using psycholinguistic measures to research vocabulary: evidence from reaction time (rt) and...
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Using psycholinguistic measures to research vocabulary:
Evidence from reaction time (RT) and
eye-tracking
Ana Pellicer-SánchezUniversity of Nottingham
Theory and Practice in Vocabulary Learning and TeachingUniversity of Reading
20th January 2012
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Key issues
•Importance of vocabulary knowledge
•Need to master high number of words
•What do we need to know about words?
Multiple Aspects of Vocabulary
Knowledge
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Aspects of Lexical Knowledge
USE
MEANING
FORMwrittenspokenword parts
form & meaningconcept & referents
grammatical functionscollocationsregister/frequency
associations
Fluency & Automaticity
(Nation, 2001)
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Aspects of Lexical Knowledge Continuum of mastery
No knowledge Complete Mastery
Automaticity
Very slow
Very fast
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Study 1 and Study 2
“Acquisition of automaticity and speed of lexical access in the language
classroom”
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Studies 1 & 2- Aims
•Can automaticity and speed of lexical access benefit from classroom instruction?
and if so,
• Which teaching approach is more beneficial?
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•Two main teaching and learning approaches:
• Implicit/Incidental learning:“Incidental learning can occur when one is using
language for communicative purposes” (Schmitt, 2000:120).
▫Explicit/Intentional learning: “Explicit learning focuses attention directly on
the information to be learned” (Schmitt, 2000:120).
Studies 1 & 3- Methodology
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Studies 1 & 2- Methodology
•Participants: 20/21 students of Spanish as a FL •Structure:
Test 1
Test 2
Treatment
Week 1 Weeks 2 & 3 1 month later
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Studies 1 & 2- Methodology
• Tests:- E-Prime software - Yes-no decision- Meaning-form link- RTs recorded- Instructions + Practice session + Test- Target and control words
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Studies 1 & 2- Methodology
•STUDY 1: - Two sessions - Incidental approach - Exposure through reading for comprehension•STUDY 2: - Two sessions - Explicit/Engaged approach - Exposure through vocabulary activities
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Studies 1 & 2- RTs Pre-test
Post-test
jefe jefe
RT1 = 850 ms
RT2 = 780 ms
Two measures: 1) Raw RT2) Coefficient of Variation (CV)= M/SD
(Segalowitz & Segalowitz, 1993)
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Studies 1 & 2: Main findings
•Acquisition of declarative knowledge from both approaches.
•Advantage of the explicit approach. •Automaticity of vocabulary knowledge can be
acquired in the language classroom.
•It might need more explicit, focused exposure.•No significant effect of the number of repetitions
in the acquisition of automaticity and speed of lexical access.
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Study 3
“Acquiring automaticity and speed of lexical processing in reading”
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1) What happens when L2 learners encounter new words while reading? How are new words read?
2) How many times do L2 learners need to read a new word before showing a more fluent and automatic reading?
Study 3- Aims
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•Participants: 15 non-natives speakers of English 7 males, 8 females Ages: from 21 to 32 years old (M= 25.5) Variety of L1s: Portuguese, Spanish, Greek, Chinese,
Hindi, Lithuania, Polish, Romanian. PG students Self-rated reading abilities ≥ 8 (10-point scale)
Study 3- Methodology
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•Structure:
Reading Activity + post-reading assessment
•Materials: Reading text:
▫Short story
▫2,298 words
▫High-frequency vocabulary (3k from the
BNC)
Study 3- Methodology
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Study 3- Methodology
Nonword Meaning/ Word replaced N Repetitions
1. holter house (1k); shelter (3k) 8
2. berrow bowl (2k) 8
3. bancel criminal/ prisoner (2k) 8
4. cambul ring (1k) 8
5. twoser noise (2k) 8
6. soters clothes (1k) 8
• Target vocabulary:
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• Instruments:▫Eye tracker: Eyelink I▫Calibration (at the
beginning and half way
through the experiment)▫Practice session▫Experimental session
(25 screens)▫Comprehension Questions▫Post-tests ▫Less than 1 hour
Study 3- Apparatus and Procedure
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Part 1-Form recognition test:
Study 3-Instruments
Uncerta
ina) ackol b) acklon c) hacklon d) hackol 1 2 3 4
1. a) hotler b) holter c) houter d) houler 1 2 3 4
2. a) twoser b) twonse c) twiser d) twines 1 2 3 4
…
Example:
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Part 2-Meaning Recall test: InterviewsPart 3-Meaning Recognition test:
1) holter a) basement b) workhouse 1 2 3 4 c) prison d) food hall e) I don’t know.
2) cambul a) picture b) plate 1 2 3 4 c) window d) ring e) I don’t know
Study 3-Instruments
Part 4-Reading strategies Interviews
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1) First fixation duration = 32) First pass reading time = 3 + 43) Fixation count= 3 fixations4) Total reading time = 3+4+6
Study 3-Eye-tracking measures
1 2 3 4
56
7 8 9 10 11
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Study 3- Declarative knowledge (Preliminary results)
**
Form recognition Meaning recall Meaning recognition0
1
2
3
4
5
6
5.4(90%)
3.8(63%)
5(83%)
Series1
**** p< .001
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Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3 Rep 4 Rep 5 Rep 6 Rep 7 Rep 80
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
First Fixation Dur-ation
First Pass Reading Time
Total Reading Time
**p ≤ .001
**
Study 3- Eye-movements (Preliminary results)
**
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Study 3- Results (Preliminary results)
Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3 Rep 4 Rep 5 Rep 6 Rep 7 Rep 80
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
N Fixati...
**
**p ≤ .001
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Study 3- Conclusion
•Effectiveness of reading for incidental acquisition of multiple components of vocabulary knowledge.
•Acquisition of fluency of reading: Significant effect of the N of repetitions for
unknown words (not for controls) 3-5 repetitions.
Similarity to known words by 8 repetitions.
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General conclusion•Studies 1 & 2:
- Automaticity and speed of lexical access can benefit from classroom instruction.
- It might take more explicit exposure- No effect of frequency of exposure.
•Study 3:- Automaticity, fluency, and speed of learners’
reading of new vocabulary can be acquired incidentally from repeated exposure.
- Significant effect after 3-5 repetitions. •Measures of RT and eye-tracking are effective means of
measuring vocabulary acquisition.
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References• Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in
another language. Cambridge: University Press. • Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in language teaching.
Cambridge: University Press. • Segalowitz, N., & Segalowitz, S. (1993). Skilled
performance, practice, and the differentiation of speed-up from automatization effects: Evidence from second language word recognition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 14 (3), 369-385.
• Pellicer-Sánchez, A. & Schmitt, N. (2010). Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition from an Authentic Novel: Do things fall apart? Reading in a Foreign Language, 22(1), 31-55.
• Webb, S. (2007). The effects of repetition on vocabulary knowledge. Applied Linguistics, 28,46–65.