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Ultrasonic Inspection

Part 2

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Ultrasonic Test Methods

Pulse Echo

Through Transmission

Transmission with Reflection

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Pulse Echo Testing

Single probe sends and receives sound

ives an indication of defect depth and

dimensions

!ot fail safe

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"efect Position

#

$$

!o indication from defect # %wrong orientation&

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Through Transmission Testing

T

R

Transmission

signal

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T

R

Transmission

signal reduced

Minor"efect ross"efect

T

R

Transmission signal

disappears

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Through Transmission Testing

#dvantages

)ess attenuation

!o probe ringing

!o dead *one

+rientation does not

matter

"isadvantages

"efect not located

"efect can,t beidentified

-ertical defects don,t

show Must be automated

!eed access to both

surfaces

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T R

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T R

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Pulse )ength # short pulse of electricit' is applied to a

pie*o.electric cr'stal The cr'stal begins to vibration increases

to ma/imum amplitude and then deca's

Ma/imum

01 ofMa/imum

Pulse length

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Pulse )ength The longer the pulse3 the more

penetrating the sound

The shorter the pulse the better the

sensitivit' and resolution

Short pulse3 0 or 2 c'cles )ong pulse 02 c'cles

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Ideal Pulse )ength

4 c'cles for weld testing

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The Sound $eam

"ead 5one

!ear 5one or (resnel

(ar 5one or (raunhofer

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The Sound $eam

!5 (5

E/ponential "eca'

"istance

Intensit'varies

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Sound $eam

!ear 5one

Thic6ness

measurement

"etection of defects Si*ing of large

defects onl'

(ar 5one

Thic6ness

measurement

"efect detection Si*ing of all defects

!ear *one length as small as possible

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!ear 5one

V

fD

f

V

D

4Near Zone

4Near Zone

2

2

=

=

=

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!ear 5one

The bigger the diameter the bigger the

near *one The higher the fre:uenc' the bigger the

near *one

The lower the velocit' the bigger thenear *one

Should large diameter cr'stal probes have a high

or low fre:uenc'9

VfDD

4

4Near Zone

22

==

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$eam Spread In the far *one sound pulses spread out

as the' move awa' from the cr'stal

DfKV

DKSine or

2

=

;2

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$eam Spread

DfKV

DKSine or

2 =

Edge322

21d$31?

@d$34@ $eam a/is

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$eam Spread

The bigger the diameter the smaller thebeam spread

The higher the fre:uenc' he smaller the

beam spread

DfKV

DKSine or

2

=

7hich has the larger beam spread3 a compression

or a shear wave probe9

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$eam Spread 7hat is the beam spread of a 01mm34M8*

compression wave probe in steel9

o

Df

KV

Sine

35.71278.0

105000

592008.1

2

==

=

=

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Testing close to side walls

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Sound at an Interface

Sound will be either transmitted acrossor reflected bac6

Reflected

Transmitted

Interface

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Inclined incidence%not at A1o&

#ngle of Incidence = #ngle of Reflection

@1o @1o

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@1o @1o

BompBomp

Shear

Mode Bonversion

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Incident

Transmitted

The sound is refracted due to differences in

sound velocit' in the 2 materials

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Snell,s )aw

I

R

Material 1

Material 2

2Materialin

1Material

Vel

inVel

RSine

ISine=

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Snell,s )aw

C

Perspex

Steel

C

20

48.3

2Materialin

1Material

Vel

inVel

RSine

ISine=

5960

2730

48.3

20=

SineSine

4580.04580.0 =

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Snell,s )aw

C

Perspex

Steel

C

15

34.4

2Materialin

1Material

VelinVel

RSineISine =

5960

2730

R

15=

Sine

Sine

2730

596015SinSinR =

565.0=SinR

4.34=R

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Snell,s )awC

Perspex

Steel

C

20

S

48.3

24

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0st Britical #ngle

C

27.4

S

33

C Bompression wave refractedat A1 degrees

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2nd Britical #ngle

C

S (Surface Wave

!0

C

Shear wave refracted at A1 degrees

57

Shear wave becomes a surface wave

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0st Britical #ngle Balculation

C

Perspex

SteelC

5960

2730

90

I=

SineSine

5960

2730=SinI

458.0=SinI

26.27=I

S

190 =Sin

27.2

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2nd Britical #ngle Balculation

C

Perspex

Steel

C

3240

2730

90

I =SineSine

3240

2730=SinI

8425.0=SinI

4.57=I

S190 =Sin

57.4

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Summar'

Standard angle probes between 0st and

2nd critical angles %C43@13D1&

Stated angle is refracted angle in steel

0st critical angle compression

refracted at A1 degrees

2nd critical angle shear refracted at A1

2nd critical angle produces surface

waves

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Snell,s )aw Balculate the 0st critical angle for a

perspe/;copper interface

- Bomp perspe/ F 2DG1m;sec

- Bomp copper F CD11m;sec

5.355808.04700

2730===SinI

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#utomated Inspections

Pulse Echo

Through Transmission


Bontact scanning

ap scanning

Immersion testing

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ap Scanning

Probe held a fi/ed distance above thesurface %0 or 2mm&

Bouplant is fed into the gap

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Immersion Testing

Bomponent is placed in a water filled tan6

Item is scanned with a probe at a fi/ed

distance above the surface

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Immersion Testing

7ater path distance

(ront surface $ac6 surface

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Immersion Testing

#ngulation

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Ultrasonic "ispla's # scan

$ scan End -iew

B scan Plan -iew

" scan Side -iew

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2Materialin

1Material

Vel

inVel

RSine

ISine=

Df

KV

D

KSine or

2

=

V

fDD

4

4Near Zone

22

==

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