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DELACOUR J (1943) A revision of the genera and species 2 of the family Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) Zoologica 23 17-27 VAURIE L (1959) The Birds of the Palearclic Fauna Order Passerijormes London WiLherby MEINERTZIIAGEN R (1954) Birds of Arabia London 3 Oliver and Boyd Voous KH ( 1977) List of the recent Holoarctic bird 4
Species Passerines Ibis 119223- 250 176-406 TCHERNOV E ( 1980) 1he Pleistocene birds oUbeidiya 5 (Iordan Valley) Jerusalem The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities pp 1-83
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lUIl lUCLUU lWnCLLUU CLUL CUL (24
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elCpoundiLU lCpoundiLCLU (lLLl hlL L(2LULLL lUKGLU
mLN( ClGLLQ ULG(2LU llGLLQ C(CIL QLCLCL
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LlClL C(LN1 Q ClCLIQ UQL_elLClLLLU cc(1
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(LL CLNLU CC ll elLClLLN( 1CLULUCQ 11 CL1
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11- LCLKNLIJ Ct 1KCLI UIL CCL(2L LlC (2poundiLU
~Cl LlCU c( cL CCLeL1 11 -CC 11
NO LlN Lpoundic ClIQ 11 Cl1 CLCNl 1(2Qshy
~ LIILL Ii CLLUe NtlCILN Le C( 11 Q
LWilLU CCL( Q
KNliNQ 1UC(LlU N(l NlGClU Le (lCLIQ
nLClLLl GL1 4UL NUl (2( UQ 1lLQ_
c~ L(lC1 -Cl~L NL lpoundiL 1LC1LLN( NL UQL
dCLQ NLCpoundi1 CLNGCQ C1UC1nu 1lCLI CCL(2L
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KIIlQ UI_1Ll~Q CLLQ laquo(NUL 1UlL~ 1LN(2ll
[llUQ LN 4 I (UL(Q CI 4CClpoundi NQ dCLQ ~Q QLClLLlU 1CLltdc NUL N(1 d(21 LUL C4(
~Nd NQ (N CCL(Q) CLULQ lIQ LCQ 4(N
QLClLLLU UGLQ (LlL 1ULC1 CCLN1 CLCUN1L bullbull
ClCLLl (2C( 1(21U CLUNQ 4CL4Cl4Q 41LU
alcUQ
LNl1l Nl CL lU1 NULU (24 (2UQ Nl (2( UI
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alClU (2(2 CL lCLUQ UI(2CUQ c4cl NL (21U
ainu (2NCL UNQ 4lLU 1LClLL 1 Cl4 4LU
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QLClLLl CCLIt (2CU 41CL L4CCCl LQ m ucd CLlCLIQ Q Cpoundi4 1L1LL1 1Ll
CL4Cl4 NUL
L[ud CLNUL ItQ wl CI 4lLL d(2L lCLI ItQ
COcuu4 d(2L (2l4(2 N(2L CL NUl CLQ L4L
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allllL poundi4 d(2L llCLI c NUQ CCL(2L (2C lLUL
allLLCL CI LLUJeL CLNLUL LUL UIl cC4lC
c(n1 4cL C(2C UClL4LU QGL (24 Cl4Cl4Q
I1l~UCCl CC lCLI
Q~ClCI cd CLNL (2C CC 11 CUQ Q (NUL
QU4CQ C(_lI (2 4cL QGL mpoundi1 (24 poundiILLU
COCCLU ~4 NLCpoundi Ull(2Q II CUl (2C -Q
Ct LliCL1 Q CLNLUL lLl~) LCLNlUL lUL -ceLN
~LN NU NL NULU CC NLU UClL4l (UU ClL (2(2e
rU4u LLLLQ Q UQ ClCLIQ cuu4 d 11
ClLLpoundi (2Cl CL1(2Q cL4cl4Q lpoundiLQ NU
101
lCC lwL 4poundiUQ GLl(2 It1 C ncr LQCLLL
(2LClLU CL11 Luellt NClU LUC LUL lCLlU(2U
LGLL~ CLLI((2 CIL C1LC1 LCL 1CCGQ
1N cd(2u
1CCC1 NL 4poundiUQ N 1LN CLNG(2L 41 4NCl( LN1
Ld(2LL 4LLC 4NlC4 1CL4CL4 lCL NCL CLNC4 NU
1LN(2d eGLA LUL L1LN CCLN1 UCLpoundiU ce(21
1CLLUd) -4cl LGLl~ CCGQ mU(2
dl4 U4(2 (N(2L (N UCLI C(2poundi ud C(44
L41UQ 4lL1 (Q CGUU1 LCQ~Ll (24 ldLL ItQ
cILL-C44 41tuQ ItQ CLpoundi1 1CCltC1 (24 1LN(2
NG(2L 41GL1 C LGLl~ CCGQ L~4 -1L
411 1N LGLL~ CCGQ (24 GL1 NUl C4G NUL
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COLLC 111
1d(2L cl ce 1lCLI (2cllcL4CL4Q c4Q WLC
1NU (2 (L U(2CLU LLC1 C(LN1 C(2L poundi4
CLCNC -CItdL CN(2L CLllCL Cll 11tl 4LLU
(21QLLC NCL CLU 4CL4cL4 1QlLd L1LN
CL1(Q (OLe 11 NU (llLUL (24 ll 4LLC (LN
~ QIL tLKLIJ 111 (6UIU88Jdolle) CC 1lCLI
11 Y
LN~ uLL CI dLCLU 1LClLLN4Q
1CL4CL4Q ClltQ NU (2ud (Cl CL~It 1UL~(2LU L1(2d11 NLGeU CLNLI 4L(ItQ (24LLQ NC4
1CLC1 1dL4cU cl41U CLd(2L 1uLdGe (241
CLULU(2U 4NUL GLI1 NLLC1
cL41 4lIt(2LU Lud LC LUL 1NULU L1N
1CLLU ULlL 1t4 1t1CLL GItCLQ NUILU CLC1 lL
LCL(21t dl4 UJd LUI 1(1( d (2UQ_(2C~(2 CCLC1 dL4(U GLL(2 GL1 NUl NU CCGL (lLL 1)
CKIQ 11 411 ULL CI 1CLC1 NL 1 4NUL1
L(2CLItQ dl4LU 1L1 U4(2Q LldQ 1t4 G LLC 1Q
LGLGQ U4(2 CCCG1Q GLL(2Q It1 NU 1eCQ
LNl (2( CC 11 NL Ld 11 (2N4L CLudLCQ
CLC1 (2d11 CLCLlltU CILL-C44 CLClLLU dLLC
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~~CLC CLllLC LN ilC CL4CL4Q UQ UIL
(2e QL~ CLCLU CLC1 (2d11 LCLC dL4CU
llLNL4L_1UC1(LU -CLC1 (ll Ulj ))lll) eQ
ZOI
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CICldl 1lI4 lClLC1LLN4 N4 ClL4 lGL41l1 CI
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4NUL ICUUl NO CUU ~I ClL4L lClLClLLN4
lLN ClLUC~ ILI ClLUl CNllL CClLO CUL1 Nl CI1
CNIlIL ClLClL L (NL hClI) Gl41l1 LClLClLLl
CNULO IlIlCO CNd
ClIlIGClO CCLIO NL N4l IlILCO CCIIl ClOlClU
CIllClU NL 4N ClCLU ~4l 41[ CIlILl 1lI
IhCIL IlIlC LIlILC lClClhlU ClCICLO CILLO LCLLCl
IlILI l ClLLCCU ClCIIlIGCl WC lChlC lUllL 14
CNCC LCCAshy
14 IIlIClU CIlILl IlINLUl ClIlICI1 lCL CICL
1lI4lO lCl4clL lClLClLLN4 ClGLOO NU CILlUl
ClULCO llO IllllO NU CUUlCI lCllClLLl
CC4 lLLI 11 Cl ld IcL4cl40 lCllClLlNLO
LC~~C~~4a L14~14)oo~Ha
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NCl ClLl L L hlLCl NL ue 1lI1lI Cl CWUlLU
CL cL ClCIClO 4C1dLO ClIllCllUl 1lIL lUClnu u CIlIlClCM GLCl Clct lhClI LILNI( i) LllN CI ULL
ccnL 4UCLIl IlIGLlCll L1i4 CIIlIU UCllil U
llIC1llllClI dl4 UL III
Cl14l CIlIllN CGUU lCO(L (hll z) ue N~ CILLCL4 lhllNl ClLCClL llClClL GlCL C4G
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11 (L1lLa middot NLl UCLl)
LClLCl40 LChO I CllL ll lNIlIlO ClUlUO
lLC dLlN U~l ClCILUC ChL IlClIO ate ulL CI CLClU Nl ClCIIlI CClLO CLC CNatL
lCOlGl 1lI4 LCl UC~ NU lGlLIlIO
CCLLl CllhClU lClLClLL 1lI4l 1lIl4CL lluwdlshy
II NU 1lILL lCl lUUClO lL4L -LCL IlIcaCI~ lNe CCL LClClO IlILNU lNU IiIllUL GIiL4~
(CLLL ClOGd -UCl~ NU lGL41l1O
1 lOLlC LCIU LULCGClU 1lI4l ILLL LCNIlIL Ul
ICL ClCNC ClL(lL CCLNl lCCCL NU LlCl 114
LLIlIG1 14 ClLCC lUlCGCLU ClCLd IlIlOlLC lL~ NtL CL4l LIlIClU NU ClLCC lGUL NL lN cL4
ClllhClU lGUI 1lI4l ClGC CI~IlIN LLUCGl lCCCC
UCl~ LC NO LCIU luLdGClU 1lI4L ULL (Cl~C Nt ClIlIIL IlICN ClLl lUlLL LCN lLCl
ClUU4L 40Ld NU llCL ClllGl
LLUCL~ ClCClU lCCCL CClCCCl CILULU lN
ClClLl LlOULc LNO llCL NCL ClClLL LNO
NO Nl lGL41l1 -lCllLC44 LhClL lGL4illshy
LOU4C UCL~ NlUL lClLClLLN4
LLUnLLLU (llUqqow) NO LGL41l1 1 I 4N
LUllLU IL IhCll CUILlU CCllL LClIllClill (0
ClU(CL LLLLL dLL lL LLN lIIlIC CIL lClL NUU
lCGL 10 lL GlhU lClNO CCLL ClLClLl (lllllnp)
ncl lUCLLLU LClUCCL OClll CLhlU lLNIlI LCIIdl
CC4 IlIlNlO ClUWC (LLL GlIlIU lCC (L4
NU mLU LNllIl (llL 0 CUCLllU NCllU l41U0 (0 IlIlClCl NU CCGl lOlCll
ClhCLU LLN GlLIll NU HCl ClC1 NlUl ClILLClClL
lClLClLLNL CLLLc44 LlCl IlIlLN Nd ClUClL
NO N LGlL1lI CL4Cl NU lLCll ClCLL 4L
lllC CllL lGLCl Nl lhClL lGlL1lI LChClIO ll 41L
404Cl NlO IL lUl llN CNillL IlClIO IlIC cr
60l 191 vl lIlOADJE mOIAB4J(
W ~11Sluojja sa ~ullloOJdoliV (~96J) OT) NOS1~~VH
GIiClO LClU ChClLO 1lIL ClLClLO ltliLO
UOSU1BH8 CCICO IlILCO ill4 ItGlLO lLNUL
illL ClCIIlI LOLld lLL ClIiCL Cll ILCU 1iLI
4ltLU dlllL ULIlI lllL CL ClICl IIL(U ClCIClU
~o CNllIl l ClllCI LN C[ illC llnU UlLClU
CCLNL 1lIlllCII IlIldLC CliillL C illC GLClO
4N LL ULl~ ClCIIlI
lillCCI ClCL llILlCU ClNcd ClO~ cL illCCldLL ll
CClLUClL 10 1lIe ClllIlU~ NUL LNUl Cld CIiLClL
ld 10 LIlICCl CIlILlN N~ ClO1i LNULlCl
C~CIOCl ClCIIlI CClIlIL CIlIIl Cl illl1 ll1i0 mUl
ClOUlCC 10 lIlICCL CCC UC LCL ICl lCl lL ll
UILL LCllClLLl illLl NL Ld lNI COUCL illllCL
LNUL ld Cll Cl~ll lClllCll mUl illL lGl4ill
CilllN ClllUU LOLd NU IlLGL CIGLnU lCltLlU
lillCCl CULL LClLClLLL 1lILL lNIlIUl NULL
llCLC lLfCL4 CNIlIL llCL LGlL1lI Il4C NUL lCCCl
Cilll~IiU LClClO CCL 4N tLNL LlCL LllId CIllClU
illLIlILU NLllO dlLCIO -LClLClLll IlICCl
lUl CNIlIL llC CllCU llCL G41l1 -CldClU
ClCUCU lLCC ClIlIUUGd NL NlL l1LCUhU ClUL
lCllClLlL 10 ll( Gl41l1 UhGU LNNlGCU
Cl ULLG lUClU dlLl ulL CI CLClU 1iL
LG GOGO UhGLU ULClU NC ClCU IlIULC
NCIl ClCIIlI NIGlO lClLClClO CCGGL NUU i
Cl4Cl4 IlIClU NU llill NCL lCCIll NU ClClCll Lltl
lNO ClC4lU 1i0Cc CIlIl IlILN LLCL NlUl
lClIiLlCO CIlINLl CCldlClO i
lUL (LGUlU CGIlILClL ) CNllIl IlIC LlCLO
lICl CClLClLLL OCllCL CL LIIlIN LL CCLNL LlC
illlUL ClLCLU ClCllClLlL NUU CClltNl CClIlIL
CllLL ClNlUL lUL CClClCllU NULO CCCl NUU
CClClO ClOGl CLNl CC LllC IlICIiLCll CllCllbullbull
Lll~ lLC IlICO ClLO Ll l(LO
lUO ClGL ZI ClCLO ClO llUL~ LC NUL ClCC
4NlLL IlIC-a-Nl40 NbullbullNGIlIL 4L~ILl CCIlIL 4C4
at4l0 4 ClLClLll LlN CllIl Llt~ IlICLL LlUClIlIL
lCIlIL C CC lll~ lClLClLLNL CCll lCIlIL
Im ClillUUGO CILLC44 IlIC CC lLC
ClLClLLN40 lC IlICCO IL lCClLlU CCLCLU
CLClU 14 lCllClLLl ClNl C Gl41l10 LC
4LlC ClClIll GLCl NUL NU lClILCl CClLO CLC
UlClU ccd ~O CLNlU lLCllL lClLClLLN4U
CN4 LO IlClIO 4UCl~ lClIllClIO CLNLU
4GIiCl0 LO ClCMO CO UCLllU lL 41C Ll 1lI4 ll
CllLlU 1lI4 GUUU LCCGO LlLCC lO~LUO
ClllIClU LnGO (hLL v) llO ClNCIO CUCLILL
ClCLLLO ClLGCO CNLCld C4G ClIi Ll ClliLUlC
nm IN 11-mN~ rI~n WW I IlpJI 11l7Il - 10m I1m1~-n10n IlP)W
N1lJ1~ 1JT 1nN 1m - nN1~1lJI 10) ~pn N IN ON 11m N 01P~ IWWl
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Nl il11~1lJJ 1117 pmil N1m1lJ ~11 ~m OlW l7l1NJ
)N 0N1m1lJ mJl7il J 11lWnl np) ON
Nlil il1lJ1lJ W1JJ Wl mm n1JIl IW11I
nnmw lJ l7J II omw mnl l7~1JJl Wlll 0J1TI 01l1l W nl7~1J~il onil
m1nN 1W-111~ onJ n1lll Nil m1m1~ 1m ililll~ m1m1~-10n nnmn Ol1J~J
1l0 12mnl il)Wl onnN 40-1 ilN1D ill7m1
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MCCi URE HE (1974) Migration and Survival of the 9 Birds of Asia United States Army Medical Component SEATO Medical Project Bangkok ( 1954) K Lack I~JW InOll ~ IWlIl J1Wnl 10 11lOJ Average expectation of further life of adult birds
The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers Oxford
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11 nYIlJJ1 nn~1J~ n1~n1 nY1 IJ11 10m OnTl1V IN nT1J1 17JJ 01J1JI nUIlnl IJ 13 nll1N~ nU1ln1 1T17Il 1110101 YJJ nTJwnn11 lmllJWJW (mob) ~10lOK nJ11J1 nK nllI1 IPI
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103
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mN1p Ol7I)Wm ~1pn 011)1l7 01 1 ~Xl nN1~1lJI ilT1Jill mN1p 0) FTlJ mpm
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T~ 1~P~ nN WlJl IN W11 nN n~JW ll nn illIIl OI~tJl 0101N W~IJ 1lK
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m1lp m)111l 1111l7 nN P10 nm1tJ NIIl
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HARRISON cJ O (J965) Alloprecning as agonistic 8 behaviour Behaviour 24 J61 -209
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104
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llVn ll YlV sn
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l1m01 11) 07l1N ellT l1 OY IN 017 OYll)1 1)
m~ onm 1m01
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l Nl osy mlJS lJl nl)S 1l1
110lON 1 ONm~ Oll nmYI) ym
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- m111 N1lV - nl)S 11m01 nN vl07 71l
1lUl 7l Ul1J7
lNI) nIJUIJ Nll I 1~~ m1lVn
~HNl~l(l1 NlCdLChClU U~_NtC
atC LltCllL C ~~Q atlCl Cl ~U ItCllU LUCIlO It QlltO cClatl
UlllU CIlUllU atlUlU Cll llL lLCCl ClCL Ld lCll
L4CL( lN llCLL llCLI Cl~ILUL CNl
lUIl lUCLUU lWnCLLUU CLUL CUL (24
cu C(l CLLLUCQ LUL CQCCl LClLLLU NL Q CGpoundi4LU (2CLQCC (L LCCLCLCLLU
UCLCIL CpoundiCL cd lCLelNC9 (2CL CCLCL COC
elCpoundiLU lCpoundiLCLU (lLLl hlL L(2LULLL lUKGLU
mLN( ClGLLQ ULG(2LU llGLLQ C(CIL QLCLCL
CLLCU lUKGLU CpoundiCLIl 1L CpoundiLCL CCLCLlshy
CLLLILU lCCLLCQ llUUQ LUL cC~C CULCLLl lQ CLlLQ LC
~CL(CL( CC( UULCL lCL lQH4 GLel 4lULLQ
dLLCLl _ CLLN(2U lG4QClLcl 4 GULU CLQ CGLA
CLNLULU CG (2lUl Cel1 (U(2LC N(N
NIe lIClO (IelO ~cltdo IlC)
c~c1l ec CC~U l~l LeCCL llUCL WClUUU lUl CNL ClNU lcdcl clt~e llCl cul elcul CClO
eN de elUe cl lICl ecdcl ldCcL CltCltCl CClt~C ClelO Il ClNO CC 1Cltl ICl lcdcl IcltllQ tl eu
b _
u~l
~QLa l(I(O CClNL I1Ul CLltU NGI1LlU KLU KClL UL I1
L dCIO CIltlO CLlO CI(ltL c1 GLC10 KItlO LlKLO
(L( CNUL GLIl CKLl Nl NLLCl CCLNU CCL(lU
~ tLClll1IILLl l1UCl(LU 1NLGCU (G~(2U C(
~U1 1LN cwl 11~Ll (2Cl [(2NLU 1CeC1 cd
11(Q CC 1KCLI U1l ll1Q 11 Cl1 UL
LlClL C(LN1 Q ClCLIQ UQL_elLClLLLU cc(1
Cl LUc LC (GLC wl 1poundil(1 poundi4 Ul (2poundi1 1lC
(LL CLNLU CC ll elLClLLN( 1CLULUCQ 11 CL1
~ClCLl 1Q CpoundiQ UIl (UG(2 wd lCCL(2L 1lQ I
11- LCLKNLIJ Ct 1KCLI UIL CCL(2L LlC (2poundiLU
~Cl LlCU c( cL CCLeL1 11 -CC 11
NO LlN Lpoundic ClIQ 11 Cl1 CLCNl 1(2Qshy
~ LIILL Ii CLLUe NtlCILN Le C( 11 Q
LWilLU CCL( Q
KNliNQ 1UC(LlU N(l NlGClU Le (lCLIQ
nLClLLl GL1 4UL NUl (2( UQ 1lLQ_
c~ L(lC1 -Cl~L NL lpoundiL 1LC1LLN( NL UQL
dCLQ NLCpoundi1 CLNGCQ C1UC1nu 1lCLI CCL(2L
~ULQ)
KIIlQ UI_1Ll~Q CLLQ laquo(NUL 1UlL~ 1LN(2ll
[llUQ LN 4 I (UL(Q CI 4CClpoundi NQ dCLQ ~Q QLClLLlU 1CLltdc NUL N(1 d(21 LUL C4(
~Nd NQ (N CCL(Q) CLULQ lIQ LCQ 4(N
QLClLLLU UGLQ (LlL 1ULC1 CCLN1 CLCUN1L bullbull
ClCLLl (2C( 1(21U CLUNQ 4CL4Cl4Q 41LU
alcUQ
LNl1l Nl CL lU1 NULU (24 (2UQ Nl (2( UI
~iO NUI CCLCCL LCLCCL (GLIQQ NL CL1poundiQ)
alClU (2(2 CL lCLUQ UI(2CUQ c4cl NL (21U
ainu (2NCL UNQ 4lLU 1LClLL 1 Cl4 4LU
~c~ LCL (21U (24N CUGQ 1t41 cl4cL4Q LN
QLClLLl CCLIt (2CU 41CL L4CCCl LQ m ucd CLlCLIQ Q Cpoundi4 1L1LL1 1Ll
CL4Cl4 NUL
L[ud CLNUL ItQ wl CI 4lLL d(2L lCLI ItQ
COcuu4 d(2L (2l4(2 N(2L CL NUl CLQ L4L
~~uCl cLlCLU CLL (2~14Q (24L(2 NUQ LN1
allllL poundi4 d(2L llCLI c NUQ CCL(2L (2C lLUL
allLLCL CI LLUJeL CLNLUL LUL UIl cC4lC
c(n1 4cL C(2C UClL4LU QGL (24 Cl4Cl4Q
I1l~UCCl CC lCLI
Q~ClCI cd CLNL (2C CC 11 CUQ Q (NUL
QU4CQ C(_lI (2 4cL QGL mpoundi1 (24 poundiILLU
COCCLU ~4 NLCpoundi Ull(2Q II CUl (2C -Q
Ct LliCL1 Q CLNLUL lLl~) LCLNlUL lUL -ceLN
~LN NU NL NULU CC NLU UClL4l (UU ClL (2(2e
rU4u LLLLQ Q UQ ClCLIQ cuu4 d 11
ClLLpoundi (2Cl CL1(2Q cL4cl4Q lpoundiLQ NU
101
lCC lwL 4poundiUQ GLl(2 It1 C ncr LQCLLL
(2LClLU CL11 Luellt NClU LUC LUL lCLlU(2U
LGLL~ CLLI((2 CIL C1LC1 LCL 1CCGQ
1N cd(2u
1CCC1 NL 4poundiUQ N 1LN CLNG(2L 41 4NCl( LN1
Ld(2LL 4LLC 4NlC4 1CL4CL4 lCL NCL CLNC4 NU
1LN(2d eGLA LUL L1LN CCLN1 UCLpoundiU ce(21
1CLLUd) -4cl LGLl~ CCGQ mU(2
dl4 U4(2 (N(2L (N UCLI C(2poundi ud C(44
L41UQ 4lL1 (Q CGUU1 LCQ~Ll (24 ldLL ItQ
cILL-C44 41tuQ ItQ CLpoundi1 1CCltC1 (24 1LN(2
NG(2L 41GL1 C LGLl~ CCGQ L~4 -1L
411 1N LGLL~ CCGQ (24 GL1 NUl C4G NUL
ue1(LU (21N NlG(U 411 NL NC1 l(C4U
COLLC 111
1d(2L cl ce 1lCLI (2cllcL4CL4Q c4Q WLC
1NU (2 (L U(2CLU LLC1 C(LN1 C(2L poundi4
CLCNC -CItdL CN(2L CLllCL Cll 11tl 4LLU
(21QLLC NCL CLU 4CL4cL4 1QlLd L1LN
CL1(Q (OLe 11 NU (llLUL (24 ll 4LLC (LN
~ QIL tLKLIJ 111 (6UIU88Jdolle) CC 1lCLI
11 Y
LN~ uLL CI dLCLU 1LClLLN4Q
1CL4CL4Q ClltQ NU (2ud (Cl CL~It 1UL~(2LU L1(2d11 NLGeU CLNLI 4L(ItQ (24LLQ NC4
1CLC1 1dL4cU cl41U CLd(2L 1uLdGe (241
CLULU(2U 4NUL GLI1 NLLC1
cL41 4lIt(2LU Lud LC LUL 1NULU L1N
1CLLU ULlL 1t4 1t1CLL GItCLQ NUILU CLC1 lL
LCL(21t dl4 UJd LUI 1(1( d (2UQ_(2C~(2 CCLC1 dL4(U GLL(2 GL1 NUl NU CCGL (lLL 1)
CKIQ 11 411 ULL CI 1CLC1 NL 1 4NUL1
L(2CLItQ dl4LU 1L1 U4(2Q LldQ 1t4 G LLC 1Q
LGLGQ U4(2 CCCG1Q GLL(2Q It1 NU 1eCQ
LNl (2( CC 11 NL Ld 11 (2N4L CLudLCQ
CLC1 (2d11 CLCLlltU CILL-C44 CLClLLU dLLC
~4- ~4 U~~4~~~1 ~NL_1lLcN 41LU LC IU
~~CLC CLllLC LN ilC CL4CL4Q UQ UIL
(2e QL~ CLCLU CLC1 (2d11 LCLC dL4CU
llLNL4L_1UC1(LU -CLC1 (ll Ulj ))lll) eQ
ZOI
11 pound
CICldl 1lI4 lClLC1LLN4 N4 ClL4 lGL41l1 CI
CL NL CCCl NL IlIClO LNO 14L 41u0 I
4NUL ICUUl NO CUU ~I ClL4L lClLClLLN4
lLN ClLUC~ ILI ClLUl CNllL CClLO CUL1 Nl CI1
CNIlIL ClLClL L (NL hClI) Gl41l1 LClLClLLl
CNULO IlIlCO CNd
ClIlIGClO CCLIO NL N4l IlILCO CCIIl ClOlClU
CIllClU NL 4N ClCLU ~4l 41[ CIlILl 1lI
IhCIL IlIlC LIlILC lClClhlU ClCICLO CILLO LCLLCl
IlILI l ClLLCCU ClCIIlIGCl WC lChlC lUllL 14
CNCC LCCAshy
14 IIlIClU CIlILl IlINLUl ClIlICI1 lCL CICL
1lI4lO lCl4clL lClLClLLN4 ClGLOO NU CILlUl
ClULCO llO IllllO NU CUUlCI lCllClLLl
CC4 lLLI 11 Cl ld IcL4cl40 lCllClLlNLO
LC~~C~~4a L14~14)oo~Ha
llCCIl
NCl ClLl L L hlLCl NL ue 1lI1lI Cl CWUlLU
CL cL ClCIClO 4C1dLO ClIllCllUl 1lIL lUClnu u CIlIlClCM GLCl Clct lhClI LILNI( i) LllN CI ULL
ccnL 4UCLIl IlIGLlCll L1i4 CIIlIU UCllil U
llIC1llllClI dl4 UL III
Cl14l CIlIllN CGUU lCO(L (hll z) ue N~ CILLCL4 lhllNl ClLCClL llClClL GlCL C4G
11 Z
11 (L1lLa middot NLl UCLl)
LClLCl40 LChO I CllL ll lNIlIlO ClUlUO
lLC dLlN U~l ClCILUC ChL IlClIO ate ulL CI CLClU Nl ClCIIlI CClLO CLC CNatL
lCOlGl 1lI4 LCl UC~ NU lGlLIlIO
CCLLl CllhClU lClLClLL 1lI4l 1lIl4CL lluwdlshy
II NU 1lILL lCl lUUClO lL4L -LCL IlIcaCI~ lNe CCL LClClO IlILNU lNU IiIllUL GIiL4~
(CLLL ClOGd -UCl~ NU lGL41l1O
1 lOLlC LCIU LULCGClU 1lI4l ILLL LCNIlIL Ul
ICL ClCNC ClL(lL CCLNl lCCCL NU LlCl 114
LLIlIG1 14 ClLCC lUlCGCLU ClCLd IlIlOlLC lL~ NtL CL4l LIlIClU NU ClLCC lGUL NL lN cL4
ClllhClU lGUI 1lI4l ClGC CI~IlIN LLUCGl lCCCC
UCl~ LC NO LCIU luLdGClU 1lI4L ULL (Cl~C Nt ClIlIIL IlICN ClLl lUlLL LCN lLCl
ClUU4L 40Ld NU llCL ClllGl
LLUCL~ ClCClU lCCCL CClCCCl CILULU lN
ClClLl LlOULc LNO llCL NCL ClClLL LNO
NO Nl lGL41l1 -lCllLC44 LhClL lGL4illshy
LOU4C UCL~ NlUL lClLClLLN4
LLUnLLLU (llUqqow) NO LGL41l1 1 I 4N
LUllLU IL IhCll CUILlU CCllL LClIllClill (0
ClU(CL LLLLL dLL lL LLN lIIlIC CIL lClL NUU
lCGL 10 lL GlhU lClNO CCLL ClLClLl (lllllnp)
ncl lUCLLLU LClUCCL OClll CLhlU lLNIlI LCIIdl
CC4 IlIlNlO ClUWC (LLL GlIlIU lCC (L4
NU mLU LNllIl (llL 0 CUCLllU NCllU l41U0 (0 IlIlClCl NU CCGl lOlCll
ClhCLU LLN GlLIll NU HCl ClC1 NlUl ClILLClClL
lClLClLLNL CLLLc44 LlCl IlIlLN Nd ClUClL
NO N LGlL1lI CL4Cl NU lLCll ClCLL 4L
lllC CllL lGLCl Nl lhClL lGlL1lI LChClIO ll 41L
404Cl NlO IL lUl llN CNillL IlClIO IlIC cr
60l 191 vl lIlOADJE mOIAB4J(
W ~11Sluojja sa ~ullloOJdoliV (~96J) OT) NOS1~~VH
GIiClO LClU ChClLO 1lIL ClLClLO ltliLO
UOSU1BH8 CCICO IlILCO ill4 ItGlLO lLNUL
illL ClCIIlI LOLld lLL ClIiCL Cll ILCU 1iLI
4ltLU dlllL ULIlI lllL CL ClICl IIL(U ClCIClU
~o CNllIl l ClllCI LN C[ illC llnU UlLClU
CCLNL 1lIlllCII IlIldLC CliillL C illC GLClO
4N LL ULl~ ClCIIlI
lillCCI ClCL llILlCU ClNcd ClO~ cL illCCldLL ll
CClLUClL 10 1lIe ClllIlU~ NUL LNUl Cld CIiLClL
ld 10 LIlICCl CIlILlN N~ ClO1i LNULlCl
C~CIOCl ClCIIlI CClIlIL CIlIIl Cl illl1 ll1i0 mUl
ClOUlCC 10 lIlICCL CCC UC LCL ICl lCl lL ll
UILL LCllClLLl illLl NL Ld lNI COUCL illllCL
LNUL ld Cll Cl~ll lClllCll mUl illL lGl4ill
CilllN ClllUU LOLd NU IlLGL CIGLnU lCltLlU
lillCCl CULL LClLClLLL 1lILL lNIlIUl NULL
llCLC lLfCL4 CNIlIL llCL LGlL1lI Il4C NUL lCCCl
Cilll~IiU LClClO CCL 4N tLNL LlCL LllId CIllClU
illLIlILU NLllO dlLCIO -LClLClLll IlICCl
lUl CNIlIL llC CllCU llCL G41l1 -CldClU
ClCUCU lLCC ClIlIUUGd NL NlL l1LCUhU ClUL
lCllClLlL 10 ll( Gl41l1 UhGU LNNlGCU
Cl ULLG lUClU dlLl ulL CI CLClU 1iL
LG GOGO UhGLU ULClU NC ClCU IlIULC
NCIl ClCIIlI NIGlO lClLClClO CCGGL NUU i
Cl4Cl4 IlIClU NU llill NCL lCCIll NU ClClCll Lltl
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lClIiLlCO CIlINLl CCldlClO i
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lICl CClLClLLL OCllCL CL LIIlIN LL CCLNL LlC
illlUL ClLCLU ClCllClLlL NUU CClltNl CClIlIL
CllLL ClNlUL lUL CClClCllU NULO CCCl NUU
CClClO ClOGl CLNl CC LllC IlICIiLCll CllCllbullbull
Lll~ lLC IlICO ClLO Ll l(LO
lUO ClGL ZI ClCLO ClO llUL~ LC NUL ClCC
4NlLL IlIC-a-Nl40 NbullbullNGIlIL 4L~ILl CCIlIL 4C4
at4l0 4 ClLClLll LlN CllIl Llt~ IlICLL LlUClIlIL
lCIlIL C CC lll~ lClLClLLNL CCll lCIlIL
Im ClillUUGO CILLC44 IlIC CC lLC
ClLClLLN40 lC IlICCO IL lCClLlU CCLCLU
CLClU 14 lCllClLLl ClNl C Gl41l10 LC
4LlC ClClIll GLCl NUL NU lClILCl CClLO CLC
UlClU ccd ~O CLNlU lLCllL lClLClLLN4U
CN4 LO IlClIO 4UCl~ lClIllClIO CLNLU
4GIiCl0 LO ClCMO CO UCLllU lL 41C Ll 1lI4 ll
CllLlU 1lI4 GUUU LCCGO LlLCC lO~LUO
ClllIClU LnGO (hLL v) llO ClNCIO CUCLILL
ClCLLLO ClLGCO CNLCld C4G ClIi Ll ClliLUlC
nm IN 11-mN~ rI~n WW I IlpJI 11l7Il - 10m I1m1~-n10n IlP)W
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Nlil il1lJ1lJ W1JJ Wl mm n1JIl IW11I
nnmw lJ l7J II omw mnl l7~1JJl Wlll 0J1TI 01l1l W nl7~1J~il onil
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MCCi URE HE (1974) Migration and Survival of the 9 Birds of Asia United States Army Medical Component SEATO Medical Project Bangkok ( 1954) K Lack I~JW InOll ~ IWlIl J1Wnl 10 11lOJ Average expectation of further life of adult birds
The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers Oxford
mlJI 11 v lI11 OJ1rJ II-J W~ OPJ 17 l 11 ~01J1K~ nTJ nN On]1J ON Jwn Inl ~ 1lOJ 1 2 mlY ~10J ~01J1KJ 0117~I T1nN nll l1n IlW ~lWJ
11 nYIlJJ1 nn~1J~ n1~n1 nY1 IJ11 10m OnTl1V IN nT1J1 17JJ 01J1JI nUIlnl IJ 13 nll1N~ nU1ln1 1T17Il 1110101 YJJ nTJwnn11 lmllJWJW (mob) ~10lOK nJ11J1 nK nllI1 IPI
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103
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T~ 1~P~ nN WlJl IN W11 nN n~JW ll nn illIIl OI~tJl 0101N W~IJ 1lK
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IlPll 1n p 1I)111 11m 111)NJ il)J11 J1i1
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m1lp m)111l 1111l7 nN P10 nm1tJ NIIl
W111 II) mm ilml~I Il7~1J il~ 1m 1nN
11TIW 1lnO) T1 1pil ilW il1~1tJ 1m 11 IT 11T 1l1 I m lll il)JII)I 017 JJ1110l
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HARRISON cJ O (J965) Alloprecning as agonistic 8 behaviour Behaviour 24 J61 -209
1
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CiP~ nII)1 001 71 01)1) mYlV1
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CICldl 1lI4 lClLC1LLN4 N4 ClL4 lGL41l1 CI
CL NL CCCl NL IlIClO LNO 14L 41u0 I
4NUL ICUUl NO CUU ~I ClL4L lClLClLLN4
lLN ClLUC~ ILI ClLUl CNllL CClLO CUL1 Nl CI1
CNIlIL ClLClL L (NL hClI) Gl41l1 LClLClLLl
CNULO IlIlCO CNd
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CIllClU NL 4N ClCLU ~4l 41[ CIlILl 1lI
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CNCC LCCAshy
14 IIlIClU CIlILl IlINLUl ClIlICI1 lCL CICL
1lI4lO lCl4clL lClLClLLN4 ClGLOO NU CILlUl
ClULCO llO IllllO NU CUUlCI lCllClLLl
CC4 lLLI 11 Cl ld IcL4cl40 lCllClLlNLO
LC~~C~~4a L14~14)oo~Ha
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ccnL 4UCLIl IlIGLlCll L1i4 CIIlIU UCllil U
llIC1llllClI dl4 UL III
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11 Z
11 (L1lLa middot NLl UCLl)
LClLCl40 LChO I CllL ll lNIlIlO ClUlUO
lLC dLlN U~l ClCILUC ChL IlClIO ate ulL CI CLClU Nl ClCIIlI CClLO CLC CNatL
lCOlGl 1lI4 LCl UC~ NU lGlLIlIO
CCLLl CllhClU lClLClLL 1lI4l 1lIl4CL lluwdlshy
II NU 1lILL lCl lUUClO lL4L -LCL IlIcaCI~ lNe CCL LClClO IlILNU lNU IiIllUL GIiL4~
(CLLL ClOGd -UCl~ NU lGL41l1O
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ICL ClCNC ClL(lL CCLNl lCCCL NU LlCl 114
LLIlIG1 14 ClLCC lUlCGCLU ClCLd IlIlOlLC lL~ NtL CL4l LIlIClU NU ClLCC lGUL NL lN cL4
ClllhClU lGUI 1lI4l ClGC CI~IlIN LLUCGl lCCCC
UCl~ LC NO LCIU luLdGClU 1lI4L ULL (Cl~C Nt ClIlIIL IlICN ClLl lUlLL LCN lLCl
ClUU4L 40Ld NU llCL ClllGl
LLUCL~ ClCClU lCCCL CClCCCl CILULU lN
ClClLl LlOULc LNO llCL NCL ClClLL LNO
NO Nl lGL41l1 -lCllLC44 LhClL lGL4illshy
LOU4C UCL~ NlUL lClLClLLN4
LLUnLLLU (llUqqow) NO LGL41l1 1 I 4N
LUllLU IL IhCll CUILlU CCllL LClIllClill (0
ClU(CL LLLLL dLL lL LLN lIIlIC CIL lClL NUU
lCGL 10 lL GlhU lClNO CCLL ClLClLl (lllllnp)
ncl lUCLLLU LClUCCL OClll CLhlU lLNIlI LCIIdl
CC4 IlIlNlO ClUWC (LLL GlIlIU lCC (L4
NU mLU LNllIl (llL 0 CUCLllU NCllU l41U0 (0 IlIlClCl NU CCGl lOlCll
ClhCLU LLN GlLIll NU HCl ClC1 NlUl ClILLClClL
lClLClLLNL CLLLc44 LlCl IlIlLN Nd ClUClL
NO N LGlL1lI CL4Cl NU lLCll ClCLL 4L
lllC CllL lGLCl Nl lhClL lGlL1lI LChClIO ll 41L
404Cl NlO IL lUl llN CNillL IlClIO IlIC cr
60l 191 vl lIlOADJE mOIAB4J(
W ~11Sluojja sa ~ullloOJdoliV (~96J) OT) NOS1~~VH
GIiClO LClU ChClLO 1lIL ClLClLO ltliLO
UOSU1BH8 CCICO IlILCO ill4 ItGlLO lLNUL
illL ClCIIlI LOLld lLL ClIiCL Cll ILCU 1iLI
4ltLU dlllL ULIlI lllL CL ClICl IIL(U ClCIClU
~o CNllIl l ClllCI LN C[ illC llnU UlLClU
CCLNL 1lIlllCII IlIldLC CliillL C illC GLClO
4N LL ULl~ ClCIIlI
lillCCI ClCL llILlCU ClNcd ClO~ cL illCCldLL ll
CClLUClL 10 1lIe ClllIlU~ NUL LNUl Cld CIiLClL
ld 10 LIlICCl CIlILlN N~ ClO1i LNULlCl
C~CIOCl ClCIIlI CClIlIL CIlIIl Cl illl1 ll1i0 mUl
ClOUlCC 10 lIlICCL CCC UC LCL ICl lCl lL ll
UILL LCllClLLl illLl NL Ld lNI COUCL illllCL
LNUL ld Cll Cl~ll lClllCll mUl illL lGl4ill
CilllN ClllUU LOLd NU IlLGL CIGLnU lCltLlU
lillCCl CULL LClLClLLL 1lILL lNIlIUl NULL
llCLC lLfCL4 CNIlIL llCL LGlL1lI Il4C NUL lCCCl
Cilll~IiU LClClO CCL 4N tLNL LlCL LllId CIllClU
illLIlILU NLllO dlLCIO -LClLClLll IlICCl
lUl CNIlIL llC CllCU llCL G41l1 -CldClU
ClCUCU lLCC ClIlIUUGd NL NlL l1LCUhU ClUL
lCllClLlL 10 ll( Gl41l1 UhGU LNNlGCU
Cl ULLG lUClU dlLl ulL CI CLClU 1iL
LG GOGO UhGLU ULClU NC ClCU IlIULC
NCIl ClCIIlI NIGlO lClLClClO CCGGL NUU i
Cl4Cl4 IlIClU NU llill NCL lCCIll NU ClClCll Lltl
lNO ClC4lU 1i0Cc CIlIl IlILN LLCL NlUl
lClIiLlCO CIlINLl CCldlClO i
lUL (LGUlU CGIlILClL ) CNllIl IlIC LlCLO
lICl CClLClLLL OCllCL CL LIIlIN LL CCLNL LlC
illlUL ClLCLU ClCllClLlL NUU CClltNl CClIlIL
CllLL ClNlUL lUL CClClCllU NULO CCCl NUU
CClClO ClOGl CLNl CC LllC IlICIiLCll CllCllbullbull
Lll~ lLC IlICO ClLO Ll l(LO
lUO ClGL ZI ClCLO ClO llUL~ LC NUL ClCC
4NlLL IlIC-a-Nl40 NbullbullNGIlIL 4L~ILl CCIlIL 4C4
at4l0 4 ClLClLll LlN CllIl Llt~ IlICLL LlUClIlIL
lCIlIL C CC lll~ lClLClLLNL CCll lCIlIL
Im ClillUUGO CILLC44 IlIC CC lLC
ClLClLLN40 lC IlICCO IL lCClLlU CCLCLU
CLClU 14 lCllClLLl ClNl C Gl41l10 LC
4LlC ClClIll GLCl NUL NU lClILCl CClLO CLC
UlClU ccd ~O CLNlU lLCllL lClLClLLN4U
CN4 LO IlClIO 4UCl~ lClIllClIO CLNLU
4GIiCl0 LO ClCMO CO UCLllU lL 41C Ll 1lI4 ll
CllLlU 1lI4 GUUU LCCGO LlLCC lO~LUO
ClllIClU LnGO (hLL v) llO ClNCIO CUCLILL
ClCLLLO ClLGCO CNLCld C4G ClIi Ll ClliLUlC
nm IN 11-mN~ rI~n WW I IlpJI 11l7Il - 10m I1m1~-n10n IlP)W
N1lJ1~ 1JT 1nN 1m - nN1~1lJI 10) ~pn N IN ON 11m N 01P~ IWWl
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l7 ~pmil Nil Np 1nN il1p~l m1I~J W111 om 01P~I nww JJ
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nmpw mJ1l lm T ilT ~~J 0N1m1~il l11 illTW pn l1 N 1~ 1~l7l OWIill
N1m1~ 1JT 017 m 1~ illPJ W nl01)
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JWl 9McClure l7)il lJl7~1 OIT 0J1l7 ilJW
J~p ION mml 0l1l W 01nN OJJ
mJpJil W ilm lJl7~l IN 1lJP 01JTil m~l71 I 11~il OJWil l7~m~ I 10Jwm IT 110J I
Nl il11~1lJJ 1117 pmil N1m1lJ ~11 ~m OlW l7l1NJ
)N 0N1m1lJ mJl7il J 11lWnl np) ON
Nlil il1lJ1lJ W1JJ Wl mm n1JIl IW11I
nnmw lJ l7J II omw mnl l7~1JJl Wlll 0J1TI 01l1l W nl7~1J~il onil
m1nN 1W-111~ onJ n1lll Nil m1m1~ 1m ililll~ m1m1~-10n nnmn Ol1J~J
1l0 12mnl il)Wl onnN 40-1 ilN1D ill7m1
I)1WN1il IJWil Jl II) NI n1pl71 ilnmnilW
4)t7~t7N71 IN nl 11) 11m II) J7JI l7111) W Oill ml)1p~J OJIJ 0p1n I1N 01 01l1Jill) nm~I 1J
omlJ enl m11 ~I1N 0111) OWI ~l7JI 01l1l o~lpnJ (011PJ oIwm DJN Ol~ml 1pl7l POll71 l1P 13~10lON 01~1 ilN 0l1
MCCi URE HE (1974) Migration and Survival of the 9 Birds of Asia United States Army Medical Component SEATO Medical Project Bangkok ( 1954) K Lack I~JW InOll ~ IWlIl J1Wnl 10 11lOJ Average expectation of further life of adult birds
The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers Oxford
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