uva school of architecture, hybrid infill

HYBRID INFILLWG C l a r k

University of Virginia | Department of Architecture

A

Publisher

Editors

Research Director

Credits

Paper Matters Press | Department of Architecture, University of Virginia

Iñaki Alday, Ryan Carbone

WG Clark

Copyright Texts | By authorCopyright Drawings | By authorCopyright Model Photos | Scott Smith / By authorCopyright Edition | Department of Architecture, University of Virginia

Graphic Design | Ryan CarboneLayout | Ryan CarboneProduction | Ryan Carbone

Printing | Department of Architecture, University of VirginiaISBN: 978-0-9974301-3-4First Edition | March 2016

Architecture, as part of a research institution is a pedagogical program based in social responsibility, critical thinking and innovation. And as a design discipline, architectural innovation is achieved through design research in different ways. We “search” for information, and we “research” creating knowledge, most often on new scenarios through design speculation seriously informed. Rigorous collection of data, spatialized through mapping and diagraming, create the basis for design research. The critical step forward, assuming the risks of proposing future scenarios, is the unavoidable outcome of the creative work of the research teams.

The Research Studio system is the pedagogical innovation that merges instruction with faculty and students research. Two studios in the undergraduate program (3010 and 4010) and another two in the graduate program (7010 and 8010) are focused on profound architectural research aligned with research interests and expertise of the faculty members. The instructors commit for three to five years to sustain a research line, offering a series of Research Studios that take on a variety of relevant contemporary topics in a consistent multi-year research agenda. Students define their personal path through the program, selecting the research studios offered by Architecture faculty (and Landscape Architecture for the graduates), in their own preferred sequence for the fall of the last two years (3010 and 4010 or 7010 and 8010).

The diversity of topics reflects the intellectual diversity of the Department of Architecture of the University of Virginia. Research projects take on urgent international crises such as the changing condition of the Arctic, neglected cultural landscapes in depressed regions, or one of the most pressing urban ecologies challenge in the world (Delhi and its sacred and poisonous Yamuna River). Others work within local conditions, disciplinary inquiries or philosophical and spatial investigations.

Started in 2012-13, these first four years have been especially instrumental for the development of the youngest faculty, raising $529,000 in grants, five awards and two international symposiums. One of the research projects has become the first all-university grand challenge project. The Research Studio system of UVa has proven itself to be invaluable in defining what “design research” means, its potential to reach broader audiences and impact critical contemporary situations, and to redefine the research culture in the design schools.

Charlottesville, Virginia | March 2016

IñakI aLDaYQuesaDa PRoFessoR aND CHaIR, DePaRtmeNt oF aRCHIteCtuRe

HYBRID INFILL

P R E FAC E

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WG Clark was born in Louisa, Virginia, and studied architecture at the University of Virginia. He began architectural practice in Charleston, South Carolina in 1974. He won several national competitions including the New Orleans Museum of Art competition in 1983. Mr. Clark was appointed design critic at Harvard Graduate School of Design in 1987. In 1998 he was appointed chairman of Architecture at the University of Virginia where he now teaches design. He was named Edmund Schureman Campbell Professor in 1989. Mr. Clark’s work has been widely published and is the subject of Richard Jensen’s book, Clark and Menefee. He was included in \”40 under 40\” by the Architectural League of New York and twice listed in Time magazine as one of America’s best designers. His work has received three National Design awards from the American Institute of Architects: Middleton Inn, Reid House and Croffead House. WG Clark Associates is currently designing two residences, and adaptive reuse of a manufacturing plant as apartments, and an addition to the University of Virginia School of Architecture.

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ST U D I O T E A M

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The subject of this studio is an urban house for two people. It is a small project for several reasons including aesthetic intensity, a wish to demonstrate that resolution and detailing are critical to design intentions, and the desire to produce convincing projects for your portfolios.

There are encouraging trends related to houses in this country. One is that people have started returning to cities. The suburbs are inefficient for both infrastructure and travel. They can’t offer the vitality and sense of community that urban settlement can. This may profoundly color the larger landscape. Another trend, that people are beginning to work at home instead of commuting, invites new ways of thinking about dwelling and how it may be integral with work and creation. Each potent site is an intense location where there exists a responsibility to civic context as well as to privacy of the couple living within. Choosing the site will be the first act of design; the second will be understanding its history and its physical properties.

Imagine the clients and their work in order to define a program of spaces along with their qualities and contents. Our method of study and design will concentrate on physical modeling and on multiple iterations or permutations of each idea. You will be making several models a week and the craft of these artifacts will be stressed.

There are some important precedents of modern houses that have integral exterior spaces as courtyards or roof terraces and fit within tight, urban sites. To advance a productive working method, one must become familiar with the following examples:

Le Corbusier Maison Ozenfant | Dr. Currichet House | Maison CookPierre Chareau Maison De VerreTadao Ando Azuma House | Nakayama HouseTod Williams/Billie Tsien New York City HouseToyo Ito T HouseStudio Archea Single House Leffe Bergama

LIVING

WORKING

ORDERING

HYBRID INFILL 5

R E S E A R C H D R I V E RS

LIVING

What is of fundamental importance to the idea of dwelling?How is the recent trend of young couples returning to the cities important?

PEDESTRIAN WALK STREET

ALLEY

SITE: Los Angeles, California

65’

110’

ALONE TOGETHER


ALLEY


65’

110’


‘It is a bit scary to me that people can only feel comfortable in a closed space.’ - Kazuyo Sejima

Architectural pets as defined by Atelier Bow-Wow are “small buildings that occupy odds and ends of plots. Mostly they are perched between two roads that converge at a point, or on the cramped leftovers of dense developments - which is to say, on plots with insufficient spaces for buildings on the usual scale. They are accordingly smaller than the surrounding buildings - and yet are distinguishable from the street furniture, such as the park bench or the street light, because of the artistic intent as they are a pragmatic intervention in their surrounding.” Alone Together takes cues from Pet Architecture, celebrating smallness and the potential for community and privacy in unexpected places. Alone Together functions both privately and publicly where individual residences share facilities and communal outdoor spaces while maintaining an individual home. Celebrating the rise in single occupant housing, this typology suggests a home where one can have the feeling of living with others while maintaining private space.

65’

110’

PEDESTRIAN

CAR

6


ALLEY


65’

110’

ALONE TOGETHER


ALLEY


65’

110’


‘It is a bit scary to me that people can only feel comfortable in a closed space.’ - Kazuyo Sejima

Architectural pets as defined by Atelier Bow-Wow are “small buildings that occupy odds and ends of plots. Mostly they are perched between two roads that converge at a point, or on the cramped leftovers of dense developments - which is to say, on plots with insufficient spaces for buildings on the usual scale. They are accordingly smaller than the surrounding buildings - and yet are distinguishable from the street furniture, such as the park bench or the street light, because of the artistic intent as they are a pragmatic intervention in their surrounding.” Alone Together takes cues from Pet Architecture, celebrating smallness and the potential for community and privacy in unexpected places. Alone Together functions both privately and publicly where individual residences share facilities and communal outdoor spaces while maintaining an individual home. Celebrating the rise in single occupant housing, this typology suggests a home where one can have the feeling of living with others while maintaining private space.

65’

110’

PEDESTRIAN

CAR

Each student responded in a different way - responding either to a specific site condition, social condition or building approach of their own choosing. Responding to a dramatic increase in single occupant dwelling, the home serves as an opportunity to celebrate this new trend in a way that both spoke to the individual and the greater collective community with equal importance.

Alone Together

This studio asked the question How do we live?

“It is a bit scary to me

that people can only

feel comfortable in a

closed space.”

- Kazuyo Sejima

Doak, B | HYBRID INFILL 7

DRIVER 1 | LIVING

SECTION B3/16” = 1’

COLLECTIVE PLAN1/4” = 1’

...small buildings that occupy odds and ends of plots. Mostly they

are perched between two roads that converge at a point, or on the

cramped leftovers of dense developments - which is to say, on plots

with insufficient spaces for buildings on the usual scale. They are

accordingly smaller than the surrounding buildings - and yet are

distinguishable from the street furniture, such as the park bench or

the street light, because of the artistic intent as they are a pragmatic

intervention in their surrounding.

Architectural pets as defined by Atelier Bow-Wow are....

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SECTION B3/16” = 1’

COLLECTIVE PLAN1/4” = 1’

Doak, B | HYBRID INFILL

“Alone Together” takes cues from Pet Architecture, celebrating smallness and the potential for community and privacy in unexpected places. Alone Together functions both privately and publicly where individual residences share facilities and communal outdoor spaces while maintaining an individual home. Celebrating the rise in single occupant housing, this typology suggests a home where one can have the feeling of living with others while maintaining private space.

D R I V E R 1 | L I V I N G

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LEVEL 2 1/8’ = 1’ 0”

SLEEPING PORCH

OPEN TO KITCHEN

BEDROOM

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Brackman, A | HYBRID INFILL

LEVEL 2 1/8’ = 1’ 0”

SLEEPING PORCH

OPEN TO KITCHEN

BEDROOM

The fragmented house encounters the found and makes it inhabitable, creating a dialogue between the primitive condition and the refined. The spaces operate in a duality: open sleeping lofts above answered by a cave-like bedroom, the functions of a restroom pulled across the landscape opposes an enclosed conventionally functioning bathroom. As the elements of the house begin to break apart, the landscape is drawn within. Elements that once distinguished interior from exterior are pushed away and extend outward. It begins by associating with a stone embankment and ends with kite-like roofs shining brightly overhead. The house becomes a juncture, extending as an intensification of landscape.


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The project defines a house as a threshold between land and water. The house employs a wall as both a delineating boundary between the two elements – land and water- and a defining visual connection between the inhabitant and the surrounding landscape. Two walls, divided by twelve feet of open living space, serve as the structural core of the house. Projections attach to the façade, hovering above the water and creating a visual threshold between land and water. Divisions, in the form of shelving and counters, provide a functional and relatively transparent separation between living spaces. This plan arrangement allows a repetitive modular system to develop vertically, easily adapted depending on the number of inhabitants.

Wall House

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4 divisions2 walls

the wall house

1 threshold

sarah miller + silvi stefi

The project defines a house as a threshold between land and water.

The house employs a wall as both a delineating boundary between the two elements – land and water- and a defining visual connection between the inhabitant and the surrounding landscape.

Two walls, divided by twelve feet of open living space, serve as the structural core of the house.

Projections attach to the façade, hovering above the water and creating a visual threshold between land and water.

Divisions, in the form of shelving and counters, provide a functional and relatively transparent separation between living spaces.

This plan arrangement allows a repetitive modular system to develop vertically, easily adapted depending on the number of inhabitants.

3 projections

land

water

Miller, S + Stefi, S | HYBRID INFILL


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The four elements; earth, air, fire, and water, are the forces of earth to which humans have been derived from and which continue to be essential to life today. Situated in the southwest region of the United States, the Elemental House serves as a manifesto of defining the four elements and explicitly revealing them within a house. It is an attempt to eliminate the juxtapositions of interior and exterior, but consequently pose opportunity for confrontation between the elements home through contrasting volumes; one which is embedded into the earth, and the other whose space is found between shifting planes of rammed earth walls.

These spatial concepts eliminate accepted boundaries and expose the elements in a way that no longer makes the house an addition to the earth, but rather an extension of itself and the naturally occurring qualities that it possesses.

The House pushes the term “elemental” to new ideals by utilizing the elements through passive systems, allowing the house to operate in the most primal manner. By revealing the four elements in their most passive capacity, inhabitants will continue to live sustainably, while enjoying the therapeutic nature of experiencing the presence of earth, air, fire, and water within a home.

Himes, R | HYBRID INFILL


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WORKING

How does accommodating requisite work spaces change and possibly ennoble a house and give it character?

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Smith, P | HYBRID INFILL

DRIVER 2 | WORKING

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Philadelphia Arts Link is a community center that aims to bring resources and living spaces to not-yet established artists. The center is situated in Old City, Philadelphia, which is known for its thriving high-end art galleries and cultural activities.

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This project takes advantage of two empty lots on the North and South side of Race Street, forming a corridor from the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, across Florist and Race Streets to Quarry Street. Four buildings comprise the community center and are surrounded by promenades, work courts, outside theaters, and gardens. An elevated pedestrian walkway connects the four buildings and provides pedestrian access to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge.

Smith, P + Doak, B | HYBRID INFILL

D R I V E R 2 | WO R K I N G

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SECTIONS| SCALE 1’ : 1/8th”

A. B. C. D.

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SECTIONS| SCALE 1’ : 1/8th”

A. B. C. D.

Harris, P | HYBRID INFILL


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In order to create a harmonious composition of solid and void, the building is balanced between interior and exterior spaces. The exterior spaces weave through the solids, subsequently allowing for light to enter and creating a range of public and private space. The two craftspeople, James Krenov [furniture maker] and Joanna Klink [poet] are both extremely deliberate in their disciplines. Krenov studies his furniture down to the different possibilities for their edge conditions while Klink uses words to form not only the syntax of her poems, but the visual hierarchy as well. The importance of detail, composition and harmony is emphasized in both crafts, and in their new home.

Kacoutie, Y | HYBRID INFILL


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The Virginia Center for the Creative Arts is a program awarding fellowships and providing artists with working and living spaces. Based in Amherst Virginia, the center has several other international locations. The Old City area of Philadelphia has been selected to house another of these centers. This design has for objective to provide a non-restrictive space where artists can live and work together and get inspired by one another. The building is organized in two parts with a private elongated building housing the rooms and common areas for the residents and a bigger volume destined to the public with the artists’ studios and exhibition spaces. The artists can occupy and arrange the space how they wish, allowing them to have very few boundaries in their creative process. In between these two structures sits a monumental pathway leading to a semi-private park in the back of the building.

STRUCTURE AXONOMETRIC DRAWING

Can living and working in the same building change life for the better?Does it offer a strong critique of the emptiness of suburbia?How may a house be ordered by both living and working?

ORDERING

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The Road House

Carter, Z | HYBRID INFILL

The “Road House” addresses the paradox that a dwelling located in nature damages the setting that it intends to treasure. In traditional suburban sprawl as well as rural housing, roads to and from dwellings fragment habitat, and the deforestation for houses and their yards destroys large tracks of core wildlife areas. A lack of biodiversity results, and the natural systems become unbalanced. However, we are not doomed to only live in dense urban centers. Rural life has its sustainable advantages. Close access to wild game, and ample space for gardens provide options for acquiring food in an ecologically friendly way. The Road House takes advantage of a wasteful process; the creation of the interstate highways, and uses it as a resource in order to achieve proximity to nature.

Stretching between cities, our highways provide spaces that have already fragmented and destroyed adjacent habitat. Acknowledging this, the Road House aligns itself with the highway. Without consuming or fragmenting any additional wildlife habitat, it provides views and adjacency to the forest edge. Occupying the void space created by embankments for the interstate, the Road House is thoroughly embedded in civilization. The advantages of the adjacency to a linear infrastructure provide easy delivery of services. Water and electricity are delivered parallel to the highway from the nearest city.

DRIVER 3 | ORDERING

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Other advantages of the house’s adjacency to the highway include ease of vehicular access. The only roads constructed are exit ramps that fragment no additional habitat. Construction is simplified, also aided by access to the road, and additionally served by a linear ordering of construction trades. The houses can be constructed sequentially, like the extruded infrastructure of the highway.

The location allows for the utilization of the wasted space of the median as a resource as well. Individual highway settlements will have a tunnel providing access to the median, and a trail network for biking and jogging. Furthermore, small gardens can be planted and will receive ample light due to the voids of the adjacent roads.

The majority of interstate highway systems run in the cardinal direction. This provides for a prototypical design for the Road House with regards to solar orientation. The house will either face south when aligned with an East-West running highway, or east,

when next to a North-South route. In both situations a desirable view exists towards the forest edge, as well as an undesirable one towards the highway.

The architecture responds directly to this context with the simple gestures of a concrete wall blocking the highway, and a wall of glazing facing the forest edge. The concrete wall blocks noise and views of the highway. The glass wall, provides views of the woods and access to sunlight.

The attitude of the dwelling turns away from the wasteland of the highway and towards a damaged yet still existent natural world. Acknowledging the human-made infrastructures are necessary to sustain life as we know it, the Road House taps into them as efficiently as possible, but still achieves proximity to natural processes. The result is a dwelling tentatively situated between a dominating and destructive process of humans, and the natural world it longs to be connected to.

Carter, Z | HYBRID INFILL

D R I V E R 3 | O R D E R I N G

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The spaces in this urban house are distributed along different zones created by metal panels that run across the site vertically and horizontally. These panels divide the program in the house, creating a duplex in which the bottom two floors are primarily work spaces and the top two floors are living spaces. With a series of apertures throughout the house, views are framed that distribute the organization of these spaces that spatially connect different parts of the house. The is site located on 4th street and Jefferson and the occupants are a baker and a photographer. The two stair cases are important elements in the house as they form zones vertically and horizontally that divide the program on all the floors and create a sense of lift and movement throughout the site.

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Rahmatullah, M + Brogdon, B | HYBRID INFILL

The project comprises two programs of almost opposite nature: one is that of a community center, the heart of its social neighborhood, and the other is private housing. Situated a few blocks south of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge and two blocks west of the Delaware River, the site is located in the heart of “Old City” in Philadelphia.

Site conditions were a constraining and driving factor, with a maximum width of only 47’. An inherent dialectical condition occurs when contrasting programs within the same project. To investigate and diagram possible solutions, multiple iterative model studies were constructed to define proportion, scale, fit, massing, material, and program. The library, an intrinsically public space by nature, occupies the first 4 stories of the project (3 of which are mezzanine levels). An auditorium also occupies the ground level (and 1 floor below) of the site east of the library. An occupied green roof separates the library from the apartments. Each apartment takes on the character of the library, using no interior partitions. The separation of space is achieved using glass scrims and book cases.

The utilization of site and program diagramming, perspectival sketching, and iterative model making backed by measured plan and section drawing led to the final proposal. Le Corbusier worked in a manner which was part Swiss engineer, part French artist. Working poetically through a lens of pragmatism, aesthetic beauty is paired with a complex simplicity to reach an elegant design solution.


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s e c t i o n s s c a l e : 1 I N = 8 F T

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4 T H S T R E E T N E

R O O F T E R R A C E

M E Z Z A N I N E

L I V

I N

GW

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K I

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L I V I N G S P A C E

[ F ]

[ E ]

[ D ]

C A N O E S H O P

[ C ]

W I N E S H O P

[ B ]

C E L L A R

[ A ]

P A R K I N G L O T

[ b ]

[ a ]

[ c ]

s e c t i o n : [ a ] s e c t i o n : [ b ]


P A R K I N G L O T A L L E Y

s e c t i o n : [ c ]

S E C T I O N [ a ] R E A V E A L S T H E O N E S H A R E D S T A I R C A S E T H A T U N I F I E S T H E S H O P S A N D T H E P R I V A T E L I V I N G S P A C E S . T H E S T A I R T O W E R I S M O N U -M E N T A L A N D A N I M A T E D B Y L I G H T A N D T H E S E M I - P E R M E A B L E W A L L T H A T A C T S A S A B A R R I E R / S C R E E N B E T W E E N T H E S T A I R A N D T H E O C C U P I A B L E F L O O R S .

S E C T I O N [ b ] R E V E A L S H O W T H E O C -C U P I A B L E F L O O R S A R E O R G A N I Z E D A N D H O W T H E Y I N T E R A C T T O G E T H E R W I T H D O U B L E H E I G H T S P A C E S .

S E C T I O N [ c ] R E V E A L S H O W T H E F L O O R S E C T I O N S M E E T T H E V O I D O F T H E S T A I R S A N D E X P O S E S T H E T H I C K N E S S [ O R T H I N E S S ] O F T H E W A L L S E C T I O N S

V I C T O R B A D A M I I I

a p l a c e t o l i v e + w o r kA R C H 4 0 1 0 | W G C L A R K

Section (a) reveals the one shared staircase that unifies the shops and the private living spaces. The stair tower is monumental and animated by light, and the semi-permeable wall acts as a barrier/screen between the stair and the occupiable floors.

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Badami, V | HYBRID INFILL


u p



M E Z Z A N I N E

L I V

I N

GW

O R

K I

N G


[ F ]

[ E ]

[ D ]

C A N O E S H O P

[ C ]

W I N E S H O P

[ B ]

C E L L A R

[ A ]

P A R K I N G L O T

[ b ]

[ a ]

[ c ]




s e c t i o n : [ c ]







u p



M E Z Z A N I N E

L I V

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GW

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[ F ]

[ E ]

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[ B ]

C E L L A R

[ A ]

P A R K I N G L O T

[ b ]

[ a ]

[ c ]




s e c t i o n : [ c ]






Section (b) reveals how the occupiable floors are organized and how they interact together with double height spaces.

Section (c) reveals how the floor sections meet the void of the stairs and exposes the thickness (or thinness) of the wall sections.


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I have designed the Mews Houses around an ethical framework of longevity and flexibility -- both in their physical structure and their spatial organization. Built of precast concrete and structural masonry, the houses act as a framework that can support a wide variety of interior linings, and their configuration allows considerable variation in uses and inhabitation.

CONTEXTUAL FLEXIBILITYContextually, I have designed these houses to fit within the dense, row house typology and moderate climate of mid-Atlantic to Northeastern cities such as Washington D.C., Philadelphia, or Baltimore. Plot sizes in these cities range about 16-20’ wide and 50-80’ deep, and the dimensions of the Mews Houses are designed to be able to flex within these constraints. The configuration of the stair can also be adapted to fit the size and orientation of the site.

THE COLLECTIVE MEWSIn response to these dimensions, the houses have a binuclear organization around a central courtyard that allows flexible occupation over time and changing economic circumstances. The larger, primary residence occupies the alley side of the plot to afford greater quiet and privacy, while a secondary studio and loft occupies the busier street side. As family size fluctuates, the studio loft can easily be rented, used for extended living space, or outfitted as a shop.

Collectively, the houses work best in a series of 5 to 8 so that adjacent courtyards align to form an interior mews. This allows light, garden views, and ecological function to be shared to mutual benefit while preserving the physical privacy of individual gardens.

Climatically, the houses feature opportunistic solar infrastructure that responds to the specific orientation and temporal qualities of the site. For the east - west orientation of the house shown here in detail, the availability of the early morning sun in the east is leveraged for the breakfast study and the shower, and dining and evening lounge areas are oriented to the west to capture the afternoon sun. Parasol doors open from each floor onto the mews, and a concrete screen wall serves as a thermal mass to moderate heat gain and afford privacy for residents without compromising views.

As time goes on, the houses and gardens will evolve to take on the additive character of their respective residents, but the structural framework will remain flexible and durable to accommodate the changing needs of each successive generation.

The Mews House

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Medlin, H | HYBRID INFILL


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The prompt for this project involved two distinct tasks: select a site and select a program for a “re-imagined” community center in the city of Philadelphia. This proposal intentionally positions itself adjacent to the I-95 expressway so that the residents of Northern Liberties will gain a vehicle for confronting this intrusive urban intervention. By introducing a program focused around cinema and performance theater, the community will benefit from a cultural presence that is sorely lacking in the area today.

Small-scale industry was the defining feature of Northern Liberties for many decades, and the vertical arrangement of program in the “performance tower” gestures back to this type of factory of the arts. A series of spaces including a cinema, banquet hall, performance theater and accompanying production spaces are stacked vertically in a clear confrontation with I-95 passing by. Apartments are clustered near ground level and hold adjacency to both the public plaza on the south facade and the mixing chamber to the west. This creates a building that works at two distinct scales, one local for the residents of Northern Liberties and one that is urban-scale for a larger region of Philadelphia.

performance tower

I-95

mixing chamber

apartments

public plaza

Confronting I-95

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Carbone, R | HYBRID INFILL


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University of Virginia | Department of Architecture

A

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uva school of architecture, hybrid infill

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