SUMMER INTERNSHIP

PRESENTATION

Presented by

ADARSH KUMAR

ROLL NO-103113005

SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT ON

UTILISATION OF TWO WASTE MATERIAL

RED MUD AND FLYASH IN GEOTECHNICAL

PURPOSE .

at

School of Infrastructure

IIT Bhubhneswar

UNDER Dr. B. Hanumantha Rao

Assistant Professor

School of Infrastructure (IIT Bbsr.)

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF PROJECT

INSTITUTE-

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

(IIT Bhubaneswar or IIT BBS) is a

publicengineering institution established by

the government of India in 2008, located at

Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. It is one of the

eight new Indian Institutes of Technology

(IITs) established by the Ministry of Human

Resource Development, Government of

India.

OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT –

In India millions of tons of red mud are produced from alumina

industries. Its property is similar to sandy clay and it mainly

comprises of oxides of aluminum, iron and silicon. Its storage has

created enormous problems. To solve this problem alternate uses

of red mud should be investigated. This report describes the

compaction and unconfined compressive strength properties of

Red Mud with addition of another waste material fly ash and

sodium silicate. In this study samples were prepared by mixing

different percentage of Red Mud with different percentage of Fly

ash, with an aim to compare strength gain with Fly ash. Red Mud

mixed with Fly Ash may find potential applications in road and

embankment constructions with due regards for its strength

characteristics, durability, longevity and environmental safety.

MATERIAL USED

1.RED MUD-Red Mud is produced during the process for alumina production.

Internationally, there are roughly 70 million tons of red mud being

produced every year. Contingent upon the crude material

handled, 1–2.5 tons of red mud is produced per ton of alumina

produced per 1 tons of bauxite in which India counts for 2.7

million tonnes . The Indian aluminium sector is characterized by

large integrated players like Hindalco and National Aluminum

Company (Nalco, Alumina plant at Damanjodi, Orissa), and the

newly started Vedanta Alumina Ltd (Alumina plant at Lanjigarh,

Orissa).Red mud (RM) was collected from NALCO, Damanjodi,

Odisha. About 1.5 tons of red mud is coming out per ton of

alumina produced from the above plant and is discharged in a

slurry form to red mud pond, which is about 212 hectares. The

slurry has a composition of 45% liquid and 55% solids.

composition Percentage

Fe2O330 – 60 %

Al2O3 10 – 20%

SiO23 – 50%

Na2O 2 – 10 %

CaO 2 –8%

TiO2Trace –25%

Chemical Composition of RED MUD

discharge of red mud as slurry to the red mud pond

Red mud pond at

NALCO,

Damanjodi

Collected red mud used

for laboratory purpose

S no Properties Value

1 Specific Gravity 3.04

2 Liquid limit (%) 43

3 Plastic limit (%) 36

4 Classification ML

5 Ph 11.4

6 Maximum dry density (g/cc) 1.47

7 Optimum moisture content (%) 34

8 Permeability (cm/sec) 5.30*10-6

9 Cohesion (kg/cm2) 0.123

10 Grain

size

Sand (%) 2

Silt (%) 66.76

Clay (%) 22.05

GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF RED MUD

Fly Ash –

The fly ash used in the study was brought from Vedanta

Thermal Power Station situated at bhubhneswar in udisa ,

Fly Ash from Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) is continuously

removed to buffer hopers located near ESP by means of

vacuum pumps. From buffer hoppers, dry fly ash is

conveyed to storage silos, from there it can be unloaded

dry to pneumatic tank trucks or conditioned with water by

hydro mix dust conditioners for discharge to open bed

trucks, Ash to be stored is removed by belt conveyers to

ash storage area. Bottom ash is continuously collected in

wet hoppers, ground to sand size and periodically

transferred to one of six hydro bins for decanting.

S no Properties Value

1 color Grey

2 %passing 75 µ sieve 65%

3 Atterberg limit NP

4 Maximum dry density (g/cc) 1.25

5 Optimum moisture content (%) 23

6 Ph 7.34

7 Specific gravity 2.03

8 Grain size gravel 0

Sand 26.5

Silt, clay 73.5

Geotechnical Properties of Fly Ash

Fig4- Fly ash collected from

Vedanta plant (bhubhneswar) for

experiment .

Geotechnical Lab Test.

1. Specific Gravity-

The specific gravity of red mud and Fly ash

were determined using pycnometer method

as per IS: 2720 – Part 3 (1980).

2. Particle Size Distribution-

Particle size distribution of red mud and Fly

ash was determined using sieve analysis

accordance with IS: 2720 – Part 4 (1975).

0.000

20.000

40.000

60.000

80.000

100.000

120.000

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

% f

iner

pass

ing

size in mm

Grain size distribution of red mud

GSD

50.000

60.000

70.000

80.000

90.000

100.000

110.000

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

% f

iner

pass

ing

size in mm

Grain size distribution of fly ash

fly ash GSD

Permeability Test

The coefficient of permeability of specimens were determined as

per IS: 2720 (Part 36) 1975. The mix was compacted in a standard

permeability mold for same dry density found in standard

proctor test for same amount of moisture content. The

permeability mold consists of detachable collar, drainage base and

cap. Average permeability was determined for sample by allowing

water to flow through the samples under a falling head condition.

Determination of pH value

The pH values was found out by electrometric pH meter . In this

experiment buffer solutions of pH 7.0 (at 25oC) dissolve 5.106 g

of potassium hydrogen phthalate in distilled water and dilute to

500 ml with distilled water. Then 30 g of the sample was taken as

prepared as per IS: 2720 (Part - 1) (1983) in a 100-ml beaker

with 75 ml of distilled water and stirred for a few seconds

following as per SP 36 (Part - I) of IS: 2720 (Part - 26)

(1987).below Figure shows the image of pH meter.

Ph. Meter

Consistency Limits AnalysisThe values of liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index help in

classifying the red mud, neutralized red mud and biopolymer modified

red mud was determined following IS: 2720 (Part- 5) (1985).

Determination of Compaction characteristics

The purpose of a laboratory compaction test is

to determine the proper amount of mixing water to

use when compacting the soil in the field and the

resulting degree of denseness which can be expected

from compaction at this optimum water.

Compaction test determine the moisture content

and dry density relationship as per IS: 2720 (Part- 5)

(1980) conducting two types of compaction i.e. (i)

light compaction and (ii) heavy compaction. Here

mini compactor is used for compaction of red mud ,

fly ash and sodium silicate. Mini compacter was

fabricated at IIT Bhubhneswar . and calibrated with

standard proctor compaction. It is used throughout

in compacting the red mud as sample quantity was

less. Details of mini compacter is explained in a brief

below as follows.

Mini compacter –internal diameter- 3.81 cm

External diameter -4.61 cm

Height -- - 10 cm

detachable base plate and a removable collar

3.50 cm height .

Hammer weight – 1 kg

and fall freely through a height of 16 cm over

the energy transferring foot.

MINI COMPACTOR DIMENSION

Calibration of mini compactor

Kinetics Energy Loss in compaction process due to impact

in mini compactor is very much and similarly different type

of energy losses occurs in standard proctor test .

both in the Standard proctor and in the newly proposed

mini proctor apparatus, attempts to calculate the

equivalent energy required in the new apparatus did not

yield satisfactory results. Hence, efforts were made to

obtain equivalent number of blows in the newly designed

apparatus to obtain conventional Proctor’s and modified

Proctor’s maximum dry unit weight and optimum

moisture content through experimental methods.

In order to determine the actual number of blows

required for the proposed apparatus to achieve Proctor

unit weight, different number of blows were tried in the

mini apparatus along with the standard Proctor test for

different soils.

Calibration using Kaolinite Soil --

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

1.55

1.6

10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00

Dry

den

sity

(g/c

c)

Water content (%)

Compaction

Mini-36 mini33 mini30 Mini 28 standard proctor

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

1.55

1.6

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Dry

den

sity

(g/c

c)

Water content (%)

Compaction

Mini 28 standard proctor

28 BLOWS IN MINI COMPACTOR IS

EQUIVALENT TO STANDARD PROCTOR

TEST

Calibration in red mud

1.000

1.100

1.200

1.300

1.400

1.500

1.600

10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000

dry

den

sity

(g/c

c)

moisture content (%)

red mud compaction

mini 28 proctor

compaction test on combination of

fly ash and red mud and result

following combination of red and fly ash

has compacted with mini compactor.

90% red mud + 10% fly ash

80% red mud + 20% fly ash

75 % red mud + 25 % fly ash

70% red mud + 30 % fly ash

65% red mud + 35 % fly ash

60 % red mud + 40 % fly ash

Variation of mdd and omc with

replacement of fly ash

1.45

1.455

1.46

1.465

1.47

1.475

1.48

1.485

1.49

0 10 20 30 40 50

md

d (

g/c

c)

% fly ash

maximum dry density

Unconfined Compressive

Strength Test

The UCS tests were conducted according to IS: 2720 – Part 10

(1991). The UCS test was performed on samples by using

conventional compression testing machine.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0 10 20 30 40 50

ucs(

Mp

a)

% flyash

unconfined compressive

strength

o day strength

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 10 20 30 40 50

ucs(

Mp

a)

% flyash

unconfined compressive strength

7 day strength

CONCLUSION

1.Specific gravity of the red mud is 3.04 which is very high

compared to the soil solids. So the density of red mud will be

more and so the strength is more.

2.Ucs strength of mix is almost 0.9 Mpa .

3. The maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of

the red mud is 1.47gm/cc and 34% Respectively.

4. Co-efficient of permeability of red mud is 5.30e-6cm/s which

shows that permeability is very low. Low permeable materials can

be used for construction of earthen dams, road embankments

etc.

5. THERE FORE WE CAN USE 30% FLYASH AND 70% READ MUD

FOR DIFFERENT GEOTECHNICAL WORK SUCH AS FILLING ,

EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION IN PLACE OF SOIL

SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

In the present work, all the tests are worked on the

red mud and combination of red mud and fly ash. After

these tests, it is concluded that, the red mud and fly ash

both can be used as a geotechnical material for varies

purposes. In future, one can also work with the red mud

by stabilizing by adding sodium silicate, lime and

gypsum. Sodium silicate will provide addition silicate if

we

will mix It with flay ash and red mud combination, and

strength will affect much more .

THANK YOU