UTILISATION OF GEO-SPATAIL TECHNOLOGY FOR DIGITAL INDIA –LAND RECORDS MODERNISATION PROGRAMME

R. Nagaraja

Chief General Manager, RC, NRSC

nagaraja_r@nrsc.gov.in

IntroductionCadastre – A registry of Lands

Scale of Cadastral Maps: 1:500 to 1:10,000

Usage of Cadastral Maps:

• Systematically recording land rights

• An inventory of land areas

• Land use and classification

• Determining tax assessment from the land

Record of Rights (RoR) Cadastral Map

30

Wealth Commodity

Industrial Revolution

•Physical ownership of land

•Un-surveyed and un-titled land

•Land as the capital for mobility of assets

•Land transfers

Scarce Resource

World War - II

Fiscal ToolLand Market

ToolPlanning

Tool

Scarce Community

Resource

Land Management

Tool

•Better planning for land use

•Information revolution

•Land administration laws

•Subdivisions, land reform and re-distribution

Future: Multi-purpose cadastres

Evolution of Global Cadastre

Liberalization

“Cadastre is a methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning all legal land

objects in a certain country or district, based on a survey of their boundaries”(Source: 1st Congress on Cadastre in the European Union - Cadastre 2014:FIG)

Moving Towards Conclusive Land Titles In India

Conclusive Title Principles

Single window - A single agency to handle land records

Mirror principle - At any given moment, cadastral records mirror ground reality

Curtain principle - The record of title is a true depiction of the ownership status

Title insurance - The title is guaranteed for its correctness

A national initiative by Govt. of India:

National Land Records Modernization Programme (NRLMP)

Presumptive Titles Conclusive Titles

Integration of registration, mutation, updation in real time

Need of Re-survey

• Lack of Updation

• Different Accuracy Standards

• Manual Settlement

• No Coordinates

• Inability to Mosaic at Taluk/Dist. Level

• Difficulty in Maintenance

• Incompatibility with Present Technology

Cadastral Mapping Re-survey Methods

Chain with slope correction

Ground-based Methods

Plane Table and Theodolite

Total Station and GPS

Remote Sensing Methods

Aerial Satellite

Re-survey Techniques

Terrain conditions

Settlement

Vegetative Cover

Parcel density

Accuracy

Timeliness

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MODE OF SURVEY/RE-SURVEY

Parcel Boundaries in HRSI

Land Parcels as seen in Cartosat-2 / LISS-IV merged

Images

Objectives

To generate Cadastral Maps using different Techniques

Ground Survey: ETS-GPS

High Resolution Satellite Imagery (HRSI)

To compare statistics of the Parcels

Area

Perimeter

Position

To analyze the suitability of HRSI for parcel mapping

Analyze percentage deviation w.r.t. Ground survey

Analyze shift in parcel position

To prioritise parcels for re-survey

Data Used and Study Area

HRSI Data Products

• Location – Badpur, Gujarat23° 15' 59.78''N, 72° 52’ 48.07''E

23° 15' 09.93''N, 72° 53’ 48.78''E

S.NO SATELLITE SENSORSPATIAL

RESOLUTION (M)ACQUISITION

DATE

1 CARTOSAT-2 PAN 1.00 10 Feb 2010

2 GEO-EYE MX 0.50 17 Jan 2010

RoR Data Sheets

Cadastral Map

ETS-GPS Parcels

Comparative Analysis: RoR and Cadastral Maps

0

10

20

30

40

<1 1 - 3 3 - 5 > 5

No

. of

Par

cels

% Error

Comparison - RoR Entry and Cadastral Map (Old)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

<1 1 - 3 3 - 5 > 5

No

. of

Par

cels

% Error

Comparison - RoR Entry and Cadastral Map (New)

Record of Rights Cadastral Map

Area Statistics

Comparative Analysis

Spreadsheet containing

area information

Digitization of Parcels

• RoR entries and Cadastral Maps have area deviations (Old)

• The process of geo-referencing does not influence area deviations

• The new areas, field vs Map are compatible.

Distribution of parcels area deviation (after geo-referencing) and parcel size

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

< 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 - 2.0 - 4.0 - >

Parcel Area (ha)

Perc

en

tag

e m

ea

n o

f ab

solu

te d

ev

iati

ons

Arepud (After) Birgari (After) Paddnar (After) Toyanar (After)

Comparative Analysis: RoR and Cadastral Maps

Methodology

HRSIETS-GPS

Parcel ExtractionCAD Drawing

Area, Position and Perimeter Statistics

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Comparision between ETS-GPS Survey and HRSI

ResultsOBSERVATIONS ETS-GPS DERIVED PARCELS PARCEL IN HRSI HRSI DERIVED PARCELS

Parcel

58

Area (Ha) 0.78 0.80

Perimeter

(m)359.56 361.90

Centroid

shift (m)- 0.29

Parcel

139/1

Area (Ha) 0.20 0.21

Perimeter

(m)179.15 182.06

Centroid

shift (m)- 0.34

ResultsOBSERVATIONS ETS-GPS DERIVED PARCELS PARCEL IN HRSI HRSI DERIVED PARCELS

Parcel

77

Area (Ha) 0.73 0.71

Perimeter

(m)336.65 332.38

Centroid

shift (m)- 0.78

78

58

77

77

Parameter / ParcelNo.

Area (Ha)

Record of Rights ETS-GPS Survey Parcel delineated using HRSI

23 0.20 0.19 0.20

25 1.44 1.56 1.53

71 0.13 0.13 0.12

161 0.15 0.16 0.16

170 0.18 0.18 0.19

307 0.12 0.11 0.11

Results (Another study)

Results: GEOEYE-1

0

20

40

60

<1 1 - 3 3 - 5 > 5N

o. o

f P

arc

els

% Deviation

Percentage Deviation in AREA W.R.T. ETS-

GPS

0

20

40

60

<1 1 - 3 3 - 5 > 5

No

. o

f P

arc

els

% Deviation

Percentage Deviation in PERIMETER W.R.T.

ETS-GPS

0

20

40

60

80

<1 1 - 3 3 - 5 > 5

No

. o

f P

arc

els

Shift (meters)

Shift in Parcel CENTROID W.R.T. ETS-GPS

0

20

40

60

80

100

<1 <3 <5 > 5

% o

f p

arc

els

% Deviation

Cumulative - % error in AREA of HRSI derived

parcels W.R.T. ETS survey

0

20

40

60

80

100

<1 <3 <5 > 5

% o

f p

arc

els

% Deviation

Cumulative - % error in PERIMETER of HRSI

derived parcels W.R.T. ETS survey

0

20

40

60

80

100

<1 <3 <5 > 5%

of

parc

els

Shift (meters)

Cumulative - shift in HRSI derived parcel CENTROIDS

W.R.T. ETS survey

Results: CARTOSAT-2

0

20

40

60

<1 1 - 3 3 - 5 > 5N

o. o

f P

arc

els

% Deviation

Percentage Deviation in AREA W.R.T. ETS-

GPS

0

50

100

<1 1 - 3 3 - 5 > 5

No

. o

f P

arc

els

% Deviation

Percentage Deviation in PERIMETER W.R.T.

ETS-GPS

0

20

40

60

<1 1 - 3 3 - 5 > 5

No

. o

f P

arc

els

Shift (meters)

Shift in Parcel CENTROID W.R.T. ETS-GPS

0

20

40

60

80

100

<1 <3 <5 > 5

% o

f P

arc

els

% Deviation

Cumulative - % error in PERIMETER of HRSI

derived parcels W.R.T. ETS survey

0

20

40

60

80

100

<1 <3 <5 > 5

% o

f p

arc

els

% Deviation

Cumulative - % error in PERIMETER of HRSI

derived parcels W.R.T. ETS survey

0

20

40

60

80

100

<1 <3 <5 > 5%

of

parc

els

Shift (meters)

Cumulative - shift in HRSI derived parcel

CENTROIDS W.R.T. ETS survey

Discussions: Shortcomings

Congested settlements Visibility Constraint due to Tree Canopy

• 2.5 m satellite data

• Watershed Planning, Implementation and

monitoring

• 0.5 – 1.0 m satellite data

• Updation of Digital Cadastral Maps

• linking to Individual information / AADHAR

• Prioritization of Parcels for re-survey

• 0.25 m satellite data / Aerial Image + ETS-GPS

• Updation of Developmental Cadastral Maps

• Land Information System

• Conclusive Title

POSSIBLE APPROACHES:

• Highest accuracy• Laborious task• Huge manpower• Costly

• Maximum efforts in correcting deviations

• Lesser deviations in parcel boundaries

• Cost effective• Lesser manpower• Usable output at each level• Most optimized solution

Digital Cadastry

Developmental Cadastry

ST

EP

1A Practical Solution for Indian Scenario…?

5 Y

rs.

2 y

rs.

1 y

r.

4 y

rs.

ST

EP

2S

TEP

3

3 y

rs.

1 y

r.

1

3

1

2

3

2

3

3

Conclusions

Paradigm shift towards lab work

Satellite based methodology is a feasible solution

Distance measurement accuracy using images is better than 1:1,000

The parcel areas derived from HRSI are very close to that of ETS-GPS

As resolution increases, the accuracy of parcel mapping increases

Better accuracy can be achieved with future Indian Missions like

Cartosat-3 where the GSD is better than 30cm.

Applications of Cadastral Maps overlaid on

High Resolution Satellite Data & Large Scale Thematic Maps

• Rural Development - Watershed Planning, Implementation & Monitoring

• Water cess Collection

• Crop Damage Assessment

• Forest & Environment

• Urban & Infrastructure

• Mining

• NLRMP

NABARD SUPPORTED HOLISTIC

WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

(NHWDP) For Six Distressed Districts of

Vidarbha, MaharashtraAkola, Amravati, BuldhanaYeotmal, Washim, Wardha

36 Village Clusters / 90,000 ha (Gat-level Planning – NetPlanning Exercise)

Holistic watershed interventions combined withlivelihood support activities.

Four Resource Support Organisations (RSOs) will besupervising and guiding the 27 Project ImplementingAgencies (PIAs)

To enhance the capabilities of RSOs/PIAs to utilize thesatellite data and related information for watersheddevelopment projects.

RESTORATION OF RECHARGE MECHANISM

• Restoration of recharge mechanism• Restoration of village tanks

• Catchment treatment

• Sustainance of drinking water

• Soil conservation & Restoration of Farm Ponds

•Restoration of Village tanks

USAGE OF GEO-REFERENCED VILLAGE (Cadastral)MAPSInteraction with district Officials, local people & field observation resulted in numerous applications

Identification of degraded land parcels and its impact on associated resources

Facilitate participation of local people in generating beneficiary oriented programs.

• Suitable sites for energy plantations & Catchment treatment • Suitable sites for energy / biofuel plantations

PMGSY, NREGS, SGSY

OCT 96 DEC 96 MAY 97

SUGARCANE

OTHER CROPS

SCRUB LAND

FCC of IRS LISS III

December 1996

Sugarcane crop classified using three season data

Panchganga Lift Irrigation Project Panchganga Lift Irrigation Project

Pimpalgaon Village with Cadastral Overlay,

Khadakwasla Irrigation Project

SUGARCANE MAPPING

Sugarcane crop …… 61,397 ha

Study area …………. 1,26,567 ha

• Multi-season remote season data is being operationally used to identify and map sugarcane crop in commands areas of Maharashtra.

• The geo-referenced cadastral maps overlaid on merged product of LISS3 and PAN is a simple tool to identify the existence of crop in the particular survey number.

• This technique has increased the revenue collection of Water Resource Department of Government of Maharashtra through water cess by three folds.

Crop Damage Assessment -

Hailstorm Benefits• Hierarchical database from district to

cadastral

• End beneficiary – The land holder (Through

linkage to NIC data of B1 – Khasra)

• Damage assessment at micro level – Land

parcel level

• Proper distribution of compensation during

rehabilitation measures

MRSAC, NAGPUR

Use of Cadastral map for Crop damage assessment due to natural calamities.

VASANTDADA SUGAR INSTITUTE, PUNE

Criterion for the demarcation of the transmission line in GIS analysis.

• Minimum of forest area be disturbed.

• Nearer to the road for easy maintenance.

• Away from the settlement/Abadi(populated area)

• The Transmission line should have minimum bends (Maximum of 60o )

• Cross minimum of Major rivers.

• Crossing of the river should be at the minimum span

• Line should cross the road, rail and river/stream in more or less perpendicular position.

• Should be at-least 5 km away from the Airport

• Avoid mining areas (active mining, dumps, etc.)

• Should be at-least 5 km away from the Reserve park/National Park boundary.

DEMARCATION OF CORRIDOR FOR CSEB 400 KV TRANSMISSION LINE

OF 1000 km IN DIFFERENT REACHES OF CHHATTISGARH

LAKHELI

to

BELAR

(285 km)

Person-Parcel-Pixel LinkageLinking of Land Records with Aadhaar – Jind Pilot Project

Aadhaar Card

Record of Rights (RoRs) Cadastral Revenue Map

Registration

CIDR Mutation

• Linking of geo-referenced Cadastral Maps with RoR and Aadhar helpsgeneration of real-time data, enabling:Profiling of land use / crop pattern; Facilitation of crop insurance

Authentication of registration process and RoR; Mortgage with financial institutions

• Any further change in land parcel/ownership can be identified/authenticated.

• Irregularities / Manipulation in documents can be detected

Action Needed • Geo referencing of Cadastral Revenue Maps

• Integration of RoRs with Georeferenced Cadastral Maps

• Computerization of Land Records

• Seeding of Aadhaar Cards with Record of Rights (RoRs)

• Generation of s/w application using Space Technology• Bhuvan POI – g-girdavari• Bhuvan web page

• Monitoring of crop growth/damage using HRSI

g-girdavari A Geo-spatial Solution for g-governance on

Bhuvan Geo-platform