using ground penetrating radar to detect oil in ice and snow e. babcock 1, j. bradford 1, h.p....
TRANSCRIPT
Using Ground Penetrating Radar to Detect Oil in Ice and Snow
E. Babcock1, J. Bradford1, H.P. Marshall1, C. Hall2, and D.F. Dickins3
1Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise ID; 2Alaska Clean Seas, Anchorage AK; 3P.Eng., DF Dickins Associates Ltd., La Jolla CA
Overview• Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) theory• Considerations for detecting oil under ice and
snow• Demonstrations in controlled environment
spill response• Future work
Brief History of GPR (Olhoeft, 2006)
• 1926: Radar used to sound the depth of an alpine glacier in Austria (Stern, 1929)
• 1958: USAF airplane crashed on Greenland ice sheet as radar energy passes through surface to layers below
• 1960s: GPR used to sound moon during Apollo 17
• 1970s: Begin widespread use of GPR as a geotechnical tool
• 1980s: GPR assessed as tool for oil detection under ice(Goodman et al., 1985 and 1987)
Fundamentals of GPR
• GPR uses electrical energy to interrogate the subsurface
• Operates at radio frequencies– 10 MHz to 1 GHz
• Transmit timed pulses of EM energy; measure reflected returns, process data, and display
Annan, 2002.
Material Electrical Properties in the Arctic Marine Environment
Material Relative Dielectric
Permittivity
Conductivity (S/m)
Velocity (m/ns)
Wavelength @ 500 MHz
Air 1 0 0.3 60 cm
Sea Water 88 1-5 No propagation
No propagation
Sea Ice 4-8 .01 - 0.1 0.134-0.150 27 cm
Snow 1.4 – 3.1 0.000001 0.25 - 0.168 50 cm
Oil 2-4 0.00001-0.0005
0.212 42 cm
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GPR for Oil Spill Response
• Can we detect oil under ice and/or snow?• What processing do the data require?• What resolution can the system provide?• What limitations do we experience?• What benefits does this technology provide?
System Considerations: Data Processing
• Use standard basic processing steps– Time zero shift– Bandpass filter– Spherical spreading correction
• Attribute analysis– Instantaneous phase and frequency– Reflection strength– Previous work with GPR noted potential using
attribute analysis to detect oil that was not possible with conventional analysis
System Considerations: Antenna Frequency
• Frequency for radar survey is a trade-off – Depth of penetration– Quality of resolution– System portability
• Field testing shows that GPR frequency of 500 MHz is optimal for penetration and resolution of oil under ice
System Considerations: Resolution and Detection
• Using 500 MHz antennas– Detect 1-2 cm oil layer in most scenarios– Resolve 4-5 cm oil layer
• Thin bed analysis problem– Reflection analysis alone not enough to accurately
locate oil– Previous work had indicated attribute analysis as
possible solution (Goodman et al., 1985)– Consider attributes in conjunction with modeled
response
System Considerations: Non-Uniqueness
From Bradford et al., 2008
System Considerations:
Anisotropy
Data courtesy of Alaska Clean Seas
Control Module (Digital Video Logger)
- Sensors and Software PE Prowww.sensoft.ca
2008 Training on North SlopePrudhoe Bay, April 2007
• Pulse Ekko Pro GPR• 500 and 1000 MHz
antennas• Multi-offset
acquisition to determine effective permittivity of ice
• Pre- and post- oil emplacement 3D surveying over 20 x 20 m grid
• Large scale 2D profiling
Norway, 2006
GPR for Oil Spill Response: Svalbard
From Bradford et al., 2008
Controlled Spill, New Hampshire, 2004,2011-2013
• Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab (CRREL), 2011 and 2012
• Indoor and outdoor testing• Known ice thickness• Known oil locations• 500 MHz PE Pro System
From Bradford et al., 2010
GPR for Oil Spill Response: CRREL
From Bradford et al., 2008
GPR for Oil Spill Response: CRREL 2012
GPR Limitations in the Arctic Environment
• Variations in sea-ice conductivity and anisotropy
• Snow may generate spurious amplitude anomalies due to water or ice in snowpack: solution is non-unique
• We can ameliorate these concerns by frequent data truing and cautious interpretation
Conclusions: What Can GPRDo For Us in
Arctic Spill Response?
…and future research
Acknowledgements
• My advisors John Bradford and HP Marshall• CRREL and all the hardworking staff there – thanks!• Alaska Clean Seas• DF Dickins Associates Ltd• Current funding provided by
– Alaska Clean Seas– Conoco Phillips– ExxonMobil– Shell Oil– Statoil
ReferencesAnnan, A.P. 2005. Ground-Penetrating Radar. In Near Surface Geophysics, Investigations in Geophysics No. 13.
Butler, D.K., Ed. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, OK.
Annan, A.P. 2002. GPR – History, Trends, and Future Developments. Subsurface Sensing Technologies and Applications, 3(4): 253-271.
Bradford, J.H. and J.C. Deeds. 2006. Ground penetrating radar theory and application of thin-bed offset-dependent reflectivity. Geophysics, 71(3): K47-K57.
Bradford, J.H., D.F. Dickins, and P.J. Brandvik. 2010. Detection of snow covered oil spills on sea ice using ground-penetrating radar: Geophysics, 75, G1-G12, doi:10.1190/1.3312184.
Bradford, J. H., D. F. Dickins, and L. Liberty. 2008. Locating oil spills under sea ice using ground-penetrating radar: The Leading Edge, 27,1424–1435.
Martinez, A. and A.P. Byrnes. 2001. Modeling Dielectric-constant values of Geologic Materials: An Aid to Ground-Penetrating Radar Data Collection and Interpretation. Current Research in Earth Sciences, Bulletin 247. Online at http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/Current/2001/martinez/martinez1.hmtl
Olhoeft, G.R. 2006. Applications and Frustrations in Using Ground Penetrating Radar. IEEE AESS Systems Magazine, 2: 12-20.
Questions?