using the grades mechanism to differentiate the users in vanet (3)

2012 1st International Conference on Future Trends in Computing and Communication Technologies

1

Using the Grades Mechanism to Differentiate the Users in

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET)

Irshad Ahmed Sumra, Halabi Bin Hasbullah Computer and Information Sciences Department

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri

Iskandar 31750, Tronoh,

Perak,Malaysia. [email protected]@pertronas.com.my

Jamalul-lail Ab Manan

Advanced Analysis & Modeling Cluster,MIMOS

Berhad Technology Park Malaysia, 57000 Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia. [email protected]

Abstract End user is the key module of a future vehicular network and safety and non safety applications mostly focuses

on the users safety and comfortable during the journey. Security of these applications are very significant and these life

saving messages cannot be altered by any attacker. The

behavior of the user plays a vital role whiles communicating

with other users in a network. Trusted users are those people

who behave in a trusted manner while sending and receiving

safety or non safety messages in the network. If users change

their behavior from a trusted user to a malicious user, it would

be harmful for other users of the network. In this paper, the

role of the end user in a vehicular network will be discussed in

detail and three levels of trust grades for users will be

proposed. It is necessary for secure vehicular communication

that the users role in the network should be in a positive direction, and other users should take more benefits from this

new future technology.

Keywords- Safety and non Safety applications, Attacker,

Trusted user, Behavior, Malicious User, trust grades.

I. INTRODUCTION

Road accidents and traffic jams are major problems in

current traffic systems and these problems directly effect the

human lives on the road. In the U.S, more than 6 million

vehicle accidents happen every year. More than 2.5 million

people are seriously injured and 40,000 people are killed in

car accidents every year [1]. These figures have given more

incentive to the government and researchers to solve these

problems and find some solutions for better secure human

life on the road.

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a special class of

mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and objective of VANET

is to reduce the road accidents and safe human lives.

Potential applications are focused on traffic problems and

provide solutions by sending safety and non safety messages

in vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure

(V2I). Users, vehicles and road side units (RSUs) are some

of the entities of a vehicular network. The purpose of

VANET applications is to serve the users as the users role is more prominent in the whole networks communications. If a vehicle and a RSU perform their task accurately, but an

user changes his/her behavior, then it would be difficult for

other users of the network. Trusted users perform their tasks

in a proper manner and non-trusted users change their

behavior and create problems by launching different types

of attacks in a network.

The rest of the paper is divided into five sections; in Section

II, describe the role of users in VANET and discussed in

detail safety and non safety applications of VANET. In

Section III, explain the related work in this area and three

Trust grades for end users are proposed in section IV.

Finally, section V describes the conclusion and future work

of this paper.

II. ROLE OF END USERS IN VANET

Role of end user is most important in VANET and objective of VANET applications to serve the users and reduces the death rate due to road accident. Car manufacturers provide smart vehicles while government agencies provide the basic infrastructure needed to implement applications and serve the users. VANET applications and smart vehicles are major modules and users directly communicate with them and send and receive safety and non safety messages. Users have a direct relationship with applications and smart vehicles; therefore, if users change their behavior and launch any attack, then it would be difficult for other users of the network to take benefit from VANET applications. Safety applications are the most important applications; they are directly related to safety of end users and their priority is high as compare to non safety applications. Figure.1 explains the relationship of end users with safety and non safety applications in vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I. Vehicle safety communication project classifies the intelligent safety applications into following the five major categories [2].

Public Safety Applications A public safety application is used to help an emergency team by sending event driven messages. The objective of these applications are to minimize the travel time needed for the emergency team to reach a specific location. The approaching emergency vehicle warning, emergency vehicle signal preemption, SOS Services and Post crash Warning are Public safety applications.


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Intersection Collision Avoidance Application Many major accidents have occurred due to intersection collisions. In the U.S. 2003, more than 9000 people died and 1.5 million people were seriously injured in accidents due to intersections. The intersection collision avoidance system is based on Vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication or Infrastructure to Vehicle (I2V) communication.

Figure 1. Relationship of End user with VANET applications

Sign Extension Application Sign extension applications guide the driver while driving on the road and sign extension applications work in I2V communications and are called period nature messages. The range of these kinds of messages is between 100m and 500m with the minimum 1Hz frequency.

Vehicle Diagnostics and Maintenance Application These kinds of applications are related to vehicles diagnostics and maintenance and sending alert messages to the owner of vehicle. So the owner is reminded about safety defects of the vehicle and its maintenance schedule. The range of these events driven messages is 400m and it is used in the I2V type of vehicle communication.

Information from other Vehicles Application Short range communication is used for sending and receiving information between a host vehicle and other vehicles. These applications are used in V2V or V2I and in both. The 2 to 50 Hz minimum frequencies and the 50m to 400m communication range is used for these kinds of periodic or event driven messages. Non safety applications mostly related to user comfort and these applications have low priority as compare to safety applications. The role of non safety applications are to provide ease of passengers and to improve the traffic system. So here we give overview of some non-safety applications [2,3,4].

Road Status Application This provides information to other users about the status of roads as well as traffic. It detects the congestion on the road

and notifies the other users. This is a very important application of VANET; by using this information, people can change their routes and save time and fuel.

Parking Slot Application Finding an appropriate parking place near shopping malls, restaurants and sport complexes are a difficult task. This application provides information regarding empty parking slots in a specific geographical area. It provides safety for your vehicle and saves your time.

Toll Collection Application Toll collection is the time consuming task on the highway where hundreds of vehicles pass through a toll collection point. VANET makes it easier as one can pay the toll without stopping his/her vehicle. The vehicle passes by the toll point and the toll collection point scans the Electrical License Plate (ELP) of the vehicle and issues the receipt message. The toll amount, time and location are mentioned in the receipt message.

Comfort Application The role of non safety applications are to provide comfort to the passengers and improve the traffic system. These applications are related to users entertainment and these applications should not interfere with safety applications. These applications also provide opportunities for business parties to set up their business nears the highway.

III. RELATED WORK

The behavior of attackers is extremely hard to

comprehend as they are constantly changing their behavior

and launching attacks that vary from area to area in a

network as well as from network to network. The objective

of the attacker is to launch different kind of attacks and

disturb users to achieve his/her own benefit. M. Raya et.al

[6] described the attacker model and this model consists of

these kinds of attackers: Insider, Outsider, Malicious,

Rational, Active, Passive, Local, and Extended. B.Parno

et.al [7] has also suggested the following class of attackers

(Adversaries). More detail is given below of each type of

attacker. Figure.2 shows the details of all types of attackers.

Figure 2. Different types of attackers in VANET


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Insider: As an insider, the attacker is a legitimate user in the

network; therefore, problems are easily created in the

network by simply altering the certificate keys. Insider

attackers are possibly more effective as compared to

outsider attackers. Particular information about the design

and configuration of a network might be more accessible to

insider attackers and that information can help these insider

attackers for launching different kind of attacks.

Active: Active attackers work in two dimensions while they

create trouble in the network. These dimensions are

described here.

Some packets are generated and sent to other VANET vehicles and also to the infrastructure

(RSU).

Signals are generated by active attackers and sent in

the network in a way that disturbs the main

frequency band of the communication medium.

Extended: These kinds of attackers the attackers launch

attacks related to user privacy violations and wormholes

type attack. In extended types of attackers, the attackers

extended and spread their attack (DoS) throughout network

which causes problems for many entities in that network.

Malicious: Malicious users can break the integrity of messages sent through the communication in a vehicular environment; this can be done by changing the content of the message. This attack depends on the behavior of the attacker; by altering the existing messages or replaying earlier messages. Outsider: Although outsider attackers are thought of as

authentic vehicles in a network, they are actually a type of

intruder. These attackers attempt to misuse the protocols of

the network; however, their attack range is rather limited as

compare to insider attack.

Passive: In this type of attack, eavesdropping is the passive

attackers main goal. The attacker just wants to listen the communication over the wireless medium between the

vehicles or infrastructure of the network. This is another

type of the users privacy violation on the road. Local: This type of attack is often limited in its scope and

affect, as the attackers can only control the VANET vehicles

or its infrastructure (RSU) locally. Only a localized area is

effected by an attack such as other entities of the network is

not bothered and perform their task.

Rational: Rational attackers have their own goals and they

determine what specific target will benefit them and they

attempt to achieve their goals. For example, they often send

false message regarding road conditions to group of users,

so due to this wrong message whole areas of traffic divert to

other roads to clear the road for the benefit of this attacker.

Snoop: It is a type of attacker that launches different types

of attacks in a network. Using a vehicular network, it can

find out where empty garages are located in any particular

area. Different business companies may use this type of

attack to find out the users' purchasing habits and use these

data to plan their business strategies, For example any

business party offering some new discount to meet their

business targets.

Prankster: Pranksters are bored teenagers who sit near the

road and send two different types of messages in a network.

Attackers selectively drop the network packets, these

packets may be safety related or non safety related. Mostly

this kind of attack is launched by pranksters. They send

messages to other users and convince users to slow down

their vehicles and send some messages to others user to

speed up their vehicles. The purpose of this kind of attack to

create different types of confusion among the users and also

prevent safety messages from reaching other users in the

network.

Greedy Driver: The GD is a non-trusted user and

convinces the other users of network through their wrong

messages to move the traffic in different directions. The

purpose of these users is to change the flow of traffic from

any specific area and make it easy for these drivers to move

and reach their destination on time.

Industrial Insider: Smart vehicles need software updates

with the passage of time. Industrial insiders are those non-

trusted users of industry who physically update the software

of the vehicle. They have the opportunity to load malicious

programs inside the vehicle and these malicious programs

create problems while communicating with other users or

with roadside units (RSU). Trojan horses or any other type

of virus are some types of examples of malicious programs.

Industrial insiders also send rogue keys to other vehicles or

change the key of that particular vehicle using malicious

software.

Malicious Attacker: Malicious users are those people who

unintentionally or intentionally create problems for

networks by launching passive or active attacks. In a

vehicular network, their role is more prominent because

they can potentially change life critical information on the

road.

IV. PROPOSED TRUST GRADES FOR END USERS

Users are important entities in a network and the purpose of VANET applications to serve the end user and provide safety on the highway. Applications serve the end users when these applications are secured and user should be trusted, otherwise these applications create more problems for users of the network. Good or bad user always remains part of the network and it is difficult to predict his/her behavior on the road due to the dynamic topology of the network. Therefore, trust grades for vehicular users have been proposed and objective of these grades to differentiate between good users and malicious users in a network.

A. Zero Trusted User (ZTU) (Attackers) Trust Grade (0)

Zero Trusted Users (ZTUs) are those users that do not possess the trusted credentials and could potentially be the kind of attackers who create problems for legitimate users by


107

launching some type of attack. In the vehicular network, their role is more prominent because they can potentially change the life critical information on the road. All types of attackers which we have discussed in related work is also considered in zero trusted users. Figure.3 shows the Trust grades for End Users.

Figure 3. Proposed Trust grades for end users in VANET

Here, we will explain through two different examples (network availability, data integrity) the negative behavior of the attacker in network. We will assign zero grade to all types of attackers who launched such kinds of attacks in network and create problem for other users of the network

These users could potentially be an active attacker and launch attacks that can be of high intensity. Denial of service attack (DoS) and sybil attacks are examples of such types of attacks. The main objective of attacks is to disturb the direct basic functionality of the network. Figure. 4 show the whole scenario; when the attacker (X) launches the DoS attack in a vehicular network and jams the whole communication medium between V2V and V2I. As a result, users cannot communicate with other users or infrastructure (RSU).

Figure 4. DoS Attacks between V2V and V2I (Attack on Availability)

These users can break the integrity of messages sent through the communication in a vehicular environment. Attacker (x) could change the content of the message, for example, "Accident at Location X" can become "Road is clear". Figure. 5 show the example in which attacker X launches an attack on a safety application. Attacker X receives one warning message "Work Zone Warning" from a nearby vehicle A. So attacker X changes the content

of the message and sends this wrong message "Road is Clear" to vehicle B.

Figure 5. Safety Application Attack (Attack on data Integrity)

This type of attacker has no personal recompense for launching the attacks, but they want to achieve their specific goals.

To create problems for other vehicles of the network by sending any wrong information or

altering the safety message.

To generate problems by agitating the right functionality of the network by sending

unnecessary frames to other vehicles.

Possible Solutions for Zero Trusted Users (Attackers)

These are many techniques and security proposal has been

proposed in previous studies and main purpose of different

techniques and security proposal to ensure security in

network and the role of the attackers become zero. So Table

I explain the summary of some attackers and attacks with

some possible solutions [8]. M.A Moharrum et. al [9] also

discussed in detail the some security techniques for secure

communication in VANET.

PKI-based Proposal

Hybrid Approaches

Pseudonyms-based Approaches

Group Signature-based Approaches

Independent Security Improvements

Identity-based Cryptography Approaches

B. Weak Trusted User (WTU) Trust Grade (1)

These people are not attackers, but their behavior indirectly

effects the main functionality of network. These are the

factors that change the behavior of the users and assign

weak trusted users. Figure 6 describes weak users type and we have assigned the one grade to these types of users.

Figure 6. Different Types of Weak Trusted Users in VANET

RSU

Jam

Area

XB

C D

Jam Communication Area


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Drinking and Driving: Small amounts of alcohol also effect the behavior of drivers on highways. Most countries of the world where drunk driving is one main reason of road accidents show an open public opinion that drinking and driving is an extremely shameful task. Any amount of alcohol changes the behavior of drivers and other users of the network is directly effected by this bad habit of bad people. In this way, accidents due to drinking can be reduced. Drinking while driving causes the following affects [10].

Increases reaction time to road hazards

Driving in the wrong lane on the highway

Judgment of speed, and distance is very poor

Driving through red lights.

Reduces judgment and vision power

Sleeping while Driving: Driving on the road needs the full attention of the drivers to perform necessary tasks like increasing or decreasing the speed of their vehicle, lane changes and stopping on red lights. Night time, the driving is even more difficult and the need for more attention is vital because at that time the body needs to relax. Midnight and early morning is the most dangerous time for driving; mostly at that time the body wants to sleep. If the vehicle and infrastructure are trusted and performing their tasks properly, then secure messages will be sent among the vehicles and infrastructure. However, if at that time drivers loose their attention due to sleep, accidents can occur on the highway. So in this way, the main objective of the VANET is to provide safety of users life and reduces the accident, but due to negative behavior of users, other user of the network is effected. So, it is necessary for a driver to take seven to nine hours sleep before a long trip or nighttime drive. Many drivers try to solve the problem of sleeping while driving on highway in different ways. Some drivers think that playing loud music or talking on the phone can solves the sleeping problem while driving, but actually these situations make it more dangerous because they distract the driver and he/she looses his/her concentration[11,12]. Mental Stress: Mental stress [13] is one reason for road

accidents. Mental stress may be due to a bad break up, job

loss and negative emotions. When your mind is occupied

due to any tragedy, then it is very difficult to concentrate on

driving. When user mind is stuck on these bad situations

then it is better to avoid driving their vehicle.

Possible Solutions for Weak Trust Users

These kinds of users are indirectly effect the main

functionality of the network. Embedded sensors inside the

smart vehicle might be playing key role to identity the weak

users. Here we are providing solution according to the

problems.

- Drinking and Driving: Sensors can be introduced inside the vehicle to check the alcohol levels in the

users body. The purpose of these sensors to check the alcohol levels in driver body and warn the drivers

about their negative activity. Smart vehicles do not

give permission for driving the vehicle whiles the

alcohol level is high in a current vehicle user.

- Sleeping while Driving: Whenever driver sit on the driver seat, one embedded sensor of the smart vehicle

check the movement time of eyes in any specific

interval. Time interval could be different from

normal eye movement of driver and sleepy driver. So

sensor will guide the situation whenever driver

sleeping conditions.

- Mental Stress: Driving need full-time attention on road, if user losses their attention whiles driving it

would be happened any accident. Mental stress is

also one of the reasons for road accident and it is

necessary to solve it and users should be more active

while using applications of VANET. Mostly blood

pressures show the metal stress of users, so whenever

driver starts driving the embedded sensors of the

vehicle will guide his/her stresses levels. If an user

stress level is high in any specific point then sensors

will warn the users to decrease their stress levels or

stop their vehicle. Due to stress, driver may not give

full attention for driving and send some wrong

messages that make accident and create problems for

other users of the network.

C. Strong Trusted User (STU) Trust Grade (2)

Strong Trusted Users (STUs) are those people who perform their tasks properly and achieve the security requirements in the network. Security requirements are important factor for all components of vehicular network, so every module should be secured and work properly to serve the users. Applications and other modules should be fulfilling the maximum levels of security requirements [5, 9]. If network break any security requirements, then it could be difficult for other users of the network. User either communication with other users or with infrastructure and send or received safety or non safety application, it should be met the maximum levels of security requirements. Figure 7 shows the relationship of trusted user with security requirements.

Figure 7. Strong Trusted Users with security requirements


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In a vehicular environment the users role is important for building a chain of trust. The chain of trust would be effected if users are not performing their tasks accurately. In their respective vehicles, users communicate with an application unit (AU) and send messages to other vehicles in the network. Trusted users have the following qualities.

Receive messages from other vehicles, perform task according to the message (safety or non safety) and pass this message on to other vehicles in the network.

Receive messages from infrastructure (RSU), execute it and then pass this message on to other vehicles of the network.

Messages are generated by users according to various situations e.g., if an accident has occurred in some specific place, messages are passed on to other vehicles as well as to the infrastructure in the network.

User Training Program (UTP): Now all responsibilities of the end users, to use properly the potential safety and non safety applications of VANET and take benefit from them. Users must be trained, active and familiar with this vehicular technology as well as its safety and non safety applications. When implementing VANET with its applications in real environments, some training programs should be introduced and explains how to use these applications and take benefits from it and also classify the different types of users (zero, weak and trusted users). User Training Programs (UTPs) give some positive response from users and shows that user are taking benefits from the new vehicular technology and improve their traffic system and reduces road accidents.

V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

End users require more safety on the road in future vehicular networks and this could be possible by the successful implementing of VANET in real environment with its potential applications. Vehicular applications must be secured; if non-trusted users (attackers) change the content of safety applications then other users are directly effected. Attackers change their attacking behavior and they launch different attacks at different times. The proposed trust grades of attackers are expected to be helpful to identify and understand the behavior of different types of users. Implementation of this future human life saving network could be easy if users play their positive roles and make secure communications. In future work, we will develop such system to identify the users and reduces the role of zero users (attacker) and increase the functionality of trusted users in network.

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TABLE I. POSSIBLE PROPOSED SECURITY SOLUTIONS FOR ATTACKERS AND ATTACKS IN VANET

Authors Attacker and

Attacks Name

Proposed

Solutions

Working of Proposed Solutions

Liu et al.

[14]

Malicious

vehicle

Probabilistic

method

The authors proposed a probabilistic method and this method uses bloom

filters and TPD, to keep the record of both dishonest nodes and trusted

nodes in network. Main purpose of proposed work to isolate malicious

nodes in network.

Langley et

al. [15]

Brute force

attacks

Secure

method for

authentication

The Authors proposed secure method for authentication and this method

requires use of some unique identification for vehicles and then Hashed

these unique identifications using of some hash algorithm.

Raya et al.

[16]

Misbehaving

and faulty

nodes

Proposed

Framework

The Authors proposed a framework for the identification and local control of

such kind of attacks. Proposed framework consists of the following basic

components:

Centralized Revocation of a vehicle (node) by the CA.

Local detection of misbehavior performed individually by each vehicle (node).

A distributed, localized protocol for the eviction of an attacker by its neighboring vehicle (nodes).

Xi et al.

[17]

Malicious

users

Random

keyset-based

authentication

Protocol

The Authors proposed a protocol and this protocol saves the user privacy

under the zero-trust policy. In this protocol there is no trusted central

authority for users privacy and users have to rely on OBUs and OBU ensure the privacy of end users in network.

Cencioni

et al. [18]

Traffic

analysis

attacks

Proposed

Protocol

(VIPER)

The Authors proposed VIPER: a vehicle-to infrastructure Communication

privacy enforcement protocol and objective is to resilient traffic analysis

attacks. Proposed protocol (VIPER) is resilient to three kinds of traffic

analysis attacks:

Message Coding Attack

Message Volume Attack

Timing Attack

Florian et

al. [19]

Malicious

nodes

Vehicle

Ad hoc

Reputation

System

(VARS)

The Authors proposed VARS and this proposed trust system is a completely

distributed approach based on reputation method. This Vehicle Ad hoc

Reputation System (VARS) make use of direct and indirect trust in network

and through the opinion piggybacking to provide the confidence decisions

on event messages.

Lo et al.

[20]

illusion

attacks

Plausibility

validation

Network

(PVN)

The Authors proposed new system architecture which is called Plausibility

validation Network (PVN) to handle with this attack. The proposed new

system architecture is to check the sensors raw data and evaluate it whether

the incoming or generated message is valid or not.

Yan et al.

[21]

Forging

positions and

Sybil attacks

Proposed a

novel solution

The Authors have been mentioned three types of attack in threat model.

Position Attack

Sybil Attack

Combination of the position attack and the Sybil attack

The Authors proposed a novel solution that uses on-board radar and its role

is as the virtual eye of a vehicle.

Leinmull

er et al.

[22]

Position

cheating and

false position

disseminating

Proposed

detection

mechanism

The Authors proposed a detection mechanism that is capable of recognizing

cheating nodes about their position. The proposed mechanism is provided

the security of geographic routing by focusing on infrastructure-less

autonomous position verification in network. In this mechanism each node

independently judge the position claims of others nodes without using

special hardware device.

using the grades mechanism to differentiate the users in vanet (3)

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