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UTILIZATION OF COCONUT SHELL AS FINE AGGREGATE IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE AC14 NURFATIN AQEELA BINTI MIRON A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering(Civil-Transportation & Highway) Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JANUARY 2015

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Page 1: UTILIZATION OF COCONUT SHELL AS FINE … · UTILIZATION OF COCONUT SHELL AS FINE AGGREGATE IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE AC14 NURFATIN AQEELA BINTI MIRON A project …

UTILIZATION OF COCONUT SHELL AS FINE AGGREGATE

IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE AC14

NURFATIN AQEELA BINTI MIRON

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering(Civil-Transportation & Highway)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JANUARY 2015

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To my beloved parents for love and support

Miron & Asmaliah

To all the siblings for pray and motivation

Radzi, Nazri, Amin, Hani, Fahmie, Nurul, Muhammad, Syafiq

To all the niece & nephew, you are my strength

Darwisy, Damia, Dhia, Dhaifullah, Hanis, Hilman, Harraz, Aril

To all family members

To my supervisor for advice and motivation

Dr Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya

To my other half

Muhammad Raihan bin Samuri

To my lab partners

Amiera, Hafizah

To my UTM’s siblings

Hayati, Hidayah, Nabiela, Naemah, Najwa

To all my friends and colleagues for assists and ear toward this study

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“In the Mighty Name of Allah, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful”

First and foremost, I am grateful to Allah for giving me the strength and will

in completing my research study. Thank you for giving me guidance and courage to

complete this Master Project. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my only

parents, Miron bin Taarol and Asmaliah binti Mohd Sahid and also my entire family

who give consistent love and support to me during my study.

I would like to express my grateful and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr

Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya for being the most helpful, understanding, and patient in

guiding and advising me in order to finish this Master Project.

Apart from that, I am very thankfull to all technicians of Highway and

Transportation Laboratory of UTM, Mr Azri, Mr Sahak and Mr Azman for their

assistance and helpfulness during laboratory work. Special thanks also to my lab

partners, Amiera, Hafizah, Azim and Amirul for their cooperation while doing

laboratory work.

Besides that, big thank you to my faithful UTM’s sibling who have always

been there for me and give me their strength toward the completion of this study.

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ABSTRAC

Many previous studies have been done to carry out the waste material that

can use to increase the performance of road pavement. Oil palm kernel shell, scrap

tyre, and building waste material are the example of waste material that have been

investigate to replace aggregate in road construction. Another alternative is to use

coconut shell. Coconut shell is by product from agriculture activity. This study

present the laboratory evaluation of aggregate properties on coconut shell and the

performance of asphaltic concrete that use coconut shell to replace the fine

aggregate. Only AC14 and 80/100 PEN bitumen were consider in this study. The

investigations on the aggregate properties containing coconut shell are aggregate

impact value (AIV) and specific gravity & water absorption. While, tests for

performance of conventional asphaltic concrete AC14 and ACCS are volumetric

properties, indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus and dynamic creep test. The

result of the test shows that conventional asphaltic concrete AC14 give better

volumetric properties than ACCS. For mechanical properties, replacement 10% of

coconut shell as fine aggregate (ACCS10) shows better result than conventional

asphaltic concrete AC14. Since this pavement has low strength, it will be only

suitable for low traffic volume and at rural area.

Keywords: Coconut Shell, Asphaltic Concrete, Fine Aggregate, Waste Material

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ABSTRAK

Terdapat banyak kajian lampau telah dilakukan terhadap bahan buangan yang

boleh digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualiti turapan jalan raya. Tempurung kelapa

sawit, tayar sekerap, dan bahan buangan binaan adalah contoh buangan yang telah

dikaji untuk menggantikan batu baur dalam pembinaan jalan raya. Alternatif lain

adalah dengan menggunakan tempurung kelapa. Tempurung kelapa adalah produk

hasil daripada aktiviti pertanian. Kajian ini membentangkan penilaian makmal

hartanah agregat pada tempurung kelapa dan prestasi konkrit asfalt yang

menggunakan tempurung kelapa untuk menggantikan agregat halus. Hanya AC14

dan bitumen 80/100 PEN yang digunakan dalam kajian ini. Siasatan ke atas sifat-

sifat agregat yang mengandungi tempurung kelapa adalah nilai hentaman agregat

(AIV) dan spesifik graviti & penyerapan air. Sementara itu, ujian untuk prestasi

konvensional AC14 konkrit asfalt dan ACCS termasuk perlakuan isipadu, kekuatan

tegangan tidak langsung, modulus berdaya tahan dan ujian rayapan dinamik.

Keputusan ujian menunjukkan bahawa konvensional AC14 konkrit asfalt

menunjukkan sifat volumetric adalah lebih baik daripada ACCS. Bagi sifat mekanik,

penggantian 10% daripada tempurung kelapa sebagai agregat halus (ACCS10)

menunjukkan keputusan yang lebih baik daripada konvensional AC14 konkrit asfalt.

Oleh kerana turapan ini mempunyai kekuatan yang rendah, ia akan hanya sesuai

untuk jumlah trafik yang rendah dan di kawasan luar bandar.

Kata Kunci: Tempurung Kelapa, Konkrit Asphalt, Agregat Halus, Bahan Buangan

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION OF THESIS STATUS

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION

TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF APPENDICES xiii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objective of Study 3

1.4 Scope of Study 4

1.5 Significant of Study 4

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2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Flexible Pavement 6

2.2.1 Bitumen Binders 7

2.2.2 Aggregates 9

2.2.2.1 Size of Aggregates 9

2.2.2.2 Grading of Aggregates 10

2.3 Coconut Shell 12

2.4 Application of Coconut Shell in Civil Engineering 13

2.5 Waste Material Used as Aggregates in Road

Construction 14

3 METHODOLOGY 16

3.1 Introduction 16

3.2 Operational Frame Work 17

3.3 Preparation of Coconut Shell as Aggregate 17

3.4 Aggregate Separation 19

3.5 Aggregate Properties Testing 21

3.5.1 Aggregate Impact Value 21

3.5.2 Specific Gravity and water Absorption 23

3.6 Theoretical Maximum Density (TMD) 27

3.7 Asphalt Concrete Properties Testing 30

3.7.1 Marshall Mix Design 30

3.7.2 Marshall Test 34

3.7.2.1 Analysis of Air Void in the

Compacted Mix (VTM) 37

3.7.2.2 Voids Filled with Bitumen (VFB) 37

3.7.2.3 Flow and Stability Test 38

3.7.3 Determination of Optimum Bitumen

Content (OBC) 38

3.7.4 Indirect Tensile Strength 39

3.7.5 Resilient Modulus 41

3.7.6 Dynamic Creep Test 43

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4 RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS 45

4.1 Introduction 45

4.2 Aggregates Sieving 46

4.3 Properties of Aggregate Analysis 46

4.3.1 Theoretical Maximum Density 47

4.4 Marshall Test Analysis 48

4.4.1 Determination of Optimum Bitumen

Content 48

4.4.2 Result of Volumetric Properties 49

4.4.2.1 Density Analysis 50

4.4.2.2 Voids in Total Mix Analysis 51

4.4.2.3 Voids Filled with Bitumen

Analysis 52

4.4.2.4 Stability Analysis 53

4.4.2.5 Flow Analysis 54

4.4.2.5 Stiffness Analysis 54

4.5 Indirect Tensile Strength Analysis 55

4.6 Resilient Modulus Analysis 56

4.7 Dynamic Creep Test Analysis 57

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 59

5.1 Introduction 59

5.2 Conclusions 59

5.3 Recommendation 61

REFERENCES 62

Appendices A-H 64

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

Table 2.1 Sieve designation 11

Table 3.1 Gradation limit for AC14 (JKR, 2008) 20

Table 3.2 Mixing and compaction temperatures (ASTM D1559) 33

Table 3.3 Test and analysis parameters (JKR, 2008) 39

Table 4.1 Aggregates testing results 47

Table 4.2 Marshall test result for obtaining OBC 48

Table 4.3 Volumetric properties of AC14 and ACCS 49

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

Figure 2.1 Load transfer for flexible pavement 6

Figure 2.2 Layers of flexible pavement 7

Figure 2.3 Five grading aggregates 11

Figure 2.4 Coconut shell 13

Figure 2.5 Coconut shell as aggregates 13

Figure 3.1 Flowchart of Methodology 18

Figure 3.2 Coconut shell being crush using aggregate crushing value 17

Figure 3.3 Graphical gradation limit of asphaltic concrete AC14

(JKR,2008) 20

Figure 3.4 Specimen was compacted by 25 strokes of the tamping

rod 23

Figure 3.5 Specimen was subjected to 15 blows 23

Figure 3.6 Fine aggregate was immersed in 6% of moisture 25

Figure 3.7 Fine aggregate retain the molded shape 25

Figure 3.8 Coconut shell immersed in water 27

Figure 3.9 Sample after dried in oven 27

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Figure 3.10 Sample during vacuum and agitation for 15 ± 2 min 30

Figure 3.11 Compaction hammer that being used 32

Figure 3.12 During cooling process 36

Figure 3.13 Loading strips are parallel and centered on the vertical

diametral plane 41

Figure 3.14 Vertical compressive ramp load was applied 41

Figure 4.1 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to density 50

Figure 4.2 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to voids in

total mix 51

Figure 4.3 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to voids filled

with bitumen 52

Figure 4.4 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to stability 53

Figure 4.5 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to flow 54

Figure 4.6 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to stiffness 55

Figure 4.7 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to tensile

strength 56

Figure 4.8 Effect of different percentage coconut shell to resilient

modulus at different test temperature 57

Figure 4.9 Effect of different percentage coconut shell on creep

modulus 58

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Distribution of Mass Aggregate of AC14 66

A1 Amount of coconut shell being replaced

according to their percentage

66

B Aggregate Properties Test Result 67

C Theoretical Maximum Density for Marshall Test 70

C1 Theoretical Maximum Density for Volumetric

Properties for ACCS

71

D Marshall Test Analysis Result for Determining

the Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC)

72

D1 Graphical for Determining the Optimum

Bitumen Content (OBC)

73

E Volumetric Properties for Asphaltic Concrete

Containing Coconut Shell (ACCS)

74

F Indirect Tensile Strength Test Result 75

G Resilient Modulus Test Result 76

H Dynamic Creep Modulus Test Result 77

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Malaysia is a country which economic growth rapidly. Therefore, Malaysia

must have good roadway and transportation to cater the demand on the road. There

have many factors that can give good highway such as material used to construct the

road, road furniture, infrastructure and drainage.

Basic materials that being used in road pavement construction for wearing

course are aggregates, bitumen and filler. Aggregate is the main material that makes

up about 93% of the mix. The strength is resulted from the interlocks between the

aggregate and assist to distribute loads from the traffic in the pavement. While,

bitumen or known as asphalt is a binder to glue the aggregate together to form an

improved mix. Next, filler will fill the voids between aggregate and helps stiffening

the binder to produce a stronger and stiffer mix could last longer.

Nowadays, there are so many researches that has been done to improve and

upgrading the materials for preparing hot mix asphalt. The utilization of waste

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material as a replacement in materials for producing hot mix asphalt can give a lot of

benefit to the humans. Coconut shell is a one of the alternative that can be used to

replace aggregate in preparing a flexible pavement.

Coconut is grown in more than 93 countries. South East Asia is

regarded as the origin of coconut (Maninder and Manpreet, 2012). India is the third

largest, having cultivation on an area of about 1.78 million hectares. Annual

production is about 7562 million nuts with an average of 5295 nuts per hectare. The

coconut industry in India accounts for over a quarter of the world's total coconut oil

output and is set to grow further with the global increase in demand. However, it is

also the main contributor to the nation's pollution problem as a solid waste in the

form of shells, which involves an annual production of approximately 3.18 million

tones. Coconut shell represents more than 60 % of the domestic waste volume.

Coconut Shell, which presents serious disposal problems for local environment, is an

abundantly available agricultural waste from local coconut industries. In developing

countries where abundant agricultural and industrial wastes are discharged, these

wastes can be used as potential material or replacement material in the construction

industry. This will have the double advantage of reduction in the cost of construction

material and also as a means of disposal of wastes.

1.2 Problem Statement

The construction of a local two-lane highway consumes more than 15,000

tonnes of aggregates per kilometer while six-lane asphalt freeway consumes over

48,000 tonnes of aggregates for each kilometer of roadway (Khabiri, 2010). These

facts show that the demand of the natural aggregate is very high. Furthermore,

aggregates are not only use for new construction, but also in maintenance process

like reconstruction and rehabilitation. Since of that, more hills have been

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exhaustingly exploited to get natural aggregate. However, should be known that

aggregates are finite natural sources in which shortage of aggregates will occur

because of depletion of sources. As a result, other resources of aggregates need to be

searched and more cost is needed.

Therefore, others waste material can be used to replace natural aggregate and

also to save the environment. Coconut milk which produces from coconut meat is

needed to produce good and quality taste of food in Malaysia. After the coconut meat

are taken, coconut shells being useless. Then, it will increase the generation of

coconut shell. These coconut shells will be dispose at their backyard (by burning) or

throw it at the landfill area and it will increase the environmental problem. Besides of

dispose it, coconut shell also can be used to replace natural aggregate in the

construction of wearing course. It is one way to sustain our environment and world.

1.3 Objective of Study

The study on utilization of coconut shell as fine aggregate in asphaltic

concrete AC14 have some objective as the guideline for the overall study which are:

• To investigate the performance of AC14 containing coconut shell,

• To determine the optimum percentage of coconut shell as fine aggregate

in asphaltic concrete.

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1.4 Scope of Study

All the samples are prepared in accordance with the JKR specifications

(JKR/SPJ/2008) using Marshall design procedures. This study was focus on the

performance of coconut shell as aggregate in asphaltic concrete with 14mm nominal

aggregate size. The size of coconut shells that being used was retained on 3.35mm.

Coconut shells that replace aggregate are 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. This study used

standard penetration grading which is 80-100 PEN and only use one optimum

bitumen content (OBC) for all the samples include the sample which have coconut

shell as fine aggregates replacement (ACCS). Value OBC is following the result of

conventional sample OBC.

Coconut shell was added in the mixes by using dry process method where the

coconut shell was added as part of the aggregate component before it was mixed with

asphalt cement. Marshall test was done to give the volumetric properties of each mix

design. Besides, resilient modulus test, dynamic creep test and indirect tensile

strength test was conducted to identify the best percentage of coconut shell that can

be replace in asphaltic concrete.

.

1.5 Significant of Study

From this study, the feasibility and performance of AC14 using coconut shell

as fine aggregate replacement can be obtained. Marshall samples will determine with

JKR specification either the mixes meet the specification or not. Coconut shell

samples will be compare with natural aggregate based on their performance and then

determine the best application for that performance. The coconut shell production

can generate money by producing it for highway material construction. It also can

reduce the cost for dumping area to dispose the agriculture waste like coconut shell.

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REFERENCES

American Society for Testing and Materials (2012). Standard Test Method for

Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse

Aggregate. Philadelphia, ASTM C127-12.

American Society for Testing and Materials (2012). Standard Test Method for

Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate.

Philadelphia, ASTM C128-12.

American Society for Testing and Materials (2012). Standard Test Method for

Indirect Tensile (IDT) Strength of Bituminous Mixtures. Philadelphia, ASTM

D6931-12.

American Society for Testing and Materials (1995). Standard Test Method for

Indirect Tension Test for Resilient Modulus of Bituminous Mixtures.

Philadelphia, ASTM D4123-82 (Reapproved 1995).

American Society for Testing and Materials (2006). Standard Test Method for

Marshall Stability and Flow of Bituminous. Philadelphia, ASTM D6927-06.

American Society for Testing and Materials (1992). Standard Test Method for

Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus.

Philadelphia, ASTM D 1559.

American Society for Testing and Materials (2011). Standard Test Method for

Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Paving

Mixtures. Philadelphia, ASTM D2041/ D2041M-11.

B.Damodhara Reddy, S.Aruna Jyothy, Fawaz Shaik (2014). Experimental Analysis

of the Use of Coconut Shell a Coarse Aggregate.

British Standard (2010). Bituminous Mixtures – Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt –

Part 25: Cyclic Compression Test. BS EN 12697-25 rev 2013.

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British Standard (2010). Testing Aggregate – Part 2: Method for Determination of

Aggregate Impact Value (AIV). BS EN 1097-2:2010.

Coconut Research Centre (2014). Coconut (Cocos Nucifera). Retrieved from

http://www.coconutresearchcenter.org/index.htm

E.A. Olanipekun, K.O Olusola, O. Ata (2005). A Comparative Study of Concrete

Properties Using Coconut Shell and Palm Kernel Shell as Coarse Aggregates.

Building and Environment 41 (2005) 297-301.

JKR (2008), Standard Specification for Road Works Section 4: Flexible Pavement.

Khabiri, M. M (2010). The Influence of Waste Construction Materials Usage on

Highway Subbase Layer. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.

15:1887-1894

Maninder Kaur, Manpreet Kaur (2012). A Review on Utilization of Coconut Shell as

Coarse Aggregates in Mass Concrete. Research India Publications.

Mohd Rosli Hainin, Che Ros Ismail, Haryati Yaacob (2013). Highway Engineering.

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Ramesh Gavva, Kasarla Shanthan (2013). Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams

with Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregates. Retrieved from

http://1000projects.org/behaviour-of-reinforced-concrete-beams-with-coconut-

shell-as-coarse-aggregates.html

Teoh Cherh Yi (2008). Performance Evaluation of Steel Slag as Natural Aggregates

Replacement in Asphaltic Concrete.

Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (2013). Restored Historic Houses to be

Journey Back in Time for Tourist. Retrieved from

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