding obsolescence
• Broader access
• Teachable Content
• Newspapers an excellent candidate for digitization
Source: 2010 Smithsonian Digitization Plan https://www.si.edu/content/pdf/about/2010_SI_Digitization_Plan.pdf 2
Microfilm reel
What is Digitization?
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“ a partnership between the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the Library of Congress (LC), is a long-term effort to develop an Internet-based, searchable database of U.S. newspapers with descriptive information and select digitization of historic pages. Supported by NEH, this rich digital resource will be developed and permanently maintained at the Library of Congress. An NEH award program will fund the contribution of content from, eventually, all U.S. states and territories”
www.loc.gov/ndnp
National Digital Newspaper Project
1879-1933
1836-1910
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Content Location
• International• World War I
• Spanish American War
• Travel Technologies
• Heads of State
• National• Governance and Elections
• Suffrage Movement
• Prohibition
• Sports News
• Presidents and their Families
• Ads for National Brands
• Nativism
From The Ocala Evening Star (Ocala, FL) November 4, 1908. Retrieved from Chronicling America.
From The Daytona daily news (Daytona, FL) January 8, 1910. Retrieved from Chronicling America.
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Content
• Florida• State Politics and Elections
• Creation of University System
• Travel Reports
• Entertainment
• Agricultural Reports
• Railways and Steamboats
• Natural Disasters
From La Democracia (San Juan, PR) June 9, 1902. Retrieved from Chronicling America.
• Puerto Rico• Spanish Governance • Sale of Land and Slaves• International News• Epidemics• Social/Cultural• Education• Politics• Autonomy
From The Ocala evening star (Ocala, FL) June 17, 1916. Retrieved from Chronicling America.
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Content
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Access
ChronAm is a database of historic newspapers published in the United States and its territories
-date range expanded to now include 1690-1963
Currently houses almost 14 million pages of newspapers contributed from 46 states and one territory
chroniclingamerica.loc.gov 8
Chronicling America
• Chronicling America is fully searchable
• Not perfect technology• Extraneous marks on page
• Unusual Fonts
• Misreading text or combining words
• Be patient with searches and think outside of the box• Context
• Time period
From The Pensacola Journal (Pensacola, FL) August 16, 1908. Retrieved from Chronicling America.
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Optical Character Recognition
From the Pensacola Journal (Pensacola, FL.) May 3,1913. Retrieved from Chronicling America.
From the Pensacola Journal (Pensacola, FL) February 16, 1913. Retrieved from Chronicling America. 10
Known OCR Errors
Search options:• General
• Advanced
• All newspapers
chroniclingamerica.loc.gov 11
ChronAm Features
chroniclingamerica.loc.gov 12
Advanced Search
Zoom in/out by clicking these buttons. Can also use mouse scroll
Full screen view!Use these options to change page
Use these options to change issue
Save pdf
Zoom in and clip something of interest.
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Additional Functions
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About the Papers
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Note on Historical Language
When searching think about…
• Vocabulary
oHistoric spelling
oChange in terms
o Typos
• Search parameters
oChange scope to get more useful results
• Diversify name searches
• Affiliated organizations, businesses, and governing bodies
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From the Monroe City Democrat (Monroe City, MO) August 22, 1907. Retrieved from Chronicling America.
From the Pensacola Journal (Pensacola, FL) November 11, 1919. Retrieved from Chronicling America.
Tips and Tricks
• Cite like you would any other newspaper following the guidelines of a particular style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.)
o Including the date you accessed it
• Provide the persistent/permalink
o Bottom of display viewer
o Via the scissors icon in the page view
• Permalink is for the entire page
• From this page you can also download image and print
How to Cite Historical Newspapers
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Development and the Environment in Florida
• Until the early 20th century, most people lived in the north portion of Florida
• Post Civil-War, there’s more railway development
o Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railroad and Henry Plant's Plant System
o They also built resorts and hotels
• Movement of people led to development of new towns/cities
o Some were company towns
o Turpentine, cypress, phosphate, and other industries rapidly developed during this time
From The Pensacola Journal (Pensacola, FL) April 21, 1913.
Retrieved from Chronicling America. 18
From The Pensacola Journal (Pensacola, FL) April 9, 1911.
Article retrieved from Chronicling America.
• No shortage of info about this topic• Land viewed as “empty” or having the potential
for development since mid-19th century• Gov. W.S. Jennings supported drainage • “the was no real settlement in the Everglades until
after 1910” (Dovell 190)• The availability of drained land was heavily
advertised and resulted in the Florida land boom of the 1920s
• Damaged the ecosystem of the Everglades
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Everglades
From the Pensacola Journal (Pensacola, FL) March 18, 1917. Retrieved from Chronicling America.
Europeans and Americans have been interested in the area typically trying to “reclaim” the land to make it more usable for farming and industry• Buckingham Smith in 1847• New Orleans Times-Democrat
expeditions in 1882 and 1883• James Ingraham survey of Upper
Everglades for Henry Plant in 1892• Hugh L. Willoughby in 1896
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Governor Napoleon Bonaparte Broward
“Beginning in 1906, the drainage of the everglades started without any study at all….Broward believed that drainage of the state’s interior wetlands depended on nothing more than gravity. Indeed, he ran for governor on the campaign slogan “water will run downhill” (David McCally 144).
From The Pensacola Journal (Pensacola, FL) January 4, 1905. Retrieved from Chronicling America. 21
From “The Everglades and the Florida Dream” in Paradise Lost?: The Environmental History of Florida eds. Jack E. Davis and Raymond Arsenault
22From The sun (Jacksonville, FL) March 10, 1906.
Retrieved from Chronicling America.
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But Who Will Pay for Drainage?
From The weekly true Democrat (Tallahassee, FL) October 19, 1906. Retrieved from Chronicling America.
“In the tradition of Florida politics, Broward launched his campaign without the funds to finance it. In 1905, he rammed through the legislature a constitutional amendment establishing a Board of Drainage Commissioners with power to ‘build canals, drains, levees, ditches, and reservoirs, to establish drainage districts, and to levy and annual tax not exceeding 10 cents an acre.’…In 1906, voters around the state rejected the Drainage Act amendment to the constitution, but the dredges” Mark Derr (159).
From “Some Kind of Paradise: A Chronicle of Man and the Land in Florida” by Mark Derr
Other Attempts to Reclaim the Everglades
24From The Lakeland Evening Telegram
(Lakeland, FL) May 5, 1913. Retrieved from Chronicling America.
• Wright Report in 1912• “contained egregious errors, all of which added
to the optimism of drainage boosters. These errors were especially glaring with regard to the relationship among rainfall, evaporation, and runoff” (McCally 146).
• Randolph Report 1913 • “From 1913 until 1928, the Randolph Report
served as the template for Everglades drainage.” (McCally 149-150).
• End of land boom and hurricanes in 1926 and 1928 slowed development
Tamami Trail
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• Construction began in 1915 and finished in April 1928
• Goal was to link Miami to the Tampa area through the Everglades
• Our papers largely support it through all stages of progress
• Generally optimism that it will be finished within a year or two
• Environmental concerns largely absent from articles on the trail
Official Road Map of Florida, 1930 from Florida Memory
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From The Lakeland Evening Telegram (Lakeland, FL) Sept. 20, 1919. Retrieved from Chronicling America
“The bifurcation of south Florida by the Tamiami Trail disrupted an ecosystem of more than 4 million acres, inflicting injuries to the land, water, and inhabitants that continue to be felt today and may yet prove fatal” (Gary Garrett 261).
From “Blasting through Paradise: The Construction and Consequences of the Tamiami Trail” in Paradise Lost?: The Environmental History of Florida eds. Jack E. Davis and Raymond Arsenault.
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From The Punta Gorda herald (Punta Gorda, FL) December 15, 1922.Retrieved from Chronicling America
From The Punta Gorda herald (Punta Gorda, FL) April 1, 1920.
Retrieved from Chronicling America
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Additional Topics on our Blog
• Bird Hunting for Plumage and the Lacey Act of 1900
• May Mann Jennings & the Creation of Royal Palm State Park
From The Pensacola journal (Pensacola, FL) March 20, 1921. Retrieved from Chronicling America.
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Contact us!Project Team:
Melissa Jerome:[email protected]
Sarah “Moxy” [email protected]