v semester (ug -ccss-sde) open...

$: V SEMESTER (UG -CCSS-SDE) OPEN COURSEuniversityofcalicut.info/SDE/opencourses/Open_Course...Ne¨-n{X]--T\w 1 School of Distance Education Ne-¨n-{X-]-T\w V SEMESTER (UG -CCSS-SDE)$
1Ne- n-{X-]-T\w

School of Distance Education

Ne- n-{X-]-T\wV SEMESTER

(UG-CCSS-SDE)

OPEN COURSE

(For candidates with core course other

than Malayalam)

(2011 Admission)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

2Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL

V SEMESTER

OPEN COURSE

(For candidates with core course other than Malayalam)

Ne-¨n-{X-]-T\w

Prepared by: - tUm. _nPp tPmk^v,

Akn-Ìâ v s{]m^-kÀ,

ae-bmf tIcf ]T-\-hn- mKw,

bqWn-th-gvknän Hm v Imen-¡äv.

Scruitnised by - tUm. A\nÂIpamÀ. hn,

s{]m -kÀ & slUv,

ae-bmf tIcf ]T-\-hn- mKw,

bqWn-th-gvknän Hm v Imen-¡äv.

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

(c)Reserved

3Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


Ne-¨n-{X-]-T\w

]pXnb \qäm-nsâ Ie-bmb kn\n-a-bnÂ \r¯hpw kwKo-Xhpw \mS-Ihpw kmln-Xy-hp-

sams¡ DÄt¨À¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. imkv{Xhpw Iebpw kt½-fn-¡p¶ AZv`p-X-tem-I-am-W-Xv. Npcp-

¡n- -d-ªmÂ Zriym-\p- -h-§-fpsS k¼-¶-X-bmWv kn\n-a. Zriy-_nw-_-§-fmWv Ne- n-{X- nsâ

`mj. BwKyw, aq{Z-IÄ, knw_-ep-IÄ F¶n-h-bn-eqsS F¶-t]mse Zriy-cq-]-§-fpsS DNn-X-hn-

\ym-k-¯n-eq-sSbpw Bi-b-§Ä A`n-hy-RvPn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bpw. At¸mÄ kq£va-ambn hn\y-kn-

¡p¶ Cta-Pp-I-fmWv Ne-¨n-{X-¯nsâ `mj-sb¶v hyàw. Akzm-Z-Isâ kuµ-cym-\p-`q-Xn-b-

WÀ¯p-Ibpw mh-\sb hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Iem-cq-]-amWv kn\n-a.

\ng-ep-I-fpsS Pzme-bmWv kn\na (Cinema is the flame in the shadows) F¶v {]ikvX

{^©v Ne- n-{X-Im-c-\mb B_ÂKm³kv A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ jm³ tImàp F¶ kw-

hn-[m-b-I³ kn\n-asb hymJym-\n-¡p-¶Xv ""F¶pw ImWm-dpÅ ImgvN-I-tfbpw A]qÀhm-\p-`-h-

§-tfbpw ]c-a-amb {]im-´n-tbbpw Csh-bÃmw IqSn-t¨À¶p-m-¡p¶ kz]v\ {]Xo-Xn-sbbpw

e£y-am-¡p¶ Ihn¡v ]änb D]-I-c-W-amWv N¨n{Xw'' F¶m-Wv. taml-\n-{Z-bpsS Ie F¶mWv

tdmfmMv _mÀXv Ne- n-{Xs¯ hnti-jn- n- -Xv. jm³ epIv tKmZmÀZnsâ "]nscm-e^p' F¶ Nn{X-

¯nsâ Bcw-`-¯nÂ kmap-hÂ ^pÅÀ t\cn«v {]Xy-£-s¸«v s^ÀUnânsâ F´mWv kn\n-a-

sb¶ tNmZy-¯n\v ""Hcp bp²-`q-an-t]m-se-bmWv Ne-¨n-{Xw. {]Wbw shdp-¸v, B£³, A{I--aw,

ac-Ww.... Hä-hm-¡nÂ hnImcw'' F¶mWv apdp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

""\nÝ-e-Zr-iy-§-fpsS \nbX thK-¯n-epÅ Ne-\-amWv kn\n-a. AXm-bXv Ir{Xn-a-amb

Ne-\-s¯ \½psS ZÀi-t\-{µn-b-§Ä sXän-²-cn-¡p-¶-sh-¶À°w. CXm-Is« Zriy-§-fpsS ]Xn-

\m-bncw s{^bn-ap-IÄ h¶v ]Xn-bp¶ kv{Io\nsâ hyXy-kvX-amb hep-¸s¯ ImWn-¡p-¶p.''

(C.-Fw. Ajvd- v).

kwhn-[m-b-I³, Xnc-¡-Ym-Ir-¯v, Ombm-{Km-l-I³, FUn-äÀ, ayqknIv Ub-d-IvSÀ XpS§n

sseäv t_mbv hsc-bpÅ \nc-h[n {]hÀ -I-cpsS Iq«m-bva-bpsS e-am-bmWv Hcp kn\na cq]-sa-

Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. kn\n-abv¡p th FÃm LS-I-§-tfbpw Iq«n-bn-W-¡p¶ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw kwhn-[m-

b-I-\p-Å-Xm-Wv.

s]mXpsh kn\n-asb cp {][m-\-L-S-I-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\- nÂ thÀXn-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-

Wv. Ah kpjvSyp·pJ kmt¦-XnI (Creative Technique) kmt¦-XnI krjvSn]-cX (TechnicalCreation) F¶n-h-bm-Wv.

I krjvSyp-·pJ kmt¦-XnIX: Hcp kÀK-{]-hÀ¯\w F¶ \ne-bnÂ kn\n-asb krjvSn-¡p-

¶Xv {][m-\-ambpw Xmsg-¸-d-bp¶ LS-I-§-fm-W.v

a) IY/CXn-hr¯w

b) IYm]m-{X-hÂ¡-cWw

c) t{]cW

d) semt¡-j³

e) kn\n-a-bpsS AÀ°w

4Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


II kmt¦-XnI krjvSn]-cX: kn\na krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ kmt¦-XnIhi-§-sf-bmWv Cu

hn`m-K-¯nÂ s]Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. Hcp IYsb kn\na F¶ kt¦-X-¯n-tebv¡v ]cn-hÀ¯-\w \S-

¯m³ Ign-bp-¶Xv F§-s\-bm-sW¶Xns\ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n Xmsg-]-d-bp¶ coXn-bnÂ Xcw Xncn-

¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

a) i_vZw

b) FUn-änwKv

c) {]Im-i-{I-ao-I-cWw

d) Iymad-bpsS BwKnÄ

e) hnhn-[-X-Xcw tjm«p-IÄ

f) se³kv

g) tSm¬

h) s{]mP-£³

kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn{Xw

kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bnÂ h¶ hnImkw Xs¶-bmWv kn\n-a-sb¶ am[y-a-¯n-sâbpw ]nd-

hn¡p Imc-W-am-b-Xv. t^mt«m-{Km- p-IÄ t]mse FSp-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ Nn{X- n-te-bv¡pÅ At\z-

jWw kn\na F¶ Iem-cq-]s¯ km[y-am-¡n. \nc-h[n t]cpsS \nc-´c ]cn-{iaw CXn\p

]n¶n-ep-v. \okvt^mÀ \o]vkv, ZzmKzn-sc, sP..-F.-F^v t¹täm, okv{Ko\n XpS-§n-b-h-cmWv

Ch-cnÂ {]ap-JÀ. kn\na F¶ Iem-cq-]-¯nsâ ]nd-hn¡p Imc-W-amb {][m\ Ip-]n-Sp-¯-

§fpw kw`-h-§fpw Xmsg tNÀ¡p-¶p.

i ) UmKn-cn-tbm-ssS¸v (Dagiriotype): -1829 þÂ eqbn jm¯v am³tU UmKzoÀ (Lwie ShakMande Dagwire) BWv Cu Is-¯-Â \S-¯n-bXv

ii) In\n-am-tämkvtIm v (Kinematoscope): -1860 þÂ sP.-F.-F- v.-t¹täm (J.A.F Plato) BWv Cu

D]-I-cWw Ip-]n-Sn- -Xv.

iii) t^mt«m kocn-b-ep-IÄ (Photo serials): -1872 þÂ sabv{_nUvPv (Maibridge) \ÂInb Cu

]p¯³ {]h-W-X, kn\na F¶ kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bn-te¡v Gähpw Ffp- - nÂ ASp-¡m³ klm-

bn-¡p¶ H¶m-bn-¯oÀ¶p.

kqt{Sm v (Zootrope) , {]mIvkn-t\mkv tIm¸v (Praxino Scope) kq{]m-Ivkn-t\mkv tIm v

( Supraxinoscope ) apX-emb hnhn[ Xc-¯n-epÅ jq«nwKv þ t{]mP-£³ D]-I-c-W-§Ä¡p-

tijw 1887-þÂ tUm. amcn (Marie ) Ip-]n-Sn¨ t^mt«m-{Km-^nIv dnthmÄhÀ (PhotographicRevolver) F¶ kt¦-X-amWv ]pXn-sbmcp ImgvNm-co-Xn-bn-te¡v XpS-¡-an-«-Xv. ]n¶oSv 1890-þÂ

FUn-k¬ (Thomas Alwa Edison) Is-¯nb ssI\-tämkvtImt¸m-Sp-IqSn (Kinetoscope)kmt¦XnI hnIm-k-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw C¶p ImWp¶ kn\n-a-bn-te-bv¡pÅ BZy-Np-hSv sh¨p

5Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


F¶p ]d-bmw. Cu hnZy ssIam-dm³ FUn-k¬ hnk-½-Xn- -tXm-Sp-IqSn eqan-bÀ ktlm-Z-c-·mÀ

kz´-ambn Is-¯n-b-XmWv kn\n-am-t«m-{Km^v (1895). AXv kÀÆ-k-½-X-amb Hcp kn\nam

D]I-c-W-am-bn- o-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

(tUm.-Sn.-Pn-tXjv þkn\n-a-bpsS hymI-c-Ww)

eqan-bÀ {_tZgvkv

NmÄkv Bâ¬ eqan-b-dn\p ]nd¶ cv B¬Ip-«n-I-fmWv eqan-bÀ ktlm-Z-c-·mÀ F¶

t]cnÂ temI {]kn-²-cm-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xv. ]mco-kn-\-Sp-¯pÅ _nkm³tIm (Besanco) F¶

sNdp-]-«-W-¯n-emWv ChÀ P\n-¨-Xv. ktlm-Z-c-·m-cnÂ tPyjvT³ AK-Ìn-ta-dn-eq-bnkv \n¡m-

fmkv eqan-bdpw (Augusti Marie Louis Nicholas Lumiere) A\p-P³ eqbn-kvgm³ eqan-bdpw

(Louis Jean Lumiere) Bbn-cp-¶p.

1895 amÀ¨v 19-þmw XobXn ]co-£-WmÀ°w {]ZÀin-¸n¨ temI-¯nse BZy Ne-¨n{Xw

Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨Xv eqbnkv eqan-bÀ Bbn-cp-¶p. AXn-\pÅ FÃm km[y-X-Ifpw AXnsâ tImÀUn-

t\-j-\p-saÃmw X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ktlm-Z-c-\mb AKÌn eqan-bÀ Bbn-cp-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw 1895

Unkw-_À 28-þ-\v Sn¡äv sh¨v AhÀ kn\nam {]ZÀi\w \S-¯p-Ibpw ""eqan-bÀ s{]mU-£³''

F¶ t]cnÂ Hcp kn\n-am-¡-¼\n cPn-ÌÀ sN¿p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXnsâ te_-enÂ temI-

¯nsâ hnhn[ mK-§-fnÂ kn\nam {]ZÀi-\hpw \S-¯n. e³, \yqtbmÀ¡v, t_mws_ XpS-

§nb \K-c-§-sfÃmw CXnÂ s]Spw.

eqan-bÀ ktlm-Z-c-·mÀ BsI ]Xn-s\m¶v Ne- n-{X-§-fp-m-¡n. CXnÂ IqSp-Xepw Ah-

cpsS kz´w Pohn-X-b-YmÀ°y-§-fpsS bYm° Nn{X-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. s{Sbn³ Aäv knämäv apXÂ

ISÂ¡-c-bnÂ Ipfn-¡p-¶-hÀ hsc-bp-Å-Xm-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS kn\n-a-I-fnse {]ta-b-§Ä.

eqan-bÀ ktlm-Z-c-·m-cpsS sshb-ànI {]b-Xv\- nsâ DÂ]¶w F¶ \ne sshImsX

amdn. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-nsâ BZyw apXÂ kn\na Ie-bmbpw hyh-km-b-ambpw hfÀ¶p XpS-§n.

BZy-sams¡ aäp Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ \S-¡p¶ CS-§-fn-emWv kn\na {]ZÀin- n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Ata-

cn-¡-bnÂ Hcp \n¡Â Bbn-cp¶p Sn¡äv NmÀPmbn GÀs -Sp-¯nb-Xv. sshImsX kn\nam Xotb-

ä-dp-IÄ¡v "\n¡-tem-Un-tbm³' F¶ t]cv hoWp. KpkvXn-a-Õ-c-hpw, \r¯hpw Imtdm-«-§-fp-

saÃmw Iv t{]£-IÀ aSp-¯-t¸m-gmWv ]pXnb ]co-£-W-hp-ambn tPmÀPv anentb (GeorgeMelies) h¶-Xv. "a{µ-bm{X't]mse IY-bpÅ Nn{X-§Ä At±lw sImp-h-¶p. 1903-þÂ Nn{X-

kw-tbm-P\w (Editing) F¶ hnZy-bp-ambn F¯nb FUn-äÀ Fkv.-t]mÀ«À "Ne-¨n-X-k-¶n-th-i-

¯nsâ ]nXmhv' F¶ _lp-a-Xn-¡Àl-\m-bn. t]mÀ«-dpsS "Z t{Käv s{Sbn³ tdm_dn' {it²-b-am-

bn.

Ata-cn-¡-¡m-c-\mb tUhnUv hmÀ¡v {Kn^n- m-Wv, kn\n-abv¡v auen-I-am-sbmcp mjbpw

hymI-c-Whpw Ds¶v sXfn-bn- -Xv. C¶v GXv kn\n-a-bnepw km[m-c-W-amb kao-]-Zriyw (Closeup) a[y-Zriyw (Mid shot) hnZq-c-Zriyw (Long shot) Xp-S-§n-bh BZyw ]co-£n-¨-Xv. At±-l-

amWv 1916-þÂ {Kn^n¯v \nÀ½n¨ "C³tSm-f-d³kv' temI-kn-\n-a-bnse ¢mkn-¡p-I-fn-sem-¶mWv.

6Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


BZn-a-[ym-´-s¸m-cp- -apÅ IY-bÃ CXn-ep-f-f-Xv. Ncn-{X-¯nÂ Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbv¡p DZm-l-c-

W-ambn Nqn-¡m-«m-hp¶ GXm\pw kw -h-§Ä Xnc-sª-Sp v Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. _À v

Hm^v F \mj-³ (Birth of a Nation) F¶ Nn{X-¯n-eqsSbmhs« CâÀ I«n-§v, t{Imkv I«n§v

XpS-§nb kt¦-X-§-fpsS Iem km[yX hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-Kw. "C³tSm-f-d³kv'

(1916) djy-bnÂ XpSÀ -bmbn ]¯p-hÀjw HmSn-bXv Iv kn\n-am-temIw AZv`p-X-s -«p. skÀKn

sFk³Ìo³, ]ptUm-hvIn³ XpS-§nb djy¡msc kn\n-a-bn-te-¡-IÀjn-¡m³ CXn\v Ign-ªp.

Ccp-hcpw hnI-kn-¸n-s¨-Sp¯ sammjv kn²m-´-¯nsâ thcp-IÄ {Kn^n¯v Nn{X-§-fn-em-Wv.

{Km^n-¯nsâ ]co-£-W-hy-{KX Chsc \t¶ kzm[o-\n-¨p. tSmÄtÌm-bn-bpsS "DbÀs¯-gp-

t¶Â¸v' F¶ t\mh-ens\ ]¯p-an-\n«p am{Xw ssZÀLy-apÅ kn\n-a-bm-¡m³ hsc {Kn^n¯v

X¿m-dm-bn.

(Pn-t\jv IpamÀ Fc-aw)

s]gvkn-Ì³kv hnj³

s]Àkn-Ì³kv Hm^v hnj³ (Persistance of Vision) kmt¦-XnI \ma-¯mÂ Adn-b-s¸-

Sp¶ Hcp IgnhpsImmWv Ne-\-¯nsâ Ah-Ø-IÄ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶ \nÝe Nn{X-

§Ä AtX thK-X-bnÂ t{]mP-Ivdn-eqsS HmSn-¡p-t¼mÄ \ap¡v Ne\w A\p- -h-s -Sp-¶-Xv. IrXy-

ambn ]d-ªmÂ Iyma-d-bpsS j«À Xpd-¶n-cn-¡p¶ ka-b¯v Hcp sk¡ânÂ 24 s{^bn-ap-I-fnÂ

Nen- p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶ hkvXp-hnsâ {]Xn-_nw_w ]Xn-bp-I-bpw, AtX Hcp sk¡ânÂ asämcp

24 s{^bnw IS¶p t]tI kabw j«À AS-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp sImn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXm-bXv 1/

24 s{^bnw j«À Xpd-¶n-cn-¡p-t¼m-gpw, asämcp 1/24 s{^bnw IS¶p t]mtI--k-a-b¯v

j«À AS-ªn-cn-¡p-I-bpSw sN¿p-¶p. Cu AS-ªn-cn-¡p¶ ka-b¯v {]Xn-_nw_w ]Xnª

s{^bn-ans\ apt¶m«v hen¨p \o¡n ]pXn-sbmcp s{^bn-ans\ XÂØm-\ v sImp-h-cpw. CXp

cpw Iq«n-bmÂ Hcp sk¡ânÂ 48 s{^bnw IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. AsÃ-¦nÂ Hcp sk¡ânÂ 48

s{^bnw IS-¶p-t]m-tI ka-bw-sImv 24 s{^bn-anÂ {]Xn-_nw_w ]Xn-bp-Ibpw asämcp 24

s{^bn-anÂ {]Xn-_nw_w ]Xn-tb kabw aäp Imcy-§Ä¡mbn Iymad FSp-¡p-Ibpw A§s\

Iyma-d-bpsS BsI j«À kv]oUv 1/48 sk¡â v AYhm 1/50 sk¡âmbn Ønc-s -Sp-¯p-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶p.

taÂ¸-dª kmt¦-XnI hnZy-tbmSv a\p-jy-t\-{X-§-fpsS Ign-hmb s]Àkn-Ì³kv Hm^v

hnj\pw IqSn-t¨-cp-t¼m-gmWv \ap¡v Ne\w A\p- -h-s -Sp-¶-Xv. Nn{Xo-I-cn- n-cn-¡p¶ 24 \nÝe

Zriy-§sf Hcp sk¡ân-\p-ÅnÂ s{]mP-IvS-dn-eqsS HmSn-¡p-t¼mÄ \ap¡v B hkvXp Nen-¡p-

¶-Xmbn A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶p. Hcp hkvXp-hns\ Ip-I-gn-ªmÂ B Zriyw AXp-t]mse Xs¶

Hcp sk¡ânsâ ]¯n-sem-cwiw kabw \½psS HmÀ½-bnÂ ImgvN-bm-bn-Xs¶ X§n \nÂ¡pw.

\½psS Xe-t¨m-dnsâ Ign-hm-Wn-Xv. Cu Ign-hn-s\-bmWv "s]Àkn-Ì³kv Hm^v hnj³' F¶p

]d-bp-¶-Xv.

HcmÄ ssI DbÀ¯p¶ {]hr- n-bm-WvNn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¶n-cn-¡-s«. ssI DbÀ¯p-hm³

HcmÄ Hcp sk¡â v FSp-¯p-sh¶v Icp-Xp-I. B {]hr-¯n-bp-sS 1/50sk¡â v CS-hn-«pÅ 24

hyXykvX Ah-Ø-bpsS 24 {]Xn-_nw-_-§Ä Iyma-d-bnse nen-anÂ ]Xn-bp-¶p. CXv t{]mkÊv

sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw {]nâ v FSp¯v s{]mP-IvS-dnÂ HmSn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ AtX {]hr¯n Xs¶

7Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


\ap¡v hopw ImWm³ km[n-¡pw. ChnsS 1/50 sk¡â v t\cw CtaPv ImWp-Ibpw asämcp 1/

50 sk¡â v t\cw CtaPv ImWm-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Ch cpw IqSn IW-¡m-¡n-bmÂ 1/

50 sk¡â v t\cw Ip-I-gnª Hcp Zriyw 1/10 sk¡â v t\cw HmÀ½-bnÂ \nÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ

AXp Ignªp hcp¶ \nÝe Nn{X-¯n-tebv¡v apt¶ I Zriy-¯nse \nÝ-eX Ne-\-ambn

ebn¨p tNcp-¶p. CXmWv Ne-¨n-{X-ambn amdp-¶-Xv. Ccp-«n-ep¶v shÅn-¯n-c-bnse Cta-Pp-IÄ

ImWp-t¼mÄ s]Àkn-Ì³kv Hm^v hnjsâ km[y-X-IÄ hÀ²n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

hnhn-[-Xcw kn\n-a-IÄ

tUmIy-psaâdn

kn\n-asb ]e hn[-¯nÂ hn`-Pn-¡m-dp-v. IYm-Nn-{X-§Ä, tUmIyp-saâ-dn, \yqkvdoÂ,

{lkz-Nn-{Xw... F¶n-§s\ \op-t]m-Ip¶p hn`-P-\w.

IYm-kn-\n-a-I-fnÂ an¡Xpw hnt\m-Zs¯ ASn-Øm-\-am-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. C¯cw kn\n-a-

IÄ¡v hfsc thK--¯nÂ P\-§sf kzm[o-\n-¡m³ Ign-bpw. hnt\m-Z- nsâ Gä-¡p-d-¨n-e-\p-k-

cn¨v A`u-ao-I-amb (^mâ-kn) Awi-§-fpsS tNcp-h-I-fpsS km¶n²yw IqSp-Ibpw Ipd-bp-Ibpw

sN¿pw. bmYmÀ°y-¯nsâ hkvXp-\n-jvThpw kXy-k-Ô-hp-amb Bhn-jvI-c-W-amWv tUmIyp-

saâdn \nÀ½m-Xm-hpw kwhn-[m-b-I\pw {KÙ-Im-c-\p-amb tPm¬ {Kntb-gvk³ tUmIyp-saân-dnsb

\nÀh-Nn-¡p-¶-Xn-{]-Im-c-a-WmWv: “A good documentary film is the creative treatment of actual-ity. Cu \nÀh-N-\-{]-Imcw kwhn-[m-b-I\v BIvNz-en-änsb Adn-b-Ww. AXm-bXv AbmÄ Nn{Xo-

I-cn-¡m³ t]mIp¶ hkvXp-hnÂ AsÃ-¦nÂ {]ta-b-¯nÂ eo\-am-bn-«pÅ kXys¯ bYmÀ°-

ambn Adn-ªn-cn-¡-Ww. AXp-Iq-SmsX {Intb-äohv {Soävsaâpw icn-bm-bn-cn-¡-Ww. {Intb-äohv

{Soävsaâ v F¶p-]-d-ªmÂ kwhn-[m-b-I³ {Kln¨ hkvXp \njvT-amb {]Xn- m-ks¯ AsÃ-¦nÂ

kXys¯ Ne-¨n{X am[y-a-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v F§s\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-W-sa-¶-dn-b-Ww.

tdm_À«v vfmlÀ«n-bpsS "\m\qIv Hm^v Z t\mÀ¯v' F¶ tUmIyp-saâdn kn\na temI-

¯nse Gähpw \Ã \qdp ¢mknIv Nn{X-§-fnÂs¸-Sp¯n temIw BZ-cn¨p hcp-¶p.

hS¡v D -c-{[p-h- nÂ BÀ«n¡v Iyps_¡v F¶ hen-sbmcp Øe v _Uvk¬ DÄ¡-

S-ensâ Xoc v sFkv am{X-apff pX-e- nÂ Hä-s¸«v Ign-bp¶ Hcp FIvkntam IpSpw-_- ns\

B[m-c-am¡n a\p-jy-Po-hn-X- nsâ ASn-Øm-\-]-c-amb A´:k¯ Is- p-I-bmWv vfmlÀ«n.

hSs¡ Ata-cn-¡-bpsS hS-¡p- m-K¯pw ssk_o-cn-b-bpsS Ing-¡p- m-K¯pw h³ XWp- pÅ {]tZ-

i-§-fnÂ Pnhn-¡p-¶-h-cpsS Nnc-]p-cm-X\ Pohn-X-ssi-enbpw ]mc-¼-cy-hp-amWv \m\q-¡n-eqsS Cu

kn\n-a-bnÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. BZn-Imew apXÂ a\p-jy-\nÂ Ømbn-bmbn \ne-\n-ev¡p¶ Cc-tX-SÂ

InS-¡m-s\mcp CS-ap-m-¡Â, Blm-cw, \n{Z, ssaYp-\w, {]P-\\w F¶n-§s\ G¡m-ehpw \ne-

\n-¶p-h¶ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X- n-\-Sn-Øm-\-amb Imcy-§Ä Xs¶-bmWv \m\qIv Hm v Z t\mÀ¯nepw

ImWp-¶-Xv.

8Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


tUmIyp-saâ-dnbpw {lkz-Nn-{Xhpw X½nÂ Gsd AI-e-an -Ã. tUmIyp-saâdn

bmYmÀ°ys¯ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. {lkz-Nn-{X-am-I-s«, km¦-ev]n-I-amb Awi-§fpw

DÄt¨À¡p-¶p-v. BZy-Ime Ne- n-{X-§-sfms¡ {lkz-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. ap¸Xp an\n-änÂ Xmsg

ssZÀLy-apÅ Ne-¨n-{X-§-fmWv {lkz-Nn-{X-§Ä.

doÂ/s{^bnw/tjm«v

]e cwK-§Ä tNcp-¶-XmWv Hcp doÂ. Xnc-¡-Y-bnse cwK-§Ä Nn{Xo-I-cn v Nn{X-kw-tbm-

P\w \S¯n doep-I-fmbn Xncn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXnÂ ]e cwK-§Ä ImWpw. Hmtcm cwK-¯nepw D]-

cw-K-§-fp-m-Ipw. Hmtcm D]-cw-K-¯nepw [mcmfw tjm«p-IÄ ImWmw. Hmtcm tjm«nepw \qdp-I-

W-¡n\p s{^bn-ap-IÄ AYhm \nÝe Nn{X-§Ä Dm-Ipw. Nen-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp

hkvXphpw AXp hym]-cn-¡p¶ {]X-ehpw AXn-\p-th ]Ým- -ehpw IqSp-¶-XmWv Hcp s{^bnw.

AXm-bXv Hcp {]tXyI Øe-Im-e-¯nÂ \S-¡p¶ Hcp {]hr-¯n-bpsS Ne-\m-ß-I-amb Hcph-

Øsb Hcp s{^bn-sa¶v \nÀh-Nn-¡mw. CXmWv Hcp kn\n-a-bpsS ASn-Øm\ bqWn-äv. \nc-h[n

s{^bn-ap-IÄ IqSp-t¼mÄ Hcp tjmÀ«v Dm-Ip-¶p. Hcp tjm«nÂ Hcp {]tXyI Øe-Im-e¯v \S-

¡p¶ Hcp {]hr- n-bpsS BZn-a-[ym- -c-§-fp-m-bn-cn-¡pw. AXm-bXv Hcp tjm«n\v Hcp {]tXyI

XpS-¡hpw AXn-epÅ {]hr- n-bpsS Bth-K-a-\p-k-cn- pÅ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-ssi-enbpw kaqÀ - m-

hhpw ]qÀW-X-bp-saÃmw AXnÂ \S-¡p¶ {]hr- n-bpsS AYhm Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ hkvXp-

hnsâ AkvXn-Xz-]-c-amb kz`m-hs¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n Dm-¡n-bn-cn-¡-Ww. tUmIyp-saâ-dn-bm-

h-s«, IYm-kn-\n-a-bm-hs« \nc-h[n Xcw {]hr-¯n-Ifpw {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw Dm-Ip-sa¶ncns¡

\nch[n Xcw tjm«p-Ifpw Dv.

s]mXpsh tjm«p-Isf F«p-X-c-am-bn-Xn-cn- n-cn-¡p-¶p.

1) AXn-hn-Zqc Zriyw (Extreme Long Shot)

2) temMv tjm«v (Long Shot)

3) aoUnbw temMv tjm«v (Medium Long Shot)

4) aoUnbw tjm«v (Medium Shot)

5) aoUnbw t¢mkv tjm«v (Medium Close Shot)

6) t¢mÊ¸v (Close up)

7) FIvkv{Sow t¢mk¸v (Extreme Close up)

8) ssat{Im-t¢m-k¸v (Micro Close up)

taÂ -dª GXp-cXcw tjm«p-I-fm-bmepw Xnc-¡-Y-¡-\p-kr-X-ambn kwhn-[m-b-Isâ ImgvN-

¸m-SnÂ Iyma-d-am³ Iyma-d-bp-tSbpw aäv D]-I-c-W-§-fp-sSbpw klm-b-t¯msS Nn{Xo-I-c-W-k-a-

b¯v Hmtcm-¶mbn FSp-¡-Ww. C¯cw tjm«p-IÄ¡-\p-kr-X-am-bn-«mWv Iyma-d-bpsS ap¶n-epÅ

hkvXp-¡-sfbpw IYm-]m-{X-§-tfbpw {]Ir-Xn-tb-bp-saÃmw s{^bn-an-\-I v DÄs¡m-Ån-¡p-¶Xpw

DÄs¡m-Ån-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-sa-Ãmw.

9Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


\nÈ_vZ kn\n-a-IÄ

BZy kn\n-a-bpsS ]nd-hn-¡p-ti-j-apÅ ap¸-tXmfw hÀjw \nÈ-_vZ-kn-\n-a-bpsS Ime-am-

bn-cp-¶p. C¡m-e-¯p-Xs¶ kn\na Iem-]-c-ambn hf-cp¶ ImgvNbpw \ap¡p ImWm³ km[n-

¡pw. FUn-ksâ Iyma-d-am-\-mbn-cp¶ FUzn³ Fkv.-t]mÀ«À BWv FUn-änw-Knsâ {]mY-an-I-X-

Xz-§Ä BZyw {]tbm-Kn- p-t\m-¡n-b-Xv. kvtIm«v amÀ_n-fnsâ \mS-Is¯ Bkv]-Z-am¡n At±lw

\nÀ½n¨ "Zn t{Käv {Sbn³ tdm_dn (1903), "Zn sse^v Hm^v B³ Ata-cn-¡³ bÀam³' F¶o

Nn{X-§Ä¡v Ne- n-{X- nÂ kp{]-[m-\-Øm-\-am-Wp-Å-Xv.

{^m³knse NmÄkv ]mtY Ne-¨n-{Xs¯ hyh-km-b-am¡n amäp-¶-XnÂ apJy ]¦p-h-ln-

¨p. ]mtY I-¼-\n-bpsS Nn{X-§Ä kwhn-[m\w sNbvX s^ÀUn-\â v sk¡m Ne-¨n-{X-¯nsâ

kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Im-k-¯n\v sNbvX kw`m-h-\-Ifpw hnkva-cn-¡m-¯-X-Ã. kzoUnjv kwhn-[m-b-I-

\mb hnIvSÀ tkmkvt{Smw, n³e³Unse Ne-¨n-{X kwhn-[m-b-I-\mb tamdn-Êvän-ÃÀ- F-¶n-hÀ

BZym-Ie Ne-¨n{X kwhn-[m-b-I-cnÂ {it²-b-cm-Wv. 1908-þÂ "Zn AUz-t©-gnkv Hm^v tUmfn'

F¶ Nn{X-¯n-eqsS kwhn-[m-b-cw-K-t -¡p-h¶ tUhnUv hmÀ¡v {Kn^n- v, kn\n-a-sb¶ Iem-

cq-]-s¯- s¶ DS-¨p-hmÀ¯p. Hcp Zriys¯ ]e tjm«p-I-fmbn hn -Pn v sshIm-cn-tIm-¶-a\w

km[y-am-¡m-sa¶v Xsâ kn\n-a-I-fn-eqsS At±lw sXfn-bn-¨p. temwMvtjm«p-IÄ¡p ]pdta

aoUnbw tjm«p-Ifpw t¢mk-¸p-Ifpw {Kn^n¯v [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. 1908-þÂ \nÀ½n¨v

"B^vSÀ sa\n Ctbgvkn'Â Zriy-§sf tjm«p-I-fm¡n hn`-Pn-¡p-¶-co-Xnbpw 1912-þse "Zn

\yqtbmÀ¡v lmän' Â ^vfmjv _m¡v kt¦-X-hpw {Kn^n¯v ]co-£n-¨p. 1915-þse "Zn _À¯v

Hm^v F t\j³' At±-l-¯nsâ amÌÀ ]okmbn Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

\nÈ_vZ kn\n-a-bpsS Ime- mWv NmÀen Nm¹n³, _ÌÀ Ioä¬, lmtcmÄUv tembn-Uv,

lmcn emwKvU³ F¶o alm-c-Y-·-cmb lmky-\-S-·mÀ kn\n-a-bn-te¡p cwK-{]-thiw sN¿p-¶-Xv.

kmaq-lnI bmYmÀ°y-§Ä Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\pÅ D]m-[n-bm¡n lmkys¯ ChÀ ]cn-hÀ¯n-

¸n-¡p¶ ImgvNbmWv \ap¡v ]n¶oSv ImWp-hm³ km[n- -Xv. 1921-þÂ Nm¹n³ Xsâ BZy o¨À

Nn{X-amb "Zn InUv', \nÀ½n- p. "Zn tKmÄUv djv, 'tamtU¬ ssSwkv' F¶o Nn{X-§Ä Nm-¹nsâ

{]Xn-`-bpsS kqN-I-§-fmbn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. _p²n ]c-X-bv¡mWv _ÌÀ IoäÀ {]m[m\yw

\ÂIn-b-Xv. 1926-þse "P\-dem'Wv At±-ls¯ {it²-b-\m-¡n-b-Xv.

FdnIv t^m¬ kvt{Smlo-ansâ {KoUv (1923), tdm_À«v vfmlÀ«n-bpsS "\m\qIv Hm^v Zn

t\mÀ¯v' (1992) F¶nh Nne-¨n{X hnkva-b-§-fmbn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-h-bm-Wv. tUmIyp-saâdn

{]Øm-\-¯nsâ XpS¡w ^vfmlÀ«n-bnÂ\n-¶m-Wv. {^m³knÂ cq]w-sImv ^nenw ¢_p-I-

fpsS {][m\ ]tNm-Z-I-\mbn \ne-sIm-Xv eqbn skÃp-¡m-Wv. BthÂ Km³kv, jm³ F]vssÌ³,

PÀsabv³ Uyqem-Iv, sds\-¢-bÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ {^©v kn\nbv¡v ]pXnb am\-§Ä \ÂIn. eyqbn

_p\p-th-ensâ "A¬Xo³ A³Um-ep', "tKmÄU³ GPv' F¶o Nn{X-§Ä \nÈ-_vZ-Im-es¯

{it²-b-kn-\n-a-I-fm-Wv.

1920-þÂ ]pd-¯p-h¶ "Zn Iym_n-\äv Hm^v tUmIvSÀ Iymen-Kmcn', FIvkv{]-j-\nÌv kn\n-

a-bv¡p-thn tUmIvSÀ tdm_À«v ho³ \S- nb ]cn-{i-a- nsâ e-am-Wv. GWÌv eq_n-ävkv v

10Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


F^v.-U»yq aÀ\u, t]mÄsh-P-\À XpS-§nb {]Xn`IfpsS Imew IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p CXv. aZmw-Zq-

_mcn (1919), B³s_m-fo³ (1920) F¶o Nn{X§Ä eq_n-ävkvNv-Nns\ {it²-b-\m-¡n. "t\mkvs -

dmXn' (1922), 'Zn emÌn em v' (1924) F¶nh aÀ\u-hnsâ Nn{X-§-fnÂ {]ap-J-§-fm-Wv. t]mÄsh-

P-\-dpsS "Zn tKmew (1920) Gsd {i²n-¡-s¸« asämcp Nn{X-amWv.

Ne-¨n-{X-`mjbv¡v ]pXnb Znim-t_m[w ]IÀ¶ kwhn-[m-b-I-cm-bn-cp¶p skÀKo

sF³Ìo³, hn.-sF.-]p-tUm- vIn³ F¶n-hÀ. 1924-þÂ G³Ìo³ Xsâ {]Y-a-Nn-{X-amb "kvss{SIv'

\nÀ½n- p. 1925-þÂ ]pd-¯n-d-§nb "_mänÂjn v s]msSw-In³' temI-kn-\n-a-bnse ¢mkn-¡p-I-fn-

sem-¶mWv sF³Ìo-\nsâ sammjv ]²-Xn-bpsS \nZÀi\w IqSn-bmWo kn\n-a. 1926-þÂ amIvknw

tKmÀ¡n-bpsS "A½' Ne- n{X cq]-am-¡n-s¡m-mWv ]ptUm- vIn³ Ne- n-{X-cw-K-t -¡p-h-¶-Xv.

1927-þÂ ]pd-¯n-d-¡nb "Pmkv knwKÀ' BWv BZy i_vZ-kn-\na. hmÀWÀ {_tZgvkv

kmt¦-Xn-I-cw-K¯v ssIh-cn¨ Cu hnPbw BZyw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ A¶s¯ ]e Iem-Im-c-

·mÀ¡pw km[n-¨n-Ã. Zriy-¯n-s\m¸w i_vZhpw aäv kmt¦-Xn-I-an-I-hp-Ifpw IqSn Bb-t¸Ä

kn\na F¶ Iem-cq]w FÃm-¯cw t{]£-IÀ¡pw Htc-t]mse kzoIm-cy-ambn. Imem-Im-e-§-

fnÂ ]e \qX-\-k-{¼-Zm-b-§fpw Ne- n-{X-th-Zn-bn-te¡p IS-¶p-h-cn-Ibpw \nc- -c-amb ]cn-{]À -

\-§Ä¡p hnt[-b-ambn kn\na anI¨ Iem-cq-]hpw hyh-km-b-hp-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

ayqkn-¡Â ^nenwkv

Z kuv Hm^v aqknIv þ 1965

tdm_À«v sshkv kwhn-[m\w sNbvX Z kuv Hm^v ayqknIv hmWn-Py-kn-\n-a-I-fpsS

Ncn-{X -¯nÂ XIÀ¡m³ Ign-bm¯ dt¡m-Up-IÄ t\Sn. kwKo-X-{]-[m-\-amb Ne-¨n-{X-am-Wn-Xv.

adn-b-bmWv Nn{X-¯nse \mbn-I. I\ym-kv{Xo-bm-hm³ ]Tn-¡p¶ \mbnI aT-¯nse Pohn-X-

¯n-\n-S-bnÂ tPmÀÖv hnI-SÀ thm¬ {Sm¸v F¶ Iamâ-dpsS A½-bn-Ãm¯ Ggp-a-¡sf t\m¡m³

\nbp-à-bm-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-Isf hfÀt¯ coXn-bnÂ Iam³UÀ¡pw adn-bbv¡pw hyXykvX A`n-{]m-

b-amWv Dm-bn-cp-¶-Xv. ]«m-f-Iym-¼n-se¶t]mse ISp¯ A¨-S-¡-t¯msS Ip«n-Isf hfÀ¯-W-sa-

¶m-bn-cp¶p Iym]väsâ hnizm-kw. adn-b-bm-hs« Ifn¨pw Nncn¨pw PohnXw Bkz-Zn¨v t]mI-W-sa¶

\ne-]m-SpIm-cn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. hnIr-Xn-I-fmb Ip«n-Isf kvt\lw sImv AhÄ ]m«n-em-¡p-¶p. Ahsc

kwKo-X-¯nsâ hnkva-b-tem-I-¯n-tebv¡v \bn-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-IÄ¡p-mb KpW-]-c-amb amäw Iv

Iym]vä³ Xsâ ImÀ¡iyw IeÀ¶ ap³Im-e-\n-e-]m-SnÂ ]cn-X-]n-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-Isf kwc-£n-¡m³

Ahn-sS-Xs¶ Xma-kn-¡-W-sa¶v AbmÄ adn-b-tbm-Sm-h-iy-s -Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ Hcp {]`zn-bp-ambn hnhmlw

Dd-¸n-¨n-cp¶ Iym]väs\ Xm³ DÅmse {]W-bn-¡p-¶p-s¶p kXyw a\-Ên-em-¡nb AhÄ B

£Ww \nc-kn¨v aT-¯n-tebv¡v Xncn-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶p. AhnsS Xs¶ Xma-kn-¨mÂ Imcy-§Ä Ipg-¸-¯n-

em-Ip-sa¶ Nn -bmWv Ahsf AXn\p t{]cn-¸n-¨-Xv. {]`zn-bm-I-s« Nne sXän-²m-c-W-I-sf-¯p-SÀ¶v

Iym]vä-\p-am-bpÅ hnhm-l-¯nÂ \n¶p ]n·m-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp. adn-b-bpsS A`mhw hcp-¯nb iq\yX

a\-Ên-em-¡nb Ip«n-IÄ aT-¯n-se¯n Ahsf \nÀ_-Ôn¨v Iq«n-s¡m-p-h-cp-¶p. Bßob PohnXw

Dt]-£n¨v AhÄ Iym]väs\ hnhmlw sN¿p-¶p. ]n¶oSv IpSpw-_-sam-¶n¨v kznävkÀe-n-tebv¡p

]mem-b\w sN¿p-¶p.

11Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


\ntbm-dn-b-enkw (\yq-thhv kn\n-a-IÄ)

\ntbm-dn-b-en-k- nsâ Imsem¨ ImXp-I-fnÂ apg-§n-bXv tdm_mÀt«m tdmÊ-Ãn\n (RobertoRossellini) bneq-sS-bm-Wv. Bbn-c¯n sXmÅm-bn-c¯n \mev]- -©nÂ tdmÊ-Ãn-\n-bpsS "tdmHm¸¬knän' ]nd-hn-sIm--t¸mÄ B Nn{Xw Cäm-en-b³ kn\n-a-bnÂ sh«n--¯p-d¶ ]pXn-b-h-gn-¯m-c-bmWv \ntbm-dn-b-en-kw. \ntbm-dn-b-en-k- n\v ]Ùm-shm-cp-¡p-¶-Xn\v tdmÊ-Ãn-\n¡p ap¼p-X-s¶ knktd kmhn-¯n\n F¶ Xnc-¡-Ym-Ir¯v {iaw \S-¯n. Pohn-X-¯n\p shf-fn-¯n-c-bnÂim]-tam£w sImSp-¡p-I-bmWv \ntbm-dn-b-en-k- nsâ ASn-Øm-\-{]-am-Ww. ka-Im-eo-\-Po-hn-X-k-Xy-§Ä bmYmÀ°y kao-]-\-t¯msS ]p\-cm-Jym\w sNbvX-t¸mÄ Ne- n-{X-N-cn-{X- nse\ntbm-dn-b-enkw F¶ {]Øm-\--ambn AXv thcp-d-¸n-¨p. ]mS¯pw ]Wn-im-e-I-fnepw A²zm-\-¡p-¶-h-cnÂ\n¶v Iyma-d-sIm-p-gn-sª-Sp¯v Pohn-X-Zp-cn-X-§Ä s{^bvanÂ, hn§n-s¸m-«p¶ hnIm-c-§Ä¡v cq]w sImSp- p. \ntbm-dn-b-en-k- nsâ hàm-¡Ä {]ta-b-ambn Is- n-bXv Imev]-\nI IY-Itfm an¯p-Itfm Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. bp²m-´-cw Cä-en-bpsS hnIm-c-§sf {hW-s¸-Sp-¯n-bsX´pw X§-fpsS Nn{X-§-fnÂ AhÀ DÄs¡m-Ån- p. aptÊm-fn-\n-bpsS oI-c-hmgvNbpsS Aý-\m-fp-I-fnÂ Cäm-en-b³ kn\na \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-t¯mSp hnS-]-dªp t\mh-°m-\-L-«-¯n-te¡pIpX-dn-am-dn. Zmcn-{Zy- nsâ I\- -]mS \o§n-b-tXmsS \ntbm-dn-b-en-kw, KX-Im-e-kva-c-W-bmbn\ne-sIm-p. tdmlÀt«m-tdm-Ê-Ãn-\n-bpsS sÛ-dn-s¡m-s -Ãn-\nbpw hnt¯m-dntbm Znkn-¡bpwssa¡-em-©tem Atâm-Wn-tbm-Wnbpw ]nbÀ ]mhvtem ]tkm-f-\nbpw eqjnt\m hnkvt¡m- nbpw]mX sXfn-¨-h-cm-Wv. \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-¯nsâ hoYn-bnÂ AhÀ kaÀ¸n¨v timi-¶-]p-jv]-§Ä]cm-K-W- n-\pÅ D]m-[n-bmbn temI-sa-¼mSpw ]cn-afw ]c-¯p-¶p.

\mÂ]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS-¡- nÂ temI-kn-\n-a-bnÂ cp-Xcw ASn-sbm-gp-¡p-IÄ {]_-e-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. HÀ-k¬shÂkpw hneyw-ssh-edpw ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n¨ Uo]v t^m¡kv; Imev]-\n-I-Xsb Iq«p-]n-Sn¨ thm¬ sÌ³_ÀKns\ [n¡-cn-¨v, tdmÊ-Ãn\n Xncn-sIm-fp-¯nb \ntbm-dn-b-en-kw. A´ÀtZ-io-b-X-e- nÂ {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä Df-hm-¡nb BZys¯ \ntbm-dn-b-enÌv Nn{X-amWv"tdma knä A¸À«'/ "tdm Hm¸¬ knän' PÀ½³ B[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ Aý-\m-fp-I-fnÂ mkn-k-¯n-s\-Xntc tdmanÂ \S¶ ]tcm-£-amb sNdp- n-\n-ev]nsâ IY-bm-Wn-Xv. kÀPntbm Aa-Z¿pws^Ãn-\n-bpw -kw-bp-à-ambn cNn¨ Xnc-¡Y tdmÊ-Ãn\n A{`-]mfnbn-em-¡n. tdmÊ-Ãn-\n-bpsSssien-bpsS mK-amWv Cws{]m-ssh-tk-j³. \mkn-IÄs¡-Xn-tc-bpÅ t]mcm-«-¯nÂ ]ptcm-ln-X³ Hfn-t¸m-cp-Im-c\v A`bw \ÂIn. \mkn-IÄ Ahsc th«-bm-Sn. Iem-]-Im-cn-Isf Häp-sIm-Sp-¯mÂ AhÀ¡p kz´w Poh³ c£n-¡mw. ]ptcm-ln-X\pw Hfn-t¸m-cp-Im-c\pw X§-fpsS Poh³_en-bÀ¸n-¡m³ Xs¶ Xocp-am-\n- p. AXn-I-Tn-\-amb ]oU-\-¯n\p hnt[-b-\mb Hfn-t¸m-cp-Im-c³ acn-¨p. ]ptcm-ln-X\pw h[n-¡-s¸-«p. Nn{X-¯nse hn[-h-bpsS ac-Whpw ]p{Xsâ {]Xn-I-c-Whpw XnIª X·-bo- m-h-t¯msS tdmÊ-Ãn\n ]IÀ¯n. \mkn-Isf i-Im-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNmSn- n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX asämcp Nn{Xhpw "Hm¸¬knän'¡ptijw ]ndhn sImn-Ã. mknkw kwlm-c-Xm-Þ-h-am-Snb \mfp-I-fnse C-ä-en-¡m-csâ Pohn-X-¯nsâ ]cn-tOZw (Cross Section)"Hm¸¬knän'bneqsS shÅn- n-c-bnÂ {]Xy-£-s -«p.

Bcw- -iq-c-Xz-am-bn-cp¶p \ntbm-dn-en-ÌnIv kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS ssIap-XÂ. "e Atamdn' F¶Nn{X-t¯msS tdmÊ-Ãn\n \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-t¯mSv hnS ]d-ªp. "ss_kn-¡nÄ Xohvkn-eqsS \ntbm-dn-b-en-ÌnIv coXn Ah-ew-_n¨ Znkn-¡bpw' Xnc-¡-Y-I-fn-eqsS \ntbm-dn-b-en-k- n\p ]n³_ew

\ÂInb s^Ãn-\nbpw Imem-´-tcW B {]Øm-\s¯ XÅn-¸-d-ªp.

12Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


Bfn-¡- nb \ntbm-dn-b-enÌv {]Øm\w Icn- n-c-nI- n-b-t¸mÄ, AXn\p ssNX-\y- nsâ

CÔ\w ]I-cm³ HmSn-sb-¯n-b-h-cnÂ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp¶p ssa¡m-em-©tem Atâm-Wn-tbmWn

(Michelangelo Antonioni). F´p kw -hn-¡p¶p F¶-Xn-t\-¡-fmÄ FhnsS kw -hn-¡p¶p F¶-

XmWv Atâm-Wn-tbm-Wn-bpsS Ne- n-{X-ssien-bpsS ASn-Øm-\w. Atâm-Wn-tbm-Wn- n{X-§-fnÂ

Zriy-§-fpsS tImt¼m-kn-j-\pw, IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS kam-K-ahpw kw`m-j-Whpw ImgvN-¡m-cnÂ

{]Xn-I-c-W-ap-m-¡p-¶p. ka-Im-eo-\-k-aq-l- nsâ Zp:J§fpw hnIm-c-§fpw \ntbm-dn-b-en-ÌnIv

ssien-bnÂ Atâm-Wn-tbmWn Ah-X-cn-¸n- p.

amÀIvkn-ks¯ ]qPn-¡p-I-bpw, sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ¡p thn i_vZn-¡p-I-bpw, {InkvXp-hnsâ

D]-tZ-i-§Ä sNhn-s¡m-Åp-Ibpw sNbvXv sshcp-²ym-ßI kz`m-h-apÅ Iem-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶p ]nbÀ

]mhvtem ]tkm-f\n (Pier Pavlo Pasolini). ]tkm-fn-\n-¨n-{X-§Ä Ah-bpsS Bßob DÄ¡m-

gvN¡p {]kn-²-am-Wv. "Zn tKmkv]Â At¡m-UnwKv Sp skbvâ v amXyp' F¶ Nn{Xw, ap¼p-]-dª

{]kvXm-h-\sb km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶p. Bßo-b-sh-fn-]m-Sn-te¡p Iymad ]mbn-¡p¶ Cu amÀIvknÌp

Ihn {InkvXp-hns\ hn¹-h-Im-cnbmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn- p. amÀIvkn-k-t¯m-SpÅ {]Xn-_-²-Xbpw {InkvXp-

a-X-t¯m-SpÅ A`n-\n-th-ihpw ]tkm-fn\n¨n{X-§-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.

k¼-¯nsâ Iq¼m-c-¯nÂ ]nd-¶p-ho-Wn«pw mknÌv Cä-en-bnÂ I½yp-WnÌv Bi-b-K-

Xn-tbmSp B`n-apJyw ]peÀ¯nb kwhn-[m-b-I-\m-Wv, eqint\m hnkvt¡m´n (Luchino Visconti).tdmÊ-Ãn-\n¡p ap¼p-Xs¶ "HÊ-Ên-tbm¬'F¶ Nn{X- n-eqsS At±lw tUmIyp-saâdn BJym-

\-ssien Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-¯n-\pÅ {]tNm-Z\w "HÊ-Ên-tbm¬' Bbn-¡-cp-Xmw.

^mknÌv Cä-en-bnÂ sRcn-R-a-cp¶ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-am-Wv, HÊ-Ên-tbm-Wnsâ {]ta-bw.

\ntbm-dn-b-en-k-¯n\v BscÃmw Xncn-sIm-fp-¯ntbm AhÀ Xs¶ AXp XÃn-s¡-Sp-¯n.

hnkvt¡m- nbpw CXn-\-]-hm-Z-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

H¶mw temI-bp²w Nnd-sIm-Sn¨p XfÀ¯nb Ne- n-{X-I-e-bpsS ]p\-cp-²m-\- n\p thn

PÀ½³ \nÈ-_vZ-kn-\n-a-bnÂ DbnÀsIm {]Øm-\-amWv "FIvkv{]j\nkw.' tImÌypw kvs]IvSm-

¡p-eÀ, Cân-taäv Xotb-äÀ, FIvkv{]-j-\n-Ìv, \ntbm-dn-b-enÌv F¶n-§s\ PÀ½n-bnse \nÈ-_vZ-

kn-\na Xs¶ \mep Zni-I-fn-te¡p ]gn-]n-cnªp t]mIp-¶p. PÀ½³ kn\n-a-b-psS Cu kphÀ®-

Im-e-L-«- n-emWv ¢mÊn-¡p-IÄ ]nd-hn-sIm--Xv. sk³kÀjn- nsâ Ccp-¼p-ad \o§n-b-tXmsS

HmkzmÄUn-s\-t¸m-epÅ kwhn-[m-b-IÀ shÅn-¯n-c-bnÂ skIvknsâ amZ-I-]p-jv]-§Ä hncn-

bn-¨p. Ccp-]-Xp-I-fnÂ DZ-bw-sImv FIvkv{]-j-\nkw F¶ \thm-°m\ {]Øm\w ap¸-Xp-I-

fpsS Bcw-`-¯nÂ Xs¶ AkvX-an-¨p. lnäve-dpsS c-W-t¯msS PÀ½³ kn\n-a-bnse sh®n-

emhpw A{]-Xy-£am-bn. FIvkv{]-j-\nÌv kn\n-a-bpsS s\Spw-Xq-Wp-I-fmb t]mÄse-\nbpsS

apÀtWmbpw {^nävkv emMpw tlmfn-hp-UnÂ IpSn-tb-dn-b-tXmsS PÀ½³ kn\na A´y-imkw

hen¨p XpS-§n. FIvkv{]-j-\n-k-¯nÂ Bcw-`n¨ PÀ½³ kn\n-a, \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-¯n-eqsS

\ypth-hn-te¡v aµ-K-Xn-bnÂ {]bm-W-am-cw-`n-¨p. tdm_À«v shbv³, hmÄ«À dq«vam³, Ae-Ivkm-

À ¢qKv F¶n-hÀ Cu aq¶p ]cn-Wma kÔn-I-fnÂ PÀ½³ kn\n-a-bpsS Np¡m³ ]nSn-¨p. Zn

Iym_n-\äv Hm^v tUmIvSÀ Imen-K-cn, _Àen³ knw^Wn Hm^v G s{Kbväv knän, A_v NoUv

13Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


thm¬ KtÌm¬ F¶o Nn{X-§-fn-epsS ap³]-dª {XnaqÀ¯n-IÄ PÀ½³ kn\n-abv¡v Aa-

cXzw \ÂIn. Adp-]-Xp-I-fpsS Aý-¯nÂ \h-X-cwKw hoin-b-Sn-¨-t¸mÄ tkmKv, mkv_n-µÀ

F¶n-hÀ \h-X-cw-K-kn-\n-a-bpsS {]tbm-àm-¡-fm-sb- n. kml-kn-I-X-bpsS apÄ -S-À¸nÂ Ccp¶p

slÀtkmKv Xsâ kn\n-a-bnÂ Ncn-{Xs¯ -Ip-Sn-bn-cp- p-t¼mÄ mkv_n-µÀ \Kc Pohn-X- nse

]pgp-¡p-¯p-IÄ XpSn-sIm-«p¶ kmaq-lnI Nn{X-§Ä \nÀ½n-¨p.

kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn-{X-¯nse BZys¯ FIvkv{]-j-\nÌv kn\n-a-bmWp tdm_À«v shbn³

kwhn-[m\w sNbvX "Zn Iym_n-\äv Hm v tUmIvSÀ Imen-K-cn.' Hcp sNdnb PÀ½³ ]«-W- nÂ,

Xsâ {]Xn-tbm-Kn-Isf sIme sN¿m³ tUmIvSÀ Imen-Kcn \ntbm-Kn-¡p¶ kz]v\-k-©m-cn-bmWv

kok-td. Hcp am\-kn-Im-tcm-Kn-bpsS {àm-ßI ImgvN-¸m-Sn-eqsS {]tabw A\m-h-cWw sN¿-s¸-

Sp-¶p. Htc-sbmcp bmYmÀ°yw, tUmIvSÀ Imen-K-cn, am\-kn-Im-ip-]-{Xn--bpsS Xe-h-\m-sW-¶-Xp-

am-{Xw. Nn¯-tcm-Kn-I-fnÂ Hcm-fpsS am\-knI hn{`m- n-bmWv (hallucination) sIme-]m-X-Ihpw

kz]v\-k-©m-chpw. bmYmÀ°yhpw (Realism) {àm-ß-I-Xbpw (Fantasy) Nn{X¯nÂ CS-I-

eÀ¶p kt½-fn-¡p-¶p. "Iym_n-\äv Hm^v tUmIvSÀ Imen-Kcn'sb IS¶p apt¶-dn-b-Xv, eqbn

_p\p-h-ensâ "A¬Nn³ Aeu' am{X-am-Wv. {]mXn-\n-[y-kz-`m-h-amWv "Imen-Kcn'bpsS khn-

ti-j-X. H¶mw temI-bp-²- nÂ cmPy- n\p thn {]Xn-tbm-Kn-Isf sIms¶m-Sp-¡m³ \ntbm-

Kn-¡-s¸« \nc-]-cm-[n-Isf kz]v\-k-©mcn {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

FIvkv{]-j-\nÌv kn\n-abv¡p Icp¯p \ÂInb asämcp kwhn-[m-b-I-\mWv {^nävkvemMv.

£tbmßpJamb PÀ½³ kn\n-abv¡v Bi-bpsS Zo]-\mfw Bbn-cp¶p emMnsâ "UÌn\n'.

PÀ½³\nÈ_vZ kn\n-a-bnse amÌÀ ]okmb "Zn \n_-epwKv kmK'bnÂ emMv, FIvkv{]-j-\nÌv

ssien sIms¡m-p. "s\mkvs -dmXp' F¶ {Um¡p-f-¨n-{X- n-eqsS aqÀtWmbpw FIvkv{]-j-

\nÌn kn\n-a-bpsS hàm-hm-bn.

"Iym_n-\äv Hm v tUmIvSÀ Imen-Kcn'bpsS ]nd-hn-¡p-tijw PÀ½-\n-bnÂ BZys¯ \ntbm-

dn-b-en-ÌnIv Nn{Xw P·-sa-Sp-¡m³ F«p-hÀjs¯ Im¯n-cn v thn-h-¶p. PÀ½\n-bnse BZys¯

\ntbm-dn-b-en-ÌnIv Nn{X-am-Wv _Àen³ \K-c-¯nsâ XpSn-¸p-IÄ Nn{Xo-I-cn¨ hmÄ«À dq«vamsâ

(Walter Ruttman) "_Àen³ knw^Wn Hm v G s{Kbväv knän' thK-X-bnÂ t]mIp¶ Xohnþsd-

bnÂ¸m-f§Äþa-c- -e- p-IÄ-þ-ssh-Zyp-Xn-¡-¼n-IÄ apX-emb Zriy-§Ä¡p-tijw _Àen³ \K-c-

¯nsâ XpSn- p-I-fmb Zriy-§Ä Hs¶m-¶mbn shÅn- n-c-bnÂ h¶p-ho-gp-¶p. hnP-\-amb sXcp-

hnsâ CS-\m-gn-bn-epsS \o§p¶ ]q¨, ]«n-bp-ambn \S-¡m-\n-d-§p¶ a\p-jyÀ, [m\yw sIm¯n-

s¸-dp-¡p¶ Acn-{]m-hp-IÄ, \K-c-¯nÂ ]ckyw ]Xn-¡p¶p a\p-jy³, ssk¡nÄ Nhn-«n-t¸m-

Ip¶ _me³, ISbnÂ \ntXym-]-tbm-K-km-[\w hm§m³ t]mIp¶ Bfp-IÄ, s{Sbv³ Im¯p-

\nÂ¡p-¶hÀ; h¶n-d-§p-¶-hÀ, tXm¡p tXmfn-teń Nph-Sp-h¨p \o§p¶ ssk\n-IÀ, Iq«-am-

bn-t¸m-Ip¶ ]ip-¡Ä, mIvS-dn-bnÂ Nen-¡p¶ Ipä³ b{´-§Ä þ _Àen³ \K-c- nsâ XpSn-

-I-fm-Wn-h.

kn\n-a-bpsS apJOmb amän-sb-Sp-¡m³ Imem-Im-e-§-fnÂ Dmb amä-§-fnÂ {^m³kpw

AXn-tâ-Xmb ]¦p-h-ln-¨p. {_o«n-\nse {ôkn-\n-abpw {_ko-ense kn\n-am-t\m-thmbpw Ata-

cn-¡-bnse Bh v KmÀsUbpw (Awant Garde) AÀ{Kuv kn\n-abpw kn\n-a-bpsS ]c-¼-cm-

14Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


KX k¦-ev]-§Ä¡p ]cn-t¡-ev]n-¨p. ankv. F³ ko\pw \uh-Ã-thKpw (Nouvellevague) kn\n-

am-sh-cn-¯n-bpw, kn\n-asb kwip-²-am-¡m³ {^m³knsâ a®nÂ DZ-bw-sIm{]Øm-\-§-fm-

Wv. "'ankv F³ ko\n -s\ ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡m³ gmMvdnt\m-bdpw \uh-Ã-thKv AYhm \hX-cw-K-

kn-\n-a-bpsS {]tW-Xm-hmbn sKmZmÀZpw, kn\n-am-sh-cn¯n (Cinema verite)bpsS {]tbm-àm-¡-

fmbn gmMvdu- v, {InkvamÀ¡À F¶n-hcpw cwK- p-h-¶p. bYmÀ°Po-hn-X- n\v Iymad ZrIvkm-

£n-bm-hpI F¶-XmWv kn\n-am-sh-c-¯n-bpsS ASn-Øm\ {]am-Ww. "tImwt]m-kn-j³ C³

sU]vXv' BWv ankv F³.-ko-\nsâ ASn-Øm-\w. \h-X-cw-K-kn-\n-a-bm-I-s«, Bßm-hn-jv¡m-c-

¯n\p ap³Xq¡w \ÂIn. F«v, ]Xn-\mdp apX-emb t^mÂam-änÂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ tem _UvPäv

Nn{X-§-fp-am-Wv.

Bbn-c-¯n-sXm-Åm-bn-c¯n A³]-s¯m³]-Xnse Ims\ Ne-¨n-t{Xm-Õ-h-¯nÂ \h-X-

cwK kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS Nn{X-§Ä ]pc-kvI-cn-¡-s¸-«p. Gähpw \Ã kwhn-[m-b-I-\mbn {^mt¦m

{Xqt^m AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p. \Ã Nn{X-¯n-\p-Å -{Kmâ v {]o amÀjÂ Imaphpw \ncq-]-I-\pÅ

AwKo-Imcw Ae-âs\bpw t\Sn. eqbn aÃnbpw sKmZmÀZpw Icp-¯pä cN-\-IÄsImp {it²-b-

cm-bn. \uh-Ã-thKv F¶ tPÀW-enÌv t^mÂap-e-bpsS {]tW-Xm-¡-fm-bn-cp¶p ap³]-d-ª-hÀ.

{^©p-kn-\n-a-bnÂ hoin-b-Sn¨ \h-X-cw-K-{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ BIr-jvS-cmbn Adp-]-t¯gp bph-kw-

hn-[m-b-IÀ, {^m³knse sXcp-hn-I-fnÂ \nXy-Po-hn-X- p-Sn-¸p-IÄ Nn{XoIcn-¨p. \h-X-cw-K-kn-\n-

a-bpsS BZys¯ I®n-bmWv Ae³ sds\-bpsS "lntcm-jna tam¬ AaÀ'.

{^m³knse \uh-Ã-t]Kv AYhm \yqth-hvkn-\n-abv¡v Bthiw ]IÀ¶p-sIm-Sp-¯Xv

"Itl Zypkn-\na' F¶ {]kn-²o-I-c-Whpw AXnsâ ]{Xm-[n-]À A{µn-_-kn³ F¶ \ncq-]-

I\pw Bbn-cp-¶p. t¢mUv Nmt{_mÄ, {^mt¦m-{Xq-t^m, tKmZmÀZv, Fdn-Iv-tdm-aÀ F¶n-hcpw \yqthhv

kn\n-a-bv¡p-thn Itl Zypkn-\n-bnÂ \ncq-]-W-§-sf-gp-Xn. ]nev¡m-e¯v Ah-scÃmw Nn{X-

§Ä \nÀ½n- p-sImv \h-X-cw-K-kn-\n-a-bpsS _yqKnÂ apg-¡n. {^m³knÂ DZbw sImv \yqthhv

{]Øm\w temI-kn-\n-a-bnÂ AXnsâ Ae-I-fp-m-¡n. ]t£ C¶p {^m³knÂ \ypth-hnsâ

]gb Bth-i-sam-¶p-an-Ã. hocy-sam-Sp-§nb Xnc-t]mse AXp \nÝ-e-am-Wv.

PÀ½³ FIvk-{]-j-\nkw

auen-IX ]peÀ¯p¶ GXp Iem-kr-jvSn-bp-tSbpw thcp-IÄ Iem-Im-csâ hyày-\p- -h-

§-fn-te-s¡-¶-t]mse cmjv{S- nsâ Ncn-{X-k-Ôn-I-fn-te¡pw Bn-d-§m-dp-v. Ncn{XkÔn-I-

fpsS Xo£-W-Xbpw Iem-kr-jvSn-bpsS auen-I-Xbpw Gdp-t´mdpw Cu _Ô- nsâ kv]jvSX

Gdn-h-cpw. F¶-Ã, Ch-bpsS ]c-kv]-c-_-Ô-¯nÂ AXn-i-b-\o-b-amb Nne Akm-[m-c-W-Xz-

§fpw Is-¯m³ Ign-bpw. km[m-c-W-KXn-bnÂ Ncn-{X-k-Ôn-bnÂ thcmgv¯n \n¶psImv

Iem-krjvSn XnfnÀ¯p-h-cm-dmWp ]Xn-sh-¦nÂ, C¯cw Akm-[m-c-W-ap-lqÀ¯-§-fnÂ Iem-

krjvSn hcm³ t]mIp¶ Ncn-{X-K-Xn-bpsS {]-h-N\w \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-¡m-Wmw. Ccp-]-Xp-I-fn-

epw PÀ½³ FIvkv{]-j-\nÌv kn\n-abpw Ncn-{X-hp-am-bpÅ _Ôw Cu Akm-[m-c-W-Xz-apÄs¡m-

Åp-¶p. FIvkv{]-j-\nÌv kn\na lnäve-dn-k-¯n-te¡p hgn-sX-fn-¨p-sh¶ IpSpw-]n-Sp-¯-t¯-

¡mÄ hcm-\n-cp¶ tkÑm-[n-]-Xys¯ PÀ½³ Ne- n-{X-Im-c-·mÀ X§-fpsS Iem-kr-jvSn-I-fn-eqsS

{]h-Nn¨p F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xmhpw bpàw.

15Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


GXm-bmepw H¶p kXy-amWv: lnän-e-dpsS hmgvN A¡m-e-L-«-¯n-\p-ap¼pw ]n¼p-apÅ

Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c-·msc kv]jvS-ambpw kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p-v. ap¼p-ÅzÀ CtX-¸än {]h-Nn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-

¶p-sh-¦nÂ ]nt¼-h-¶-hÀ CX-\p-kva-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. \Sp-hnÂ lnäve-dnkw Hcp bmYmÀ°y-am-bn-

cp¶ A¡me-L-«- n-em-h-s«, kn\na \nvÀÖoh-ambn InS-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Pohn-X- nÂ \n¶p

Xs¶ Ie \jvS-s¸« Hcp kaq-l-am-bn-cp-¶tÃm AXv. Cu kaq-ls¯ Iem-Im-c³ Cu kaq-l-

¯nÂ\n¶v F´pÄs¡m-p-sh¶pw a\-Ên-em-I-W-sa-¦nÂ Ccp Ime-L-«-§-fn-tebpw kn\n-a-I-

fn-eqsS IS-¶p-t]m-IpI Xs¶ thWw.

PÀ½³ FIvkv{]-j-\nÌv kn\n-abpw lnäve-dpsS hmgvNbpw X½nÂ hn`n-¶-co-Xn-I-fnÂ

_Ô-s¸-Sp- n-s¡m-pÅ \nco-£-W-§-fp-m-bn-«p-v. Cu kn\n-am-{]-Øm\w lnän-eÀ¡v hgn-

sbm-cp¡n F¶p Øm]n-¡m-\mWv knKvss{^Uv {Im¡À "{^w Imen-Kcn Sp lnäveÀ' F¶ ]pkvX-

I-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv. Ne- n-{X-hp-ambn _Ô-s -Sp¯n kmap-ly-hn-aÀi-\- n-s\m-cp-s¼« BZys¯ {KÙ-

sa¶ Cu ]pkvX-I- nsâ _lp-aXn tNmZyw sN¿-s -Sm-\m-hm- -Xm-sW-¦nepw CXnse \nK-a-\-

§Ä ]eXpw hmkvX-hn-I-X-bp-ambn _Ô-an-Ãm- -Xm-sW¶v NneÀ hmZn-¡p-¶p. Ccp-]-Xp-I-fn-

tebpw ap -Xp-I-fn-tebpw Ne- n-{X-§-fnÂ Ah-ti-jn- h apgp-h³ ImWp-Ibpw A¶s¯ PÀ½³

kmwkvIm-cnI kml-N-cy-§-sf- än kpNn- namb ]T-\- n-teÀs -Sp-Ibpw sNbvX _mcn kmÄ«v

"'{^w Imen-Kcn Sp lp F¶ teJ-\-¯n-eqsS {Im¡-dpsS FXnÀtN-cn-bnÂ \ne-bp-d-¸n-¡p-¶p.

kmÄ«nsâ A`n-{]m-b- nÂ FIvkv{]-j-\nÌv kn\n-a- Ip-d-sªmcp Ime-b-f-hnÂ am{Xta PÀ½\n-

bnÂ {]Nm-c-¯n-en-cp-¶p-Åq. Ah-bm-Is« P\-§sf H«pw-Xs¶ kzm[o-\n-¨p-an-Ã. FIvkv{]-j-

\nÌv Nn{X-§-fnÂ "Zn Im_n-\äv Hm^v tUm.-Im-en-Kcn'am{X-amWv {]kvXm-hy-amb km¼-¯n-I-hn-

Pbw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯-Xv. sImÃ-¯nÂ Ccp-¶q-tdmfw Nn{X-§Ä ]pd-¯p-h-¶p-sIm-n-cp-¶-XnÂ

IjvSn¨p ssIhn-c-en-se-®m-hp-¶h am{Xta FIvkv{]-j-\nÌv ssien-bpsS Gs -¦nepw mh-hn-

tijw DÄs¡m-n-cp-¶p-Åq. Ah P\-{]oXn t\SnbnÃ F¶-XmWv AIvkv{]-j-\nÌv {]Øm\w

Ffp- - nÂ sI«-S-§m³ Imc-Ww.

Hcp cmPy- nsâ cmjv{Sob Pohn-X-¯n-ep-m-hp¶ kaq-e-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v GsX-¦n-ep-

samcp Iem-{]-Øm-\s¯ \nan- -am-bn-¡m-Wp-¶Xv AXn-i-tbm-àn-bm-hpw. AsÃ-¦nÂ Iem-{]-

Øm\w AÀln-¡m¯ Hcp _lp-a-Xn-bm-bn-cn-¡p-a-Xv. cmPy¯v \ne-hn-epÅ kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-

§-fmWv Iem-Im-c-\m-h-iy-amb PothmÀÖ-§Ä {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. AXn-\mÂ cmPys¯ kmaq-

ly-km-l-N-cy-§-fpsS Hcp {]Xn- -e\w kzm`m-hn-I-ambp Iem-{]-Øm-\-§-fnÂ Is- mw. Cu

{]Xn- -e-\s¯ Iem-Im-csâ kzIo-tbm-ev]-¶-am-bn-¡-mÂ At\z-j-W-§-fpsS hgn ]ng- p-t]m-

Im-\n-S-bp-v. PÀ½³ kn\n-a-bpsS B kphÀ®-Im-es¯ Iem-kr-jvSn-I-fnÂ Ah-ti-jn-¨n-«p-

Åh cà-Zm-l- n-tâbpw A[n-Im-c-Xr-jvW-bp-tSbpw hn`n-¶-Nn-{X-§Ä \evIp¶p F¶Xv t\cm-

Wv. Cu Nn{X-§Ä ImWp-t¼mÄ Iem-Im-csâ {]h-N--\-ti-jn-sb-¡p-dn-t¨mÀ¯v \mw AÛ-Xm-[o-

\-cm-hpw. lnäv-e-dpsS {]Xncq]-§Ä F¶p hnti-jn- n-¡m-hp¶ Iptd-tbsd IYm-]m-{X-§sf Cu

{]]-©-¯nÂ \mw Ip-ap-«p-¶p. "Zn Im_n-\äv Hm^v tUm.-Im-en-Kcn'bnse Imen-K-cn-bnÂ\n-

¶mWv Cu IYm-]m-{X-]-c-¼c XpS-§p-¶-Xv. kokÀ Fs¶mcp am²y-as¯ D]-tbm-Kn¨v Xsâ

cà-Zmlw ian-¸n-¡p¶ tUm.-Im-en-Kcn Hcp {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bpsS Ub-d-IvS-dm-sW¶v Ah-km\w

Is- -s -Sp-¶p-v. hn\m-i-Im-cn-bmb tkzÑm-[n-]-Xy- nsâ Hcp {]Xn-cq-]-sa¶ \ne-bv¡mWv

Fgp- p-Im-cmb ImÄta-bdpw lm³kv Pmt\m-hnävkpw Imen-K-cn-sb-¡m-Wp-¶-Xv. CtX Bibw

16Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


hymJym-\-§Ä IqSm-sX-Xs¶ "Imen-Kcn' A\p- -h-s¸-Sp- p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. F¶mÂ Iem-Im-

csâ B -cn-I-{]-tNm-Z-\-§-sf- än henb ]nSn-]m-sSm-¶p-an-Ãm¯ CXnsâ kwhn-[m-b-I³ tdm_À«v

shbv³ Cu FIvkv{]-j-\nÌv IYsb "bpàn-klP'am¡m³ {ian-¨p. {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bnse Hc-

t´-hm-kn-bpsS hn{`m- -ho-£Ww F¶ \ne-bv¡mWv shbv³ Cu IY Ah-X-cn- n- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Cu cq]-am-äs¯ knKvss{Ûv {Im¡À AXn-hn-Z-Kv[-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. "Hcp hn¹-h-Nn{Xw

A§s\ Hcp ]nń-cn- ³ Nn-{X-ambn amdn. _p²n-Øn-c-X-bp-Å, F¶mÂ A]-I-S-Im-cn-bm-b Hcp

hyànsb {`m´m-tcm-]n¨v {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bn-e-S-bv¡p¶ NXn-hn-¶-\p-tcm-[-am-bn-cp¶p CXv.'

Imen-K-cn-¡p-tijw \mw Ip-ap-«p¶ Gähpw òI-c-amb lnäveÀ {]Xn-cq]w tUmIvSÀ

sa_p-tk-bm-Wv. {^nSvkv emwKnsâ Cu am\-k-k- Xn hnhn[ Ime-L-«-§-fn-embn aq¶p Nn{X-

§-fnÂ {]Xy-£-s -Sp-I-bp-m-bn. 1992-þÂ "tUm.-sa-_q-tk, Zn Kmw»À' F¶ Nn{X- n-eqsS emwKv

Cu IYm-]m-{Xs¯ klr-Z-b-tem-I-¯n\v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n. ]¯p-sImÃw Ignªv 'Zn sSÌ-

saâ v Hm^v tUm. sa_qtk'bneqsS Cu IYm-]m-{X-¯nâ v tXÀhmgvN XpS-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv Xsâ

Pohn-X- nsâ Aý-Z-i-bnÂ Hcn-¡ÂIqSn emwKv sa_q-tksb kn\n-a-bn-e-h-X-cn-¸p-Ip-I-bp-m-

bn. "Zn Xuk³Uv sFkv Hm v tUm.-sa-_qtk'bneq-sS. Imen-K-cn-sb-t¸mse tUm.-sa-_q-tkbpw

Hcp {`m -\m-Wv. AtX-k-abw _p²-bnepw ln]vt\m-«n-Ivkn-²n-I-fnhpw Abm-fpsS \ne AXp-ey-

am-Wv. Hcp {`m´m-e-b- nÂ \nÀÖo-hm-h-Ø-bnÂ¡n-S-¶p-sImv Xs¶ NnIn-Õn-¡p¶ tUmIvS-

sd-bpÄs¸sS ]e-tcbpw AbmÄ ln]vt\m-ss«kv sN¿p-¶p. A§s\ ]pdw-tem-Is¯ a\p-jy-cn-

eqsS Xâ CÑ-IÄ AbmÄ \S-¸n-em-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ CÑn-¡p¶Xv temI-¯nsâ hn\m-i-amWv:

]c-kv]-c-hn-tZz-jhpw A -Ñn-{Z-hp-am-Wv. Cu BXy- n-I-\m-i- nsâ hn¯p-I-fmWv Xsâ am²y-

a-§-fn-eqsS AbmÄ hnX-bv¡p-¶-Xv. lnäve-dpsS _p²n-am-\mb {]N-c-W-ta-[mhn Ko_Âkv tUm.-

sa-_q-tk-bpSw kq£va-[z-\n-IÄ Is- p-I-Xs¶ sNbvXp. "Zn sSÌ-saâ v Hm v tUm.-sa-_qtk'

A§s\ \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-«p. Hcp Iem-Im-c-s\¶ \ne-bnÂ {^nSvÉmw-Kn-t\mSv aXn-¸p-tXm-¶nb

Ko_Âkv At±-ls¯ hnfn-¸n¨p emwKn-\msd "sat{Sm-t]m-enkv' F¶ Nn{Xw lnäveÀ¡v CjvS-

am-bn-cn-¡-bm-sW¶pw PÀ½³ Ne-¨n-{X-hy-h-km-b- nsâ ta[m-hn-bmbn At±-ls¯ \nb-an-¡m-

sa¶pw Abm-f-dn-bn-¨p. \mkn ]mÀ«n-sa-¼-dm-bn-¡-gnª Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bmb `mcy ]n¶n-ep-t]-

£n-¨p-sImv {^nSv kvemwKv PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \ns¶m-fn-t¨m-Sn.

hnj-b- nÂ \n¶-I-ep-¶p-sh-¦nepw emwKosâ Ne- n-{X-I-e-sb- än Aev]-sam¶p hni-Zo-

I-cn-¡msX apt¶m«p t]mIm-³ F\n¡v a\-Êp-h-cp-¶n-Ã. PÀ½³ kn\n-a-bnse BNm-cy-Øm-\o-

b-cmb {]K-ev -·msc hne-bn-Sn¨p ImWp¶ Hcp {]h-WX Nne Ne- n{X Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ ]peÀ¯p-

¶p-v. {^nSvkv emwKv, aqÀtWm, ]m_vÌv F¶o AXn-Im-b-·msc Hgn-¨p-\nÀ¯n-s¡m-pÅ Ne-

¨n-{X-N-cn-{X-¯n\v ]qÀ®XbnÃ F¶-XmWp kvXyw. sshhn-²y-¯nsâ ka-{K-X-sImv emwKv

Gsd {it²-b-\m-hp-¶p. cp-Xcw Ne-¨n-{X-ssi-en-IÄ emwKnÂ kt½-fn-¡p-¶p-v. s_ÀKv

amsâ cwK-{]-th-i- n\pw F{Xtbm apt¶ s_ÀKv am³ {]ZÀin- n¨ am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\-Nm-Xp-cn-

bn-te-sdbpw A{X-Xs¶ ssh`-h-t¯msS emwKv Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. adp-h-i-¯v, ln¨vtIm-

¡ns\ shÃp-¶-X-c-¯nÂ ss{IwI-Y-IÄ¡v cq]w \evIm\pw emwKn\p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. A\-ć

Xe-ap-d-IÄ¡v emwKns\ ]qÀ®-ambp Is-¯m³ Ign-bp-¶n-sÃ-¦nÂ AXnsâ Hcp ImcWw

emwKnsâ Nn{X-§-fnÂ Gdn-b-]¦pw \jvS-s¸-«p-t]m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p F¶-Xm-Wv.

17Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


aqÀtWm-hnsâ "s\mkv s^dmXp'hpw Imen-K-cn-tbbp sa_p-tk-tbbpw t]mew cà-Zm-lo-

bmb Hcp IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Cbmfpw P\-k-aq-l-¯nÂ\n¶v AI-¶p-\n-¶p-sImv Ah-cn-te¡v

Xsâ hnj-\-J-§Ä Bgv¯p-¶p. Cu s\mkvs^-dmXp {Um¡pf Xs¶ D²-X-\mb P·n-bpsS

{]Xn-cq-]-am-hm³ {Um¡p-f-bv¡pÅ Ignhv {]I-S-am-W-tÃm. PÀ½³ kml-N-cy-¯nÂ {Um¡pf

IpSn-e-\mb c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS {]Xn-cq-]-ambn amdp-¶p. F¶mÂ aäp-Å-h-cnÂ\n¶p hyXy-kvX-

ambn aqÀtWm Cu tkzÑm-[n-]-Xn-bpsS \miw {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. kzbw \mi- n\p hnt[-b-bm-bn-

s¡mv eqkn s\mkvs^-dm-Xp-hns\ \in-¸n-¡p-¶p. Gsd-hÀj-§Ä¡p-tijw aqÂtWm-hnsâ

Hc- -c-Km-an-bmWv þ shÀWÀ slÀtkm-Kv-þ-s\m-kvs -dm-Xp-hn\v AXy- n-I-\m-i-an-sÃ¶v kaÀ°n-

¡m³ {ian-¨-Xv. sPm\m-Xs\ cà-c-£-Êm¡n ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡mv s\mkv s^dmXp

Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te¡p ]S-cp-¶-Xnsâ oXn-Z-amb Nn{Xw slÀtkmKv \evIp-¶p.

t]mÄ shK-\-dpsS "tKmse' amWv lnäve-dpsS {]Xn-Ñmb Bh-ln-¡p¶ asämcp IYm-]m-

{Xw, tkzÑm-[n-]Xn kaq-l-¯nsâ Xs¶ krjvSn-bm-sW¶v shK-\À Øm]n-¡p-¶p. tKmsew

F¶ oI-c-cq-]nsb krjvSn- Xv a\p-jyÀ Xs¶-bm-Wv. AbmÄ kwlm-c-{In-b-bm-cw- n-¡p-t¼mÄ

\nÊ-lm-b-cmbn t\m¡n-\n-ev¡ms\ AhÀ¡v Ign-bp-¶p-Åq. GXm-bmepw aqÀtWm-sb-t¸mse

shK-\dpw tkzÑm-[n-]-Xn-bpsS \mi-s¯¡p-dn- pÅ kqN\ \evIp-¶p. tKmses¯ \in- n-¡m³

kaÀ°-\m-hp-¶Xv Hcp sNdnb _me-\m-Wv. kzbw If-¦-¯nsâ kv]Ài-ta-ev¡m¯ hyàn-Xz-

¯n\p am{Xta Xn·sb tXmev]n-¡m³ tijn-bp-mhq F¶-XmWv CXn-eqsS shK-\À ap¶-dn-

bn¸p \evIp-¶-Xv.

khnt-i-j-amb Hcp am\-kn-I-Im-em-hØ {]I-S-am-¡p¶ Cu Nm{X-§Ä lnävesd kzoI-

cn-¡m³ P\-§sf t{]cn- n¨p F¶p hmZn- mÂ AXv Fgp-Xm- pdw hmbn-¡-em-hpw. AtX-k-abw

Cu kn\n-am-{]-Øm-\hpw \mkn hmgvNbpw X½nÂ _Ô-ta-bn-sÃ¶p \ntj-[n- mÂ AXv hkvXp-

X-IÄ¡p \nc-¡msX t]mIp-Ibpw sN¿pw. Gähpw bpàn- -{Z-amb \ne-]mSv PÀ½-\n-bnÂ cq]w-

sIm-Åm-\n-cp¶ tkzÑm-[n-]-Xy-s¯-¸än Ahn-Ss¯ Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c-·mÀ¡p ap³Iq«n ZÀin-¡m³

Ign-ªn-cp¶p F¶-Xm-Wv. {]h-N-\-kz- m-h-t¯msS Ah-cXv X§-fpsS Iem-kr-jvSn-I-fnÂ Ah-

X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pd-¯p-h¶ Ime¯v P\-§Ä Ah-bpsS kmwKXyw Is-¯p-¶-

XnÂ ]cm-P-b-s¸-«p. hym]-I-amb Hcp kzm[o-\-hpw Ah sNep-¯n-bp-an-Ã. A§s\ kw`-hn- n-

cp-s¶-¦nÂ cmPys¯ {Kkn-¡m³ t]mIp¶ Imf-cm-{Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v P\-§Ä t_m[m-hm-·m-cm-hp-

Ibpw IqSp-XÂ Icp-X-temsS \o§p-I-bp-amWv AhÀ sN¿p-am-bn-cp-¶Xv; AÃmsX AXns\ hocm-

fn- -«p-hn-cn¨p hc-th-ev¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp²w DbÀ¯nb ]pI-]-Sew HXp-§n-b-tXmsS PÀ½-\n-bnse _p²n-Po-

hn-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ ISp¯ AkzmØyw ]c-¶p. B tcmjhpw ss\cm-iyhpw kn\n-am-cw-K¯pw

\ngÂ ]c- n. DSp¸p \nÀ½m-Xm-hmb Hcp PqX³-þ-t]mÄtU-hn-Uvk³-þ-sU-·mÀ¡p-Im-cmb AÀ_³

KmUn-t\bpw BÌm-\oÂk-s\bpw PÀ½-\n-bnÂ sImp-h¶v "F©-eo³' Fs¶mcp Nn{Xw

\nÀ½n-¨p. Cw{]-j-WnÌv kn\n-a-bpsS XpS¡w Xm³ Ipdn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶v tUhn-Uvk³

Adn-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã. {]kn² tÌPv s{]mUyq-k-dmb amIvkv do³tlmÀUväp-ambn At±lw Hcp DS-

¼-Sn-bnÂ GÀs¸-«-tXmsS IqSp-XÂ Nn{X-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡m-\pÅ hnth-tijn e`n-¨p. C_vk³,

(Ìn³_À¤v XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS \mS-I-§Ä hym]-I-ambn Ac-t§-dnb ]cn-Nbw do³lmÀUvän\v

18Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


Bß-hn-izmkw ]I-c¶p sImSp-¯p. tÌPnsâ \Ã Awi-§fpw kn\na F¶ \qX\ am²y-a-¯nsâ cN-\m-ßI km²y-X-Ifpw s]mcp- -s -Sp¯n PÀ½-\n-bpsS AXn-ho-in-jvS-amb kwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I- n-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp ssien At±lw Bhn-jvI-cn- p. GWÌv eq_n-ävkvNv-Np,F^v U»nbp aÀ\u, t]mÄ shP-\À XpS-§nb Nnc-kva-c-Wo-b-cmb {]Xn-`m-im-en-Isf Is-¯n-bXpw hfÀ¯n-bXpw Cu ]pXnb [mc-bm-Wv. ]n¶oSv tlmfn-hp-Un-se¯n Xsâ bi-ÊnsâhÀ®-i-_-f-amb sImSn-¡qd ]d-¸n¨ eq_n-Ìvkv-¨p, aZmw-Zp-_m-cn, (1919) B³t_m-fo³ (1920)F¶o Nn{X-§-fn-eqsS ]pXn-sbmcp Ne- n{X ssien¡v cq]w \ÂIn. aZm-e-k-bmb Hcp aXn-tam-ln\n ]e ssIIÄ adnªp cmPm-hnsâ InS-¡-ap-dn-hsc F¯p-Ibpw ]n¶oSv Ib-dnb ]Sn-I-fnÂIqsS-¯s¶ Ib-dn-b-Xn-t\-¡mÄ thK-¯nÂ Xmtgm«p ]Xn¨p sIme-acw Ib-dp-Ibpw sN¿p¶aZmw Zp_mcn, A¶s¯ bqtdm-]y³ skmssk-än-bpsS I®m-Sn-bm-Wv. F v.-Uv»nbp aÀ\u kw -h-s¯bpw IYm-]m-{X-§-sf-bpw, ]Ým-¯-e-s¯bpw ]c-kv]c _Ô¯n-ep-d-¸n-¡p¶ XnI¨pw\qX-\-amb Hcp ssien ]co-£n¨p t\m¡n. AXnsâ e-am-Wv Hcp nenw ¢mÊn-s¡¶v hnti-jn- n-¡-s -Sp¶ "HSp-¡s¯ Nncn' (The Last Laugh-1924) "Pe-]-c- n-\-Sn-bnse Hcp _mte-\r¯wImWp-¶-Xp-t]m-se-bpÅ A\p-`-h-amWv' At±-l-¯nsâ Nn{Xw ImWp-t¼mÄ Dm-Ip-¶-sX¶vHcp \ncq-]-I³ ]d-bp-¶p. tKmbvtY-bpsS "^uÌv' Ne-¨n-{X-¯n-em-¡n-b-t¸mÄ At±-l-¯nsâssien¡v sFXn-lm-knI mhw ssIh-¶p. shfn-¨w, \ngÂ F¶n-h-bn-eqsS A]qÀÆ emh-Wy-apÅ ZÀi-\-an-Yy-IÄ s\bvsX-Sp-¡p¶ Cu Nn{X-¯nÂ, {]]©w apgp-h³ H¸n-sb-Sp-¡m-\pÅZml-t¯msS Nen-¡p¶ Hcp Iyma-d-tbbpw AXnsâ ]n¶n-epÅ DZm- -amb Hcp {]Xn-`-tbbpwIs- m³ km[n-¡pw.

t{]Kv \Kcw tI{µ-am¡n {]hÀ¯n¨ t]mÄsh-sP-\À A\p-jvTm-\-§-fnepw \nKq-V-hn-izm-k-§-fnepw ab-§n-¡n-S¶ ÖqX-s -cp-hn-I-fn-te-¡mWv Iymad Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn- -Xv. "Zn tKmew'(1920) (The Golem) Iev]-\-bnepw hn\ym-k-¯nepw Hcp ]pXnb kcW sh«n-¯p-d-¶p. a²y-Im-e¯v Pohn-¨n-cp¶ tPm-Õy\pw am{´n-I\pw Bb dm_n-tem, \£-{X-§-fpsS \ne KWn-¨-ti-jw, 'tKmew' F¶p Adn-bs¸Sp¶p PK-¶mY {]Xna Poh³ ssIs¡mv PqX-s¯-cp-hp-IsfXIÀ¯p \in-¸n-¡p-sa¶pw B hn\m-i-¯n³\n¶p Xm³ PqXsc c£n-¡p-sa¶pw \S-¯nb{]h-N-\-amWv CXnsâ tI{µ-_n-µp. Ign-ªp-t]mb kphÀ®-Im-es¯ {]Xym-\-bn-¡p¶ hmKvZ-¯`qan {]m]n--¡m-\p-g-dp¶ PqX-hÀ¤- nsâ Zmlw DNn-X-amb ]Ým- -e- nÂ ChnsS Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s -«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

hn{`m-ß-I-amb Cta-Pp-I-fn-eqsS Ir{Xn-amb A´-co£w P\n-¸n-¡m-\pÅ Ignhv {]I-Sn-¸n¨ {^nävkv emwKv, Unä-Iväohv IY-I-fpsS amXr-I-bn-epÅ Nn{X-§-fmWv \nÀ½n-¨-Xv.

_Àen-\nÂ ka-kvX-ssh-Úm-\nI cwK-§fpw A¶v Xnf¨p adn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p.Bt]£nI kn²m´w De-bnÂ¡n-S¶v Pzen-¡p¶p; hmÄ«À t{Km]n-bÊv Fs¶mcp Nn´-I³Xpd¶ a\-tÊmsS ]mc-¼-cy-ap-à-ambn Adnhv t\Sp-¶-Xn-\p-Zvt_m-[n-¸n¨p sImv "_ulmkv'(Bauhaus) {]Øm\w XpS-§n-h¨p; AXp _p²n-Po-hn-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ I¯n- -S-À¶v. Nn{X-I-e-bnepw{]Xn-am-\nÀ½m-W- nepw ]pXnb kt¦-X-§Ä ]co-£n-¡-s -«p. GWÌ ImÊn-b-cpsS "knwt_mfncq]-¯nsâ ZÀi\w' F¶ _lr-¯mb ]pkvXIw am\-h-Nn-´sb DbÀ¶ Xe-§-fn-te¡v B\-bn-¨p. t{^mbn-Unsâ kn²m-´-§-fpsS {]mtbm-Kn-I-hiw a\-Èm-kv{Xm-]-{K-Y-\-im-e-I-fnÂ ]co-£W hnt[-b-am-bn. kzX-{´-amb ho£-Ww, Xpd-¶-a\Êv, ssNX-\ym-ß-I-amb ]pXnb ZÀi-\-§Ä.

19Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


CXnsâ IqsS bh\ kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ ]p\-cp-°m-\- n-\pÅ Hcp {]Øm\w sP.-sP.-ho-

¦Äam³ Fs¶mcp PÀ½³ ]Þn-X³ XpS§n sh¨Xv hym]-I-ambn hfÀ¶p FÃm Xc-¯nepw

BtKm-f-ta-[m-hn-Xz- n\v PÀ½\n {ian-¡p¶ Cu Ime-L-«¯nÂ Iymad I®-S-¨n-cn-¡-cp-sX¶v

Ihnbpw Xcn-¡-Ym-Ir¯pw Bb ImÄ tabÀ {]Jym-]n-¨p. kn\na Hcp Xcw "Cta-PnÌv

IhnX'bmsW¶p At±lw hniz-kn- p. A§ns\ kn\n-a-bpsS mj Imhym-ß-I-X-bpsS taJ-e-

bn-te¡v B\-bn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ "JÞ-§Ä' (scherben) F¶ Nn{Xw

Cu XXz-im-kv{X-¯nsâ {Inbm-ß-I-cq-]-am-Wv. aªp-aq-Snb ae-tbm-c-{]-tZ-i¯p \S-¡p¶ Hcp

kw`-h-amWv Cu Nn{X-¯nsâ _oPw. Ahn-Ss¯ hnP-\-amb Xmgz-c-bnÂ Xma-kn-¡p¶ Hcp

sdbnth knáÂamsâ ho«nÂ dbnÂth C³kvs]-IvSÀ Hcp cm{Xn X§m-\n-S-bm-Ip-¶p.

knáÂamsâ aIsf B DtZym-K-Ø³ hio-I-cn¨v hgn-]n-g-¸n-¡p-¶p. CXnÂ lrZbw XIÀ¶

amXmhv ASp- pÅ tZhm-e-b- n-se¯n a\-ap-cpIn {]mÀ°n- p. F¶mÂ ITn-\-amb XWp- nÂ

Xpd¶ {]tZ-i¯p Gsd t\cw Ccp¶ B km[p kv{Xo shdp-§-en¨v acn¨p hogp-I-bm-Wv.

tcmjw Pzen¨ sdbnte knáÂIm-c³, C³kvs]-IvSsd sIm¶n«v Cu sIme-]m-XIw Adn-bn-¡p-

hm³, IpXn¨p hcp¶ s{Sbn³ XSp¯p \ndp- p-¶p. ]t£ tIm«p-hm-bn-Sp¶ bm{X-¡mÀ¡-dn-tb-

-Xv, hn \ndp- nb tÌj-\nÂ £Ww In«ptam F¶mWv! B \nÀtÃ-]-X, {Iqc-X, {it²-b-

am-Wv. bp²m-ć PÀ½-\n-bpsS acn¨ a\Êv Ahn-sS-¡m-Wmw.

\ntbm-dn-b-enkw

temI-a-lm-bp²w Nh-¨p-Xp-¸nb Cä-en-bnÂ AaÀ¶p I¯n-s¡m-n-cp¶ `á-tam-l-§-

fpsS NnXm-án-\n-bnÂ Hcp P\-X-bpsS {Z-amb kmaqly Pohn-Xhpw kv]jvS-amb aqey-t_m-[hpw

BlqXn sN¿-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. ^mkn-k-¯nsâ tNmc-bnÂ IpXnÀ¶ _nw_-§Ä XIÀ¶p-S-ªp.

bp²w a\p-jy-\n-epÅ arKs¯ amń-]p-d- n-«-t¸mÄ kvt\lw F¶ taml\ k¦-ev]w-t]mepw

sR«n hnd-¨p. tdma³ It¯m-en-¡m-a-X-hpw, a\pjy \·sb s\tªmän emfn¨v \S¶ ZÀi-\-

§fpw DbÀ¯n-¡m-Wn¨ "kln-jvWpX' F¶ am\p-jnI ioe-¯n-epÅ hnizmkw t]mepw

XIÀ¶p. Cu hnizmk XIÀ¨-bpsS Ime-L-«-¯nÂ Pohn-X-¯nsâ A{]-k-¶-amb apJw {]Xo-

£-bpsS Xncn-\o«n Zo]vX-am-¡m-\pÅ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb IÀ¯hyw Iem-Im-c-\nÂ \n£n-]vX-am-bn.

Kntbm-h¶n shÀtKmsb t]mepÅ Fgp- p-ImÀ B hgn¡v KmV-{iaw \S- n. ]pXnb aqey-§-

sfbpw ]pXnb hn{K-l-§-sf-bpw, ]pXnb PohnX [mc-I-sfbpw At\z-jn¨ kmln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ

]pXnb kt¦-X-§Ä kzoI-cn- p. Npäp-apÅ Pohns¯ ISp¯ bmYmÀ°y t_m[-t¯msS AhÀ

hni-Ie\w sNbvXp. BZÀi-Nn-´-bnepw am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-k-¦-ev]-¯nepw F¶pw ap¶-Wn-bnÂ

\n¶n-«pÅ Cä-en-bnse kn\nam {kjvSm-¡Ä¡pw, AkvXnXzw t\Sm-\pÅ Hcp P\-X-bpsS At\z-

j-W- nÂ X§-fpsS ]¦v \nÀh-ln-t¡n h¶p. Unssk-¡bpw, tdmÊ-Ãn-\n-bpw, s^Ãn-\n-bpw,

hnkvt¡m-ń-bpw, ssa¡-em-©tem Atâm-Wn-tbm-\nbpw kz -amb ]mX ]Wn-sXm-cp-¡n.

F¶mÂ XpS¡w apXÂt¡ Ahsc PmK-cq-I-am-¡nb Hcp ka-ky-bpv AXn-Xm-Wv. Ccp-

fnsâ CS-\m-gn-bnÂ Be-ky-¯n-em-p ASn-bp¶ Hcp P\-X-bpsS s\m¼-c-§fpw B s\m¼-c-

§Ä X§-fpsS a\-ÊnÂ krjvSn-¡p¶ AZ-ay-amb kwLÀjhpw [À½-tcm-jhpw kn\nam

kv{Io\nÂ ]IÀ¯m³ GsXmcp ssien-bmWp kzoI-cn-t¡-Xv? tIhew hnt\mZw ]I-cp¶

20Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


\À½-Nn-{X-§-fpsS cN-\-bnÂ kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ kc-f-ssienbmtWm? Ncn-{X-I-Y-Ifpw aäpw

]IÀ¯m³ ssIs¡m-Åp¶ ]In-«mÀ¶ ssien-bmtWm? AtXm Nn{X-I-e-bnepw Fgp-Xnb kmln-

Xy-¯nepw kmaqly {]iv\-§sf ]nd¶ ]Sn-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ tIh-e-amb dnb-en-ktam?

AsXm¶pw A\p-k-tÔ-b-ambn AhÀ¡v tXm¶n-bn-Ã. sshIm-cn-I-ambn kXy-k-ÔX ]peÀ¯p-

¶Xpw bmYmÀ°y-¯nsâ {]k-à-amb tcJ-IÄam{Xw Iem-ß-I-ambn ]IÀ¯p-¶Xpw BÀ{Z-

amb a\p-jy-kvt\-l-¯nsâ Cf-\oÀ Xpfp¼n \nÂ¡p-¶-Xp-amb \ntbm-dn-b-enÌv ssien-þ-i-

àhpw hnIm-c-kp-µ-c-hp-amb ssien-þ-A-h-cpsS Bß-h-¯-bnÂ Aen-ªn-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶p

{ItaW AhÀ -A-dnªp kmln-Xy- n-se-¶-t]mse kn\n-a-bnepw PohnX- nsâ bYmÀ°-amb

]p\-cm-Jym\w t¢i-I-c-am-sW¶p AhÀ¡-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. `mh-\m-k-¼-¶-amb tPÀW-en-k-

t¯bpw hnImc kw{I-a-W-£-a-amb km-lnXykjvSn-tbbpw \njvIr-jvS-ambn hIªp \nÀ¯m-

\pÅ hcp-¼-I-sfm-¶p-an-Ã-tÃm. AXp-t]mse bmYmÀ°ys¯ ]p\-cm-hn-jv¡-cn-¡m³ Xp\n-bp¶

kn\n-am-{k-jvSm-hnsâ ap¶nepw ]e kc-Wn-Ifpw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. kw`-h-§-sfbpw apJ-§-

sfbpw AtX-]Sn ]IÀ¯n-¡m-«p¶ \yqkvdoÂ; IYm-]m-{X-§-sfbpw kµÀ -§-sfbpw Ah-bpsS

X\-Xmb ]Ým- -e- nÂ kzm`m-hn-I-X-tbmsS Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ IYm-Nn-{X-§Ä; Poh-\-kw-KoXw

{Xkn¨p \nÂ¡p¶ hymJym-\-ß-I-amb tUm¡p-saâ-dn-IÄ; Cu amXr-I-I-fnÂ GXmWv Imayw?

GXmWv sa¨w? Chsb ka-\z-bn- n-¡p¶ mkp-c-amb Hcp amÀ¤w Is- p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p \ntbm-

dn-b-en-Ìp-I-fpsS e£yw. Ir{Xna tamSn Ie-cm¯ kzÑ-\nÀ½-e-amb PohnX hymJym-\-am-IWw

X§-fpsS Nn{X-§-sf¶v AhÀ B{K-ln- p. hnt«m-dnb Unssk-¡bpw Xnc-¡-Ym-Im-c³ koktd

kmh-äo-\nbpw tNÀ¶v 1942-þÂ \nÀ½n¨ Ip«n-IÄ \s½ {i²n-¡p-¶p-v. (The children arewatching us) F¶Nn{X- nÂ \otbm-dn-b-en-k- nsâ BZy-s]m-Sn- p-IÄ t{]£-I-temIw ZÀin-

¨p. Hcp Ip«nbpsS Id-]p-c-fm¯ EPp-hmb ho£-W-¯n-eqsS apXnÀ¶hcpsS temIhpw Ah-

cpsS sNbvXn-Ifpw ImWm-\pÅ {iaw Bbncp¶p CXv. amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fpsS hnIm-c-hn-t£m-`-

§Ä¡n-S-bnÂs]«v sRcn-bp¶ {]nt¡ F¶ Ip«n-bpsS \nÊ-lm-b-X-bn-eqsS kaIm-enI Cä-en-

bnse XI-cp¶p IpSpw_ _Ô-§sf Un-ssk¡ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. `mcy¡v asämcp¯\p-ambn

A]-lm-ky-amb {]W-b-_-Ô-ap-s¶v kwi-bn-¡p¶ {]nt¡m-bpsS AÑ³ Bß-lXy sN¿p-

¶p. F¶mÂ acn¡pw ap³]v AbmÄ A½-bpsS Ahn-ln-X-_-Ôs¯¸än Adn-bm³ {]nt¡msb

{Iqc-ambn tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p. ]o¶oSv i]vX-amb B ]cn--k-c-¯nÂ \n¶v AI¶v {]nt¡m Hcp

t_mÀUnwKv kvIqfnÂ F¯n. Ahn-Ss¯ Iqä³ aXn-ep-IÄ Ahs\ GIm-In-bm-¡p-¶p. bqWn-

t^mdw AÚm-X-amb b{´-¯nsâ `mK-am¡n Xs¶ amäp-¶-Xmbn {]nt¡m¡v tXm¶n. A½

Ah-t\mSv hnS ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Ah³ A½sb Benw-K\w sN¿m³ Iq«m-¡p-¶n-Ã.

\ntbm-dn-b-en-ÌnIv kn\n-a-þ-hn-t¯m-dntbm Znkn-¡-bpsS ss_kn-¡Ä Xohvkv

\ntbm-dn-b-enkw F¶ t\mh-°m-\-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ Cuän-Ã-am-Wv, Cä-en. Cäm-en-b³

kn\n-a-bpw, \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-¯nsâ ]nd-hn-tbm-sS, Ne-¨n{X `q]-S-¯nÂ Ipdn-¡-s¸-«p. Cäm-en-

b³ tZiob kn\n-a-bnÂ, amä- n\p XpS¡w Ipdn¨ Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c-\mWv hnt¯m-dntbm Znkn¡

(Vittorio Desica). \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-¯nsâ BZy-\m-fp-I-fnÂ bYmÀ°-kn-\n-a-bpsS ]nd-hn¡p

thn Znkn¡ Xsâ Ic-§-fnÂ Iyma-d-tb- n. BtKm-f-hym-]-I-amb kn\n-am-kzm--Z-IÀ¡v Ne-¨n-

21Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


{X-hn-cp-s¶m-cp-¡nb Nn{X-am-Wv, Znkn-¡-bpsS "ss_kn-¡-fnÄ Xohvkv'. cmw-tem-I-bp²w ]ngp-

sX-dnª Cäm-en-b³ bmYmÀ°y-§Ä, ss_kn-¡Ä Xohvkn-eqsS ]p\ÀP·w ssIs¡m-p.

hni-¸nsâ thZ-\-bnÂ \n¶p-m-Ip¶ hnIm-c-§Ä, aqÀ¯-amb Zriy-_nw-_-§-fmbn ss_kn-

¡nÄ Xohvknsâ s{^bvan-\p-ÅnÂ sRcn-ª-aÀ¶p. skÃp-tem-bvUnse s{^bvap-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ

\S¶ \ne-\n-ev]n-\p-th-n-bpÅ t]mcm-«w, CXn-lm-k-am-\p-apÅ (Epic Dimension)Ne-¨n-{X-in-

ev]-am-bn. A{`-]m-fn-bnÂ Znkn¡ hmcn-hn-X-dp¶ Zriy-§Ä, ]Xn-X-cpsS ]¦-¸m-Snsâ km£y-]-

{X-§-fm-Wv. am\-hn-I-X-bnÂ ap§n-s¸m-§p¶ {]tIm-]-\-]-c-ambZriy-§-fnÂ, Pnhn-X-kv]-µ\w

kv^pcn-¡p-¶p. a\-Ênsâ X{´n-I-fnÂ C¡nfn ]mIp-Ibpw t_mt[-{µn-b-§-fnÂ ]hn-g-§Ä

hnX-dn-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Imev]-\n-I-Xsb Znkn¡ t_m[-]qÀÆw [n¡-cn¨p; ]Icw At±lw kzoI-

cn¨ tUmIyp-saâdn (Documentary)ssien, Nn¨n-{X-`m-j-bpsS kuµcy -k-¦-ev]-¯n\p angn-th-

In. koetd kmhn- n\n F¶ Xnc-¡-Ym-Ir- v, Znkn-¡-bpsS Cu Icp- pä inev]- n\p ]n³_-

ehpw \ÂIn.

cmw temI-bp-²w, Cä-en-bnse km[m-c-W-¡m-csâ Pohn-X- n-ep-m-¡nb Xmf- n-g-bpsS

\nXy-kvam-c-I-am-Wv "ss_kn-¡nÄ Xohvkv,'. bp²m-\-´c tdmanÂ ]«nWn th«-bm-Sn-s¡m-n-cp-

¶, Hcp sIm¨p-Ip-Spw-_- nsâ hni- nsâ thZ-\-bnÂ \n¶p-mb DÄ¯m-]s¯ Iyma-d-¡-®n-

eqsS \nco-£n-¡p-I-bmWv Znkn-¡. Pohn-X-kz-]v\-§Ä, A`n-em-j-§-fpsS NnX-bnÂ sh´p-cpIn

hoW taml- w-Kw, B IpSpw-_s¯ \nXyZp:J¯nemgv n. ka-Ime Cä-en-bpsS kmaq-l-n-I-hy-

h-kvXn-Xnbnte¡v hncÂ Nqp¶ "ss_kn-¡nÄ Xohvkv' a[y-hÀ¤ Npjn-X-hÀ¤-¯nsâ Pohn-

Xm--\p- hw Xs¶-bm-Wv. kn\n-a-sb ssIbm-fm-\pÅ Znkn-¡-bpsS \n]q-W-X, AXnsâ ]mc-ay- n-

se- p-¶Xv "ss_kn-¡Ä Xohvkv'emWv.

GsXmcp Nn{X-s¯bpw imiz-X-ambn kvac-W-bnÂ IpSn-b-cp- p-¶-Xv, Pohn-X-hp-am-bpÅ

B`n-apJy (contect with life) amWv. \nXy-Po-hn-X-hp-am-bpÅ ASp¸w Znkn¡-bpsS amÌÀ]o-kn-

s\, lyqa¬ tUmIyp-saâ v F¶ Xe- n-te-¡p-bÀ¯p-¶p. hcp-¦me kn\n-abv¡v CÔ-\-iàn

]IÀ¶p-sIm-Sp¯ kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn-{X- nse \mgn-I-¡-ÃmWv "ss_kn-¡Ä Xohvkv'. Cu Nn{X-

¯nsâ {]m[m\yw cp Xe-§-fn-emWv \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv. H¶m-a-Xmbn \ntbm-dn-b-enkw Xzcn-X-

s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ Hcp cmk-Xz-cIw (catalyst) t]mse AXp {]hÀ¯n-¨p. cm-a-Xmbp tUmIyp-

saâdn ssien-bn-epÅ BJym\w kn\n-a-bpsS cq]-in-ev]s¯ hnIr-X-am-¡p-I-bn-sÃ¶p AXp

Øm]n- p.

bp²-¯n\p sXm«p-ap³]pÅ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ, Cä-ensb Ii¡n sRcn-¨Xv aptÊm-fo-\n-

bpsS mknÌv GIm-[n-]-Xy-am-Wv. A½-bpsS ape-sR«p \pW-bp¶ Ipªns\ hnSp-hn-¨v. ape-

¸m-en\p thn-t¡-gp¶ Ipªnsâ Ic- nÂ kwK-X-am-¡n, B kv{Xosb _emÂkwKw sNbvX

`S-·m-cpsS {IqcX Cä-en-¡msc thZ-\n-¸n-¨p. cmw temI-bp²w Pohn-X-¯nsâ Xmfw sXän¨v

aÀ±n-Xcpw ]oUn-X-cp-amb Cä-en-¡m-cpsS inYn-eo-I-cn-¡-s¸« lrZ-b-_-Ô-§Ä, A{`-¯n-em¡n

HmÀ½-bnÂ kq£n-¡m³ ]Xn-äm-nsâ Im¯n-cn¸p thn-h-¶p.

{_qtWm F¶ sIm¨p-Ip-«nbpw Atâm-Wntbm F¶ ]nXmhpw {_qtWm-bpsS amXmhpw

AS-§p¶ sIm¨p IpSpw-_-¯nsâ IY-bmWv ss_kn-¡Ä Xohvkv. cmw temI-bp²w Cä-en-

22Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


bnse qcn- mKw mIvS-dn-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-sfbpw sXmgnÂc-ln-X-cm-¡n. A¡q-«- nÂ Hcp-h-\mWv

Atâm-Wn-tbm. ImÀta-Lm-hr-X-amb am\¯v shÅn-tcJ \ng-en-¡p-¶p. kz -ambn ssk¡n-fp-

s-¦nÂ AbmÄ¡p sXmgn-ep-In-«pw. Atâm-Wntbm ]mSp-s]«v ]W-b-¯n-en-cn-¡p¶ Xsâ

ssk¡nÂ Xncn-s -Sp-¡p-¶p. {]Xo-£-I-tfm-sS, tPmen¡p t]mIm³ X¿m-sd-Sp-¡p-¶p. ssk¡nÂ

ImWp-¶nÃ: sXc- n-em-cw- n-¡p-¶p. Xsâ ssk¡nÂ tamjvSn-¡-s¸«p F¶ Zp:JkXyw Abmsf

XfÀ¯n. kvt\l-\n-[n-bmb mcybpw Hma-\- p-{X\pw ]«nWn InS¶p acn-s -¦ntem F¶ Bi¦

\ndª lrZ-b-hyY Atâm-Wn-tbmsb \ng-ep-t]mse ]n´pSÀ¶p. hnth-N-\-_p²n Abm-tfmSp

bm{X ]d-ªp. \mep-Npäpw Atâm-Wntbm H¶p It®m-Sn-¨p. hni-¸nsâ thZ-\-bv¡-dpXn hcp-

¯m³ I®nÂ I ssk¡nÂ tamjvSn- p. Atâm-Wntbm ]nSn¡-s¸«p: {Iqc-ambn t`Zyw sN¿-

s¸-«p. {hWn-X-lr-Z-b-\mb Atâm-Wntbm aI-\p-sam¯v BÄ¡p-«-¯n-\n-S-bn-eqsS ho«n-te¡p

\S-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p.

ASnØm\]c-ambn IY XnI¨pw efn-X-am-Wv. ]t£ kw`-h-§-fpsS ]pd-t´m-Sp-s]m-«n-

¯mÂ, a\p-jysâ \ne-\n-ev]n-\p-th-n-bpÅ t]mcm«w (struggle for existence )aqey-§sf Nhn-

«n-sa-Xn¨p XmÞ-h-\r- -am-Sp-¶Xv ImWmw. Atâm-Wn-tbm-bpsS Zp:Jw Hscm-ä-s¸« hyàn-bpsS

Zp:JaÃ; Xs¶-t¸m-epÅ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-§-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv Atâm-Wn-tbm, A Zp:J¯nsâ

Bghpw hym]vXn-bpw, Idp¸pw shfp¸pw Nmen- v, Znkn¡ skÃp-tem-bvUn-se-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ AXnÂ

a\-Êns\ t\mhn-¡p¶ F®-aä AÀ°-X-e-§Ä \ms¼-Sp-¡p-¶p.

hotäm-dntbm Unko¡

tdman-\-Sp¯v tkmd-bnÂ 1902 Pqsse 7\v P\n¨ hntäm-dntbm Unko¡ 1968-þÂ {^©v

]ucXzw t\Sn. \mS-I-\-S-\m-bn-cp¶ Ct±lw 1918-þÂ Ne-¨n-{X-¯nepw \S-\m-sb-¯n. ap¸-Xp-I-

fpsS BZy ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS Xnc-¡pÅ \S-\mbn XoÀ¶p. 150 tesd Nn{X-§-fnÂ A`n-\-bn- n-«p-v.

1940-þÂ BZy Nn{X-amb sXtckm s]\ÀUn ]pd-¯p-h-¶p. aäv {][m\ Nn{X-§Ä jqssj³

(1946), ss_kn¡nÄ Xohvkv (1948), SptU Bâ v Spamtdm (1963), Zn KmÀUv Hm^v Zn ^n³kn

tIm¬Sn-\â v (1971). Gähpw anI¨ hntZi kn\n-a-bv¡pÅ HmkvImÀ t\Snbn«p-v. \ntbm dnb-

enÌv kn\n-a-b-nÂ h¼³ amä-§Ä krjvSn¨p. Ata-NzÀ \S-·msc D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-bpÅ

sNe-hp-Ip-dª Ne- n-{X-c-N-\-IÄ Unko-¡sb {]i-kvXn-bn-se- n- p. bptdm-]y³ kaq-l- nse

bp²m-\- c Zmcn-{Zy-t¯m-SpÅ kl-Xm-]hpw satem-{Umam kn\n-a-IÄs¡-Xn-cm-bpÅ Ne-¨n-{X-

k-ao-]-\hpw \ntbm-d-nb-enÌv L« cN-\-I-fnÂ ImWmw. 1974 \hw-_À 13\v A´-cn-¨p.

skÀKohv sFk³Ìo-\nsâ "_mänÂjn v s]ms«w-In³'

_mänÂjn v s]ms«w-In³ \nc-h[n kn\n-a-I-fpsS Iq«- nÂs¸« shdp-samcp kn\n-a-b-Ã.

Ncn-{X- nse Gähpw anI¨ ]¯p Nn{X-§-fn-sem¶pt]mep-aÃ. AXv FÃm-¡m-e-t¯¡pw h v

Gähpw al- mb kn\n-a-bm-Wv. 1905-þÂ kmdnÌv Pb-am-\-·mÀs¡-Xnsc s]ms«w-In³ bp²-¡- -

ense S-·mÀ \S- nb ]cm-b-s¸« Iem-]s¯ ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n, kn\n-a-bnse BZy amÌÀam-cn-

sem-cm-fmb skÀKohv sFk³Ìo³ kwhn-[m\w sNbvX Cu kn\na HIvtSm-_À tkmjy-enÌv

hn¹-h- nsâ ktµ-ihpw Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\yhpw temI-P-\-X-bpsS a\-ÊnÂ Dd-¸n-s¨-Sp-¯p.

23Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


A©v A[ym-b-§-fmWv s]ms«-In-¶n-\p-Å-Xv. H¶m-a-t -Xv, a\p-jy\pw ]pgp-¡-fpw. ]pgp-

¡-fn-c¨ amwkw Blm-c- n-epÄs -«-Xn-s\-Xp-SÀ¶v AXp Ign¨ S-·mÀ {]Xn-tj-[n-¡p-¶-XmWo

`mK-¯p-Å-Xv. ASp-¯-Xv, Xpd-ap-Js¯ \mSIw F¶ A[ym-b-am-Wv. ]«m-f-¡m-cpsS el-fbpw

Ah-cpsS t\Xmhv hm¡p-en³N¡v sImÃ-s -Sp-¶-Xp-amWo mK- n-ep-f-f-Xv. aq¶m-as¯ A[ymbw

Hcp ]tc-X³ \oXn tXSp¶p F¶-XmWv. HtUk Xpd-ap-Js¯ P\-XXn cà-km-£n-bmb t\Xm-

hnsâ ac-W- nÂ A\p-tim-Nn-¡p-¶-XmWo IYm-`m-Kw. HtUk ]S-hp-IÄ F¶ \mem-a-[ym-b-

¯nÂ kmdnsâ ]«mfw HtU-k-bnse P\-§sf sIms¶m-Sp-¡p-¶-XmWv ImWn-¨n-«p-f-f-Xv. Ah-

km-\-t -XnÂ IS-en-eqsS \o§n-sb- p¶ asämcp ]S-¡- -ense ]«mf hyqls¯ s]ms«w-In³

I -ense t]mcm-fn-IÄ t\cn-Sm³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xpw, F¶mÂ B ]«m-f-hyqlw ka-c-¡m-tcmSv sFIy-

ZmÀVyw {]I-Sn- n-¡m³ F¯n-b-h-cm-sW¶p sXfn-bp-¶-Xp-amb DtZz-K-P-\-I-amb cwK-am-Wp-Å-Xv.

Xm³ Bhn-jv¡-cn¨v sammjv kn²m´w BZy-ambn ]co-£n¨ Cu kn\na hn¹-h-{]-Nm-

c-W- n-\pÅ Hs¶¶ \ne-bv¡mWv sFk³Ìo³ hn`m-h\w sNbvXXv. Ipse-tjmhv ]co-£n¨

FUn-änMv k{¼-Zm-b-§sf ImWn-I-fnÂ Kw`o-c-amb hnIm-c-kvt^m-S\w D-m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p¶ Xc-

¯nÂ ]p\:{Iao-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. ImWn¡v s]mcp-Xp¶ S-·m-tcmSv sFIy-ZmÀVyhpw

Ah-sc ASn-¨-aÀ¯p¶ aÀ±-I-tcmSv tcmjhpw P\n-¡p¶ coXn-bn-emWv At±lw sammjv

kn²m´w {]tbm-K-h-Xv¡-cn-¨-Xv. HtUk ]S-hp-I-fnÂ h¨v km[m-cW P\-§sf sIms¶m-Sp-

¡p¶ cwK-amWv Gähpw {]i-kvX-am-b-Xv. shÅ taÂ¡p- m-b-a-Wnª kmdnÌv sImÊm-¡p-IÄ

Xmfm-ß-I-ambn amÀ v sNbvXv ]Sn-I-fn-d-§p-Ibpw HmSn-c-£-s -Sp¶ P\-§sf \nÊw-K-ambn sIms¶m-

Sp-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv. Cu koIz³knsâ A´y-`m-K-¯m-bn, Xsâ Ip«nsb D´p-h-n-bn-en«v D´p¶

A½sb shSnsh-¨n-Sp¶ Zriyw lrZ-b-t`-Z-I-am-Wv. \ne-¯p-hoWv ]nS-ªp-a-cn-¡p¶ B A½-

bpsS ImÂ X«n Ip«nsb InS-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶ hn ]Sn-I-fn-eqsS thK-¯nÂ Xmtgm«v IpXn-¡p-

¶Xv izmkw AS-¡n-¸n-Sn-¨n-cp¶p am{Xta In-cn-¡m-\m-hq. HtUk ]S-hp-I-fnÂ sh¨v C¯-c-

¯n-semcp Iq«-s¡me bYmÀ°-¯nÂ \S-¶n-«n-Ã. \K-c- nsâ aäp- m-K-§-fn-se-hn-sStbm \S¶

Ip-«-s¡m-esb ]Ým- -e- nsâ Zriy-]-cX IqSn IW-¡n-se-Sp¯v mh-\m-]-c-ambn ]cn-jvI-cn v

Ah-X-cn- n- -Xn-eqsS kmÀ c-W- nsâ aÀ±-I-kz`mhw ImWn-bn-te¡v hn\n-abw sN¿p¶ {]{Inb

Ffp- -am-bn- oÀ¶p. Gähpw IuXp-I-I-c-amb Imcyw Cu Iq«-s¡me \S-¶Xv HtUk ]S-hp-I-

fnÂ Xs¶bmsW¶v ]n¶oSv `qcn-]£w Bfp-Ifpw hniz-kn-¨p-t]m-¶p F¶XmWv. Ncn{X

bmYmÀ°yw Fs´m Bbn-s¡m-ffs«, Zriy-k--ev\-¯nsâ ssNX\yw AXns\ AXn-hÀ¯n¨p

F¶p kmcw.

\mkn PÀ½-\n, {_n«³, kvs]bn³, {^m³kv F¶n-§s\ ]e cmPy-lvM-fnepw A¡m-

e¯v s]ms«w-Insâ {]ZÀi\w \ntcm-[n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. temIs¯ hmWnPy hnX-cW kwhn-[m-

\- n-eqsS {]ZÀin- n-¡m³ Ign-bmsX t]mb Nn{Xw AXp -{]-ZÀin- n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn cq]o-I-cn-

¡-s¸« nenw skmssk-än-I-fn-eq-sSbpw sXmgn-em-fn-kw-L-S-\-I-fn-eq-s-bp-amWv hym]-I-ambn {]ZÀin-

¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. _ZÂ kn\n-a-bpsS BZys¯ AS-bm-f-ambn _mänÂjn v s]ms«w-In³ hmgv -s -

Sp-¶Xv Cu hkvXpX IqSn IW-¡n-se-Sp-¯p-sIm-m-Wv. ^mIvS-dn-I-fp-sSbpw ¢ºp-I-fp-sSbpw

hnZym-e-b-§-fp-sSbpw a§nb Npa-cp-I-fnepw hen- psI«nb kmän³ XpWn-I-fn-ep-amWv ]e-t¸mgpw

Nn{Xw s{]mPIväv sN¿-s -«-Xv.

24Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


kn\n-a-bpsS XpS-¡-¯nÂ alm-\mb se\n³ 1905-þÂ \ÂInb Hcp ktµ-i-am-Wp-Å-Xv.""hn¹hw Hcp bp²-am-Wv. Ncn-{X-¯nÂ Adn-b-s¸« FÃm bp²-§-fnepw sh¨v, \oXn-a-Xv¡-cn-¡m-hp-¶Xpw kXy-k-Ôhpw bYmÀ°-¯nÂ al-¯-c-hp-amb bp²-am-W-Xv. djy-bnÂ A¯-c-¯n-epÅ Hcp bp²w {]Jym-]n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p, AXv Bcw-`n¨pw Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.'' _mänÂjn¸vs]ms«w-In³ kn\n-a-bpsS N-cn-{X- nÂ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-ambn Häbv¡p \nÂ¡p¶ Hcp sSIvÌv _p¡-Ã. AXv, aÀ±\w A[n-Im-c-_-e-X-{´-¯nsâ Ahn-`mPy mK-ambn \S-¸n-em-¡p¶ c-W-Iq-ShpwAXns\Xncmb P\-Iob {]Xn-tcm-[hpw F¶ sshcp-²y-¯nsâ kmaqly bmYmÀ°yw \ne-\nÂ¡p-Ibpw BhÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶n-S-t¯mfw Imew {]k-à-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ Hcp kn\n-a-bm-Wv. AXm-b-Xv, Ncn-{X-]-cX am{X-aÃ s]ms«w-In-¶ns\ \ymbo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv, adn v hÀ¯-am-\-Ime k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ IqSn-bm-sW-¶À°w.

skÀKohv sFk³-Ìo³

Bbn-c¯n F®qän sXm®qän F«v P\p-hcn 23 \v P\n¨ skÀKohv sFk³Ìo³ hnZymÀ°n-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ djy³ sN¼-S-bnÂ tNÀ¶p. 1920 apXÂ ]o¸nÄkv Xnb-änse (tam-kvtIm) kPoh {]hÀ -I³, I_q¡n \mS-I-th-Zn-tbm-SpÅ B`n-apJyw Ne-¨n{X cwK-t¯-¡m-IÀjn-¨p. BZyw ¥qtamhv Ubdn (1923) F¶ lrkz Ne-¨n{Xw \nÀ½n-¨p. kvss{S¡v (1924)BWv BZys¯ k¼qÀ® Nn{Xw. aäp Nn{X-§Ä: HIvtSm-_À AYhm sS³ sUbvkv Zmäv jp¡vZ thÄUv (928), HmÄUv Bâ v \yq (1929), Ae-Ivkm-À s\hvkvIn (1938), sFhm³ Zn sSdn-_nÄþH¶v (1934), sFhm³ Zn sSdn-_nÄþcv (1958), XÀ HmhÀ saIvkn-t¡m, sU¯v tUmssSw C³ k¬. kwhn-[m-b-Is\¶t]mse Xs¶ ssk²m-´n-I-s\¶ \ne-bnepw {it²-b-\mWv skÀKohv Fk³Ìo³. IrXn-IÄ: Z nenw sk³kv (1942), nenw t^mw (1949), t\mSvkvHm^v ^nenw Ub-d-IvSÀ (1958), ^nenw FsÊbvkv (1958), 1948 s^{_p-hcn 11\v Cu Ne-¨n{X{]Xn` A´-cn-¨p.

Z ]mj³ Hm^v tPmh³ Hm^v BÀ¡v

]Xn-s\©mw \qäm-nÂ Pohn- n-cp¶ HmÀen-b³knse I\yIbmb tPmh³ Hm v BÀ¡n\v]pWy-hm-f-¸«w \ÂIn-bXv 1920-þ-em-Wv. _ÀWmUv jm cNn¨ hncp-²-bp-àn-IÄ \ndª \mS-Ihpw A\-t¯mÄ {^m³knsâ Kth-j-W-]m-Thpw Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-Ifpw \nKq-V-amb Bßo-b-hn-izm-k-§Ä \ndª sFXn-ly-I-Y-Ifpw IqSn-¡p-gªp InS-¡p¶ B B«n-S-b-]p-{Xn-bpsS Pohn-X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨-t\z-jn-¡m³ ]e-scbpw IqSp-XÂ t{]cn-¸n-¨p. A{]-Im-c-amWv ImÄ Xnsbm-tUmÀ{UbÀ F¶ hnJym-X-\mb Um\njv Ne-¨n-{XIm-c³ temI ¢mkn-¡p-I-fn-sem-¶mbn¯oÀ¶ "Z]mj³ Hm^v tPmh³ Hm v BÀ¡v' k¦Â¸n-¡m-\m-cw-`n- -Xv. Pohm-ßm-hn\p taÂ ]c-am-ßmhvt\Sp¶ A´y hnP-b-s¯-¡pdn¨pÅ Hcp kvt{Xms¯ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\mWv Xm³ ]cn-{i-an-¨-sX¶v {UbÀ ]d-bp-¶p-v. hnNn-{X-am-b-\p- -h-s¸-Sp-¶-k-ao-]-Zr-iy-§-fn-eqsS t{]£-Is\ hen- n-g-¨Xv AXp-sImp Xs¶ bmZr-Ñn-I-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. tPmh³ Hm^v BÀ¡nsâ PohnXw km[y-abØe-Im-e-¯nsâ Bßmhv B IYm-]m-{X-hÂ¡-c-W-¯n-eqsS ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯m-\mWv kwhn-[m-b-I³ {ian-¨-Xv. Na-b-§Ä¡v At±lw Xsâ {]{In-b-bnÂ CSw \ÂIn-btX CÃ. \mbn-I-bmbn A`n-\-bn¨ sd\n gmMv mÂt¡m-s\-än-bnÂ \n¶v cà-km-£n-Xz- nsâ DbnÀs -gp-t¶Â vIs- m\pw tNmÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡m\pw At±-l- n\v km[n- p-Xp-sImpIqSn-bmWv ]mj³ temI-

¢m-Ên-¡m-bn- oÀ¶-Xv.

25Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ XS-hn-en-«-Xn\p tij-apÅ tPmh³ Hm^v BÀ¡nsâ Ah-km\ hnNm-c-Wm-

th-f-bmWv kn\na hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. hnNm-c-Wbpw XS-h-dbpw ]oU-\-§fpw h[-in-£-bpw

tNÀ¶ IjvSm-\p- -h-§-fpsS t\À km£y-§-fmWv Bhn-jvI-cn-¡-s -«-Xv. ap¶-\p- -h-§-fn-Ãm¯

hn[-¯n-epÅ apJ-`mh Nn{Xo-I-c-W-§Ä \S-¯p-¶-Xn\p thn \Snbpw Ombm-{K-l-I\pw ]cn-

io-en-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. kn\n-a-bnÂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-XnÂ-h-t¨-ähpw al-\o-b-am-bn-¯oÀ¶ A`n-\-b-

ambn mÂt¡m-s\-än-bpsS {]IS\w hne-bn-cp- -s¸«n«p-v. PÀ½³ FIvkv{]-j-\n-k¯n-sâbpw

{^©v Ahm-MvKmÀZv Ie-bp-sSbpw kt½-f-\-ambn Nn{Xs¯ \ncq-]-I³ Øm\-s -Sp- n. Cw¥ojv

]«m-f-¡msc AXn-{Iq-c-·m-cmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn- -Xp-sImv Cd-§nb Ime v kn\na {_n«-\nÂ \ntcm-

[n-¡-s -«p. Nn{X- nsâ amÌÀ s\K-äohv I¯n-t¸m-b-Xns\ XqSÀ¶v \Ã {]nâp-I-sfm¶pw ]nÂ¡m-

e¯v e`y-am-¡m-\m-bnÃ F¶ Zp:Jt¯m-sS-bmWv {UbÀ A´-cn-¨-Xv. F¶mÂ AÛp-X-I-c-sa-

t¶m-Ww, Hmkvtembnse Hcp am\-kn-I-tcm-Km-ip-]-{Xn-bnse I¡q-knÂ \n¶v Nn{X- nsâ bYmÀ°

{]nâ v 1981-þÂ Is-Sp-¯p.

\m«nÂ]p-d-¯p-Im-cn-bmb \mbnI BWmbn thjw [cn-¨mWv kwLw \bn¨v {_n«ojv

A[n-\n-thi iàn-Isf t\cn-Sp-¶-Xv. Ah-fpsS t]mcm«w ]s£ ]cm-P-b-s -Sp-Ibpw {^©p-Im-

cpsS Iqen-¸-«mfw Ahsf ]nSn-IqSn {_n«o-jp-ImÀ¡v GÂ¸n-¡p-I-bp-amWv. hnNm-cW thf-bn-

emWv X\n¡v kzÀ¤cm-Py¯p \n¶pÅ ZÀi\w e`n- psh¶v AhÄ Ah-Im-i-s -Sm³ XpS-§n-b-

Xv. ssZh hntcm[w ]d-bp¶ h©-In-bm-bn«v CXns\ XpSÀ¶v AhÄ Bt£-]n-¡-s¸-«p. Ccp-]-

s¯m-¼Xv t{Imkv hnkvXm-c-§Ä¡pw hnh-c-Wm-Xo-X-amb ]oV-\-§Ä¡pw tij-amWv 1431-þÂ

Ahsf Xobn-en¨p NpSp-¶-Xv. {Ub-dpsS kn\n-a-bnÂ PUvPn-amÀ Ah-fpsS ssØcy- n\p ap¶nÂ

NIn-X-cm-hp-¶-XmbmWv hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AhÀ A«-l-kn-¡p-Ibpw At£-]-§Ä

H¶n\p ]pdsI H¶mbn AhÄ¡p-taÂ sNmcn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Nn{X-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-ambn {UbÀ Hcp-¡nb skäv ]qÀ®-cq-]-¯nÂ kn\n-a-bnÂ Hcn-

¡Â t]mepw {]Xy-£-s -Sp-¶n-Ã. Cu skäv apgp-cq-]- nÂ ImW-W-sa-¶p-s-¦nÂ tIm¸³lm-

K-\nse Um\njv ^nenw ayqknbw kµÀin-¡p-Itb \nhr-¯n-bp-Åq. IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS apJ-

§Ä AXn-k-ao-]-Zr-iy-§-fn-eq-sSbpw aoUnbw tjm«p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw am{X-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-

bn-cp¶p At±-lw. XS-h--d-bp-sStbm hnNm-c-W-ap-dn-bp-sStbm ]Ým- -e-§Ä hyà-ambpw sXfn-

tbm-sSbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m- -Xn-\mÂ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä X½n-epÅ AI-ew, Ah-sc-hn-sS-bmWv \nÂ¡p-

Itbm Ccn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶-Xv, AhÀ A`n-ap-J-am-bn-«mtWm AtXm ]pd- n-cn-ªmtWm \nÂ¡p-

¶Xv F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ hni-Zmw-i-§-sfm¶pw ImWn¡v hyà-am-Ip-Itb CÃ. Hcp Zriy-¯nÂ

\nc-¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn Icp-Xm-hp¶ aq¶p PUvPn-am-cpsS Xe-IÄ H¶n\p apI-fnÂ H¶v F¶ \ne-

bv¡mWv \mw ImWp-¶-Xv. ImgvN-bpsS {]X-e-s¯bpw km[y-X-I-sfbpw ZuÀ_-ey-§-sfbpw

AXn-eqsS {]I-S-am-hp¶ oXn-bpsS A\p- -h-s¯bpw imiz-X-hÂ¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-mWv kn\na

F¶ Bhn-jvIm-c-cq]w \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ A{Xbpw Ime-t¯¡v {]k-à-amb BJym-\-ambn Z

]mj³ Hm^v tPmh³ Hm^v BÀ¡v ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶-Xv.

26Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


ImÄ Xntbm-tUmÀ {UbÀ

sU³amÀ¡nse tIm¸³lm-K-\nÂ 1889 s^{_q-hcn 3þ\v A\m-Y-\mbn ]dn¶ ImÄ

Xntbm-tUmÀ {UbÀ temI kn\n-a-bnse Xs¶ {]kn-²-\mb Hcp kwhn-[m-b-I-\mbn ]cn-W-an-

¨Xv hnkva-bm-h-l-am-Wv. eqY-d³ {]Nm-c-I-cmb Z¼-Xn-IfmWv Ahs\ Zs¯-Sp- -Xv. Ah-cpsS

Bi-b-temIw {Ub-dn-s\bpw ]n´p-SÀ¶p. ]{X-{]-hÀ -I-\mbn tPmen Bcw- n¨ {UbÀ \nÈ_vZ

kn\n-a-I-fnÂ Fgp-Xn-¡m-Wn-¡p¶ ssSänÂ ImÀUp-IÄ Fgp-Xn- -¿m-dm¡ns¡mmWv Xnc-¡Ym

cN-\-bn-te¡v BIÀjn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. BZy-kw-hn-[m\ kwcw-`-§Ä ]cm-P-b-s¸-«-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v

At±lw {^m³kn-te¡v t]mbn. 1929-þ-emWv {]kn-²-amb ]mj³ Hm^v tPmh³ Hm^v BÀ¡v

]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-b-Xv. 1932-þÂ hmw]-bÀ ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¨p. cpw km¼-¯nI \jvS-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

AXp-sImp Xs¶ 1943 hsc At±-l- n\v ]n¶oSv kn\n-a-IÄ kwhn-[m\w sN¿m-\m-bn-Ã. B

hÀjw sU·mÀ¡v \mkn A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn. `oXn-bpsS B Ime-s¯-¡p-dn-¨mWv {]kn-²-amb

tU Hm^v dm¯v ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¨-Xv. {i²-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb cwKkw-hn-[m-\w, Idp-¸n-sâbpw shfp-¸n-

sâbpw IrXy-amb k¦-e-\w, \o tS¡p-IÄ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ sImv At±-

l- nsâ kwhn-[m\ ssien hyXn-cn-à-ambn AS-bm-f-s -Sp- -s -«p. 1968 amÀ v 20\v A -cn- p.

aäv {][m\ kn\n-a-IÄ: HmÀUäv (1955), sPÀ{XqUv (1965).

Z ss_kn-¡nÄ Xohvkv þ hni-Z-]-T\w

cp temI-a-lm-bp-²-§-fn-ep-apÅ hn\m-i-I-c-amb ]¦m-fn- -§fpw mkn-k- nsâ \njvTq-

c-amb A[n-\n-th-i-L-«hpw A\p- -hn- v, XIÀ¶v Xcn- -W-amb Cä-en-bmWv hntäm-dnsb Unko-¡-

bpsS ssk¡nÄ tamjvSm-¡Ä (Z ss_kn¡nÄ Xohvkv/1948/Idp¸pw shfp¸pw/93 an\p-äv) F¶

{]kn-²-amb kn\n-a-bpsS Ime-]-Ým- -ew. mknÌv hncp² {]Xn-tcm[ {]Øm-\- nsâ DbÀ -

sb- p-SÀ¶v cmw temI-a-lm-bp²w Ah-km-\n- Xv ]pXn. {]Xo-£-IÄ¡v hgn-h- p. kzmX{´yw,

]cn-jvIm-c-§Ä, P\m-[n-]Xy {]mXn-\n[yw F¶n-h-bp-tS-XmWv ]pXnb Imew F¶ tXm¶Â

s]mXp Pohn-X-¯n-epfhm-bn. ]t£, s]s«¶p Xs¶ {]Xo-£-IÄ AkvX-an-¨p. hym]-I-amb

sXmgn-en-Ãm-bvabpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw, Agn-a-Xn-bnÂ Ipfn¨ kÀ¡mÀ kwhn-[m-\-§Ä {]tZ-i-§fpw hÀ¤-

§fpw X½nÂ \nI- m-\m-hm¯ A´-c-§Ä, kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bpsS A`mhw F¶n-§s\ km[m-

c-W-¡m-csâ \nXy-Po-hnXw AXoh ZpÊ-l-ambn amdn-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶p. Cu hkvXp-X-I-fpsS kpXm-

cyhpw lrZ-b-kv]Àin-bp-amb Ah-X-c-W-am-Wv, temI-kn-\na \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-{Xbpw Imew Bkzm-

Z-IÀ hopw hopw ImWm³ XmÂ -cy-s¸-Sp¶ ss_kn-¡nÄ Xohvkv F¶ kn\n-a-bpsS CXn-

hr- -s¯bpw Bhn-jvI-c-W-s¯bpw BßmÀ°hpw kXy-k-Ô-hpam¡p¶-Xv.

eyqPn _Àt¯m-en\n CtX t]cn-se-gp-Xnb t\mh-ens\ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n skkmtd khm-

«n\n Xbm-dm-¡nb Xnc-¡-Y-bmWv ss_kn-¡Ä XohvkntâXv. apJy IYm-]m-{X-amb dn¨n At´m-

Wn-tbm¡v (emw-s_Àt«m as£ym-dmWn) Fwt¹m-bvsaâ v FIvkvtN-©n\p ap¶n-epÅ amk-§-

fpsS Im¯n-cn-¸n-\p-tijw Hcp XmÂ¡m-enI tPmen e`n-¡p-¶p. aXn-ep-I-fnÂ t]mÌÀ ]Xn-

¡p¶ B tPmen-bnÂ tNc-W-sa-¶p-s-¦nÂ kz -ambn Hcp ssk¡nÄ Dm-th--Xp-v. At´m-

Wn-tbm-hnsâ ssk¡nÄ ]Wbw h¨n-cn-¡pIbpam-Wv. Abm-fpsS mcy s]s«-s¶mcp {]Xn-hn[n

Is- p-¶p. ho«nse InS-¡-hn-cn-IÄ ]W-b-ambn GÂ¸n v ssk¡nÄ Xncn-s -Sp-¡p-¶p. ]Wb

27Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


tKmUu-Wnsâ Zriyw Xs¶ B Ime-L«w A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ ISp¯ Zmcn-{Zy-¯nsâ Bgw shfn-

s -Sp- p-¶p. ssk¡n-fp-sa-Sp¯v tPmen Bcw- n v A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX ssk¡n-Ä tamjvSn-¡-

s¸-Sp-¶p. AXm-bXv Abm-fpsS XmÂ¡m-enI tPmenbpw IpSpw-_-¯nsâ Pohn-Xhpw Ac-£n-X-

Xz- n-em-hp¶p F¶À°w. Abm-fp-sSbpw IpSpw-_- n-sâbpw Pohn-X- n\v AÀ°hpw AkvXn-

Xzhpw {]Zm\w sN¿p¶ GI LS-I-amb ssk¡nÄ Abm-fpsS Pohn-X-e£yw Xs¶-bmbn ]cn-

W-an-¡p¶ kµÀ`w khn-ti-j-am-Wv.

aI³ {_qtWm-bp-sam¯v AbmÄ ssk¡nÄ Xncªp \S-¡p¶ Zriy-§Ä lrZ-b-t -Z-I-

am-Wv. s]meokv tÌj-\nÂ ]cmXn t_m[n-¸n-¡m-\mbn t]mIp-t¼mÄ AbmÄ¡p-m-Ip¶

A\p-`hw PoÀ®-am-bn-¡-gnª Hcp c-W-þ-Hu-tZym-KnI kwhn-[m-\-¯nsâ e£-W-am-Wv. Xsâ

ssk¡nÄ tamjvSn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p F¶-bmÄ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Iymad sI«p-sI-«mbn Ip«n-h-¨n-cn-

¡p¶ A¯cw \nc-h[n ]cm-Xn-I-fn-te-¡mWv Xncn-bp-¶-Xv. Cu hymbm-a-¯nsâ \njv^-e-X-

bmWv kqNn-¸n-¡-s -Sp-¶-Xv. A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS at\m-`m-h-am-Is« ISp¯ \nÊw-K-X-tbm-sS-bp-Å-

Xpw. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ \ne-h[n ankv-þ-F³-þ-ko-\p-IÄ (Zr-iy-¯n-\-I¯p Xs¶-bpÅ \mS-Iob

sshcp-²y-§Ä), FUn-än-§n-eqsS cq]-s¸-Sp¶ Ne- n-{X-`m-j-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ k¦À -þ-\nÀh-lW

]²-Xnsb AXn-Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xmbn ssk²m- n-IÀ A¡m-e¯pw ]n¶nSpw XÀ¡-§-fn-teÀs¸-«p..

FÃm {]Xo-£bpw Aäp-t]mb Hcp t\c¯v ssIbn-epÅ NnÃn-¡mip sIm-bmÄ

{_qtWm¡v Hcp ]oÊ hm§n-s¡m-Sp-¡m³ sdtÌm-d-n-se- p-¶p. sXm«-Sp¯ tai-bnÂ, arjvSm¶

`£Ww Ign-¡p¶ Hcp IpSpw-_- n-te¡v I®p-]mbn-¡p¶ aI-t\mSv do¨n ]d-bp-¶p. A{Xbpw

`£Ww hm§-W-sa-¶p-s-¦nÂ Hcp am-k-¯nÂ ]¯p e£w end (C-äm-en-b³ Id³kn)-sb-

¦nepw hcp-am\w thn-h-cpw. hÀ¤-ssh-cp-²ys¯ Hscmä Zriy-¯n-epsS cq£-ambn shfn-s¸-Sp-

¯p¶ C¯cw \nc-h[n koIz³kp-IÄ ss_kn-¡nÄ Xohvkn-ep-v.

tamjvSm-hns\ AhÀ¡v Is- m-\mhp¶ps-¦nepw t]meo-kn\p ap¼nÂ hniz-k-\o-b-

amb sXfn-hp-IÄ ImWn¨p-sIm-Sp-¡m-\m-hm-¯-Xn-\mÂ B {iahpw hn^-e-am-hp-¶p. am{X-a-Ã,

IÅ-\mbn kwi-bn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-hsâ ho«p-Imcpw AÂ¡m-c\pw Ah\v \Ã kÀ«n-^n-¡äv sImSp-

¡p-¶-tXmsS Imcy-§Ä At´m-Wn-tbm-hn-s\-Xnsc Xncn-bp-¶p. BsI {]Xn-k-Ôn-bn-em-hp¶

At´m-Wntbm pSvt_mÄ aÕcw \S-¡p¶ tÌUn-b- n\p ]pd¯p \nÀ¯n-bn-«n-cn-¡p¶ \nc-

h[n ssk¡n-fp-I-fn-sem¶v tamjvSn¨p kz´-am-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. ]s£, B Imcy-¯nepw

{]m]vX-\-Ãm¯ AbmÄ s]s«¶p Xs¶ ]nSn-¡-s -Sp-Ibpw BÄ¡q-«- nsâ aÀ±-\- n\pw Ah-

tl-f-\- n\pw ]m{X-am-Ip-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. A\n-Ýn-X-amb mhn-bpsS Ccp-fn-te¡v \S¶p \o§p¶

\mb-I-sâbpw IpSpw-_- n-sâbpw {]Xo-£m-cm-ln-Xy- n-emWv kn\na Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cäen

Hcp cmjv{S-sa¶ \nebv¡pw Hcp P\-X-sb¶ \nebv¡pw A¡m-e¯v A\p- -hn-¨n-cp¶ {]Xo-£-

IÄ \in¨ mhn-sb-¯-s¶-bmWv Unko¡ Cu A´y-cw-K-¯n-eqsS {]Xy-£-h-Xv¡-cn-¨-sX¶v

\nco-£n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-v. cmjv{So-bhpw km¼-¯n-I-hp-amb taJ-e-I-fnÂ ISp¯ XIÀ¨-bn-em-bn-

cp¶p A¡m-e¯v Cäen Akz-Ø-amb qX-Im-e-¯n-sâbpw \ncm-im-P-\-I-amb mhn-{]-Xo-£-I-

fp-sSbpw t_m[y-§Ä sImv hebw sN¿-s¸« Cä-en-bpsS kwL-kvar-Xn-IÄ Xs¶-bmWv

ss_kn-¡nÄ Xohvko-eqsS AS-bm-f-s -Sp- -s -«-Xv.

28Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


dmtjm-tam¬

AcnIm Iptdm-km-h-bpsS dmtjm-tam¬ At±-l- nsâ Gähpw anI¨ kn\n-a-bmbpw ]mÝm-

Xy-tem-I- n\v P¸m-\okv kn\n-asb ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-Sp¯ BZy kn\n-a-bmbpw ]cn-K-Wn-

¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. BJym-\-¯nsâ Ie-bmb kn\n-asb Akm-[m-c-W-amb IYm-K-Xn-sImv XInSw

adn-¡p-I-bmWv Iptdm-km-h. Hcp {]tXyI kw`hw I hyXykvX ZrIvkm-£n-IÄ ]c-kv]cw

s]mcp- -an-Ãm¯ Xc- nÂ B kw`hw hnh-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ F´mWv bYmÀ° kXyw F¶v Xncn-

¨-dn-bm-\m-hmsX t{]£-I³ Ipg-bp-¶p.

h\m-´-c-¯n-eq-sS bm{X sN¿p¶ \h-Z-¼-Xn-I-fnÂ hc³ sIme sN¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw h[p

_em-ÕwKw sN¿-s -Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. A{I-an, h[p, sIme-s¸« À¯m-hnsâ t{]Xw, h\- n-

eqsS bm{X sNbvX acw-sh-«p-Im-c³ F¶n-hÀ Cu kw`hw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv \mw Ipg-§p-

¶-Xv. acw Xncªp \S-¡p-t¼mÄ aq¶p Znhkw ap¼mWv Xm³ sIme sN¿-s -«-hsâ arX-tZlw

I-sX¶v acw-sh-«p-Im-c³ ]d-bp-¶p. arX-i-cocw I DSs\ A[n-Im-cn-Isf hnh-c-a-dn-bn-¡m³

HmSn--\-S-¡p-I-bm-W-bmÄ. sIme-bm-f-nbmb XtPm-am-dp-hnsâ thj-¯n-e-`n-\-bn-¡p-¶Xv AXpey

\S\pw Itdm-km-h-bpsS A]-c-kz-Xz-ambn IW-¡m-¡-s -Sp-¶-bm-fp-amb sXmjotdm an^q¬ BWv.

CbmÄ ]d-bp-¶-Xv, Xm³ kq{X-¯nÂ Ahsc hio-I-cn- p-sIm-p-t]m-b-Xn\p tijw ]pcp-js\

ac-¯nÂ sI«n-bn-Sp-Ibpw XpSÀ¶v kv{Xosb am\-`w-K-s¸-Sp-¯m³ XpS-§p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-¶m-

Wv. BZy-L-«- nÂ FXnÀ¸p {]I-Sn- n¨ AhÄ À¯m-hns\ Btem-Nn v XpSÀ¶v kl-I-cn-¡p-

I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. _Ô-s -«-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v A]-am\w kln-¡-h-¿msX AhÄ Xs¶-bm-Ws{X Xsâ

`À¯m-hns\ sIm¶p-I-f-bp-hm³ XtPm-am-dp-hn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s -«-Xv. F¶n«pw NXn- p-sIm-Ãp-¶-

Xn\p ]Icw sI«-gn-¨p-hn«v aÃ-bp²w \S-¯n-b-Xn\p tij-amWv Xm³ Abmsf sIm¶-sX-¶m-W-

bmÄ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. kv{Xo BsW-¦nÂ HmSn-t¸m-Ip-I-bpw sNbvXp.

_em-ÕwKw sN¿-s¸-«-h-fmb akmtKm ]d-bp-¶-Xm-hs« A]-am-\n-X-bmb Xm³ À¯m-

hnsâ ImÂ¡Â hoWv Xm³ sXäp-Im-cn-b-sÃ¶pw Xt¶mSv £an-¡-W-sa¶pw At]-£n-¡p-I-bm-

bn-cp¶p F¶mWv. F¶m-e-bmÄ XWp-¯p-dª at\m-`m-h-t¯msS Ahsf Ah-K-Wn-¡p-I-bm-

bn-cp-¶p. At¸mÄ AhÄ Abm-fpsS sI«-gn-¨p-hn-Sp-Ibpw Xs¶ sIm¶p If-bm³ ]d-bp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. AbmÄ XpSÀ¶pw ac-hn-¨-Xp-t]mse \n¶-t¸mÄ I¿nÂ hmfpw ]nSn¨v Xm³ Ipgªp

hogp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. ]n¶oSv t_m[w sXfn-ª-t¸m-gmWv hmÄ s\©¯p Xd v À¯mhn ac-

W-s -«p-In-S-¡p-¶Xp I-Xv. Hcp-]-s£, Xm³ Ipg-ªp-ho-W-t¸mÄ Xsâ I¿n-epÅ hmÄ À¯m-

hnsâ tZl¯v Xd- -Xm-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶mWv AhÄ Icp-Xp-¶-Xv.

sImÃ-s -«-hsâ t{]Xw Hcp "hnizkvX'am[y-a- n-eqsS ]d-bp-¶-Xm-Is« hn`n-¶-amb asämcp

_mjy-am-Wv. _em-Õw-K-¯n-\p-tijw Xs¶ sImÃm³ `mcy A{I-an-bmb XtPm-am-dp-hn-t\mSv

Bh-iy-s¸-«p. cp ]pcp-j-·m-tcm-sSm¯v ibn-¨-hÄ F¶ Zpjvt¸cv Hgn-hm-¡m-\m-W-hÄ C{]-

Imcw Bh-iy-ap-¶-bn-¨-Xv. CXp tI«v NIn-X-\mb XtPm-amdp Ahsf ]nSn-IqSn _Ôn-¡p-Ibpw

Xt¶mSv Ahsf thW-sa-lvInÂ sIm¶p If-bp-hmt\m AsÃ-¦nÂ Ah-fpsS ]m«n\p t]ms«

F¶-\p-h-Zn-¡m-t\m ]d-bp-I-bpw sNbvXp. CXp-tI« Xm³ At¸mÄ Xs¶ XtPm-am-dp-hn-t\mSv

29Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


£an¨p F¶mWv Abm-fpsS hymJym-\w. kv{Xo HmSn c£-s¸-Sp-hm³ {ian-¨-t¸mÄ XtPm-amdp

hopw Ahsf ]nSn-Iq-Sp-Ibpw Xs¶ sI«-gn-¨p-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At¸mÄ Xm³ Xs¶ hmfp-

]-tbm-Kn«v kzbw Ip¯n acn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

At¸mÄ acw-sh-«p-Im-c³ hopw cwK-s -¯p-Ibpw Xm³ ap¼p ]d-ªXv \pWm-bm-bn-

cp-¶p-sh¶pw bYmÀ°- nÂ kw -hn- Xv C{]-Im-c-am-sW¶pw hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. _em-Õw-K- n-\p-

tijw XtPm-amdp kv{XotbmSv Xs¶ hnhmlw Ign-¡m-\m-h-iy-s -Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\p- cw

]d-bp-¶-Xn\p ]Icw AhÄ Ic-ªp-sImp Xs¶ Xsâ À¯m-hns\ sI«-gn¨p hn«v kzX-{´-

\m-¡n. C¯cw Hcp kv{Xo¡p-thn acn-¡m³ X¿m-d-sÃ¶pw thW-sa-¦nÂ Xsâ IpXn-c-bv¡p-

thn Xm³ acn¡m-sa-¶p-amWv À¯mhv At¸mÄ ]d-ª-Xv. CXv tI«v \ncm-i-\mb XtPm-am-dp-

hn\v Ah-fn-epÅ XmÂ¸cyw \in-¡p-¶p. Cu at\m-`m-h-§Ä AhÀ aqhcpw X½n-epÅ hmIv

XÀ¡-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶p. Ah-fm-h-iy-s¸-«-Xp-{]-Imcw aÃ-bp-²-¯n-teÀs¸« Ah-cn-sem-

cmÄsImÃ-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. `À¯m-hWv sImÃ-s¸-«-sX-¶-dnª AhÄ \ne-hn-fn-¨p-sImv

HmSn-t¸m-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

ck-I-c-amb Hcp A´y-cw-Khpw kn\n-a-bv¡p-v. NÀ -bn-teÀs¸« Hcp Ip«n-bpsS Ic- nÂ

tI«v AXns\ FSp-¡m³ ASp-s¯-¯p¶p. CXpw Hcp XÀ¡- n\v hgn-sh¡p-¶p. acw-sh-«p-Im-

c³ Ip«nsb hfÀ¯m-\mbn FSp-¡p-¶p. F¶m-enXv tamj-W-am-sW¶v BZyw Icp-Xp¶ ]ptcm-

ln-X³ ]n¶oSv B [mcW Xncp-¯p-¶p-ap-v. ag tXmÀ¶-t¸mÄ, Ip«n-sbbpw sImv bm{X-bm-

Ip¶ acw-sh-«p-Im-c-t\m-sSm¸w kn\na kam-]n-¡p-¶p. Pohn-X-t¯m-SpÅ ho£-Whpw aqey

k¦Â¸hpw Hmtcm hyàn-I-fnepw F{]-Im-cw amdn-a-dn-ªn-cn-¡p¶p F¶ k¦oÀ®-amb

bmYmÀ°y-s -bmWv Iptdm-kmh A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-¶-Xv. kq£va-þ-Øqe temI-§-fnÂ C{X-

am{Xw hn`n-¶-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Ifpw ]cn-K-W-\-Ifpw tNÀ¯p-h¨p sImv F{]-Im-c-

amWv bpàn-k-lhpw DNn-X-hp-amb Hcp PnhnsX k¦Â¸n-¡m-\m-hpI F¶ ZmÀi-\n-I-amb {]Xn-

kÔn D¯cw In«msX Ae-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

AcnIm Iptdm-kmh

1910 amÀ v 23\v tSm¡n-tbm-hnÂ P\n- Iptdm-km-h-bpsS AÑ³ Hcp ]«m-f-¡m-c\pw Imbn-

Im-[ym-]-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. Nn{X-I-e-bnÂ Bbn-cp¶p Iptdm-kmhbpsS XmÂ]-cyw. djy³ ¢mkn-

¡p-IÄ {]tXy-In¨v ZkvX-th-bvkvIn-bpsS IrXn-IÄ henb kzm[o\w sNep-¯n. hnim-e-amb

amÀIvknÌv ho£Whpw Iptdm-km-hsb kzm[o-\n- n-«p-v. ImPo-tdm-þ-bm-atamtUm F¶ ka-hn-

[m-b-I-\psam¯v kl-kw-hn-[m-b-I-\mbn Ipd- p-Imew {]hÀ¯n-¨p. [mcmfw Nn{X-§Ä¡v Xnc-

¡-Y-I-sf-gpXn. BZy-Nn-{X-amb km³jntdm 1943 Â ]pd¯p h¶p. Gsd Nn{X-§Ä kwhn-[m\w

sNbvXv temI-{]-i-kvXn-bpsS sImSp-ap-Sn-bnÂ \nÂ¡sh Bß-l-Xy¡p {ian-¨p. Hcp CS-th-

fbv¡p tijw sZÀ¶p Dkme F¶ Nn{X-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Ne-¨n-{X-ta-J-e-bn-te¡v Xncn¨p h¶p.

{][m\ Nn{X-§Ä: kpKmäm km³jntdm (1943), dmtjm-tam¬ (19500, C¡ndq (1952), skh³

kap-dmbv (1954), t{Xm¬ Hm^v »Pv (1957), sdUv _nbUv 1965), sZÀkp Dkme (1975), ImKn-apj

1980), dm³ (1985), {Uowkv (1990) amZ-Ztbm 1993). 1998 sk]vXw-_À 6\v A´-cn-¨p.

30Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


sÛdn-t¡m-s^-Ãn-\n-bpsS emkv{SmU

kvt\l \ntj-[s¯ Bhn-jvI-cn- p-sIm-v, a\pjy _Ô-§-fnse Gähpw {][m-\-s¸«

sshIm-cnI LS-I-amb kvt\ls¯ imiz-X-hÂ¡-cn-¡p-I-bmWv emkv{SmU F¶ ¢mkn-¡n-eqsS

sÛ-dnt¡m s^Ãn-\n. \njvI-f-¦bpw kpµ-cn-bmb sPÂtkm-an\ F¶ s]¬Ip-«nsb Ah-fpsS

A½-bnÂ\n¶v XpÑ-amb ]Ww sImSp¯v k¼mt\m F¶ sXcp-hp-kÀ¡-Êp-Im-c³ hm§p-¶p.

BImcw sImpw kz`mhw sImpw FÃmw k¼mt\m sPÂtkm-ao-\-bpsS t\À hn]-co-X-am-Wv.

{Iqc\pw Im«m-f¯w {]I-Sn- n-¡p-¶-h-\p-amb k¼mt\m Ahsf AXn-{Iq-c-ambn ssIIm-cyw sNbvXp-

sIm-mWv Xsâ Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn¡v A\p-_-Ô-ambn sImp \S-¡p-¶-Xv. _ew IqSn I\¯ Hcp

Cc¼p N§e Xsâ s\©p hoÀ¸n¨v s]m«n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-epÅ òXn-P-\-I-amb C\-§-fn-eqsS

k¼mt\m ImWn-Isf hn{`-an-¸n-¡p-¶p. temtIm-¯-c-\-S-\mb BâWn Izn³ BWv k¼m-t\m-

bpsS thjs¯ A\-iz-c-am-¡n-b-Xv. s^Ãn-\n-bpsS ]Xv\n-bmb Pqen-b-ä-k-¼m-\-bmWv sPÂtkm-

ao-\-bmbn A`n-\-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. XpS-¡-¯nse s{^bnw apXÂ ]Ým-¯e kwKo-Xhpw \So-\-S-·m-

cpsS A`n-\-bhpw BJym-\-¯n-ep-S-\ofw ]peÀ¯nb emfn-Xyhw anI¨ Zriym-hn-jvI-c-Whpw

FÃmw ImWnsb kn\n-a-bn-te¡v hen-¨-Sn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw, ImWn AXp-{]-Imcw Bkzm-Z-\-{]-{In-b-

bnÂ Adn-bsX ebn¨p tNcp-Ibpw sN¿pw. F¶mÂ Hcp L«- nÂ t]mepw FUn-änw-Kv, s{^bvap-

I-fpsS {Iao-I-c-Ww, shfn- -þ-i_vZ \nb-{´-Ww, Iyma-d-bpsS Øm\-§fpw Ne-\-§fpw F¶nh

kn\n-a-bpsS s]mXp- m-hp-I-Xz- nÂ \n¶v IqSp-XÂ anI¨p \nÂ¡p-¶-Xmbn tXm¶p-¶pan-Ã. ÌpUn-

tbm-I-fpsS hntem-`-\o-b-X-bnÂ \n¶v Zriym-Jym-\-¯nsâ bYm-X-Y-Xzs¯ hntam-Nn-¸n-s¨-Sp¯

Cäm-en-b³ \ntbm-d-b-en-k-¯nsâ ]Iz-Xbpw {]mb-]qÀ¯n-bpw s^Ãn-\n-bpsS emkv{Sm-U-bnÂ

{]I-S-am-sW-¶mWv \nco-£n-I-a-Xw.

apJym-[mcm \mK-cnI kaq-l-¯nsâ Acn-Ip-I-fnÂ BÀ¡pw thmsX PohnXw XÅn

\o¡p¶ sXn-Ifpw A -bmÀ°n-I-fp-amb a\p-jy-cpsS \qdp§n apdn-bp¶ bmYmÀ°y-s -bmWv

emkv{SmU GtIm-]n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sImp Xs¶ BJym-\-¯nsâ BZna[ym´-s¸m-cp¯w

ChnsS {]k-à-am-Ip-¶tX CÃ. AtXm-sSm-¸w, \oXn-c-ln-X-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ apX-em-fn¯

Øm]-\-§-fpsS Cc-I-fmWv {Iqc-\mb k¼m-t\mbpw \nÊ-lm-b-bmb sPÂtkm-ao-\bpw F¶p

[z\n- n-¡p¶ Xc- n-epÅ {]I-S-\m-ß-I-Xbpw s^Ãn\n Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶n-Ã. kmaq-lnI Øm]-

\-§fpw Ah-Ø-I-fp-amWv hyànsb \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. emfnXy- nsâ AS-cp-IÄ¡-I v Imhym-

ß-Ihpw Bßo-b-hp-amb Hcp \nKq-V-X-ehpw emkv{Sm-U-¡p-s¶ \nco-£Ww Cu ]Ým- -e-

¯n-emWv {]k-à-am-hp-¶-Xv. hyàn-Xz-s¯bpw hyàn-a-\-Ên-s\bpw A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-Ibpw

Iodn-ap-dn¨v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ a\-Èmkv{X IYm-Jym-\-¯n\v km[m-cW coXn-bnÂ

D]m-[n-I-fm-¡m-dpÅ a[y-hÀ¤-þ-D-]-cn-hÀ¤ a\p-jyÀ¡p ]Icw {]m -h-XvIr-Xsc ASn-Øm-\-s¸-

Sp-¯p¶ coXn bqtdm tI{µnX B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS NXp-c-h-Sn-hp-Isf \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p.

tImam-fn-bpsS IYm-]m-{X-amWv k¼m-t\m¡pw sPÂtkm-ao-\¡pw A¸pdw kn\n-asb kPo-

h-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Xncn- -dn-b-s -Sm- -t¸mgpw hn -e-am-hp-t¼mgpw sPÂtkm-ao-\-bpsS kvt\l- nsâ

{]k-ànbpw {]m[m-\yhpw t_m[y-s -Sp- n-s¡m-Sp-¡m³ Abm-fpsS Xam-i-IÄ D]-bp-à-am-hp-

¶p. Ip«n-I-tfmSpw ac-§-tfmSpw kakvX {]mWn-hÀ¤-t¯mSpw A\p-I¼ {]I-Sn- n-¡p¶ sPÂtkm-

31Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


ao-\-bpsS P·w hnip-²-amb H¶m-sW¶ {]Jym-]\w aXm-ß-I-amb H¶mbpw hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-

«p. PoÀ®-am-bn- o-cp-¶-Xn-eqsS kzbw A{]-k-à-am-Ip¶ k¼m-t\m-bpsS a\p-jym-kvXn-Xzs¯

]p\ÀÖ-\n- n-¡pIbmWv Bß-Xym-K- n-eqsS AhÄ. ]nÂ¡m-e¯v kPo-h-am-bn- oÀ¶ amPn-

¡Â dnb-en-k- nsâ LS-I-§Ät]mepw Cu IYm-Jym-\- nÂ Btcm-]n- -h-cp-v. tcmK- n-\-

Sn-a-bmbn acn- p-I-gnª sPÂtkm-ao-\-bmWv Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ sPÂtkm-ao-\-sb-¡mÄ IqSp-XÂ,

kvt\lw F¶ bmYmÀ°ys¯ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡m³ k¼m-t\msb t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. kÀ¤m-

ßI {]I-S-\-amWv Iem-h-X-c-W-sa-¦nÂ kvt\l-c-ln-X-amb HcmÄ F{]-Im-c-amWv Iem-Im-c-\m-

Ip-¶-sX¶ [mÀanI {]Xn-k-Ônbpw s^Ãn\n emkv{Sm-U-bn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. k¼m-

t\m¡pw k¼m-t\m-tbm-sSm¸w tNÀ¶p Ignª sPÂtkm-ao-\¡pw Ah-cpsS \nXy-tPmen Xs¶-

bmWv Ie. Ie F¶Xv hni¸pw ASn-Øm-\-]-c-amb imco-cn-Im-h-iy-§fpw amäm-\pÅ D]m[n

am{X-am-Wn-hnsS. At¸mÄ AXn\v Ie-bpsS alXzw e`n-¡n-sÃ-¶ptm? apX-em-fn¯ \mK-cn-I-

X-bpsS Ime¯v ]pXnb htc-Wy-Iem k¦Âs¸ cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-§s\ F¶ Btem-N-\bv¡pw

emkv{S-Um-bnse IYm-Jym\w ]Ým- -e-am-Ip-¶p.

sÛ-dnt¡m s^Ãn\n

Cä-en-bnse sdav\n F¶ {Kma-¯nÂ 1029 P\p-hcn 20-þ\v P\n¨ sÛ-dnt¡m s^Ãn\n

Ggm-as¯ hb-ÊnÂ sXcphp kÀ¡-Êp-Im-cpsS IqsS HmSn-t¸m-bn. ]n¶oSv ImÀ«q-Wn-Ìmbpw

]{X-{]-hÀ -I-\mbpw tPmen t\m¡n. \ntbm dnb-enÌv L«-¯nse BZy kn\n-a-bmb tdmk-Ãn-

\n-bpsS tdmw Hm¸¬ knän¡p thn Xnc-¡Y cNn-¨p sImmWv Ne-¨n-{X-cw-K-t¯¡v F¯n-

b-Xv. tdmk-Ãn-\n-bpsS skâ v {^m³knkv F¶ Nn{X- nÂ A`n-\-bn- n-«p-v. shssdän sseävkv

F¶ Nn{Xw BÂ_À«v eäyq-Up-ambn tNÀ¶v \nÀ½n-¨p. aäp Nn{X-§Ä: sFhn-ä-tem\n (1953),

emkv{SmU (1954), Z ss\ävkv Hm]v I_o-cnb (1956), CÂ_n-Zm³ (1955), emtUmÄkv hnä (1965)

, Fbväv Bâ v F lm^v (1963), Pqen-bäv Hm v Zv kv]ncnävkv (1965), lnÌ-dokv FIvkv{Sm HmÀUn-

\dn (1968), s^Ãn\n kmän-dn-t¡m¬ (1969), ¢u¬kv (1970), tdma (1972), AaÀtImUv (1973),

knän Hm^v hpa¬ (1980), Pn©À Bâ v s{Ûv (1985), CâÀhyq (1988). Bß-I-Ym-]-c-amb Nn{X-

Im-c³ F¶v s^Ãn\n hnti-jn- n-¡-s -«n-«p-v. \ntbm-dn-b-enÌv kn\n-a-bpsS am{ń-I-\mb Ne-

¨n-{X-Im-c-\mbpw At±-ls¯ BZ-cn-¡p-¶p. bmYmÀ°y- nsâ Xew hn«v {àm-ß-I-X-bpsS temI-

¯n-se-¯p¶p F¶-XmWv B am{ń-I-X. t{]£-Isâ km¶n²yw am{X-aÃ Nn´-bpsS ]¦m-

fn¯w IqSn Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ kn\n-a-I-fm-W-t±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. 1993 HIvtSm-_À 30-þ\v A´-cn-¨p.

CwsÜÀt_À¤vamsâ "sshÂUv kvt{Sm_-dokv'

sshÂUv {Ìm-_-dokv: Im«p RmhÂ -g-§Ä, C_vksâ t{]X-§Ä t]mse (The Ghosts)kvarXn-I-fn-eqsS A\p-{Iaw hncn-bp¶ ]cp-¡³ Pohn-X-k-Xy-§Ä ]pd¯p hen- n-Sp-¶, ]pdta

{]im- hpw AIta hn£p-_v[-hp-amb Hcp _ÀÜm³ Nn{X-amWv. ck-\o-b-amb Hcp CjvS {]Xo-

I-¯nsâ Øm\-apv CXnse RmhÂ¸-g-¯n-\v. ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v Cf-\oÀt]m-sebmWv kzoUn-

jp-ImÀ¡v RmhÂ¸gw. _ÀK-amsâ an¡ Nn{X-§fnepw Cu {]XoIw BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xp ImWmw.

{]Ir-Xy-]m-k-I-\mb Cu kwhn-[m-b-Isâ Nn{X-§-fnÂ hk-´hpw hÀjhpw inin-chpw tla-

32Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


´hpw shbnepw \nemhpw shdpw ]Ým-¯-e-§-fÃ; BImcw ]q IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWv Nn{X-

¯nse k©m-cn-`m-h-§Ä¡v Ah k³À`m-\p-k-cWw s]mena \ÂIp-¶p. RmhÂ¸-g-§fpw

A¯-c-¯n-epÅ angn-hpä Hcp {]Xo-I-am-Wv. F´mWo {]Xo-I-¯nsâ {]kàn?

hmÀ²Iyw Hcp Xc- nÂ Hcp XS-h-d-bm-Wv. IS-]p-g-¡n-sb-dn-ªmepw ]dn-ªp-t]m-Im¯

`qX-Im-e-kva-c-W-I-fpsS XS-hd; ZpÀ_-e-amb ico-c- n-sâbpw GIm- X ImÀ¶p-Xn¶p¶ a\-Ên-

sâbpw XS-h-d. A -c-samcp XS-h-d-bn-emWv Fgp-]- m-dp-Im-c-\mb DkmIv t_mÀKv. kwkvIrX

Nn¯-\pw, At£m-`y\pw ]cn-Nb k¼-¶-\p-amb tUmIvSÀ. IqS-¸n-d-¸p-I-fmbn Dm-bn-cp¶

H³]Xv t]cpw t\cs¯ A´-cn-¨p. `mcy acn-¨n«v hÀj-§Ä A\-h-[n-bmbn sskzc-an-Ãm¯

Zm¼-Xy-Po-hn-X¯nsâ Akp-J-I-c-amb kvac-W-IÄ Ah-ti-jn- p-sIm-mWv B kv{Xo a-cn- -Xv.

F¦nepw AhÀ IqsS-bp-Å-t¸mÄ Iq«p-m-b-ncp--¶p. GI aI³ FhmÄUv ssaep-IÄ¡- p-d¯v

epv \K-c-¯nÂ eIv¨-d-dmbn tPmen t\m¡p-¶p. X½nÂ ImWp-¶Xv A]qÀÆ-ambn am{Xw.

Imepw Ipi-e-§Ä ]dªv ]ncn-bpw. am\-kn-I-ambn ASp-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. AÑsâ

ssIbnÂ\n¶v D]-cn-]-T-\-¯n\v hmbv] hm§nb ]Ww tPmen In«n-b-tijw aI³ IrXyambn

amkm-amkw Xncn- -S-bv¡p-¶p. A{Xbv¡p IWn-i-¡m-c-\mWv. ]Ww Xncn¨p ths¶v t_mÀKv

]d-ª-Xp-an-Ã. aIsâ hnhml Pohn-X-¯n-t·epw Idp¯ \ngÂ ]SÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Abm-fpsS

`mcy tacn-b³ FhmÄUp-amb ]nW§n Ipd¨p Znh-k-ambn Ckm¡v t_mÀKnsâ IqsS-h¶v

]mÀ¡p-I-bm-Wv. ]nW-¡- nsâ ImcWw At±lw sXc-¡n-bn-Ã. sXc-¡m-\pÅ ss[cy-ap-m-bn-

Ã. t_mÀKnsâ \qdp hb-Ên-t\m-S-Sp¯ A½ Pohn-¨n-cn- p-v. \m«nÂ AhÀ GI-bmbn Ign-bp-

¶p. B XÅbp-ambn kÔn-¡p-¶Xpw hÃ-t¸m-gp-sam-cn-¡Â am{Xw. BsI-¡qSn XpW-bm-bp-

ÅXv ]cn-Nm-cn-I-bmb AKvZ-bm-Wv. F{Xtbm hÀj-ambn AhÀ t_mÀKn-t\m-sSm-¸-ap-v. hniz-

kvX-bm-Wv. kvt\l-ap-Å-h-fm-Wv. Xs¶ BßmÀ°-ambn ip{iq-jn-¡p-¶p. AKvZsb Pohn-X-k-

Jn-bm-¡-sW-sa¶v ]e-t¸mgpw hnNm-cn-¨-Xm-Wv. Zpc-`n-am\w AXn\pw XS-Ê-ambn \n¶p. FÃm

_Ô-§-fnepw \n¶-I¶v hmb-\bpw ]T-\hpw Nn´bpw Bbn-¡-g-bp¶ Xsâ s]cp-am-ähpw bm{´n-

I-am-bv o-cp-¶p-sh¶v ]e-t¸mgpw At±-l-¯n\v tXm¶n.

epv \K-c- n-te¡v bm{X-sN-¿m-\pÅ £Ww h¶-t¸mÄ At±lw DSs\ AXv kzoIn-c-

¨Xv kzbw krjvS-amb GIm- -X-bnÂ\n¶v XmXv¡m-enI tamN-\-sa-¦nepw In«p-atÃm F¶v Biz-

kn-¨n-«mWv epv bqWn-th-gvknän \ÂIm³ \nÝ-bn¨n«pÅ Pq_oen tUmIvSÀ ]Zhn Gäp-hm-

§p-I-bmWv bmt{Xm-t±iyw. Xsâ lrZ-b-hn-Im-c-§-fpsS mK-ambn amdn-bn-«pÅ {]tZ-i-§-fn-eq-sS-

bmWv epn-te-¡pÅ bm{X F¶ Nn´bpw KqV-amb Dt¯-P\w \ÂIp-¶p. Iq«-¯nÂ aI-

s\bpw ImWm-atÃm F¶ B{K-l-hpw.

ImÀ X\nsb ss{Uhv sNbvXv Xsâ HmÀ½-IÄ¡v Ipfn-tc-Ip¶ {]tZ-i-§-fn-eqsS \o§m-

\m-bn-cp¶p B{K-lw. epv \K-cw-hsc X\n¨v Imtdm-Sn¨v t]mhp-Itbm?

AKvZ B Xocp-am-\-t¯mSv tbmPn-¨n-Ã. F¶mÂ Ing-h³ t_mÀKv Hcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-

¯mÂ BscÃmw adp¯p ]d-ªmepw hg-§m³ Iq«m-¡m-dn-Ã. At±-l- nsâ Zm¼Xy Pohns¯

Akp-J-I-c-am-¡n-bXv Cu hmin-bm-Wv. Xsâ AtX hmin aI³ FhmÄUn\pw ]IÀ¶p In«n-bn-

cn-¡p-¶p. Abm-fpsS Zm¼Xyw De-bp-¶-Xn\pw aqe-Im-cWw AXm-bn-cn-¡mw!

33Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


t_mÀKn-t\m-sSm¸w Xm\pw hcp-¶p-s¶v acp-a-IÄ Adn-bn- -t¸mÄ At±lw XSÊw ]d-

ªn-Ã. Ah-fpsS À¯mhv Xma-kn-¡p¶ \K-c- n-te¡v AhÄ hcp-¶-Xnsâ Dt±iyw hyà-am-

Wv. tUmS-IvSÀ¡v AXv kt´m-j-I-c-hp-am-Wv. Ah-fpsS inYn-e-am-Im³ XpS-§p¶ Zm¼Xyw

hopw CW§n ZrV-am-Im³ Cu kµÀi\w D]-I-cn-¨mtem? bm{Xm-Zn-hkw sIm¨p-sh-fp- m³

Ime¯v Hcp Zpkz-]v\w ImWv tUmIvSÀ DWÀ¶-Xv. aªp-dªv hnP-\-b-amb sXc-hn-eqsS

ih-a-©hpw D´n-s¡m-p-t]m-Ip¶ tLmj-bm-{X. s]s«¶v tLmj-bm-{X-bpsS AWn-IÄ A{]-

Xy-£-am-bn. ih-h-n-bpsS Hcp N{Iw Ducn-s -dn v Xsâ t\À¡p ]mª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xp-Iv At±lw

sX¶n-am-dn. Hcp hi-t¯¡v Ncnª hn-bnÂ\n¶v ih-s¸«v ap¶n-te¡v sX¶n-ho-Wp. hogvN-

bpsS BLm-X-¯nÂ s]mfnª Hcp hi-¯p-IqsS arX-tZ-l-¯nsâ ssI ]pd¯p h¶p. B

ssI A\-§p¶p! AXp \op-\op h¶p t_mÀKnsâ Ic- nÂ AaÀ¯n- n-Sn¨p sImv ih-

s¸-«n-bnse cq]w FWo-äp. At±lw A¼-c-t¸msS t\m¡n. DbÀs¶-Woä ihw kz´w cq]w

Xs¶-bmWv! kz]v\w B L«-¯n-se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ \Sp§n DWÀ¶p. ]n¶oSv Dd¡w h¶n-Ã. B

kz]v\-¯n\v AÀ°-aptm?

]pe-cm-dm-b-t¸mÄ ImÀ \cn-¯n-en-d-§n. Ìob-dnw-Kn\p ]n¶nÂ Ckm¡.v t_mÀKv Acn-

InÂ acp-a-IÄ. tacn-b³ acp-a-I-fp-ambn h¶n-«v hÀj-§Ä A\-h[n Bsb-¦nepw Ccp-hÀ¡pw

]c-kv]cw Adn-ªp-Iq-S. knK-cäv hen-bpsS Zqjy-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw ImemhØ-sb-¡p-dn¨pw XpS-

§nb \nÀt±m-j-amb kw`m-jWw {ItaW Ccp-h-cp-sSbw Kuc-h-X-c-amb hyàn Imcy-§-fn-te¡v

sX¶n-bn-d-§n-b-t¸m-gmWv AhÀ¡v Cu ]cn-anXn t_m²y-am-b-Xv. AhÄ Hcn-¡epw Xs¶ CjvS-

s -«n-«n-sÃ¶v Ckm-¡n\v Adn-bmw. AX-t±lw Xpd-¶-Sn- -t¸mÄ Ah-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw CXm-bn-

cp-¶p. "Fsâ À¯m-hnsâ AÑ-s\¶ \ne-bnÂ am{Xta F\n-¡-§sb Adn-bm-hq.'

Xs¶ acp-aIÄ Cj-S-s¸-Sm-¯-Xn\v At±lw Is-¯n. Imc-W-am-bn-cp¶p hnNn-{Xw.

"Rm\pw Fsâ aI³FhmÄUpw Hcp t]mse-bmWv. R§Ä¡v R§-fpSXmb BZÀi-\n-jvT-bp-

v.' AhÄ¡Xp tI«-t¸mÄ Nnc-¡m-\mWv tXm¶n-b-Xv. aIsâ hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\p sImSp¯

]Ww Xncn¨p hm§p¶ AÑ\pw IrXy-ambn Xncn- -S-¡p¶ aI-\pw. Cu \njvT-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ InS-

¶p-g-ep¶ Xs¶-t]m-ep-Å-h-cp-sS thZ\ Bc-dn-bp¶p AÑ\pw aI\pw Ah-c-h-c-sb-ÃmsX temI v

aäm-scbpw kvt\ln-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pw Ah-cpsS Hä-s¸-S-en-\pÅ ImcWw AXm-sW¶pw ]d-bm³

tacn-b³ aSn- n-Ã.

Ipsd Zqcw sN¶-t¸mÄ ImÀ Hcp hf-hnse XW-enÂ Ckm¡v HXp-¡n-bn-«p. Ccp-]Xp

hÀj-¡mew Xm\pw Xsâ aI\pw Xsâ H³]Xp ktlm-Z-c-§fpw th\Â¡m-e¯p ]mÀ¯n-cp¶

]gb hoSpw GIm´ kpµ-c-amb ]cn-k-chpw ImWp-¶-Xn\p thn-bmWv At±lw Cd-§n-b-Xv.

ISÂ¯o-cs¯ B hmk-Øew acp-a-¡Ä¡pw ImWn- p-sIm-Sp-¡m-a-tÃm. tacn-b³ At±-ls¯

]n³Xp-SÀ¶p-sh-¦nepw AhÄ¡-Xn-sem¶pw Xmev]-cy-an-Ã. ap§n-Ip-fn-¡m-\mbn AhÄI-SÂ¡-c-

bn-te¡v t]mbn. Ckm¡v ]mªp-sN¶Xv Im«p RmhÂ¸-g-§Ä hoWp-In-S-¡p¶ ac-¯-W-en-

te¡mWv. Ah ImWp-t¼mÄ \ndw-]n-Sn¨ Fs´ v kvac-W-I-fmWv a\-Ên-te-t¡m-Sn-h-cp-¶-Xv.!

Ifn-t¯m-gn-bmb kmd, Ahsf hio-I-cns¨Sp¯ Xsâ ktlm-Z-c-\mb knKv{]nUv, _©-an³,

A¦nÄ Btdm¬, Nn«-¡m-cn-bmb A½m-hn, A¶, NmÀtem-«, AÑ³þ FÃmw I¬ap-¶nÂ sXfn-

bp-¶p. (C-km¡v t_mÀKnsâ a\-ÊnÂ Cfw k¦Â]-§Ä Dd-¸n¨ B cwK-§-sfÃmw ChnsS

34Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


]p\:krjvSn-¡-s -Sp-¶p-v.) X\n-s¡mcn-¡epw {]m]n-¡m-\m-hm¯ kv\nKvZ-tem-e-amb kuµ-cy-

¯nsâ _nw_-ambn kmd am{Xw F¶pw a\-ÊnÂ sXfn-ªp-\n¶p. \njv¡-f-¦XbpsS _nw_w!

B _nw_-¯nsâ t]eh kvac-W-I-fp-ambn Imdn-\-Sp¯v Xncn-s¨-¯n-b-t¸mÄ asämcp kmd.

B¬Ip-«n-I-fpsS sN¡v jÀ«pw tjmÀ«vkp-an«v \n¶p ]p©n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cä-en-bn-te¡v t]mIp¶

Ah-tfm-sS¸w kc-k-·m-cmb cv sNdp-¸-¡m-cp-ap-v. kmdsb aÕ-cn¨v {]W-bn-¡p¶ hncp-X-

·mÀ. Ah-scbpw t_mÀKv ImdnÂ Ib-än.

bm{X XpSÀ¶p. Hcp sImSpw-h-f-¸nÂ F¯nb DSs\ AXn-th-K-X-bnÂ Hcp Idp¯ ImÀ

\nb-{ -W-an-ÃmsX FXnsc ]mªp-h-cp-¶Xp Iv ap¶n-en-cp¶ tacn-b³ sR«n hnfn- p. t_mÀKv

{i²-tbmsS t{_¡v Nhp«n ImÀ HXp-¡n-b-Xn-\mÂ c£-s -«p. FXn-tc-h¶ ImÀ tdmU-cn-In-epÅ

Hcp Ipgn-te¡v adn-ªp. mKy-¯n\v AXnÂ bm{X sNbvXn-cp¶ a²y-h-b-kvI-\mb ]pcp-j\pw

AbmfpsS mcybv¡pw A]-I-S-sam¶pw ]nW-ªn-Ã. Ipgn-bnÂ \n¶v Pmfy-X-tbmsS FWoäv hcp-

t¼mtg AhÀ X½n-epÅ cq£-amb Ii]n-i-bpsS H¨-t¡-«p. tÌm¡v tlmanse F©n-\o-bÀ

BÂa\pw mcy-s_-änbpw Bbn-cp¶p s]m«n-s¯-dn¨v ]pI-]-c-¯p¶ bm{X-¡mÀ. ImÀ ss{Uhv

sNbvXn-cp¶ s_änbpw À¯m-hp-ambn hg-¡p-aq v B hf-hn-se- n-b-t¸mÄ À¯m-hns\ XÃm³

ssI s]m¡-b-t¸m-gm-Wt{X A]-ISw ]nW-ª-Xv. Ipäw Ccp-hcpw Gäp ASp- pÅ hÀ¡p-tjm-

¸nÂ t^m¬ sNbv hnh-c-a-dn-bn-¡-a-tÃm. t^m¬ ImWp¶ Øew hsc t]mIp-¶n\v Ahcpw

Ckm-¡nsâ ImdnÂ Ib-dn]än-Iq-Sn. Ah-cpsS ]c-kv]caapÅ Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯hpw sXdnbpw FÃm-

hÀ¡pw Ak-ly-ambn tXm¶n. Ah-cpsS s]cp-amäw FÃm koa-I-sfbpw AXn-ew-Ln-¡p-¶Xp

I-t¸mÄ tacn-b³ Ahsc hgn-bnÂ Cd-¡n-hn-«p.

kmdsb t{]an-¡p¶ sNdp-¸-¡m-cpsS aÕ-chpw AXnÂ Hcp-¯-t\mSv ImWn¡p¶ aa-

Xbpw atä-bmtfmSv a\-ÊnÂ kq£n-¡p¶ A\p- m-hhpw t_mÀK-dnsâ Iuamc {]mb- nse A\p-

-h- nsâ ]p\-kr-jvSn-bm-Wv. {]nb-s¸« kmdsb HSp-hnÂ Xsâ ktlm-Z-c³ knKv{^nUv hnhmlw

sNbvXp. At¸m-sgÃmw t_mÀKn-t\m-SpÅ A\p- mhw Ah-fpsS lrZ-b¯nÂ kq£n-¡q-¶p-m-

bn-cp-¶p. asämcp kv{Xosb a-\-ÊnÃm a\-tÊmsS hnhmlw Ign¨v t_mÀK-dnsâ Zm¼Xy Pohn-

X-am-Is« \ndsb kvt]mS-\-§fpw sskzc-t¡-Sp-am-bn-cp-¶p. B apJ-amWv s_änþ BÂam-cpsS

_Ôw aptJ\ AÀ°m-´-c-\ymk cq]-¯nÂ _ÀÜm³ sImp-h-¶-Xv.

hgn-b-cn-Inse Ip¶nÂ ]pd-¯pÅ s]t{SmÄ _¦nÂ ImÀ \nÀ¯p-t¼mÄ AXnsâ DS-a-

Ø³ þ A¡Àam³ þ t_mÀKns\ Xncn-¨-dn-ªp. At±lw tUmIvS-dmbn ]Wn-sb-Sp¯n-cp¶

Øe-am-WXv. A¡Àamsâ KÀ`-Wn-bmb `mcy BZ-c-thmsS hW-§n. A¡Àamsâ AÑ\pw

A½bpw t_mÀKn³sf tkh-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bm¯ \mfp-I-fn-Ã-t{X. Pohn-X-¯nsâ asämcp

apJw.

Hcp tlm«-enÂ \n¶v Blmcw Ign v Aev]w hn{i-an- -t¸mÄ AXn-\-Sp¯p Xmk-an-¡p¶

A½sb ImW-W-sa¶v tXm¶n. Xsâ Pohn-X- nse Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb Znh-k-am-WtÃm CXv.

tacn-b³ Ahn-sSbpw Xsâ IqsS h¶-t¸mÄ At±lw XSÊw ]d-ªn-Ã. aäv kplr-¯p-¡Ä

tlm«-enÂ Im¯n-cp-¶p.

35Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


\qdp-h-b-Ên-t\m-S-Sp¯ B Ing-hn-¯Å ]¯p s]ä-XnÂ CÊm¡v am{Xta Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-Åq. Ccp-]Xp sIm¨p-a-¡-fnÂ hÃ-t¸mgpw Xs¶ h¶p ImWp-¶Xv ]u{X-\mb FhmÄUvam{Xw. an¡-h-tcbpw AhÀ In-«p-Iq-Sn-bn-Ã. ]eÀ¡pw ]nd-¶mÄ k½m\w Ab- p-sIm-Sp- mÂ"k½m\w In«n \µn' F¶ Imcy-w am-{Xta adp-]Sn In«q. Cu Ah-K-W-\-bnÂ AhÀ¡v ]cm-Xn-bn-Ã. Ahcpw hmÀ²-Iy- nsâ tamN-\-an-Ãm¯ XS-h-d-bn-em-Wv. kz´w a¡Ä Ip«n-¡m-e- p-]-tbm-Kn- n-cp¶ Ifn-t¡m- p-IÄ AhÀ kq£n¨p h¨n-«pv. Ah FSp¯p \nc- p-t¼mÄ B Ing-hn-bpsS ac-hn¨ hnIm-c-§Ä Dujva-f-am-Ipw. B Ifn- m-«-§-sfÃmw AhÀ tacn-b\v ImWn- p-sIm-Sp-¯p. A½bpw aI\pw X½n-epÅ _Ô-¯nsâ XWp¯ Hu]-Nm-cn-IX AhÄ {i²n-¨p-.BßmÀ°X Xom¯ hnc-k-amb bm{´n-I-Xzw B ap -Èn-bnÂ \n¶mhmw ]p{X\pw ]u{X\pw]IÀ¶p In«n-sb-sX¶v Ah-tfmÀ¯p.

ImÀ, shbnÂ hoWv Xnf-§p¶ \nc- n-embn ]ns¶bpw. tacn-b³ im -ambn Imtdm-Sn- p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. Cfw Imäv Pme-I-¯n-eqsS XgpIn h¶-t¸mÄ Ckm¡v t_mÀKv Dd-§n-t¸m-bn,At¸mgpw At±lw kz]v\w Ip. Xsâ D]-t_m[ a\-ÊnÂ AaÀ¶p InS¶ A]-cm[ t_m[-¯nsâbpw ZpÊ-l-amb lrZb ]oU-bp-sSbpw D°m-\-am-bn-cp¶p B kz]v\hpw. Im«nsâ \Sp-hnÂ Hgp-In-¸-c-¡p¶ \nem-h¯v Imap-Isâ Igp-¯nÂ Ign-bn«v hnIm-cm-th-i-t¯msS sI«n adn-bp¶ Akw-Xr-]vX-bmb Hcp kv{XobmWv kz]v\-¯nse \mbn-I. BcmWm kv{Xn? Zpc-`n-am-\nbpw \nÊ-lm-b-\p-amb tUmIvSÀ Ckm-¡nsâ {]nb-s¸« `mcy. (tUm-IvS-dpsS \odn-¸pIªZm¼-Xy- nsâ {]Xy-h-tem-I\w Cu Zriy-§-fn-eqsS \nÀÆ-ln-¡-s -Sp-¶p.) sR«n DWÀ¶-t¸mÄImÀ \nÂ¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kmd-bpw Iq«q-Imcpw ]q¡Ä ]dn¨v ]qs¨p sI«m³ t]mbn-cn-¡p-¶p. _lp-aXn t\Snb tUmIvSÀ¡v \ÂIm³ AhÀI-s-¯nb ]m-cn-tXm-jnIw AXm-bn-cp-¶p.

Xm³ hnNn-{X-amb kz]v\-§Ä IWp-¶-Xn-s\- än t_ÀKv acp-a-I-tfmSv ]d-ªp. FhmÄUpwCXp-Xs¶ ]dm-bp-s¶v AhÄ At±-ls¯ A\p-kva-cn-¸n-¨p. AÑ\pw aI\pw Htc A¨nÂhmÀ¯ hnIm-c-Po-h-IÄ Xs¶. Xm\pw FhmÄUpw X½n-epÅ bYmÀ° ]nW-¡- nsâ bYmÀ°ImcWw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m³ ]änb Ah-k-c-am-Wn-sX¶v AhÄ \nÝ-bn-¨p. hnhmlw IgnªvsImÃ-§Ä ]e-Xm-bn«pw X§Ä¡v k´m-\-§-fn-Ã-tÃm. AXn-\mÂ KÀ`n-Wn-bm-b-t¸mÄ AS-¡m-\m-hm¯ kt´m-j-am-bn-cp-¶p, Hcp Znhkw ISÂ¡-c-bnÂ sh¨v Cu kt´mj hÀ¯-am\w`À¯m-hns\ Adn-bn-¨p. F¶mÂ FhmÄUnsâ apJ¯v sXfn-¨-ap-m-bn-sÃ-¶p-am-{X-aÃ CcpÄ]c-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-¯n\v a¡Ä ths¶v Xd-¸n¨v ]d-ªXv \Sp-¡-t¯msS tI«p.amXr-Xz- nÂ PohnX km£m-XvImcw ImWp¶ tacn-b\v C¡m-cy-¯nÂ À¯m-hnt\mSv tbmPn-¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã. B A`n-{]mbw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AhÄ ISp- n v ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsSDc-kÂ Bcw- n- p. AhÄ FhmÄUns\ BßmÀ°-ambn kvt\ln-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ¡-h-sf-bpwCjvS-am-Wv. F¦nepw B _Ô-¯nÂ hnÅ-ep-mbn. arZpe a\-kvI-\mb FhmÄUv F´p-sIm-mWv Ipªp-§sf shdp-¡-¶-Xv., F´p-sImv AÑ-\m-Im-\m-{K-ln-¡p-¶n-Ã. AX-dn-ª-t¸mÄ \Sp-¡-¯nsâ Xo£-WX hÀ²n- p. Xsâ P\-\-amWv AÑsâbpw A½-bp-sSbpw Pohn-X-¯nÂ CuÀjybpw Ahn-izm-khpw kwi-bhpw hen-¨ns«-sX¶v FhmÄUv Icp-Xp-¶p.t_mÀKnsâbpw mcy-bp-sSbpw GI ]p{X-\mb Xsâbpw PohnXw CXp-aqew Deªp. t_mÀKnsâaI-\mtWm Xm³ F¶p-hsc kwi-bn-¡-s -«p. Cu Xnàm-\p- -h-amWv AÑ-\m-I-sW-sa¶ Xsâkzm`m-hn-Im-{K-l-¯nsâ Igp¯p sRcn-¡p-¶-Xv., F´n\m cwK-§Ä Xsâ Pohn-X-¯nepwBhÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Xm³ {]k-hn-¡p-Ibpw Ipªns\ hfÀ¯p-I-bpw sN¿p-sa¶v tacn-b³ Dd- n-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. CXmWv ]nW-¡-¯nsâ Imc-Ww.

36Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


Bcm-W-Xn\v D¯-c-hm-Zn? t_mÀKn-\p-antÃ Cu kwLÀj-¯nÂ ]¦v. Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS

]m]-¯n\v amf-§-fnÂ CXnsâ thcp-IÄ ]pfªp InS-¡p-¶n-tÃ. Ckm¡v t_mÀKn\v CXn\p

adp-]-Sn-bn-Ã. epv \K-c-¯nÂ ChmÄUnsâ ho«nÂ F¯nb t_mÀKns\ kzmKXw sNbvXXv

AKvZ-bm-bn-cp-¶p. C{Xbpw Zpcw s{Sbn\nÂ k©-cn¨v AhÀ h¶Xv tUmIvSÀ _lp-aXn Gäp

hm§p¶ cwKw BËm-Zn-¡m³ am{X-am-Wv. B hÀjw Pq_nen tUmIvSÀamÀ¡v _lp-aXn \ÂI-

s¸-«p. hnc-k-amb NS-§v. Adp apjn-¸³ {]kw-K-§Ä. aSp-¸n-¡p¶ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-X. DÅnÂ

X«m¯ A\p-tam-Z-\-§Äþ FÃmw Ignªv tUmIvSÀ XfÀ¶mWv hn«n-se-¯n-b-Xv. tUmISvsd

A\p-tam-Zn- p-sImv kmdbpw sNdp- -¡mcpw \o«n- m-Sn s]mSn-]n-Sn- m-t-im-jn- p-sImv bm{X ]dªv

AI-¶p-t]m-b-t¸mÄ a\-ÊnÂ Fs -¶n-Ãm¯ s\m¼-cw. bph-Xz- nsâ DuÀÖw ]X-ªp-s]m-

§p¶ bphm-¡Ä¡n-S-bnÂ Ignª Ipsd aWn-¡q-dp-I-fnÂ t_mÀKpw B elcn Adn-bmsX

tam´p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

aI³ Ct¸mgpw DÅp-sImv X¶nÂ \n¶v hfsc AI-se-bm-sW¶v kzev]-t\-scs¯

kw`m-jWw sImv Xs¶ At±-l- n\v t_m²y-am-bn. NmäÂ ag-b¯v FhmÄUpw tacn-b\pw

Un¶-dnÂ ]s¦Sp¡m³ t]mbn. t_mÀKv X\n- m-bn. GIm- -X-bpsS imeo-\-amb a©nÂ¡bdn

B hr²³, icÂ¡m-em-Im-i-¯n\p IognÂ hn«p ]d-¼nÂ NnX-dn-In-S-¡p¶ Im«p RmhÂ¸gw

s]mdp-¡m³ ]ns¶bpw t]mbn. Xsâ {]nb-kJn kmd ]g-§Ä s]mdp-¡n-¡q«n AhnsS Xs¶-

Im¯p \nÂ¸p-m-hmw. B Nn´ B HmÀ½ a\-Ên-\v emLhw \ÂIn.

kz]v\w, kvarXn, bmYmÀ°yw F-¶nh HgpIn ebn-¡p¶ Imhy-a-t\m-l-c-amb Cu Ne-

¨n{X mh-KoXw AhnsS Ah-km-\n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Hmtcm hm¡pw Hmtcm Zriyhpw kq£va-X-tbmsS

tImÀ¯mWv Cu D]-lmcw Hcp-¡p-¶-Xv. t{]£-I\v Hcp IYm-]m-{X- n-t\mSpw A\njvSw tXm¶p-

I-bn-Ã. ChnsS \m-b-I-t\m, \mbn-I-tbm, hnÃt\m H¶p-an-Ã. Pohn-X-k-cn-X-¯nÂ \o´n-Xp-Sn-

¡p¶ a\p-jy-cpsS tNmtXm-hn-Im-c-§Ä XnIª kzm`m-hn-I-X-tbmsS {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶p. Hcp

\À½-I-Y-bpsS _mly-amb emfnXyw hln-¡p¶ Im«p RmhÂ¸g-§-fpsS B´-cnI kvtXm`w

hnkvt]m-S-I-am-Wv.

t_mÀKnsâ mcy-sbm-gn v Cu Nn{X-¯nse aäv kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-§Ä kcf Nn¯-cm-Wv.

s]mXpsh _ÀÜm³ Nn{X-§-fnse kv{XoIÄ B hn`m-K-¯nÂs]Sp-¶-h-cm-Wv.

aPoZv aPo-Zn-bpsS "NnÂ{U³ Hm^v slh³'

Ip«nIÄ {][m\IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbn B`n-\-bn¨ kn\n-a-I-fpsS Iq«-¯nÂ temI-hym-]-I-

ambn XpSÀ -bmbn {]ZÀin- n-¡-s -«Xpw Ip«n-I-fp-sSbpw apXnÀ¶-h-cp-sSbpw {]iwk Htc-t]mse

]nSn-¨p-]-än-b-Xp-amb Nn{X-amWv aPoZv aPoZn kwhn-[m\w sNbvX "]dp-Zo-kbnse Ip«n-IÄ' Ip«n-

Isf Ip«n-I-fm-bn- s¶ ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-Ibpw Ahsc apXnÀ¶-h-cpsS Ip«n- -Xn-¸p-I-fmb tImanIv

IYm-]m-{X-§-fm¡n Ah-X-cn- n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p F¶-XmWv "NnÂ{U³ Hm v slhs\''

IqSp-XÂ kXy-k-Ô-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Cdm³t]mepÅ Hcp aq¶mw-tem-I-cmPyw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶

\K-c-Po-hn-X-Zp-cn-X-§Ä {]I-S-\m-ß-IX H«p-an-ÃmsX hni-Zo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p F¶Xpw Cu kn\n-a-

bpsS khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.

37Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


A\p-P¯n kmd-bpsS sNcp¸p t\tc-bm-¡ns¡m-p-h-cp-¶-Xn-\nsS Aen-bpsS ssIbnÂ

\n¶v AXp \jvS-s -Sp¶p _m -bpsS ]¡Â ]pXnb Hcp tPmUn hm§n-¡m-\pÅ ]Ww CsÃ¶

Imcyw Adn-bm-hp-¶-Xp-sImpw sNcp¸v \jvS-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-X-dn-bp-t¼mÄ e`n-t¨-¡m-hp¶

in£`b¶pw Ah-cn-cp-hcpw tNÀ¶v Cu hnhcw cl-ky-am-¡n-h-bv¡p-¶p. AenbpsS GI tPmUn

sNcp-¸p-IÄ am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sImv cp-t]À¡pw kv¡qfnÂ t]mIm-\m-hp¶ Hcp-]-²Xn

AhÀ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. cmhn-es¯ ¢mÊp-I-fnÂ kmdbpw D¨-bv¡p-ti-j-apÅ ¢mÊp-I-fnÂ

Aenbpw CXp-{]-Imcw lmP-cm-hp-¶p. amXm-]n-Xm-¡-sfbpw A²ym-]-I-scbpw Adn-bn-¡m-sX-bpÅ

Cu kml-kn-I-{]-hr¯n Ahsc ]e Ipg- -§-fnepw NmSn-¡p-¶p-s-¦nepw Ah-c-sXms¡ AXn-

Po-hn-¡p-¶p.

Cu L«- n-emWv \K-c- nÂ kv¡qÄ¡p-«n-IÄ¡p-thn Hcp ZoÀL-Zqc Hm«-a-Õcw {]Jym-

]n-¡-s -Sp-¶-Xv. Aensb Cu aÕ-c- n-te-¡mÀjn-¡p-¶Xv hmKvZm\w sN¿-s -«n-cn-¡p¶ aq¶mw

k½m-\-am-Wv. Hcp tPmUn sNcp- p-I-fmWv aq¶mw k½m-\w. Cu sNcp- -IÄ e`n- mÂ AXp IS-

bnÂ t]mbn s]¬Ip-«n-I-fpsS jqhmbn amän-hm§n A\n-b- n¡p \evIm-sa-¶m-W-hsâ ]²-Xn.-

A-Xy´w DtZz-K-P-\-I-amb Zriy-JÞamWv Hm«-a-Õ-c- n-tâ-Xv. \qdp-I-W-¡n\p Ip«n-Isf adn-I-

S¶v n\n-jn§v t]mbnâ v Ah³ apdn-¨p-I-S-¡p-¶Xv hnIm-c-\nÀ`-c-amb cwK-am-Wv. kv¡pfnse

Imbn-Im-²ym-]-I³ Ahs\ tImcn-sb-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah³ tNmZn-¡p-¶Xv F\n¡v aq¶mw k½m\w

e`n- ntÃ F¶m-Wv. F´n\p aq¶mw k½m\w \o H¶m-a-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p F¶ adp-]Sn Ah-\nÂ

BËmZ¯n\p ]Icw ]SÀ¯p-¶-Xv thZ-\-bm-Wv. t{Sm^n kzoI-c-Whpw t^mt«m skj\pw

Ignªv ho«nÂ shdpw ssItbmsS aS-§n-sb-¯p¶ Ahsc Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ A\n-b¯n ,km-d-

bpsS ap³]nÂ Ah-\-\p-`-hn-¡p¶Xpw ]¦n-Sp-¶Xpamb \nÊ-lm-bX AXy´w ZpÊ-l-am-Wv.

ITn-\-amb Hm«-s - p-SÀ¶v Ahsâ (A-h-cpsS) BsI-bpÅ shÅ-jqkpw s]m«n-s¸m-fn-ªn-cn-

¡p-¶p. tkmIvkv IqSn Agn-s¨-dn-ª-t¸mÄ Ahsâ ImemsI XnWÀ¯pw s]mÅnbpw ]cn-t¡-

ä-Xp-Im-Wmw. ho«p-ap-äs¯ sNdp-X-Sm-I-¯nÂ Ah³ Xsâ Imep-IÄ \oäÂ kln-¨p-sImv

ap¡n-h-bv¡p-¶p. ao\p-IÄ i_vZ-ap-m-¡n-s¡mv B Imen\p Npäpw s]mXn-bn-¶p. hnPbw

]cm-P-b-ambn amdp¶ B hnNn{X\nan-j-¯n-emWv kn\na kam-]n-¡p-¶-Xv.

Cdm-\nse amdn-h¶ cWkwhn-[m-\-s¯tbm {]ISamb Ncn-{X-cm-jv{So-b-bm-YmÀ°y-§-

sftbm "NnÂ{U³ Hm^v slh³" t\cn«v ]Ým-¯-e-am-¡p-¶nÃ F¶v D]-cn-X-e-¯n-epÅ Hcp

ImgvN-bn-eqsS A\p- -h-s -t«-¡mw. F¶mÂ {i²n- p-t\m-¡n-bmÂ C -c-samcp ]cn-anXn Btcm-

]n-¡m-\m-hn-sÃ¶p t_m[y-s -Spw. sXlvdm³ \K-c- nse [\n-I-þ-Z-cn{Z hn -P-\s¯ Nn{Xw IrXy-

ambn AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p-¶p-v. AXoh Zcn-{Z-cmb Aen-bpsS IpSpw-_- nsâ hni-Zmw-i-§Ä tZi

þ Ime-hÀ -am-\s¯ hnaÀi-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶p. \nÊ-lm-b-sc-¦nepw [mÀ½n-I-amb D¯-c-hm-

ZnXzwsImv IpSpw-_w, AbÂ¡mÀ. ]Ån XpS-§nb kaq-l-cq-]-§-tfmSv _Ôn-¡-s -«n-cn-¡p-I-

bm-W-hÀ. ASp-¡-fbpw InS-¸p-ap-dnbpw ]T-\-ap-dnbpw FÃm-ambn Hscmä AIw am{X-am-W-hÀ¡p-

Å-Xv. sIm¨p-Ipªv CS-bv¡p-WÀ¶pw Icªpw ]ns¶-bp-d-§nbpw InS-¡p-¶-Xn-\nsS ]mbmcw

]d-bp¶ _m¸. ]mTw hmbn-¡p-¶-Xn-\nsS _m¸bpw D½bpw ImWmsX ]pkvX-I- nÂ Ipdn-¸p-

I-sf-gpXn sNcp-¸nsâ \jvSw F-§s\ t\cn-Sm-sa¶p NÀ¨-sN-¿p¶ Aenbpw kmd-bpw. Pohn-X-

¯nsâ k¦oÀ®-amb Xe-§-fmWv efn-X-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-¯n-eqsS aPoZv aPoZn A\m-h-cWw

38Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


sN¿p-¶-Xv. ]Ån-bnse NS-§n-\m-h-iy-apÅ ]©-kmc sNdnb I«-I-fm¡n DS-bv¡p-I-bmWv Aen-

bpsS _m¸. AbmÄ¡pÅ I«³ Nmb kmd Dm¡n s¡mSp-¡p-¶p. AXn-en-Sm-\pÅ ]©-

kmcbmIs« ho«n-enÃ Xm\pw. ]©-km-c-bsÃ \ndsb Ccn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ipd-s -Sp- n-«p-IqsS F¶-

hÄ \njvI-f-¦-ambn Bcm-bp-¶p. A§s\ Nn´n-¡m³ t]mepw ]mSn-Ã. \½sf hniz-kn-t¨-

ev]n¨ apX-em-Wn-Xv. AXp kz´w Bh-iy-¯n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-IqSm F¶-bmÄ Ahsf ]dªp

a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. C{X ITn-\-amb [mÀ½nI\njvT ]peÀ¯p¶ B IpSpw-_-\m-Y\pw IpSpw-_-

¯n\pw AX-\p-k-cn-¨pÅ \oXn e`y-am-hp-¶ptm? \K-c-¯nse [\n-IÀ Xma-kn-¡p¶ {]tZ-

i¯p tXm«- Wn tXSn-s -Ãp¶ AhÀ¡p ap³]nÂ ]e tKäp-IÄt]mepw Xpd-¡-s -Sp-¶n-Ã. Ah-

km\w tPmen In«n-b-t¸m-gm-Is«, In«nb Iqen th-hn[w AhÀ¡v A\p- -hn-¡m-\p-am-bn-Ã. BËm-

Z-`-cn-X-cmbn ho«nte¡p ssk¡nÄ Nhn-«p-¶-Xn-\nsS ssk¡n-fnsâ t{_¡v \jvS-am-hp-Ibpw

A]-I-S- nÂ AhÀ¡papdnthÂ¡p-IbpamWv.

tSmwssSIvhdnsâ "d¬ teme d¬'

hnh-[-tbm-K-§Ät]m-epÅ AXn- u-XnI {]iv\-§-fmWv tSmw ssSIv hÀ kwhn-[m\w sNbvX

"d¬ teme d¬' NÀ¨-s¡-Sp-¡p-¶Xv Akm-[m-c-W-amb inÂ]-cq-]-¯nÂ Cu `mh-\m-\nÀanXn

km[y-am-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS mKy-\nÀ`m-Ky-§fpw \ntbm-K-§fpw X½n-epÅ _Ôs¯ kÀKm-ß-I-

ambn \nÀh-Nn-¡p-I-bmWv ssSIvhÀ. Øe-Im-e]-cn-hÀ¯\w (space -time permuutation) sh¨p-

sImv AXn-hn-ZvK-[-ambn sa\-sª-Sp¯ Xnc-¡-Y-bm-Wn-Xv. GXmv icn-bmb ka-b-¯mWv

CXnse {]hr-¯n-IÄ \S-¡p-¶-Xv. Hmtcm \nan-j-¯n\pw sXm«-Sp¯ \nan-js¯ amän-a-dn-¡m-

\pÅ Ign-hp-s¶v Cu Nn{Xw {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. ka-b- n-s\-Xnsc IpXn-¡p¶ teme-tbm-sS¸w

aq¶v hyXykvX bm{X-IÄ \S-¯p-I-bmWv \mw. Ah-kcw, ka-bw, \ntbmKw F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-

¨pÅ ]T-\-am-Wn-Xv. ss[j-WnI {]l-k\w (intellectual slapstick) F¶p hnti-jn- n-¡m-hp¶

kn\n-a. B[p-\nI PÀa³ kaq-l-¯nse _Ô-\-ssi-en-Yy-§Ä, IpSpw_w F¶ kmaq-lnI

Øm]-\¯nsâ XIÀ¨ F¶n-hbpw {]ta-b-¯nsâ `mK-am-hp-¶p. BJym-\-coXn, _nw_§Ä,

i_vZ-§Ä, kmt¦-XnIX F¶n-h-bpsS kaÀY-amb k¶n-th-i-¯n-eqsS t{]£-Isâ C{µn-b-

§sf {]£p-_v[-am-¡p-Ibpw ss[j-Wn-I-Xsb {]tIm-]n-¸n-¡-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Cu ]co-

£WwNn{Xw Hcp km-t¦XnI am\-knI {IoU (Techno mind game) IqSn-bm-Wv. \nÝeZriy-Ä,

tÉmtam-j³, B\n-ta-j³, sSIvt\m kuv {Sm¡v F¶n-h-bn-eqsS teme-bpsS Hm«w Hcp aÄ«n-ao-

Unb Imen-tUm-kvtIm]v Bbn amdp-I-bm-Wv. Akm-[y-amb Hcp HuXy-¯nÂ teme hnP-bn-¡p-

¶Xv Im«p-¶-Xn-\p-]-Icw t\cnb hyXn-bm-\-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Snb aq¶v _ZÂkm[y-X-I-fm-Wv kwhn-[m-

b-I³ ImWn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ipd-tkmhbpsS "dmj-tamWn' Â Htc kw`-h-¯nsâ aq¶v hyXykvX

ImgvN- m-Sp-IÄ \mep-t]À Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. IokvtemhvkvInbpsS "ss»\vdv Nm³kn'

Â s{Sbn-\nÂ Ib-dn-¸-äm³ Ign-bp-¶Xpw Ign-bm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xpw Hcp bphm-hnsâ Pohn-X-¯nÂ

hcp-¯p¶ hyXy-kvX-X-I-fmWv hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. BJym\ ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ km{¼-Zm-

bnI Iogvhg-¡-§sf [n¡-cn-¡p¶ Cu cp Nn{X-§-fp-sSbpw KW-¯nÂs¸Sp¶p "d¬ teme

d¬'.

39Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


a\p-jy-_-Ô-§Ä XIÀ¶v inYn-e-amb B[p-\nI PÀa³ kaq-l-¯nsâ \J-Nn{Xw IqSn

]IÀ¶p \ÂIp-¶pv Cu Nn{X-¯n-eqsS ssSIv hÀ. ]nXm-hnsâ inc-Ên-\p-t\sc tXm¡p

Nqn _m¦v sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p¶ teme ]pXnb \mK-cnIX krjvSn¨ Xe-ap-d-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-

Wv. Ing-¡³ bqtdm-]y³ AXnÀ¯n-I-fn-te¡v h{Phpw ab-¡p-a-cp¶pw IÅ-¡-S¯p \S-¯p¶

kwL-¯nse AwK-amb am¶n kq¸À amÀ¡äv sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-¶Xv \mw ImWp-¶p. sXmgnÂ

cln-Xcmb B[p-\nI PÀa³ bphm-¡Ä am^nb kwL-§-fnte¡mWv BIÀjn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv

F¶ ka-Im-enI bmYmÀYy-¯n\v ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-I-bmWv ssSIvhÀ Cu IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS Bhn-

jvIm-c- n-eq-sS.

IYm-kmcw

Htc IY aq¶v hyXykvXXe-§-fnÂ ]d-bp-I-bmWv Cu Nn{Xw. Cu aq¶p JÞ§sfbpw

tNÀ¯pÅ hmb-\-bn-eqsS am{Xta kwth-Z-\m-\p-io-e-\-§sf amän- -Wn-bp¶ kn\n-a-bpsS hymI-

cWw \ap¡v hg-§n-¡n-«p-I-bp-Åq.

H¶mw-JÞw

temesb t_mbv{^â v am¶n t^mWnÂ hnfn-¡p-¶p, kabw 11.40. BsI Ak-kz-Ø-

\mWv AbmÄ ab-¡p-a-cp¶v I -h-S-¡m-c-\mWv am¶n. 20 an\p-äp-\Iw am^nbm Xe-h³ tdm¶n¡v

ssIam-td Hcp e£w PÀa³ amÀIv Abm-fpsS ssIbnÂ\n¶pw \jvS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. IrXyw

12 aWn¡v B ]W-sa-Sp-¡m-\mbn Ahsâ hgn-eqsS tdm¶n hcpw. AXv ssIam-dp¶ Øe-

t¯¡v am¶nsb \bn-t¡Xv teme-bm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Ah-fpsS tamt«mÀ ssk¡nÄ Ignª

Znhkw If-hp-t]m-bn. teme ]dª ka-b v F¯m-Xn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ am¶n sdbnÂth tÌj-\n-

te¡v t]mb-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-\nsS k_vth s{Sbn\nÂ ]Ww sh¨p ad-¶p-t]m-bn, thh-

emXnbnemb am¶n DS³ Xs¶ temesb hnfn¨v Imcyw ]d-bp-¶p. 12 aWn¡v am^nb Xe-h³

tdm¶nsb ImWp¶ ka-b¯v ]Ww ssIbn-en-sÃ-¦nÂ Ah³ sImÃ-s¸-Spw. B \nÀWm-b-I-k-

a--b-¯n\v C\n 20 an\n-äp-IÄ am{Xw. AXp-sIm-v teme shdpw 20 an\näp sImv Hcp e£w

PÀa³ amcv¡v Is-¯-Ww. Fhn-sS-bmtWm \nÂ¡-¶Xv AhnsS Xs¶ \nÂ¡m³ teme

t_mbv{^ân-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. 20 an\n-än-\Iw Xm³ ]W-hp-ambn AhnsS F¯n-t -cp-sa¶v AhÄ

Ah\v Dd¸p \ÂIp-¶p. F¶mÂ X\n¡v AsXs§ Ign-bp-sa¶v AhÄ¡v H«pw \nÝ-b-an-Ã.

\K-c-¯nse kq¸À amÀ¡-änÂ kmbp[ IhÀ¨ \S¯n am{Xta C{Xbpw oa-amb XpI s]«¶v

Dm-¡m-\mIq F¶v am¶n ]d-bp-¶p. teme DS³Xs¶ Xsâ A¸mÀ«vsaânÂ \n¶pw NmSn-bn-

d-§p¶p,F¶mÂ _m¦v amt\-P-cmb ]nXmhv thäÀ Xs¶ klm-bn-¡ptam F¶ Imcy-¯nÂ

AhÄ¡v Dd-¸n-Ã. ]nXm-hns\ Imcy-§Ä [cn- n-¡m³ teme Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. ]ns¶ HmSn- p-

S-§p-¶p. AhÄ Xma-kn-¡p¶ A]mÀ«vsaân\pw _m¦n\panS-bn-epÅ hgn \ndsb {]Xn-_-Ô-

§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Ipc-¡p¶ \mbv¡Ä, tKmh-Wn-IÄ, t__n-Im-tcy-Pp-IÄ, sXcp-hnse Xnc-t¡-dnb

KXm-KXw, ImÂ\-S-bm-{X-¡mÀ, ssk¡nÄ khm-cn-¡mÀ...-X-S-Ê-§-fnÂ ap«n-s¡mv ka-b- n-s\-

Xnsc IpXn-¡p-I-bmWv teme. ]nXm-hnsâ _m¦n-se-¯m³ teme s_Àen³ sXcp-hn-eqsS HmSp-

¶p. thäÀ ]Ww \ÂIm³ hnk-½-Xn-¡p-t¼mÄ am¶nbpw temebpw Hcp t{Kmkdn tÌmÀ

sImÅ-b-Sn-¡v¡p-¶p. temesb t]meokv Hm^o-kÀ shSn-sh- p-ho-gv¯p-¶p.

40Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


cm-JÞw

teme acn-¡p-t¼mÄ kn\na BZyw apXÂ XpS-§p-¶p. am¶n-bnÂ \n¶pÅ t^m¬

tImÄ. ]ns¶bpw ]nXm-hnÂ \n¶pw ]Ww hm§m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. HSp-hnÂ AhÄ ]nX-hns\

tXm¡n³ ap\-bnÂ \nÀ¯n _m¦v sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-¶p. ]Ww am¶n¡v F¯n¨p sImSp-¡p-¶p.

F¶mÂ sXcphv apdn¨p IS-¡p-t¼mÄ am¶n Bw_q-e³kv CSn¨p acn-¡p-¶p.

aq¶mw JÞw

]nXm-hnsâ _m¦n-se-¯p-t¼m-tg¡pw At±lw ImdnÂ tabÀs¡m¸w \o§n-¡-gn-ªn-cp-

¶p. AhÄ \K-c-¯n-eqsS HmSp-¶p. Hcp Imkn-t\m-bnÂ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p. knwKnÄ 100 amÀ¡v

Nn¸v In«p-¶p. dpeäv tS_nÄ Is-¯p-¶p. 20Â hmXp-sh¨v hnP-bn-¡p-¶p. hopw AhÄ

hnPbw t\Sp-¶p. ]Ww In«n. C\n D¨¡p ap¼v am¶nsb Is-¯-Ww. ]nXm-hnsâ _m¦nse

skIyp-cnän Hm^o-ksd hln-¨p-sIm-p-t]m-hp¶ Bw_p-e³knÂ teme¡v kuP\y khmcn

Xc-s¸-Sp-¶p. slÀ tabdpw (c-p-X-hW teme Abmsf IS¶p t]mhp-¶p-v. aq¶mw XhW

Atbm-tfmSv kwkm-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p) teme-bpsS ]nXmhv thädpw k©-cn-¡p¶ ImÀ asämcp

k©-cn-¡p¶ ImÀ asämcp Imdpambn (BZy cp-X-hW tabÀ BI-kvan-I-ambn CSn¨p AtX

Imdp-am-bn) Iq«n-bn-Sn-¡p-¶p. B A]-I-S-¯nÂ Ah-fpsS ]nXmhv thäÀ acn-¡p-¶p. \jvS-s¸«

_mKv am¶n¡v bmN-I-\nÂ \n¶pw Xn¨p-In-«nb hnhcw AhÄ Adn-bp-¶n-Ã. hopwIn«nb

_mKv IrXy-k-a-b¯p Xs¶ am¶n tdm¶n¡p \ÂIp-¶p. AtXmsS Ah-km-\-J-Þ-¯nÂ

AhÀ hnP-bn-¡p-¶p.

{IntÌm v IotÌm v IokvtemhvkvInbpsS "ss_³Uv Nm³kv' km[y-X-I-fp-sSbpw A\n-

Ýn-X-Xz-§-fp-sSbpw \nÀWm-b-I-X-IÄ Nn{Xo-I-cn- n-cp-¶p. Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS Ah-km-\-]m-Z- nse

t]mf-nsâ cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-¯nÂ hnZym-k-¼-¶-\mb Hcp bphm-hnsâ Pohn-X-amWv

IotÉmhvkvIn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

saUn-¡Â hnZymÀYn-bmb hnsäIv Zyqt¥mjv ¹mävt^mw hnSp¶ Hcp s{Sbn\nÂ Ib-dn¸äm³

{ian-¡p-¶p. s{Sbn³ In«n-bm-epÅ Abm-fpsS hn[n-\n-tbm-K-§fpw In«n-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ AXv Abm-

fpsS Pohn-X- nÂ Dm-¡p¶ amä-§fpw hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I-bmWv IotkmtemhvkvIn. s{Sbn³

In«n-b-t¸mÄ Ip-ap-«nb HcmÄ hnsä-Ins\ Iayq-WnÌp ]mÀ«n-bn-te¡v BIÀjn-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v

hnsäIv sshZy-hr¯n Dt]-£n-¡p-Ibpw hn¹-h- nsâ ]mX-bn-te¡v \S-¶-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

s{Sbn³ In«m-Xm-b-t¸mÄ Ah³ tÌj-³ KmÀUp-ambn hg-¡p-Iq-Sp-Ibpw AXv Pohn-X- nsâ Zni

amäp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]mÀ«n-hn-cp²-\mb Hfn-t¸m-cm-fnbpw ssZh-hn-izm-kn-bp-ambn amdp-I-bmWv

hnsäIv Zyqt¥m-jv. aq¶ms¯ km[yX C§s\bmWv. hnsäIv Zyqt¥m-jnsâ ASn-Øm\ kz`mhw

Cu aq¶p JÞ-§-fnepw amdp-¶n-Ã. XnI¨pw hniz-k-\o-b-amb coXn-bn-emWv IotÉmhvkvIn

Cu km[y-X-IÄ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

\mev ZrIvkm£nIfpsS ho£-W-tIm-Wn-eqsS Hcp bmYmÀYyw Ah-X-cn- n- p-sImv hkvXp-

\njvT bmYmÀYyw F¶ H¶n-sÃ¶v Øm]n-s¨Sp¡-bmWv "dmjtamWn" Â AIncm Ipd-tkm-h.

41Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


BXv\njvT-amb BJym\w bmYmÀYy-¯nsâ hkvXp-\n-jvT-Xsb _m[n-¡p-¶p-sh¶v Bt±lw

kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. _mÂkw-Khpw sIme-]m-X-I-hp-amWv CXnse kw`-h-§Ä. IY-bpsS \mev

`mjy-§-fnÂ H¶m-a-t -XnÂ h\w sImÅ-¡m-c³ sIme-]m-X-I-Ipäw Gsä-Sp-¡p-Ibpw F¶mÂ

_emÂkw-K-¡päw \ntj[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. D`-b-k-½-X-t¯m-sS-bpÅ thgvN-bm-bn-cp¶p

AsX-¶mWv Abm-fpsS mjyw. h\w sImÅ-¡m-c³ B{I-an- -Xmbn kv{Xo ]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ

sIme-]m-XIn Xm³ Bbn-cn-¡p-sa-¶mWv AhÀ t_m[n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. h[n-¡-s¸« BÄ asämcp

am[ya-¯n-eqsS kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p-v. sIme-]m-X-Ihpw _memÂkw-Khpw \S-¶-Xmbn AbmÄ

hnh-c-W- nÂ DÄt -cp-¶p. ho£-W§Ä hvkXp-\njvT bmYmÀYys¯ hf-s¨m-Sn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw

AXp-sImvXs¶ ]qÀW-amb kXyw Xncn-¨-dn-bpI Akm-[y-am-sW¶pw Cu Nn{Xw {]Jym-]n-

¡p-¶p.

\nan-jmÀ[-§-fpsS CS-th-f-I-fnÂ Pohn-X- nsâ Zni-IÄ amdp-¶p-s¶v {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶

Cu ¢mknIv Nn{X-§--fpsS Np-h-Sp-]n-Sn¨v Xan-gnÂ Poh kwhn-[m\w sNbvX Nn{X-amWv "12 _n'

(2001) "kvsseUnwKv tUmÀkv' F¶ tlmfn-hpUv kn\n-a-bp-ambpw Cu Nn{X-¯n\p kmay-ap-v.

iàn (iymw) F¶ bphmhv Câ vÀhyqhn\p t]mhp-¶-tXm-sS-bmWv kn\na XpS-§p-¶-Xv. "12 _n'

F¶ _knÂ Ib-dm³ ]än-bmepw CsÃ-¦nepw iàn-bpsS Poh-X-¯nÂ kw`-hnt¨¡mhp¶

Zni-am-ä§fmWv kam-´c IY-I-fn-eqsS Poh Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. BZy-J-Þ-¯nÂ iàn

CâÀhyq-hn\v sshIn-sb-¯p-¶p. ap¼v Ip-ap«nb kpµcn (tPym-Xn-I)-bp-ambn Ah³ ASp-¡p-

¶p. cmw JÞ- nÂ IrXy- nÂ IrXy-k-a-b v Câ vÀhyq\v lmP-cmb AbmÄ¡v tPmen-In-

«p-¶p. IqsS tPmen sN¿p¶ {]nb (kn-{am³)-bp-ambn Ah³ {]W-b-¯n-em-hp-¶p. efn-X-sa-

¦nepw NSp-e-amb BJym\ ssien-bn-eqsS iàn-bpsS cp Pohn-X-K-Xn-Ifpw kam-´-c-ambn

Ah-X-cn- n-¡-I-bmWv Poh. Xangv kn\n-a-bpsS ]Xnhp akm-e-t -cp-h-I-Ä ]e-bn-§-fn-embn NnX-

dn-¡n-S-¡p-¶pv. AXn- m-hp-IXzw IeÀ¶ KmÀlnI \mS-I-§-fnÂ \n¶pw AXn-am-\pj \mbI

k¦Â]- nÂ\n¶pw kzbw hntÑ-Zn v thdn« Hc-kvXnXzw t\Sn-sb-Sp¯ Cu Nn{X- nsâ inÂ]-

cq-]-¯n\pw {]ta-b-¯n\pw auen-IX Ah-Im-i-s -Sm-\m-hn-Ã. thdn« ssien-bn-eq-sSbpw BJym-

\-L-S-\-bn-eq-sSbpw IY ]d-ªp-sImv apJy-[m-c-bnÂ {]ZÀin-¸n-¡-s¸« kn\na F¶ \ne-bn-

Â Cu Nn{X-¯n\v {]k-àn-bp-v. ]oäÀ luhnäv 1998Â kwhn-[m\w sNbvX "ssÉUnwKv

tUmÀkv" \nan-jmÀ[-§-fnÂ amdp¶ a\p-jy-\n-tbm-K-§-Lsf lmk-kym-ß-I-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-

¡p-I-bmWv. Kzn¶Xv ]mÄt{Sm BWv CXnÂ apJy IYm-]m-{Xs¯ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. kam- -

c-amb IYm-K-Xn-IÄ Htc-k-abw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ BJym-c-\-co-Xn-bmWv ]oäÀ luhnäv Ah-ew-

_n-¡p-¶-Xv. tPmen \jvS-s¸-«-Xn-\mÂ Xma-k-Ø-e-t¯¡v bm{X-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv AUzÀssS-

knwKv FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv Bb sle³. cmhnse ]¯p-a-Wn-bpsS s{Sbn³ In«n-b-Xn-\mÂ Xsâ

^vfmänÂ sh¨v ImapI³ asämcp kv{Xo-bp-ambn InS¡ ]¦n-Sp-¶Xv AhÄ¡v t\cnÂ ImWm³

Ign-bp-¶p. cm-as¯ JÞ-¯nÂ s{Sbn³ In«m-¯-Xn-\mÂ Imap-Isâ hniz-kvX-X-bn-Ãmbva

AhÄ¡v t\cnÂ Ip a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. {]W-bhpw {]Xo-£bpw \ntbm-Khpw kam-

´-c-amb BJym-\-h-gn-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-I-bmWv ]oäÀ luhn-äv.

42Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


{]Xo-Im-ß-IX

BJym\LS-\-bnse [oc-amb ]co-£-W-amWv "d¬ teme d¬' F{X thK-X-bmWv Cu

Nn{X-¯nsâ asämcp apJy khn-ti-j-X. hoUntbm sKbn-ap-I-fpsS BJym-\-co-Xn-sb kÀKm-N-

a-X-ambn hnf-¡n-t¨À¡pI IqSn sN¿p-¶pv sSIvhÀ. kvss]ep-IÄ Cu Nn{X-¯nse hnjz-Â

tam«o-^p-IÄ BsW¶p ]d-bmw. Xnc-¡-Y-¡p-t]mepw kÀ¸nf LS-\-bm-Wp-Å-Xv. apg-§p¶

LSn-Im-c-§Ä. XI-cp¶ NnÃp-IÄ, \¼À 20, hÀ¯p-fm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ tKmhWn F¶o Zriy-_nw-

_-§-fpsS kwhn-[m-b-I³ \nc-h[n AÀY-§fÄ hnt£-]n-¡p-¶pv. kabhpw kw`-h-§fpw

EPp-tc-J-bn-eÃ \o§p-¶-sX¶pw Ah kÀ¸nf cq]w ssIs¡m-Åp-¶p-sh-¶p-amWv sSIv hÀ

kqNn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. "kss]-dÂ' (kÀ¸n-fw) F¶ t]cpÅ _mdn\p ap³h-is¯ _q¯nÂ \n¶mWv

am¶n teme¡v t^m¬ sN¿p-¶-Xv. _mdn\v B t]cn-«Xv XnI¨pw t_m[-]qÀh-am-sW¶v hyàw.

Nn{X-¯nsâ XpS-¡-¯n-epÅ A\n-ta-j-\nÂ teme hÀ¸n-fm-Ir-Xn-bpÅ tKmh-Wn-bneqsS HmSp-

¶-Xmbn ImWn-¡p-¶p-v. hÀ¸nf{]tabw D]-tbm-Kn¨ ln¨vtIm-¡nsâ "shÀ«ntKm' Xs¶

CÃmsX BIÀjn-¨p-sh¶ ssSIv hdnsâ {]kvXm-h\ IqSn CtXm-sSm¸w tNÀ¯p-hm-bn-¡p-I.

"Z Sn³{Uan' se HmkvI-dnsâ Ic-¨nÂ thmse-bmWv teme-bpsS \ne-hn-fn \ncm-i-bpsS

h\yhpw {`m -hp-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-am-W-Xv. oXn-s¡-Xnsc a\-Êns\ Hcp-¡m-\pÅ {iaw IqSn-bm-

W-Xv. Hmtcm XhW AhÄ Ae-dn-¡-c-bp-t¼mgpw kao-]s¯ NnÃp-IÄ s]m«n¯I-cp-¶p. Xsâ

am\-knI k½ÀZw eLq-I-cn-¡m³ thn-bmWv Hmtcm {]Xn-k-Ôn-L-«-¯nepw teme Ic-bp-¶-

Xv. XIÀ¶ Hcp IpSpw-_-¯n\vU \n¶mWv AhÄ hcp-¶-Xv. aZy-]-bmb Ah-fpsS A½sbbpw

Ah-sfbpw ]nXmhv Dt]-£n-¡m-\n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. PÀa-\n-bnse ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-

bm-W-hÄ. hnim-e-amb IpSpw_w temebv¡v km¼- nI kpc-£n-XXzw \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. IpSpw_w

AhÄ¡v kmaq-ln-I-amb _m[y-X-bp-a-Ã. AXp-sImv Xs¶ kz´w hgn \nÀW-bn-¡p-¶Xv

AhÄ Xs¶-bm-Wv. AhÄ Ae-dp-¡-c-bp-t¼mÄ ¥mkp-IÄ s]m«n-¨n-X-dp-¶p. ]mc-¼-cy-s¯bpw

aqey-§-sfbpw XIÀ¡m-\pÅ Ah-fpsS Ign-hn-s\-bmWv AXv ImWn-¡p-¶-Xv. Imkn-t\m-bnse

NqXm-«-¯n-eqsS kz´w \ntbm-K-§-fpsS KXn amäm³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-Wv AhÄ.

Ah-km\ JÞ-¯nse Bw_p-e³knÂ ImWp¶ tcmKn _m¦v skIyq-cnän KmÀUv

slÀ jqÌÀ BWv. AbmÄ teme-bpsS bYmÀY ]nXm-hm-sW¶v NneÀ Duln-¡p-¶p-v. AXn\v

ià-amb sXfn-hp-I-fn-Ã. F¶mÂ temebpw jqÌdpw X½n-epÅ Ahy-à-amb GtXm Hcp

_Ô-s -¡p-dn- pÅ kqN-\-IÄ aq¶v JÞ§fnepw ImWmw. jqÌÀ teme-bp-ambn \S- p¶

hnNn-{X-amb kw`m-j-W-§-fpsS s]mcpÄ AXm-Wv.

BZy JÞ-¯nsâ XpS-¡-¯nÂ ImÀ«q¬ IYm-]m{Xw ]d-bp-¶Xv "C\n hmXp-sh-¸n-

\nÃ' F¶m-Wv. HSp-hn-es¯ JÞ-¯nÂ Imk-knt\m amt\-PÀ CXp-Xs¶ ]d-bp-¶p-v.

Nn{Xs¯ Imknt\m sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ bmYmÀY sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ Xs¶-bm-Wv. s_Àen-\nse

tjm¬s_ÀKv PnÃ-bnse knän-lm-fn-emWv Imknt\m Câo-cn-bÀ cwK§Ä Nn{Xo-I-cn- -Xv. Ah-

km-\s¯ IY-bnse slÀ tab-dnsâ Imdn-Sn¨v acn-¡p¶ tamt«mÀ ss_¡v bm{X-¡m-c³ Nn{X-

¯nsâ XpS-¡- nÂ teme-bpsS tam]Uv X«n-sb-Sp-¡p¶ Bfm-Wv. tamjvSn¨ tam]-UnÂ Xs¶

acn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS Abmsf in£n-¡p-I-bmWv Ne- n-{X-¡m-c³.

43Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


XpS-¡-¯nse kzoIz³knÂ lm³kv ]mävjnsâ i_vZw \½Ä tIÄ¡p-¶p. sI«p-I-Y-

IÄ ]d-bp¶ BfmWv lm³kv ]mävjv. Ip«n-¡m-e¯v FÃm PÀa³Imcpw sI«p-I-Y-I-fpsS i_vZ-

tc-J-I-fnÂ AtZ-l-¯nsâ kzcw tI«v ]cn-N-bn-¨n-«p-v. kn\n-a-bpsS BJym-\-X-{´-s¯bpw

]co-£-Wm-ß-I-amb kz`m-h-s¯bpw kqNn- n-¡p¶ LSIw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. Hcp sI«p-IY t]mepÅ

IY-bmWv kn\na ]d-bp-¶-sX¶pw XnI¨pw bYmÀ°-am-sW¶v AXv Ah-Im-i-s -Sp-¶n-sÃ¶pw

Cu kzoI³kv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

PÀa-\n-bnse Gähpw {]i-kvX-\mb ^pSvt_mÄ tIm¨v tPmk^v slÀ_ÀK-dpsS \nc-

h[n D²-c-Wn-IÄ Nn{X-¯nÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv. PÀa³ Soans\ ]cn-io-en-¸n¨v 1954 se temI

Nm¼y³jn-¸nÂ hnPbw t\Sn-s¡m-Sp¯ BfmWv At±-lw. "and-¡nÄ Hm^v t_¬' F¶mWv

Cu kw`hw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. IfnbnÂ {i²tI{µo-I-cn-¡m\pw i{Xp-¡-fpsS iàn Hcn-¡epw

Ipd¨p ImWm-Xn-cn-¡m\pw Ifn-¡mÀ¡v \ÂInb hnNn-{X-amb \nÀtZ-i-§Ä ]n¶oSv D²-c-Wn-

Ifmbn amdn. Ct¸mÄ At±lw HmÀan-¡-s -Sp-¶Xv C¯cw D²-c-Wn-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. "Ifn-¡p-ti-

j-amWv Ifn-bpsS XpS-¡w.'(am v Ign-ªmÂ ASp¯ Ifn¡v X¿m-sd-Sp-¡mw.) "] v Dcp-n-«mWv

AXpam{Xta Dd- pÅ Imcy-ap-Åq.' (I-fn-¡n-S-bnÂ F´pw kw -hn-¡mw.) Cu D²-c-Wn-I-Ä Nn{X-

¯sâ XpS-¡- nse koIz³kp-I-fnÂ ImWmw. jqÌÀ F¶ _m¦v KmÀUv ]d-bp¶ cq]- nÂ.

{IntÌm^v Iokv temhvkvIn-bpsS "{Xo Itfgvkv sdUv' t]mse \s½-sbÃmw Npän-¸n-

Wªp InS-¡p¶ AZr-iy-amb _Ô-§-fpsS he-¡-®n-IÄ Cu Nn{Xhpw Im«n- -cp-¶p. teme

Xsâ hgn-bnÂ Ip-ap-«p-¶-h-cpsS Pohn-X-¯nÂ ]n¶oSv F´mWv kw`-hn-¡p-¶sX¶v Nne

^vfmjv Zriy-§-f#neqsS kwhn-[m-b-I³ Im«n-¯-cp-¶p. IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS hn[n-\n-tbm-K-§-

fnse ssh]-co-Xy-§-fmWv CXnÂ ImWn- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. NneÀ bYmÀY {]Wbw Is- p-t¼mÄ

aäp NneÀ Imd-]-I-S-¯nÂ Zmcp-W-ambn acn-¡p¶p. NneÀ {UKv HmhÀtUm-kn-\mÂ Zpcn-X-a-\p-

`-hn-¡p-t¼mÄ aäp-Nn-eÀ Bß-lXy sN¿p-¶p. H¶nÂ tem«-dn-b-Sn-¡p¶ kv{Xo k¼-¶-bm-

hp¶p. asämcp kml-N-cy-¯nÂ AhÄ ]mh-s¸-«-h-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-fpsS Ipªns\ kmaq-

lnI{]hÀ -IÀ sImp-t]m-hp-¶p. teme-bp-am-bpÅ _Ôw ]e cq]- nÂ Ah-cpsS \ntbm-

K-§sf _m[n-¡p-¶p. teme-bpsS hgn-I-fnse sNdnb hyXn-bm-\-§Ä krjvSn-¡p¶ amä-§Ä

Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-emWv Xnc-¡-Y-bpsS anIhv {]I-S-am-hp-¶-Xv. NneXv anI¨ tImanIv C^IvSv

{]Zm\w sN¿p¶p. tdmUn-eqsS ¥mknsâ henb joäv sImp-t]m-hp-¶-Xnse A]-ISw ImWn-

¡p¶, ]gb kn\nam¢otj DÄs¡m-Åp¶ koIz³kv {i±n-¡p-I. Hmtcm _ZÂ kml-N-

cy§fpsSbpw CS-bnÂ am¶n-bpw temebpw Ah-cpsS _Ôs¯bpw mhn-sbbpw Ipdn¨v NÀ¨

sN¿p-¶p-v. ]nXm-hp-am-bn \S-¯p¶ NÀ¨-X-fn-eq-sSbpw teme-bpsS IYm-]m{Xw hnI-Imkw

{]m]n-¡p-¶Xv \mw ImW-ap-¶p. hgn-bn-se {]Xn-_-Ô-§-fnse t\cnb amä-§Ä teme-bpsS aq¶v

Hm«-§-fp-sSbpw ew Xs¶ amäp-¶p. sNdnb kw`-h-§Ä t]mepw B Ccp-]Xv an\n-änsâ KXn

amän-a-dn-¡p-¶p. Ignª XhW CSn¨v ImÀ C¯-hW {]iv\-an-ÃmsX t]mIp-¶p. Nne-t¸mÄ

teme kvt{Smfp-ambn \o§p¶ kv{Xobp-ambn Iq«n-ap-«p-¶p. aäp Nne-t¸mÄ Ah-fpsS ]nXmhv \Ã

am\-kn-Im-h-Ø-bn-e-Ã. aäp-Nn-e-t¸mÄ Abmsf \mw ImWp-¶-tX-bn-Ã. Nne-t¸mÄ teme kvt{Smf-

dp-ambn \o§p¶ kv{Xosb Iq«n-ap-«p-¶p. aäp-Nn-e-t¸mÄ AXp kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Ã. am¶n kq¸À

amÀ¡äv sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p¶ ka-b¯p Xs¶ AhÄ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p. asäm-cn-¡Â Ahs\

AXnÂ\n¶pw XS-bp-¶p. aq¶v hyXykvX _ZÂ bmYmÀYy-§-fmWv ChnsS ImWn-¡p-¶-Xv.

44Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


XnI¨pw Akm-[m-c-W-amb coXn-bnÂ ]mc-¼-cy-]-c-amb aq¶¦LS-\sb F§-s\-bmWv

Nn{X-¯nÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-sX¶v t\m¡mw. teme-bpsS Hmtcm Hm«hpw Hmtcm A¦-§-fm-Wv.

BZy Hm«w {]iv\w krjvSn-¡p-¶p. cm-as¯ Hm«w {]iv\w hj-fm-¡p-¶p. (teme Xs¶-¡p-

dn¨p Xs¶ ]nXm-hnÂ\n¶v tI«-d-bp-¶p. asämcp Xc-¯nÂ Adn-bm-\n-S-bn-Ãm-¯-Xv) t\c-s¯-

bpÅ sXäp-I-fnÂ \n¶v ]mT-apÄs¡mv aq¶m-as¯ Hm«w. cm-a-¦-¯nse Hcp {]tXy-IX

AXnse kz]v\-Zr-iy-§-fm-Wv. temebpw am¶nbpw InS-¡-bnÂ InS¶v Ah-cpsS mhn-sb-¡p-dn v

NÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶p. Hm«-¯nsâ A´n-a-^-e-ambn Cu Zriy-§Ä¡pÅ {]m[m\yw cm-as¯tbm

aq¶m-a-s¯tbm ImgvN-bnÂ hyà-am-hpw. Hmtc ka-b¯v \S-¡p¶ aq¶v A¦-§Ä. IY ]d-

bm³ D]-tbm-Kn¨ {]Xo-I-§fpw \nd-§fpw {i²n-¡p-I. Nph¶ t^m¬, Nph¶ Bw_p-e³kv,

tamjvSn¨ ]W-¯nsâ Nph¶ _mKv, teme-bpsS Nph¶ apSn, teme-bp-sSbpw am¶n-bp-sSbpw

_Ôw Nn{X-¯n-ep-S-\ofw amdn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p. am¶n Xm³ ]d-bpw t]mse A\p-k-cn-¡n-

sÃ¶v teme b-¡p-¶pv. Ahs\ hniz-kn-¡m-\m-hn-sÃ-¶pw. HSp-hn-emWv AhÀ ]c-kv]chnizm-

k-ap-Å-h-cmbn amdp-¶-Xv. {]hr-¯n-I-fn-eq-sS-b-Ã. {lkz-amb ka-b- n-\p-ÅnÂ \nc-h[n IYm-

]m-{X-§-sfbpw IY-I-sfbpw Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p.

kn\n-a-bnse Nne Zriy-§Ä hoUntbmhnemWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. teme-bpsS

]nXmhpw Abm-fpsS Imap-Inbpw kwkm-cn-¡p¶ Zriy-§Ä. teme-bp-sSbpw am¶n-bp-sSbpw IY-

tbmfw bYmÀ°-aÃ AXv. kn\na km[y-X-I-sfbpw Ah-k-c-§-sfbpw Ipdn- p-Å-Xm-Wv. am¶nbpw

teme-bp-ambn t\cn«v _Ô-an-Ãm¯ kw`-h-§Ä Ab-YmÀY-sa¶p tXm¶n-¸n-¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ

ImWn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thnbmWv Ah hoUn-tbm-hnÂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶Xv.

BJym\ LS\

ap-Jy-[mcm Ne-¨n-{X-§-fpsS BJym-\-L-S-\sb Cu kn\na F§-s\-bmWv XInSw adn-

¡p-¶-sX¶pt\m¡mw. BZn a[ym-´-s¸m-cp-¯-apÅ IY-co-Xn-bmWv an¡-hmdpw Nn{X-§Ä Ah-

ew-_n-¡p-¶Xy kw`-h-§-fp-sSbpw A\p-{I-a-amb ]c-¼c. Ah-bpsS hnIm-kw, sshIm-cnI

kwLÀj-§Ä., DtZz-Kw. D -Ømbn F¶-h-bn-eq-sS-bpÅ Zriym\p-io-e-\-§-fpsS ]Xn-hp-t{i-Wnsb

Cu Nn{Xw ]n³]-äp-¶n-Ã. s]mXpth kn\n-a-IÄ XpS-¡-¯nÂ a\p-jym-h-Ø-bpsS km[m-cW

\ne (normality) AYhm ka-Xp-en-Xm-hØ (equilibrium) Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. ]n¶nSv Hcp {]hr¯n/

kw`hw B -AhØsb XIÀ¡p-¶p. CXv krjvSn-¡p¶ sshIm-cn-I-X-bpsS {]tl-fnI (enigma)bmWv Bkzm-Z-\s¯ NSp-e-am¡n \nÀ¯p-¶-Xv. AXv BJym-\s¯ LS-\-bpsS a[y-`m-K¯v

F¯n-¡p-¶p. ]n¶mSv kw`-h-]-c-¼-csb km[m-cW\ne-bn-te¡v Xncn-¨p-sIm-p-t]m-hp-¶p.

C§s\ k´p-en-Xm-h-Ø-bpsS ]p\x-Øm-]\w Bkzm-Z-I-cnÂ sshIm-cnI hnth-N\w krjvSn-

¡p-¶p. XÂØn-Xn-bpsS (statusquo) A]-{`wiw hcn- n-sh-¡p¶ DtZz-K-§sf ian- n v am\-kn-

I-amb hn{im-´n-bpw taml-ap-ànbpw t{]j-I\v k½m-\n-¡p-¶p.

s]mXpsh kzoI-cn¨p hcp¶ BJym-\-am-Xr-I-bpsS Hu«v sse³ C§s\:

BZnþ km[m-cW \ne (Normality)

AYhm ka-Xp-en-Xm-hØ (Equilibrium)

45Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


Hcp kw`hw/{]hr¯n km[m-c-W-\n-esb XIÀ¡p-¶p.

{]tl-fnI (Enogma)

a[ywþ Ak-´p-en-Xm-hØ (Disequilibrium)

Aýw ({]-tl-fn-I-bpsS ]cn-lm-c-¯n-eqsS ka-Xp-en-Xm-h-bn-te-¡pÅ ]n·-S-¡w)

F¶mÂ "d¬ teme -d¬' BZn \ne-bn-eÃ XpS-§p-¶-Xv. am¶n-bpsS thmbvkv Hmh-dn-eq-

sSbpw vfmjv_m¡v koIz³kn-eqsSbpw BZy s{]bn-ap-I-fnÂ Xs¶ apJy {]tl-fn-I-bn-te¡v

ImgvN¡mc³ hen-s -dn-bp-I-bm-Wv. IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsN kz`m-h-Nn-{Xo-I-cWw \¡p-¶Xv {]tl-fn-

I-bpsS BJy-\m-\- n-emWv km[m-cW BJym-\-am-Xr-I-bnÂ ]m{Xm-hn-jvImcw BZy-L-«- nÂ

Xs¶ ]qÀW-hp-¶p. am¶n¡v F´p kw`-hn-¨p-sh-¶n-dn-bp-t¼m-gmWv \mw temesb \¶mbn a\-

Ên-em-¡p¶Xv. Ah-fpsS Imap-I³ \nb-a-hn-cp-²-hr- n-bnÂ GÀs -Sp¶ Bfm-sW¶pw AhÀ¡n-

cp-hÀ¡pw Bh-iy-¯n\v ]W-an-sÃ¶pw teme am¶n-tb-¡mÄ ià-amb IYm-]m-{X-am-sW¶pw

Imap-Insb B{i-bn-¡p-¶n-S-t¯mfw am¶n \nÊ-lm-b-\m-sW¶pw \mw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. {]tl-

fnI Npcp-f-gn-¡m³ AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ temesb ap¶n-«n-d-§pI F¶pw \ma-dn-bp-¶Xv Cu kµÀ -

¯nÂ Xs¶.

Cu L«-¯nÂ BJym-\-L-S\ efn-X-am-Wv. 20 an\n-än-\Iw Hcp e£w PÀa³ amÀ¡v

t\Sm³ teme HmSn¯pS-§p-¶p. kq¸À amÀ¡-änÂ am¶nsb ImWp-¶-Xp-hsc B Hm«w XpS-

cp¶p. ]nXm-hnÂ \n¶pw AhÄ¡v ]Ww In«p-¶n-Ã. HSp-hnÂ kq¸À sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-¶p. temebv¡v

t]meokv Hmô-kdnÂ \n¶n shSn-tbÂ¡p--t¼mÄ \½psS {]Xo-£-IÄ BØm-\-¯mhp-¶p.

apJy IYm-]m{Xw hnP-bn-¡p¶ ]cn-W-Xn-bÃ H¶mw-J-Þ- nÂ. H¶mwJÞw sshIm-cn-I-L-

S-\-bnÂ kw`-h-]-c-¼-c-I-fpsS t{iWn ]p\-cmw-cw-`n-¡p-I-bmWv. teme hopw hmXnÂ Xpd¶v

sXcp-hn-eqsS HmSp-¶p. e£yw BZy-t¯Xp Xs¶. kam-\-amb {]{In-b-bpsS ]p\-cm-cw`w t{]£-

I-cnÂ hopw {]Xo£ hfÀ¯p-¶p. teme Xsâ \nÀWm-bI ZuXy-¯nÂ hnPbw ImWp-

sa¶p Xs¶ AhÀ {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶p.

aq¶v hncp² Aý-§-fn-eqsS Nn{Xw ]qÀW-am-hp-¶p. F¶mÂ aq¶mw-J-Þ- nsâ Ah-

km\w ka-Xp-en-Xm-h-Ø-bn-te¡v sshIm-cn-Im-h-Øsb Xncn- p-sIm-p-h-cp-¶p. Hcp {]hr-¯n-

bpsS A\- -c- -e-§Ä¡v A\´ km[y-X-I-fp-s¶ kmam-\y-X- zs¯ kÀKm-ß-I-ambn Ah-

X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv ssSIv hÀ. AXn-\mWv aq¶v _ZÂ BJym-\-L-S-\-IÄ ]c-kv]c hncp-²-ambn

Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv.

teme-bpS ]nXm-hnsâ ImapIn Ppä lm³k³ Bbn thj-an-Sp¶ \n\m s]{Sn tSmw ssSIv

hdnsâ "sUUven acnb' F¶ BZy Nn{X-¯nÂ \mbn-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. tdm¶nbmbn thj-an-Sp¶

slbvt\m s^À¨v ssSIv hdpsS "hnâÀ Éot¸-gvknÂ' sdt_-¡-bpsS ImapIn amÀt¡m Bbn

A`n-\-bn-¡p-¶p. s_Àen-\nsâ ]qÀh-]-Ýna mK-§-fn-em-bmWv Cu kn\na Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-

¶-Xv. teme-bpsS A]mÀ«vsaâ v luknÂ kn\na XpS-§p-¶p. a[y-s_Àe-\nse kv{]o\-Zn¡p

kao]w BÂs{_äv kv{Sms_ F¶ A]mÀ«vsaâ v lukmWv CXv. kn\n-a-bpsS BZyhpw Ah-

km-\hpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv sX¡p ]Sn-ªm-d³ Cw¥-nse tIm¬hm-fn-em-Wv.

46Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


NmÀfn Nm¹n³ (1889-þ1977)

temI-N-e- n{X {]Xn- -I-fnÂ A{K-K-Wy-\mb NmÄkv kvs]³kÀ Nm¹n³ 1889 G{]nÂ 16-

þ\v Cw¥-nse hmÂhÀ¯n-bnÂ P\n- p. amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä \mS-I-¡mcpw kwKo-X-Ú-cp-am-bn-cp-

¶p. Zmcn{Zyw\ndª _mey-am-bn-cp-¶p At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä Nm¹nsâ sNdp-¸-

¯nÂ¯s¶ X½nÂ thÀ]n-cn-ª-Xp-sImv Pohn-¡m-\mbn kwKo-X-im-e-I-fnepw \mS-I-¡-¼-

\n-I-fn-ep-sams¡ _mey- nÂ¯s¶ tPmen-sb-Sp-t¡-n-h-¶p. F«m-as¯ hb-ÊnÂ "e¦m-sj-

bÀemUvkv' F¶ \mS-I-kwL-¯nÂ _me-\-S-\mbn tNÀ¶ Nm¹n³ Iuam-c-¯n-se-¯n-b-t¸m-

tg¡pw t]scSp¯ lmky-\-S-\mbn amdn-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶p. Pnw F¶ \mS-I- nse {]IS\w Nm¹ns\

{]tim-kvX-\m-¡n. 1913-þÂ ImÀtWm-\r- -kw-L-t¯m-sSs¸ Ata-cn-¡-bn-se- nb Nm¹n³ Ahn-

sSbpw {it²-b-\m-bn. Nm¹nsâ BZy-kn-\na "ta¡nMv F enhn-b§v' Bbn-cp-¶p. 1914-þÂ Nm¹n³

kwhn-[m\w \nÀh-ln¨ BZy Nn{Xw "tIm«v C³ Im_td' ]pd-¯p-h-¶p. "InUv Hmt«m tdkkv

Aäv sh\okv' F¶ Nn{X- neqsS Nm¹n³ A\-iz-c-am-¡nb "Tramp' F¶ tImamfn thjw kn\n-

a-bnÂ h¶Xpw Cu hÀjw-X-s¶-bm-Wv. 1916þ Â ayqNzÂ nenw I¼-\n-bnÂ Nm¹n³ {]hÀ¯n-

¡p-hm³ F¯p-t¼mÄ At±-l-¯nsâ {]Xn-^ew BgvN-bnÂ H¶-c-e£w tUmfÀhsc Bbn-

cp¶p. ]e I¼-\n-I-fnÂ amdn amdn {]hÀ¯n¨ Nm¹n³ 1919þ Â kz´-ambn "bpssW-{dUv

BÀ«nÌv' F¶ Ne-¨n{X Øm]\w XpS§n. Nm¹nsâ hnJym-X-kn-\n-a-IÄ ]eXpw \nÀ½n-¨Xv

Cu I¼\nbmWv. 1967-þse "F Iuv {^w tlmt¦m§v'BWv Nm¹nsâ Ah-km-\-Nn{Xw.

P·-kn-²-amb II-gn-hp-Ifpw Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§fpw IqSn-t¨À¶mWv Nm¹n³ F¶ Iem-Im-

c³ temI-kn-\n-a-bpsS s\dp-I-bn-se-¯n-b-Xv. Nn´-bnse auen-I-Xbpw ZÀi-\-§-fnse ]pXp-

abpw Nm¹nsâ kn\n-a-Isf thdn«p \nÀ¯n. Pohn-X-¯nepw kn\n-a-bnepw Hcp]mSp {]Xn-k-Ôn-

IfneqsS IS-¶p-t]mb Nm¹n³ aq¶p-hn-hm-l-tam-N-\- n-\p-tijw bqPn³ H\o-ensâ ]p{Xn Du\sb

Xsâ Pohn-X-k-Jn-bm-¡n. 1952-þÂ I½yq-WnÌv Nmc-s\¶v ap{Z-Ip¯n Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \n¶pw ]pd-

¯m-¡nb Nm¹ns\ B \mSp-Xs¶ Xncn-sI-hn-fn-¨v BZ-cn-¡p¶ ImgvN temIw Ip. 1957-þÂ

{_n«ojv cmÚn "kÀ' ]Z-hnbpw \ÂIn. \nÈ-_vZ-kn-\n-a-bpsS Ime¯v kn\nabnÂ XpS¡w

Ipdn¨ Nm¹n³ temI- nÂ Gähpa[nIw Bkzm-Z-I-cp-mb Iem-Im-c³ IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. sIhn\

{_msU-tem-bpsS unknown Chaplin F¶ tUmIyq-sa-sâ-dnbpw dn mÀUv Aä³_-tdm-bpsS "Nm¹n³'

F¶ kn\nabpw NmÀfn Nm¹nsâ hyàn-k¯ Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ klm-b-I-am-Wv. 1977 Unkw-_À

25-þ\v NmÀfn Nm¹n³ A´-cn-¨p.

{][m\ kn\n-a-IÄ

tIm«v C\v F Im_td (1914)

tIm«v C³ Z dbn³ (1714)

em^nwKv Kymkv (1914)

lnkv ayqkn-¡Â IcnÀ (1914)

Sn {Smw]v (1915)

F ss\äv Hu«v (1915)

47Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


ss_ Z ko (1915)

Z _m¦v (1915)

Z ]m³tjm¸v (1916)

F tUmKvkv sse^v (1918)

k®n sskUv (1919)

Zn InUv (1920)

Zn sFUnÂ ¢mÊv( 1921)

t]sU (1922)

Zn ]nÂ{Knw (1922)

F hpa¬ Hm^v ]mcokv (1923)

Z tKmÄUv djv (1925)

Z kÀ¡kv (1928)

knän sseävkv (1931)

tamtU¬ ssSwkv (1936)

Z t{Käv UnIvtS-äÀ (1940)

Z t{Käv UnIvtS-äÀ þ hniZ ]T\w

H¶mw temI-bp-²- nsâ sISp-Xn-IÄ Bfp-IÄ F{X thKw ad-¶p. AXp-I-gnªv ImÂ

\qäm-p-t]m-ep-am-bn-Ã. cmw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-²- nsâ tIfn-sIm-«p tIÄ¡m³ XpS-§n. Fhn-sSbpw

Hcp bp²-¯nsâ km[y-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hÀ¯-am-\-§Ä am{Xta tIÄ¡m-\p-m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq.

]Xn-hp-t]mse bp²- n\v Hcp ]mSv \ymbo-I-c-W-§fpw Ip-]n-Sn-¡-s -«p. imkv{X kmt¦-XnI

cwK¯v bp²w h³ IpXn¨p Nm«apm-¡p-sa¶v Nne XXv]c I£n-IÄ hmZn-¨p. icn-bmWv

bp²w imkv{X- nepw kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bnepw apt¶-ä-ap-m-¡pI Xs¶ sNbvXp. AXp]t£

\io-I-c-W-¯nsâ km¦-XnIhnZy-bm-bn-cp-¶p F¶p am{Xw. Bbp[§Ä \nÀ½n¨v Nne-scÃmw

tImSo-iz-c-·m-cm-bn. £maw ap¶nÂ¡v hym]m-cn-IÄ h³tXm-XnÂ Nc-¡p-IÄ ]qgv¯n h¨p.

km[-\-hne hmWw t]mse IpXn¨p Ib-dn. F¶mÂ Hmlcn hn]-Wn-I-fnÂ I¨-hSw s]mSn-s]m-

Sn-¨p. Hmlcn amÀ¡äv A`n-hr-²n-s¸-«p. A§s\ bp²w \yq\-]-£-¯nsâ XmXv]-cy-§Ä¡v

A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-ambn amdn.

1934 HmsS lnäveÀ PÀ½-\n-bnÂ kÀhm-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn. lnäve-dpsS sImSpw {Iqc-X-IÄ

kln-¡m-\m-hmsX PqX-·mÀ P·-\m-«nÂ \n¶v temI- nsâ aäp mK-§-fn-te¡v ]mem-b\w sNbvXp,

Bcy càw CÃm- -h-scÃmw i{Xp-¡-fmbn ap{Z-Ip- -s -Sp-Ibpw AXn-{Iq-c-ambn ]oUn- n-¡-s -

Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. a\p-jy\v Xsâ kl-Po-hn-I-tfmSv F{X-am{Xw {Iqc-am-hm³ Ignbpw F¶v sXfn-

bn-¡-s¸« \mfp-IÄ. PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶v F¯n-s¡m-n-cp¶ hmÀ -IÄ Nm¹n³ F¶ Iem-Im-

48Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


cs\ Ccp-¯n- n-ń-¸n- p. A[n-Imc el-cn-bnÂ a\p-jy³ arK-ambn amdp¶ ImgvN At±-ls¯

ZpxJn-¸n-¨p. lnävesd ]cn-l-kn¨pw hnaÀin¨pw bp²-¯nsâ A´m-Êmc iyq\X Nqn-¡m-

«nbpw Hcp Nn{X-sa-Sp-¡#m³ CsXÃmw NmÀ Nm¹ns\ t{]cn-¸n-¨p.

A[nIw Xmakn-bmsS A¯-c-samcp bp² hncp² Nn{Xw Nm¹n-tâ-Xmbn Xntb-ä-dn-se- n.

"Z t{Käv UnIvtä-äÀ'F¶-bn-cp¶p AXnsâ t]cv. CXnÂ Nm¹n³ lnäve-dpsS {]Xn-cq-]-ambpw bp²-

hn-tcm-[n-bmb Hcp ]mhw _mÀ_-dmbpw thj-an-Sp-¶p. B Imc-W- mÂ lnäve-dpwsS XÕz-cq]w,

Abm-fpsS "U_nÄ' Xs¶-bm-Wv. NmÀenbpsS _mÀ_À. CXp [mcmfw Nncn¡pw Bt£]

lmky-¯n\pw ]cn-lm-k-¯n\pw Ah-kcw \ÂIp-¶p. hoWp In«nb Ah-kcw D]-tbm-Kn¨v

Nm¹n³ FÃmw wKn-bmbn \nÀÆ-ln- p. s]mÅp¶ ]cn-lm-kw, Nnń-¸n-¡p¶ Nncn, kÀthm-]cn

ka-Xz-¯n\pw kmtlm-Z-cy-¯n\pw temk-am-[m-\-¯n\pw thn lrZ-b-¯nÂ X«nbpÅ Blzm-

\w. Hcp a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bpsS a\p-jy-\-·-bn-epÅ ASn-bp-d¨ hnizmkw Nn{X- nsâ A´À[m-

c-bmbn hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. B[p-\nI kn\n-abv¡v NmÀen Nm¹n³ \ÂInb I\¯ Hcp

kw`m-h-\-bmWv "Z t{Käv UnIvtä-äÀ' F¶ Iem-kr-jvSn. NmÀen BZy-ambn \nÀ½n¨ apgp-\of

i_vZ-Nn-{Xhpw CXp Xs¶.

Nn{Xw \nÀ½n-¡m³, Xnc-¡-Y-sb-gp-Xm³ lnä-e-dpsS `mh-cq-]-§Ä A\p-I-cn-¡m³ þNm-

¹n\v ITn-\-ambn A²zm-\n-t¡n h¶p. AXn-\p-thn lnä-e-sd-¡p-dn¨v In«m-hp¶ hmÀ¯-I-

sfÃmw tiJ-cn¨v {i²n¨p ]Tn¨p. B tkzÑm-[n-]-Xy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hmÀ¯m-Nn-{X-§Ä {i²n-

¨n-cn-¶p Ip. lnäve-dpsS Hmtcm Ne-\hpw lrZn-Ø-am-¡n.

_mÀ_-dmbn A`n-\-bn-¡m³ A[nIw sa\-¡tSn h¶n-Ã. Imcy-amb ]cn-io-\-sam¶pw

AXn\v Bh-iy-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. _me-\m-bn-cns¡ _mÀ_À jm¸nÂ ]Wn-sb-Sp¯ Imes¯ A\p-

`-h-§Ä, ]ns¶ hÀj-§-fmbn kz´w apSn kzbw sh«p¶ ioew þ AsXms¡ [mcmfw aXn-bm-

bn-cp¶p _mÀ_sd AhX-cn- n-¡m³, Nn{X- nÂ lnä-e-sd-¡q-SmsX aptÊm-f-\n-bp-apv. (kn-\n-

a-bnse t]cv s\t¸m-fn-\n) ln¦epw (ln-äveÀ) s\t¸m-fn-\nbpw Ip-ap-«p¶ Hcp cwK-apv Nn{X-

¯nÂ. Nncn-bpsS ame- -S¡w XpSÀ¨-bmbn ]s_m-«m³ klm-b-I-amb Hcp cwKw. asämcp IYm-

]m{Xw l¶ F¶ s]¬Ip-«n-bm-Wv. l¶-bn-eqsS kz´w amXm-hnsâ IjvS-Zn-\-§Ä ]p\-cp-Öo-

hn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p NmÀen. l¶-bmbn , kl-[À½nWv ]ueäv sKmUm-Upw.

lnä-e-sd-¡p-dn¨v Nm¹n³ Nn{Xw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xm-bpÅ hmÀ¯ \msS§pw ]c¶p Ign-

ªn-cp-¶p. A`yp-Z-b-Imw-£n-IÄ AXnsâ {]Xym-LmXw Nqn-¡m«n NmÀensb ]nń-cn- n-¡m³

{ian-¨p. lnä-esd \nin-X-ambn hnaÀin-¡p¶ Hcp Nn{Xw Ata-cn-¡-¡mÀ¡v ckn-¡p-I-bn-sÃ¶v

AhÀNq-n-¡m-«n. sk³kÀt_mÀUnepw {]iv\-ap-m-Ipw. "tamtU¬ ssSwknse' sXmgn-emfn

kvt\lw Nm¹n³ Hcp I½yq-WnÌpImc-\m-sW¶ {]N-c-W- n\v hgn-sh- n-cn-¶p. lnä-eÀ hncp²

Nn{Xw AXnsâB¡w Iq«p-sa¶pw AhÀ hmZn- p. AXn-\nsS oj-Wn-¡- p-Ifpw h¶p. \mkn-

I-fpsS Nmc-·mÀ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ¯s¶ th-{X-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p. A¡m-e v Hfnªpw sXfnªpw

AhÀ {]hÀ¯n-¨p. Ne-¨n{X \nÀam-W-¯nsâ kpK-a-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bnÂ AhÀ ]e XS-Ê-

§fpw krjvSn-¡m³ t\m¡n. F¶mÂ CsXm¶pw Nm¹ns\ b-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-Ã. Nn{X \nÀ½m-W-

49Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


hp-ambn At±lw apt¼m-«p-t]m-bn. F´p-h-¶mepw Nn{Xw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I-Xs¶ sN¿p-sa¶v

At±lw ZrU-{]-XnÚ sNbvXp. Nn{Xw {]ZÀin- n-¡m³ Xntb-äÀ In«n-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ t]mepw, h³

\jvSw kw`-hn-¨mepw Hcp Bßm-hn-jv¡m-c-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ Nn{Xw ]qÀ¯n-bm¡n \mep-t]sc

Imt«--Xp¶v At±lw \nÝ-bn-¨p.

Nn{Xw {]ZÀin- n-¡m-dm-b-t¸mÄ FXnÀ¸p-IÄ AXn-i-à-am-bn. oj-Wn-s -Sp- n-s¡mv

XpSsc XpSsc t^m¬tIm-fp-IÄ h¶p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. GsX-¦nepw Øe¯v Nn{Xw {]ZÀin-¸n-

¨mÂ sImÅn-sh¸pw sIme-]m-X-I-ap-m-Ip-sa¶p#w ojWn apg-§n. Nn{Xw ]qÀ¯n-bm-bn«pw

A\nÝnX-¯hw _m¡n-bm-bn. B \nÀ®m-bI L«-¯nÂ kplr-¯p-¡-fp-sS D]-tZiw sNhn-

s¡m-ÅmsX kzbw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-hm-\mWv Nm¹n³ Xocp-am-\n-¨-Xv. F§s\ FÃm FXnÀ¸p-

Isfbpw Ah-K-Wn¨v "Z t{Käv UnIvtä-äÀ' {]ZÀin-¸n-¡-s -«p. H¶pw kw -hn- n-Ãb Xntbä-dnÂ

Hc-]-kz-cw t]mepw DbÀ¶n-Ã. F¶p-am-{X-aÃ [mcmfw t{]mÕm-l\ i_vZ-§Ä DbÀ¶p s]m§p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. AXnse a\pjy kvt\lhpw bp²-hn-cp² hnIm-chpw km[m-c-W-¡m-cmb t{]£-

I-cpsS lrZ-bs¯ AKm-[-ambn kv]À¨n-«p-s¶v Nm¹n³ I-dn-ªp. ""UnIvtä-ä-dpsS'' hnPbw

NmÀensb hopw Ata-cn-¡³ P\-X-bpsS {]nb-s¸-«-h-\m-¡n. H¸w h³ km¼-¯nI t\«hpw

Dm-bn.

H¶mwtemI-bp-²- nsâ kml-N-cy-§-fnÂ \n¶mWv "Z t{Käv UnIvtä-ä-dpsS' IY Bcw- n-

¡p-¶Xy "sSmam-\nb' F¶ km¦Â]nI cmjv{S-¯n-emWv IY \S-¡p-¶-Xv. sSmam-\nb

`cn-¡p-¶Xv "ln¦Â' F¶ \cm-[-a-\m-Wv. H¶mw temI-bp-²- nÂ ln¦Â ]cm-P-bs¯ t\cn-

Sp-I-bm-Wv. ]cm-Pbw Abm-fsk {`m´p ]nSn-¸n-¨p. Xm³ bp²-¯nÂ tXmÂ¡m-\pÅ ImcWw

Hcp PqX _mÀ_-dm-sW¶ clkyw AbmÄ Is-¯p-¶p. Irim-Km-{X\pw tImam-fnbpw Zcn-{Z-

ap-amb _mdv_À F¶pw bp²s¯ FXnÀ¡p-¶p. bp²s¯ FXnÀ¡p-I-sb-¶mÂ ln¦-ens\

FXnÀ¡pI F¶m-WÀ°w AXp-sImv H¶mw temI-bp-²- nÂ Xm³ ]cm-P-b-a-S-bm-\pÅ aqe-

Im-cWw _mÀ_-dm-Ip¶p F¶v ln¦Â hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. bp²w sImSp-¼n-cn-s¡m-Åp-I-bm-Wv.

bp²-hn-cp-²-s\-¦nepw _mÀ_dpw bB-bp-[-sa-Sp¯p sImÅ-Ww. ]t£ tXm¡p ]nSn-¡m³

t]mepw ]mh- n-\-dn-ªp-Iq-S. AXn-\n-S-bnÂ AbmÄ jÄSvkv F¶ Ss\ F§-s\tbm B]-

¯nÂ \n¶p c£n-¡m\nS hcp-¶p. jÄSns\ c£n-¨-tijw _mÀ_À Abm-fpsS hnam-\s¯

Hcp kpc-£n-X-ta-J-e-bnÂ Cdv¡p-¶p. \nÀ`mKyw t\m¡-sW, At¸m-tg¡pw CÔ\w XoÀ¶p-

t]m-bn. hnam\w Nfn-¡p-gn-bn-te¡v aq¡p-¡p-¯n. _mÀ_dpS Xebv¡v ITn-\-amb ]cn-¡p-]-än.

t_m[w sXfn-ª-t¸m-tgm, AbmÄ¡v HmÀ½ iàn ]qÀ®-ambpw \jvS-s¸«p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p.

hÀj-§-tfmfw _mÀ_À B Ah-Ø-bnÂ InS-¶p. AXn-\n-S-bnse temI-kw-`-h-§-

sfm¶pw AbmÄ Adn-ª-tX-bn-Ã, sSmam-\n-b-bpsS ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bmbn AUvt\mbvUv ln¦Â

DbÀ¶p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. ]t£ _mÀ_À, AsXm¶pw Adn-bp-¶n-Ã.

""bp²w IqSp-XÂ bp²w'' F¶-XmWv ln¦sâ ap{Zm-hm-Iyw. temIw Xsâ sNmÂ -Sn-bm-

em-hp-sa¶v AbmÄ kz]v\w Ip. PqX càw Hgp¡n AbmÄ Xsâ AS-§m¯ Zmlw ian-¸n-

¨p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. {]mW-\p-th-n-bpÅ ZqX-·m-cpsS \ne-hn-fn-bnÂ P\-§Ä hni-¸nsâ ImfÂ

hnkva-cn-¡p-¶p.

50Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


AXn-\Iw _mÀ_À Bip-]{Xn hn«p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. \m«nÂ Hcp _mÀ_À jm¸p XpS-

§m³ t]mhp-I-bm-Wm-bmÄ. hgn-bnÂ Hc-\m-Y-s¸¬¡p-«nsb (l-¶) ln¦-ensâ S-·mÀ D{Z-]n-

¡p-¶Xv AbmÄ ImWp-¶p. AbmÄ Ahsf c£n v IqsS Iq«p-¶p. \mkn S-·mÀ ]n´p-S-cp-¶p.

AbmÄ Ah-cpsS _Ô-\-¯n-em-hp-¶p. hnNmcW sNbvXv cmPy-t{Zml Ipäw Npa¯n ]c-ky-

ambn h[n-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. AÛpX-I-c-amb coXn-bnÂ l¶ Abm-fpsS Poh³ c£n-¡p-¶p.

A[n-Imcw ln¦s\ atZm-·-¯-\m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. aÀ±-\-¯n-\pÅ FÃm #p]m-[n-Ifpw

AbmÄ kw`-cn-¨p-sh-¨p-«p-v. jÄSvkpw _mÀ_dpw Abm-fpsS t\m«-]p-Ån-IÄ. cp t]cpw

\mkn ta[m-hn-Xz-¯nsâ i{Xp-¡Ä. ]mh-s¸« a\pjy Poh-I-tfm-SpÅ Ah-cpsS kl-Xm-]hpw

klm-\p- q-Xnbpw cmPy-t{Zm-l-]-c-am-Wv. cp-t]cpw th«-bm-S-s -Sp-¶p. Xma-kn-bmsX Ip{]-kn-²-

amb tIm¬k³t{S-j³ Iymw]nÂ (ln-ä-eÀ i{Xp-¡Äs¡-Xnsc arKo-b-amb ]oU\w Agn¨p

hnSm³ D]-tbm-Kn¨ XS-¦Â ]mf-b-§Ä Cu t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.) AS-bv¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

F¶mÂ cp-hn-cp-X-·mcpw ]«mf bqWnt^mw tamjvSn-s -Sp- -Wnªv XS-¦Â ]mf-b- nÂ \n¶v

c£-s -Sp-¶p.

AXn-\nsS ln¦Â Fäbv¡v Hcp hnt\m-Z-bm-{Xbv¡v t]mIp-¶p. XSm-I-\-Sp-hnÂ Abm-fpsS

DÃm-k-\uI adnªv A]-I-S-ap-m-hp-¶p. Ah-i\pw hnh-i-\p-ambn ln¦Â Hcp hn[w Ic-]-äp-

¶p. Ipsd S-·mÀ Abmsf Is- p-¶p. km[m-cW thj- nÂ InS-¡p¶ ln¦-ens\ _mÀ_-

dmbn sXän-²-cn¨v AdÌp sN¿p-¶p. AtX-k-abw asämcp mK¯v ]«mf bqWn-t^m-anÂ {]Xy-

£-s¸« _mÀ_-dm-Is« ln¦ÂX¼p-cm-\mbn hmgv¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v lmky-¯nsâ DZm¯

\nan-j-§Ä. t]mbn-S-§-fn-seÃmw P\w _mÀ_sd ImWm³ X-bn- p-Iq-Sp-¶p. X§-tfmSv cp-hm-

s¡-¦nepw kwkm-cn-¡m³ P\w At]-£n-¡p-¶p. aSn¨v aSn¨v _mÀ_À {]`m-j-am-cw-`n-¡p-¶p.

]ns¶ XS-Ê-§-fn-Ãm¯ Hcp {]hm-l-ambn Hgp-Ip-¶p. am\p-jn-I-X-bpsS Hcp h³ {]hmlw \c-

\m-b-«p-Im-c-\mb ln¦-ensâ thj-¯nÂ a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bmb _mÀ_À \S-¯nb Cu \o

{]kwKw kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn-{X- nÂ Xs¶ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb Hcp GSm-Wv. Nm¹n³ F¶ alm-

]p-cp-jsâ temI-ho-£Ww apgp-h³ CXnÂ {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶p.

""t\m¡q F\n-s¡mcp N{I-hÀ¯n-bm-I-W-sa-s¶m¶pw B{K-an-Ã.'' _mÀ_À {]kwKw

Bcw- n-¡p-¶p. ""`cWw Fsâ tPmen-b-Ã. F\n¡v Bscbpw tXmÂ¸n-¡p-Ibpw th. Idp- -

h-\m-bm-epw shfp-¯-h-\m-bmepw PqX-\m-bmepw a\p-jy-s\ klm-bn-¡-W-sat¶ F\n-¡m-{K-l-

ap-Åq.'' a\p-jy-scÃmw ]c-kv]cw klm-bn-¡-W-sa¶v Rm³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p, A\ysâ BËmZw

Ip Iv \mtam-cp-¯À¡pw Pohn-¡m³ Ign-b-Ww. Bcpw Btcbpw shdp-¡-cp-Xv. FÃm-

hÀ¡pw Pohn-¡m³ th Øew Cu qan-bn-ep-v. Cu \Ã qan k¼-¶-am-Wv. am\-h-cm-insb

apgp-h³ ]cn-]m-en-¡m³ th-sXÃmw qan-bnÂ¯-s¶-bp-v.

""Pohn-X- sâ hgn kpµ-chpw kzX-{´-hpw-am-¡m\vU \mw hnNm-cn-¨mÂ Ign-bpw. ]t£

B hgn \ap¡v \jvS-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. \½psS Bßm-hp-IÄ hnj-en-]vX-am-bn-¡-gn-ªp. `qan

\ndsb shdp- nsâ aXn-ep-I-fm-Wv. Zpcn-Xhpw cà-s¨m-cn- n-ep-amWv AXnsâ ]cn-Wn-X- -e-§Ä.

hnam-\hpw tdUn-tbmbpw aäpw a\p-jy-sc X½nÂ IqSn-XÂASp-¸n-¨n-«p-v. BtKmf kmtlm-Z-

cyw FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw Iq«mbva C¶nsâ Bh-iy-IXvbmbn¯oÀ¶n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv..''

51Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


""Fsâ Cu hm¡p-IÄ temI-sa-§p-ap-Å-bm-fp-IÄ tIÄ¡p-¶p-mhpw F¶p Rm³ Icp-Xp-¶p. kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j-·mcpw Ip«n-Ifpw CXp tIÄ¡p-¶p-m-hpw. Iq«-s¡me \S-¯m\pw\nc-]-cm-[n-Isf XS-hn-te-äm\pw t{]cn-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp hyh-Øn-Xn-bpsS Cc-I-fmWv Cu ]mh-§Ä.Rm³ \n§-tfmSp ]d-bm-\m-{K-ln-¡p-¶-sX-s´-¶mÂ, Hcn-¡epw \ap¡v \ncm-i-b-cp-Xv. \n§ÄC¶-\p- -hn-¡p¶ Cu Zpcn-X-§-fp-tÃm, Zqc Ah-km-\n-¡m³ t]mIp-¶-Xnsâ kqN-\-I-fm-W-h.a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xnsb `b-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cpsS a\-Ênse Ibv]mWv Cu Zpcn-X-§Ä. a\p-jyÀ X½n-epÅ shdp v Ah-km-\n-¡pI Xs¶ sN¿pw Iq«-sc-b. tkzÑm-[n-]-Xn-IÄ \mSp \o§pw. P\-§-fnevU \n¶v AhÀ A]-l-cn-s¨-Sp¯ A[n-Imcw P\§Ä¡p-Xs¶ Xncn-¨p-In-«pw. a\p-jyÀacn¨p hogp-t¶-S-t¯mfw Imew kzmX-{´y-¯n\v \mi-an-Ã. `S-·mtc, \n§Ä Cu arK-§Ä¡vIogvs¸-S-cp-tX. \n§sf I¶p-Im-en-I-fmbn am{Xw ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wn-hÀ. ChÀ \n§sf]oc-¦n-bp Xoän-¡p-¶p. P\-§sf \n§-fn-emWv A[n-Imcw hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv.''

Cu Pohn-Xs¯ kzX-{´hpw kpµ-c-hp-am-¡m³ th a[n-Imcw \n§-fpsS ssIbn-ep-v.Pohn-Xs¯ \ap¡v AÛp-X-I-c-amb Hcp kml-kn-I-bm-{X-bm¡n amtä--Xp-v. AXn-\p-thnH¶n¨p \nÂ¡mw. Hcp ]pXnb temI-¯n\v thn \ap¡v t]mcm-Smw. FÃm-hÀ¡pw A[zm-\n-¡m³ Ah-kcw \ÂIp¶p bph-Xz- n\v mhn hmKvZm\w sN¿p¶ hmÀ[y-Iy¯v\v kp£n-XXzwDd-¸m-¡p¶ Hcp temI-¯n\v thn \ap¡v Hs¯m-cp-an¨v {ian-¡mw.

""CtX hmKvZm-\-§Ä \ap¡v \ÂIn A[n-I-Im-c- n-te-dnbhcmWv Cu P´p-¡Ä. ]t£B hmKvZm-\-§-sfm¶pw AhÀ \nd-th-äp-I-bp-m-bn-Ã. tkzÑm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ BZyw kzmX{´ywt\Sn- -cp-¶p. ]ns¶ P\-§sf ASn-a-I-fm¡n hbv¡p-¶p. AXp-sImp temIs¯ kzX-{ -am-¡m³ \ap¡v t]mcm-Smw. cmjv{S-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ AXnÀ¯n-IÄ th. shdp¸pw BÀ¯nbpwAk-ln-jvWp-Xbpw th, bpàn-bpsS Hcp temIw ]Sp-¯p-bÀ¯m³ \ap¡v t]mcm-Smw.imkv{Xhpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw a\p-jyXzpw FÃm-htcbpw B\-µ-¯n-te¡p \bn-¡p¶ Hcp temI-¯n-\p-thn \ap¡v {]b-Xv\n-¡mw. S-·m-tc, P\m-[n-]-Xy- n-\p-thn \ap¡v Hcp-an v \nÂ¡mw.''

B \nanjw Iymad \ap¡v asämcp Zriyw Im«n-¯-cp-¶p. \m«n³]p-ds¯ ho«papä¯v,shdpw \ne- v, \mkn- -S-·m-cpsS ]oU-\-taäv l¶ XfÀ¶p InS-¡p-I-bm-Wv. s]s«¶v tdUn-tbm-bnÂ AhÄ _mÀ_-dpsS i_vZw tIÄ¡p-¶p.

""l¶m Rm³ ]d-bp-¶Xv \o tIÄ¡p-¶ptm? Ct§m«p t\m¡p l¶m..'' _mÀ_ÀAhsf hnfn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

l¶ {]bm-k-s¸«p apJ-ap-bÀ¯p-¶p. Ah-fpsS apJw {]k-¶-am-Ip-¶p.-A-hÄ thZ\ ad-¡p-¶p. Ah-fpsS ImXp-I-fnÂ Aar-X-hÀjw-t]mse _mÀ_-dpsS hm¡p-IÄ ]Xn¨p sImn-cn-¡p-¶p. apJ-ap-bÀ¯n t\m¡q l¶, Ct§m«p t\m¡p l¶, Icn-ta-L-§Ä ]d¶p amdp-I-bm-Wv. taL-¡o-dn-\n-S-bn-eqsS kqcys\ ImWmw. Ccp-«nÂ \n¶v \mw {]Im-i- n-te¡p \o§p-I-bm-Wv. a\p-jy³ Ahsâ shdp-¸n\pw AXymÀ¯n¡pw arKo-X-bv¡p-ap-]-cn-bmbn hf-cp¶ IqSp-XÂZbm-a-kr-W-amb Hcp temIw. ""l¶m apJ-ap-bÀ¯n t\m¡p. a\p-jysâ Bßm-hn\v NndIv apf-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah-km\w Ah³ ]d-¡m³ XpS-§n-¡-gn-ªp. ag-hn-Ãn-te¡v Ah³ ]d-¶-Sp-¡p-I-bm-Wv. {]Xo-£-bpsS {]Im-i- n-te¡v Ah³ ]d-¶p-b-cp-I-bm-Wv. apJ-ap-bÀ¯n t\m¡v l¶!''l¶ apJ-ap-bÀ¯n \nÀ¶n-ta-j-bmbn t\m¡p-¶p. thZ-\-bv¡-b-S-bnepw AhÄ [oc-ambn ]p©n-cn-¡p-¶p.

52Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


tkÑm-[n-]-Xn-bpsS ia-\-an-Ãm¯ A[n-Imc XrjvW-bpsS {]Xo-I-ambn Cu Nn{X-¯nÂ

Hcn-S¯v Nn´m-a-[p-c-amb Hcp cq]Iw Nm¹n³ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p-v. ln¦Â Xsâ tai-¸p-d- n-

cn-¡p¶ t¥m_p ImWp-¶p. AbmÄ AXnÂ kq£n¨p t\m¡p-Ibpw AXns\ kq£va-ambn ]cn-

tim-[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Abm-fpsS I®p-IÄ Xnf-§p-¶p. AbmÄ hmÕ-ey-]qÀÆw t¥m_v

ssIbn-se-Sp-¡p-¶p. Hä-ss¡-¿mÂ Id-¡p-¶p. A½m-\-am-Sp-¶p. ]´p-t]mse X«n ckn-¡p-¶p.

ckw el-cn-bmbn Abm-fpsS \mUo-R-c-¼p-I-fnÂ ]S-cp-¶p. ln¦Â kzbw ad-¡p-¶p. Cu

`qtKm-f- nsâ A[n-]\pw s\Sp-\mbI\pw Xm\m-Ip-¶p. qansb Hä-¡-¿nÂ FSp¯p \nÂ¡p¶

AXn-Im-b-\mb Aävekv tZh³ Xm\m-Ip¶p. ssIsImpw Imepw-sImpw ]pdw-sImpw ]rjvTw

sImpw þ Fń\v Cf-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ Htcm icoc`mKw sImpw t¥m_p X«n ckn-¡p-I-bm-W-

bmÄ. lÀtjm-·m-Z-¯nsâ \nan-j-§Ä tT... s]s«¶p t¥m_p s]m«n. Ct¸m-gXv Iodn-bp-eªp

Iq¼nb Hcp dºÀ _eq¬ .. Fs´mcp Zb-\ob ]X\w! lne-¦Â tai-¸p-d¯v Xe Nmbv¨v

tX§n-I-cªp t]mIp-¶p. ]S-¯nsâ Hcp tIm¸n lnäÀ PÀa-\n-bn-te¡v hcp¯n cl-ky-ambn

Hä-bv¡n-cp¶p ImWp-I-bp-m-sb¶v ]n¶oSv Nm¹n³ Adn-ªp.

Cý³ kn\na

1896 þ Â eqan-bÀ ktlm-Z-·mÀ Cý-bnÂ kn\na {]ZÀin-¸n-¨p. CtX hÀjw Xs¶

apwss_-bnÂ Hcp t^mt«m ÌpUntbm \S- n-bn-cp¶ lcn-Ý{µ kJmdmw XvhtZ¡À Fs¶mcp

hnZzm\vU e-\nÂ \n¶v Hcp Ne-¨n{X Iyma-h-cp-¯n, apwss_-bnÂ \S¶ Hcp KpkvXn aÕcw

Iyma-d-bnÂ ]IÀ¯n. nenw t{]mkkv sNbvXXv e-\nÂ sh¨m-Wv. CXn-\n-Sbv¡v Hcp s{]mP-

IvSdpw {]ZÀi-\- n-\mbn Ipsd Nn{X-§fpw At±lw hntZ-i- p-\n¶pw hcp- n. 1901-þÂ asämcp

eLp-Nn-{Xhpw At±lw X¿m-dm-¡n. tIw{_nUvPv bqWn-th-gn-kn-än-bnÂ \n¶v {]ikvX hnPbw

\Sn-¯n-cn-s¨-¯nb BÀ. ]n. ]c©v sshbv¡v \ÂI-s¸« Kwòc kzoI-cWamWv Cý-bnse

BZyáqkvdnÂ F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Cu {lkz-Nn-{X-¯nsâ DÅ-S-¡w.

1910 þÂ t_mwss_-bnÂ sh v "{InkvXp-hnsâ PohnXw' F¶Xpw Cw¥ojv Nn{Xw ImWm-

\n-S-bmb t^mt«m-{Km- dpw Nn{X-Im-c-\p-amb Zń-cmPv tKmhn-µ- mÂt¡ Ne- n-{X-sat¶ am[y-a-

¯nÂ BIr-jvS-\m-hp-Ibpw AXnsâ ]T-\-¯n-\mbn Cýbnepw hntZ-i-¯p-apÅ ]e Øe-§-

fnÂ Ae-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. HSp-hnÂ 1931þ sabv 8\v "cmPm-l-cn-Ý{µ' F¶ mÂt¡ Nn{Xw ]pd-

¯p-h-¶p. thmwss_-bnse tImd-t\-j³ Xntb-ä-dn-emWv Cu kn\na BZyw {]ZÀin- n- -Xv. 1931

amÀ¨p-am-k-¯nÂ Cý-bnse BZy i_vZn-¡p¶ Nn{X-amb "Bew Bc' ]pd¯p h¶p.

BÀtZ-jnÀ Cdm-\n-bm-bn-cp¶p CXnsâ \nÀ½m-Xm-hv. XpSÀ¶pÅ hÀj-§-fnÂ Cý-bnse {]i-

kvX-§-fmb ÌpUn-tbm-¡-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä kPo-h-am-Ip-¶Xp ImWmw. im´m-dmw, ]n.-kn.

_dp-hk tZh-Io-t_m-kv, sskKmÄ, _naÂ tdmbn XpS-§nb Ne- n{X {]hÀ -I-cpsS km¶n²yw

Cu ÌpUn-tbm-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«m-bn-cp-¶p. kmaq-lnI {]m[m-\y-apÅ hnj-b-§Ä kzoI-cn-

¡p-h³ C¡m-e¯v kn\na {]hÀ -IÀ X¿m-dm-bn. C¡m-e-b-f-hnÂ Gähpw {i²n-¡-s¸« kwhn-

[m-b-I³ im´m-dm-am-bn-cp-¶p. XnI¨pw `mc-Xo-b-amb kn\n-abv¡p thnbmbn-cp¶p At±-l-

¯nsâ {iaw.

53Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


Cý³ kn\n-a-bpsS KXn-Xs¶ amän-a-dn¨ ]tYÀ ]m©men 1955þ Â ]pc¯p h¶p.

kXy-Pn¯v dmbn Bbn-cp¶p kwhn-[m-b-I³. "]tYÀ ]m©men', "A]-cm-PnX'. "A]q-c-

k³kmÀ'F¶nh tNÀ¶-XmWv dmbn-bpsS "A]p-{X-bw.' tZhn, Nmcp-eX F¶-hbpw kXy-Pn¯v

dmbn-bpsS {][m\ Nn{X-§-fnÂ DÄs -Sp-¶p. EXznIv L«-Iv, arWmÄsk³, XpS-§nb kwhn-[m-

b-IÀ Cý³ kn\n-asb {it²-b-am-¡p-hm³ ]cn-{i-an-¨-h-cm-Wv. hnhn[ `mc-Xob `mj--fn-embn

]pd-¯p-h¶ kn\n-a-I-sfm-s¡bpw AXmXp Ime-§-fnse kwhn-[m-bI {]Xn- -I-fpsS ZÀi-\- n-

sâbpw temI kn\n-a-bp-ambn Cý³ kn\n-asb ¡q«n-t¨À¡m\pÅ ]cn-{i-a¯nsâbpw `K-

ambn cq]w sIm-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

taL-[-¡-Xmc þ hni-Z-]-T\w

L«-¡nsâ Gähpw anI¨ Nn{X-sa¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ "tatL [¡-Xmc' (taLw

ad¨ Xmcw), \nÊm-lm-b-X-aqew IjvS-s¸-Sp¶ Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmb \oX-bpsS ZuÀ`m-Ky-§-fpsS

IY-bm-Wv. sImÂ¡- -bpsS Hcp Hgn-ª-tIm-WnÂ Zmcn-{Z-hp-ambn aÃn«v Ign-bp¶ Hcp IqSpw-_-

¯nse GI hcp-am-\-amÀ¤w \oX-bpsS tPmen am{Xw. imkv{Xob kwKo-X- nÂ I¼-apÅ aq¯

ktlm-Z-c-\mb i¦-dpsS ]Tn¯w ]qÀ¯n-bm-Is« F¶v IcpXn, imkv{X-Ú³ k\- n-am-bpÅ

Xsâ hnhmlw amän-sh-s¨. F¶mÂ ssIh¶ mKyw ssIhn-Sp-cp-sX¶v IcpXn \nX-bpsN A½

ap³ssI-sb-Sp¯v k\-¯ns\s¡mv A\p-P¯n KoXsb hnhmlw Ign-¸n- p. AÑ-\pw, A\p-

P³ tamâp-hn\pw A]-ISw t\cn-«-tXmsS \oX-bpsS D -c-hm-Zn¯w ]ns¶bpw hÀ²n- p. ITn-\m-

²zm-\hpw a\x-t¢-ihpw Ahsf {ItaW £b-tcm-Kn-bm-¡n. HmÀ½-bmb Imew apXÂ IpSpw-_-

¯n\v thn \nÈ_vZw ]Wn-sb-Sp¯ AhÄ¡v CXp-hsc hn{iaw In«n-bn-«n-Ã. HSp-hnÂ i¦À¡v

¢mÊn-¡Â kwKo-X-Km-b-I-\mbn {]i-kvXnbpw [\hpw In«n-b-t¸mÄ, X\n-¡p-thn XymKw-a-\p-

`-hn¨ A\p-P-¯nsb AbmÄ lnam-eb Xmgz-c-bnse Hcp kpJ-hmk tI{µ-¯n-te¡v sImp-

t]m-bn. ImÀta-L-§Ä ad¨ B \£{Xw, B hnP-\-X-bnÂ sh v , X\n-¡n\n Pohn-¡-W-sa¶

B{Klw DÅp-cpIn hnfn¨v ]d-ªp. AXn hnIm-c-]-cX Cu IY-bpsS apJy kz`m-h-am-sW-

¦nepw bmYmÀ°y {]XoXn¡v Du\w X«msX EXznIv IYm-Jym\w \nÀh-ln-¨p. IpSpw-_-sa¶

Bibw [z\n-¸n-¡m-\mbn BÂ hr£-¯nsâ {]XoIw Nn{X-¯nÂ BhÀ¯n¨n hcp-¶p-v.

Hmf-an-Ãm¯ aen-\-Pew sI«n-¡n-S-¡p¶ Ipfhpw, Ipän-s¨-Sn-IÄ¡n-S-bn-eqsS hnkneqXn tX§n

Cgªv t]mIp¶ tem¡Â s{Sbn\pw BWv DNnX kµÀ -§-fnÂ hn\y-kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ aäv {]Xo-

I-§Ä A²ym-]-I-\mb AÑ³, Akz-Ø-X-tbmsS HmSn \S-¡p¶ A½ F¶n-h-cpsS Ac-£n-X-

amb kmaq-lym-h-Ø-bn-te¡v EXznIv t{]£-I-cpsS {i² £Wn-¡p-¶p. lrZbw I\w-sImv

hn§nb Hcp cm{Xn-bnÂ i¦dpw \oXbpw tNÀ¶v Be-]n¨ "sP cmt¯ tamÀ ZzmÀKpen mwKvtfm

Qmtc' (sIm-Sp-¦mäv Xsâ FÃm hmXn-hp-I-sfbpw XÅn- p-d¡p¶ cm{Xn-bm-Wv) F¶ cho{µKoXw

t{]£I a\-ÊnÂ F¶pw Ae¨v sImn-cn-¡pw. Bew-_-aä Hcp kqN-cn-X, lnam-e-b-¯nsâ

aSn-¯-«nÂ InS¶v Bim-`w-K-t¯msS "F\n¡v Pohn-¡Ww!' F¶v DÅp-cpIn hnfn¨v ]d-bp¶

cwK-t¯msS Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ Cu _wKmfn Nn{Xw tZio-bhpw XpSÀ¶v kmh-tZ-io-bhpw Bb

AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-b-XnÂ AZv`p-X-an-Ã.

ASp¯ Nn{X-amb "tImaÄ KÔmÀ' sImÂ¡-¯-bnse ]o¸nÄkv Xntb-ä-dpambpw. Nne

]pcmW IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS kk-a-Im-enI {]k-àn-bp-am-bpw, \mS-I-th-Zn-bpw-ambpw L«-¡n-\p-

54Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


m-bn-cp¶ ASp- -hp-am-bpw, Bi-b-]-c-amb _Ôw ]peÀ¯p-¶p. tImaÄ KÔmÀ F¶ k¦Â]w

Ct±lw SmKp-dnÂ \n¶v ISw-sIm--Xm-Wv. Ingt¡ _wKm-fns\ X§-fpsS kzXz-¯nÂ \n¶v

Adp-¯p-am-änb Cým hn`-P\w Gev]n¨v apdnhv CXnse `rKp, A\-kqb F¶o IYm-]m-{X-

§sf \nc-ćw Akz-Ø-cm-¡p-¶p.

anÌÀ Bâ v anÊnkv A¿À (A-]ÀW-sk³) þ hni-Z-]-T\w

Imen-I-{]m-[m-\y-apÅ oI-cm-{I-a-W-sa¶ kPoh hnj-b- nsâ ]Ým- -e- nÂ A]ÀW-

sbm-cp-¡nb anÌÀ Bâ v anÊnkv A¿À 2003þ anI¨ Nn{X-¯n-\pÅ tZiob AhmÀUv t\Sn-b-

tXmsS Cu kwhn-[m-bn-I-bpsS {]ikvXn DbÀ¶p.

ao\m£n A¿À F¶ Xangv {_mÒW bph-Xnbpw ssI¡pªpw _ÊnÂ IÂ¡-¯-bn-

te¡v Iq«n-\m-cp-an-ÃmsX bm{X sNt¿-n-h-¶p. t^mt«m-{Km-^-dmb cmPbv¡p Ah-fpsS sXm«-

Sp¯ koämWv In«-b-Xv. ssI¡p-ªnsâ Hmtcm Bh-iy-§Ä \nÀh-ln-¡m³ AbmÄ ao\m-

£nsb klm-bn-¨p. AbmÄ Ipªns\ aSn-bn-cp¯n Ifn-¸n-¨Xpw AhÄ¡v Aizm-k-am-bn.b

_kv Iqsd Zqcw k©-cn-¨-t¸m-gmWv Bbp-[-[m-cn-I-fmb lnµp òI-cÀ {]Xn-Imcw sN¿m-\mbn

apÉo-§sf sXcªv _ÊnÂ NmSn-¡-bdn ]cn-tim-[\ \S-¯n-b-Xv. cmPsb AhÀ t\m«-an-Sp-

sa¶v kwibw tXm¶n-b-t¸mÄ AbmÄ Bsc¶ Adn-ªp-Iq-sS-¦nepw anÌÀ A¿-cm-sW¶v AhÄ

]d-ª-t¸mÄ AhÀ kwi-bn- n-Ã. AbmÄ apÉow BsW¶pw B _ÊnÂ k©-cn-¨n-cp¶ cv

apÉo-§sf oI-cÀ \nÀ±bw h[n- p-sh¶pw ]n¶mSv Adn-ª-t¸mgpw AhÄ {]Xn-I-cn- n-Ã. hÀ¤ob

el-fsbtXXp-SÀ¶v B {]tZ-i¯v IÀ^yp {]Jym-]n-¨-Xn-\mÂ _Ên\v bm{X XpS-cm-\m-hmsX

h¶p. ao\m-£nbpw cmPbpw Ipªpw Ah-tcmSv kl-Xm]w tXm¶nb Hcp t]meokv DtZymØsâ

klm-b-t¯msS Hcp ]gb t^mdÌv temUvPnÂ cm{Xn A`bw tXSn. X½nÂ Ipdª ka-bs¯

]cn-Nbw am{X-apÅ À¯r-a-Xn-bmb Hcp lnµp bph-Xn-bpw, Hcp apÉnw sNdp-¸-¡m-c\pw {]tem-

`n-¸n-¡p¶ GIm- -X-bnÂ Ignª B cm{Xnsb {]iw-kmÀl-amb \nb-{ -W-t¯msS kwhn-[m-

bnI ssIImcyw sNbvXp. B ka-b¯v Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw a\-Ên-eqsS Cc-¼n-¯-Ån-t¸m-tb-¡m-

hp¶ hnIm-c-§sf k¦-ev]-am-bpw, A´Êv hnSm¯ A`n-Pm-X-amb s]cp-am-ä-¯n-eqsS AhÀ

Ign¨p Iq«nb aWn-¡q-dp-Isf hvkvXhn-I-X-tbmSpw CS-I-eÀ¯n Ah-Xn-c- n- -Xn-emWv A]ÀWm-

sk-¶nsâ ssIhn-cpXv Zriy-am-hp-¶-Xv. ]ntä¶v sdbnth tÌj-\nÂ ao\m-£nsb cmP

hn«pt]mhp¶ cwKhpw hnIm-cmÀ{Z-am-Wv. Xangv {_mÒW bph-Xn-bpsS t\m«hpw, kwkm-chpw,

\o¡hpw XnIª kzm`m-hn-I-X-tbmsS A`n-\-b-¯n-\pÅ tZiob AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. cmlpÂ

t_mknsâ cmPbpw t{]£-I-cpsS {]oXn t\Sn. Ipd¨v Nn{X-§Ä am{Xta \nÀ½n-¨n-«p-Åp-sh-

¦nepw \Ã kn\n-asb kw_-Ôn¨ Ah-t_m[w {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ A]ÀWm sk³ hln-

¡p¶ ]¦v sNdp-X-Ã.

(-kn\na Iebpw Poh-nXhpw þ tXm«w cmP-ti-J-c³)

55Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


ae-bm-f-kn-\na: Ncn-{Xhpw hÀ¯-am-\hpw

ae-bm-f-kn-\n-am-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ Hcp {lkzm-h-tem-I-\-amWv Cu Ipdn- v. kq£va-amb hni-

I-e-\tam hne-bn-cp-¯tem ChnsS Dt±-in-¡-s -«n-«n-Ã. BsI-¡qSn Hc-I-e-Im-gvN. A{X-am-{Xw.

ae-bm-fn-bpsS Ae-khpw hnc-k-hpamb sshIp-t¶-c-§sf Nncnbpw I®o-cpw-sImp hncp-

¶q-«m³ kn\na hncp-Xp-t\-Sn-bXv A³]-Xp-I-fn-em-Wv. ]pcm-Wm-Jym-\-§-fp-tSbpw ]mSpw tISpw

\ndª \nXym-\p- -h-§-fp-sSbpw"Hma-\- -apÅ H«p-]-S-§Ä' Im«n AX-hs\ BIÀjn- p. ImsW-

¡msW AXnsâ P\-{]n-bX Gdn-tb-dn-h-¶p. kn\na ae-bm-fn-bpsS Gähpw {]nb-s¸« hnt\m-

tZm-]m-[n-bmbn. AX-hsâ a\-Ênsâ mK-am-bn. Pohn-X-N-cy-bp-sS-bpw.

sasÃ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS I®pw ssIbpw sXfn-bm³ XpS-§n. Cu sXfn¨w hnfn-t¨m-

Xnb Nn{X-§-fn-sem-¶mWv "Pohn-X-\uI' (1951). AXypàn IeÀ¶-sX-¦nepw Pohn-X-t¯m-S-Sp-

¯p-\n¶ IY, \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS X\n- -IÀ¸mb Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn, ]dn-¨p-\-«-t]m-epÅ ] -a-e-bmf

Ihn-X-þ-C-sXÃmw AXnsâ hnP-bs¯ XpW- p. A£-cmÀ°- nÂ \½psS BZys¯ _lp-P-\-

hn-t\m-Zn-\n-bm-bn-cp¶p "Pohn-X-\uI'. \msS§pw ]SÀ¶p-I-b-dnb ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-§fpw tkmt±-

iy-km-ln-Xy-{]-h-W-X-Ifpw {]Xn-kv p-cn- -Xt{X "\h-temIw'. ]s£, ]n mkvI-c\pw Z£n-Wm-

aqÀ¯nbpw tNÀs¶m-cp-¡nb Km\-§-fpsS t]cn-emWv C¶v AtXmÀ¡-s -Sp-¶-Xv.

ae-bm-f-kn-\na kmÀ°-I-am-sbmcp kwth-Z-\-ssien tXSp-Ibpw Hs«ms¡ t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-

Xv. "\oe-¡p-bnen' eqsSbmWv. \m\m--k-ar-²-amb \mS³ PohnXw AXn-eqsS Nnd-I-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

X\n-t¡-c-fo-b-amb Hcp ]Ým-¯ew \mw BZy-ambn ZÀin-¨Xpw AXn-em-Wv. ssNX-\y-h-¯mb

Hcp IYm-tem-I-¯n-sâbpw IY-\-co-Xn-bp-sSbpw DS-a-bmb Ddq_v A\p- -ht_m[y-amb B kÀ¤-

ssh- hw Xnc-¡-Ym-c-N-\-bn-eq-sSbpw {]I-Sn- n- p. cmap-Im-cym-«v, ]n. mkvI-c³, hn³kâ v XpS-§n-

b-h-cpsS Iq«mbva IYm-Jym-\-¯nÂ \ho-\-amb Hcp bYm-XY coXn¡v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨p. \mS³

Nn´-I-fpsS X\n-abpw hiy-Xbpw tIc-f-amsI tI«p-\p-W-ªXpw "\oe-¡p-bnen' eqsSbmWv.

\mfn-{X-I-gn-ªn«pw Ah \½psS a\Êv aqfp-¶p.

cma-Zm-knsâ kmc-Yy- nÂ Hcp kwLw tImtfPv hnZymÀ°n-IÄ \S¯nb kml-kn-I-k-

am-cw- wþ "\yqkvt]- À t_mbv'-þ- dn-b-en-ÌnIv Nn{X-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ Gsd {i²n-¡-s -«p. ]n.- m-kvI-

csâ Xnf-¡-amÀ¶ cN-\-I-fn-sem-¶mbn "cmcn-¨³' F¶ A\m-Y-¡p-«n-bpsS IY-\n-e-\nÂ¡p-¶p.

hniz-km-ln-Xy¯n-te¡p \S-¶p-I-b-dnb XI-gn-bpsS "cn-S-§gn' Ne-¨n-{X-am-b-t¸mÄ ]mfn-t¸m-

bXpw Adp-]-Xp-I-fpsS _m¡n-]-{X-¯n-ep-v.

Adp-]-X-IÄ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-sb-kw-_-Ôn-¨p- \Ã Ime-am-bn-cp-¶p. Gähpw anI¨ Nn{X-

¯n-\pÅ tZio-b-]p-c-kvImcw tIc-f-¯n\p \SmsS t\Sn-¯¶-"-sN-½o³' \nÀ½n-¡-s¸« ZiIw

F¶ \nebv¡p am{X-aÃ Cu \nco-£-Ww. kn\n-a-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw ]mc-kv]cyw

kmam-t\y\ ]co-£n-¡-s¸« Ime-L«w IqSn-bm-W-Xv. XXv^-e-ambn \½psS ]e t\mh-ep-Ifpw

sNdp-I-Y-Ifpw Ne-¨n-{X-am-¡-s¸-«p. Hcp hyh-km-b-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ kn\na ChnsS thtcm-Sn-¸-

SÀ¶Xpw Nph-Sp-d-¸n-¨Xpw Cu Ime-¯m-Wv.

56Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


tXm¸nÂ`mkn ("ap-Sn-b-\mb ]p{X³', "Aiz--ta[w' "Xpem-`mcw') ]md-¸pdw ("\n-W-a-WnªImev]m-Sp-IÄ'), Fw.-Sn. ("apd-s -®v,' "]IÂ¡n-\m-hv', "Akp-c-hn¯v') Fkv.-FÂ.-]pcw ("A-án-]p{-{Xn), ae-bm-äqcv ("b£-£n) XpS-§n-b-h-scÃmw Ne-¨n-{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn-I-fm-bn. Ah-cpsS kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-am-bpÅ k¼À¡w \½psS kn\n-a-bpsS `mthm-XvIÀjs¯ Ipd-s¨m-¶p-aÃ klm-bn-¨-Xv. ap³sNm¶ cN-\-I-sfÃmw Ipä-aä Nn{X-§-fmbn cq]m-ćw t\Sn F¶Ãhnh-£. adn-¨pÅ A\p-`-h-am-tW-sd.

Imc-W-ap-v, anI¨ kmln-Xy-IrXn anI¨ k\n-a-bm-I-W-sa-¶n-Ã-tÃm. aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsSImńbpw aqeyhpw a§-te-imsX Ne-¨n-{X-¯nÂ Bhm-ln-¡p-I-Xs¶ ZpjvI-cw. ]ns¶-b-tÃ,tase s]men-¸n-¡pI? ]pXnb am[y-a-¯nsâ ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw km²y-X-Ifpw Bg-¯n-epÄs¡m-Åm-\pÅ Iem-aÀ½-ÚX AXn\p IqSntb Xocq. ae-bm-f-kw-hn-[m-b-IÀ ]eÀ¡pw AXp t\Sm³Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. "\Ã kmlnXyw \¶m-Im¯ kn\na' F¶-Xt{X \½psS Ah--Ø.

F¶n-cn-¡epw kmln-Xy- nsâ CS-s]-SÂ \½psS kn\n-abv¡p KpWta hcp-¯n-bp-Åq.shÅn-¯n-c-bnse FÃpd-¸pÅp GXm-sÃm IYm-]m-{X-§fpw "shÅ-¯m-fnÂ' \n¶v AhnsSF¯n-s¸-«-h-cm-Wv. Iem-t_m-[tam Ime-t_m-[tam sXm«p-Xo-msX sI«n-¨-a-bv¡-s¸« IYm-ssh-Ir-X-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ Ipsd Nn{X-§-sf-¦nepw "a\p-jy-I-Ym-\p-Km-bn-Ifm' bp«p-s-¦nÂ AXn-\m-[mcw \½psS aqey-h-¯mb kmln-Xy-am-Wv, AXp-ambn lrZ-b-_Ôw ]peÀ¯nb kwhn-[m-b-I-cm-Wv.

Adp-]-Xp-I-fpsS hc-Zm-\-ambn hmgv¯-s¸« Nn{Xw sN½o-\m-Wv. ]n¶n« hÀj-§-fnepwAXnsâ JymXn ap¶nÂ -s¶. IZ-\-a-t\m-l-c-amb B IS-tem-c-{]-W-b-IY k¶m-l-_-lp-e-X-tbm-sS-bmWv cmap-Im-cym«v Ne- n-{X- n-te¡p k¶n-th-in- n- -Xv. kÀ¤-ssh- hw apänb Hcp kwL-b-Xv\-¯nsâ ]n³_-ehpw AXn-\p-m-bn. AXn-eqsS temI-¯nsâ ap¶nÂ DbÀ¯n-¡m-«m³hÀ®-i-_-fhpw kwKo-X-km-{µ-hp-amb Hcp krjvSn \ap¡v In«n. ]t£, XI-gn-bpsS sN½n³Ct¸mgpw HmÀ½-bpsS Hmf-§-fnÂ sNt½ \oń-¯p-Sn-¡p-¶p.

Hcp I®oÀap¯p-t]mse a\-ÊnÂ X§n-\n-ev¡p¶ apd-s¸®v Fw.-Sn-bpsS IrXn-bm-Wv.Hcp SÀ¡njv Nn{X- nsâ Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-s -Sp¯ hn³skânsâ "\K-cta \µn' bnÂ \m«n³]p-d- n-tâbpw \K-c- n-sâbpw \mUn-an-Sn- p-m-bn-cp-¶p. t_m[-[m-c-k-t¦-X- nÂ anI-hp-sImv A\p-hm-N-I-{i-²-bmÀÖn¨ "Ccp-«nsâ Bßmhv' F¶ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Ne-¨n-{Xm-hn-jvImcw satem-{Um-a-bpsS AXn-{]-k-cw-sIm-mhmw hnI-e-am-b-Xv.

]n.-F³. tat\m³ ("Hmfhpw Xochpw', "Ipt«y-S¯n') apXÂ ]ß-cm-P³ ("s]cp-h-gn-b-¼ew')hsc \nc-h[n \h-{]-Xn-`-IÄ X§-fp-sS krjvSn-I-fn-eqsS ]pXnb hgn¨mep-IÄ sXfn¨ Zi-I-§fmWv Fgp-]-Xn-IÄ. kKu-chw ssIImcyw sNt¿ Hcp k¦oÀ®Iem-cq-]-amWv kn\n-a-sb¶pw ]T-\hpw A\p-io-e-\hpw Bh-iy-s -Sp¶ H¶m-Wv AXnsâ Bkzm-Z\sa¶p-apÅ Ah-t_m[w sasÃ-bm-sW-¦nepw C¡m-e¯p ]S-cm³ XpS-§nb Cu Ah-t_m-[hym]-\- n\p Np¡m³]nSn- Xv Nn{X-teJm nenw skmssk-än-bm-Wv. Ne- n-{X-¯n\pw X\-Xmb cN-\m-k-t¦-X-§fpwck-X-{ -hp-ap-s¶pw Ah kmhw-io-I-cn-¡msX AXns\ DÅp-WÀ¯p¶ Iem-\p- -h-am-¡m-\m-hn-sÃ¶pw Nne-sc-¦nepw Xncn- -dn-ªp. mc-X-¯nÂ \h-kn-\n-abv¡pw \mµn-Ip-dn¨ _wKm-fnsâkzm[o-\X Ah-cpÄs¡m-p.

57Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


Cu DÅ-dn-hnÂ\n-¶p-cp-¯n-cn-ª-XmWv Nn{X-teJ \nÀ½n¨v ASqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³kwhn-[m\w \nÀh-ln¨ "kzb-hcw'. kmt¦-XnIXz¯nÂ, klm-b-I-L-S-I-§-fp-SsN ka-\zb¯nÂ,temI-\n-e-hm-c-t¯msS¯n-\n¶ B Nn{Xw Hcp \h- - m-hp-I-Xz- n\p Ipdn-am\w XoÀ¯p. "sImSn-

tb-ä'hpw AXnsâ XpSÀ¨-X-s¶. ap\n-ªn-cp¶p ]Wn-XoÀ¯v, Id-XoÀ¯v ]pd-¯n-bn-d-¡n-b-

XmWv Hmtcm ASqÀ Nn{X-hpw. X©hpw Xg-¡hpw ssIh¶ Hcp X¨sâ krjvSn-IÄ. hniz-kn-

\na Ahsb BZ-cn-¨-Xn\v AZv`p-X-an-Ã.

Fgp-¯p-Im-c\pw kwhn-[m-b-I\pw Hcm-fm-hpI F¶ A]pÀh-[-\y-X-bmWv Fw.-Sn.-bpsS

"\nÀ½mey's¯ kvac-Wo-b-am-¡n-b-Xv. ]n.sP Bâ-Wnbpw ssIbpw sa¿pw ad-¶-h-X-cn- n¨ shfn-

¨-¸m-Sns\ ad-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. tZho-hn-{K-l-¯nsâ t\sc Ad-ªp-Xp-Ån-bXpw BªpXp¸n-bXpw

Bkzm-Z-IÀ DÄ¯p-Sn-t¸msS In-cp-¶p. AJn-te´ymXe-¯nÂ Bâ-Wnbpw Fw.-Snbpw k½m-

\n-X-cp-am-bn.

Ac-hn-µsâ I-¶n- n-{X-amb "D -cm-b-Whpw' ]ns¶ "Im©-\-ko-Xbpw' B Zi-I- nse

CuSp-sh-¸nÂs¸Sp-¶p. Iyma-tb- nb Ihn F\v\ hnti-jWw A\zÀ°-am-¡nb kwhn-[m-b-I-

\m-W-t±-lw. kl-P-amb kÀK-`m-h-\-bpsS ]IÀ¶m-«-amWv Ac-hn-µ³Nn-{X-§-fnÂ. X¼nÂ

\maXp Ip. Ip½m-«n-bnÂ Ip. "FkvX-¸m³,' "t]m¡p-sh-bnÂ', "NnZw-¼cw', "hmkp-Xp-lc'

F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw B am{´n-I-kv]Àiw \mw Adn-ªp.

"t\mhÂ tase, kn\na Xmsg' F¶ sNÃns\ icn-h-bv¡pw-t]mse \½psS cp henb

BJym-bn-I-IÄ þ Ddq-_nsâ D½m-¨phpw XI-gp-bpsS GWn- -Sn-I-fpwþ Ne-¨n-{X-am-bn. Fgp-]-Xp-

I-fpsS \mÄh-gn-bnÂ sXfnªp I Nne \ma-t[-b-§ÄIqSn Ipdn-¡-s«b sI.-Pn. tPmÀPv, (kz-

]v\m-S-\w) ]n.F _¡À (a-Wp-ap-g-¡w, I_-\o-\Zn Nph-¶-t¸mÄ) sIb-]n. Ipam-c³ (A-Xn-Yn)

sI.kv tkXp-am-[-h³ (hmgvthambw, Ac-\m-gn-I-t\-cw), c-X³ (X-I-c).

F¬]-Xp-I-fpsS GSnÂ Gsd Xnf-§nb Ipsd Nn{X-§Ä HmÀ¯p t\m¡-s«. "Nmacw',

"sshimen', "cN\', "IÅ³ ]hn-{X³', "IqsS-hnsS', "Hmt¸mÄ', "bh-\nI', "Fen- - mbw', "apJm-

apJw', "A¸p®n', "CgIÄ', "ao\-am-k-¯nse kqcy³' "sNdn-bm-¨sâ {Iqc-Ir-Xy-§Ä', "A½

Adn-bm³', "]©mán', "aªnÂ hncnª ]q¡Ä', "D¸v', "1921',"kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mÄ', "IncoSw', "ag-

hnÂ¡m-hSn', "hS-¡p-t\m-¡n-b{´w',"Htc XqhÂ -£n-IÄ', "]pcp-jmÀ°w', "Beo-knsâ At\z-

jWw',"\J-£-X-§Ä', "A¨p-th-«sâ hoSv'.

\nb-XmÀ°- n-epÅ {KÙ-Im-cþ kwhn-[m-b-I-\m-bn-cp¶p ]ß-cm-P³. kmln-Xy-¯nsâ

hnIm-c-hn-\ym-khpw kn\n-a-bpsS Zriym-hn-Xm-\hpw ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-ambn At±lw {]tbm-Kn-¨p.

apJy-[m-c-bnÂ ap§n-\n-h-cm\pw Hmfwapdn¨p Xpg-ªp-I-b-dm\pw Htc kabw Xp\n-ªp. Hä-s¸«

"Ac-¸« sI«nb {Kmaw' t]mepÅ Nn{X-§-fpsS aqÀ¨bpw apg-¡hpw {i²-¡-s¸-Sm-sX-t]m-bn.

cp]s¸m-en-abpw mh-Nm-cp-X-bnepw c-Xsâ "sshimen'sb shÃm³ A[nIw Nn{X-§-fn-Ã.

BI-kvan-I-sa¶p ]d-bs«, Htc hÀjw shfn¨w I `c-Xsâ "Bch' ¯nepw Ac-hn-µsâ

"X¼n'epw F¶m-Wn-Xn-hr-¯w, kÀ¡kv IqSm-c-¯nse Zpc-´-Po-hn-Xw. AXnsâ s]mcpÄ

58Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


hnSÀ¯epw GsdIpsd kam-\w. kwhn-[m\ cwK v AWnsXän-\-S¶ Ah-cpsS Hmtcm Nn{Xhpw

Hcp Xcw DÕ-h-e-l-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Ac-hn-µ³ aµ-Xm-f-¯nÂ ]Xn-ªm-Sn. c-X³ NSpe-th-K-X-

bnÂ Dd-ªm-Sn. BSn-¯o-cpw-ap-¼v, HmÀ¡m-¸p-d-¯v, Cc-hcpw Ac-s§m-gn-ªp.

hnt£m-`-I-c-amb Hcp ka-Im-enI kw`-hs¯ B[m-c-am¡n ag- mÀ¯p-t]mse a\ÊnÂ

hnjmZw s]¿n¨ jmPn Ic-Wpsâ "]ndhn' F¬]-Xp-Isf k¼-¶-am-¡n. kmt¦-Xn-I- n-Ihpw

cN-\m-Iu-i-ehpw Cg-tNÀ¶ {]nb-ZÀi³ Nn{X-§Ä apJy-[m-c-kn-\n-a-bpsS ap³\n-c-bnÂ Øm\w

t\Sn-bXpw A¡m-e- m-Wv. A´y-izmkw hsc \ntj-[-¯nsâ kzchpw kz]v\hpw Im¯p-kq-

£n¨ tPm¬ A{_-lm-ansâ "A½ Adn-bm³' Akm-[m-c-W-amb HmB kÀ¤-Zu-Xy- sâ lwk-

k-Km-\-am-bn.

{it²-b-amb Nne Nn{X-§Ä¡n-S-bnepw It¼m-f-Xm-Xv]-cy-¯nsâ BtKm-f-X-{´-§gv¡p

Iog-S-§nb Hcp kn\n-am-cw-K-amWv sXm®q-dp-IÄ ImgvN-sh-¡p-¶-Xv. \osmcp ImewsImv

Dchw ]q \Ã kn\nasb¶ k¦ev]w CS-bvs¡-t§m-h¨p \ap¡p \jvS-am-bn. B k¦-ev]-

¯nsâ km -ey- n-\m-bpÅ kml-knI-{i-a-§Ä¡v GXmp hncm-a-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. NSp-e-amb

Hcp Ne-¨n{X kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS ASn-¯-d-bmbn hÀ¯n-t¡ ^nenw skmsskän {]Øm\w

Gsd-¡psd \n{Zm-h-Ø-bn-em-Wv. adp-h-i v, {]Xn-_-²-X-bpsS Øm\w {]Xn-_m-²y-X-IÄ ssIb-

Sn-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.

A´ÀtZ-io-b-X-e- nÂ Xe-bp-bÀ v\n-evI-¡m³t]m¶ A`n-t\-Xm-¡Ä \ap-¡p-v. kmt¦-

Xn-I-ssh-Z-Kv²y-¯nÂ \mw sXÃpw ]n¶n-e-Ã. aäp-\p-_-Ô-L-S-I-§-fpsS Imcy- nepw A§-s\-

-s¶. F¶n-«p-sat´ ae-bm-fn- - nsâ lrZ.-ap{Z ]Xnª Hcp ae-bm-f-N-Xn{Xw \ap-¡n-ÃmsX

t]mbn? _mlym-h-c-W-§-fnepw hmbv¯m-cn-bn-ep-a-Ã, tIc-fo-b-Po-h-Xn- nsâ iàn-ku-µ-cy-§-

fnÂ Xnf-§n-\n-ev¡p¶ Hcp Nn{Xw. ae-bmfnbpsS lrZ-b-þ_p-²n-hym-]m-c-§-fpsS hymI-cWw

Poh³]-IÀ¶ Hcp Nn{Xw. DÄ¯p-Sn-¸nepw DÖo-h-\-¯nepw "CXm Hcp ae-bmfn Nn{Xw' F¶

X\n-a-tbm-NsS Xtâ-S-t¯msS, kzbw DZvtLm-jn-¡p¶ Hcp krjvSn.

({io-h-cmlw _me-Ir-jvW³)

ASqÀKm-]m-e-Ir-jvWsâ kn\n-a-IÄ

Fen- - mbw

ASpÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvWsâ aq¶mas¯ o¨À Nn{X-amWv "Fen- - mbw'. Cu kwhn-[m-

b-Isâ aäp cp Nn{X§tfmSpw KmV-amb ssPh-_Ôw ]peÀ¯p-¶p-v C¨n-{Xw. H¸-aXv

Bhn-jv¡-c-W-kz-`m-h-¯nÂ KWy-amb AIÂ¨ ap³Nn-{X-§fnÂ \n¶v Zo£n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p. C{]-Imcw Hcp Iem-Im-csâ krjvSn Xsâ krjvSn Xsâ ap³Im-e-c-N-\m-I-tfmSv ssPh-

_Ôw ]peÀ¯p-Ibpw AtX-k-abw B cN-\-I-fnÂ \n¶v AI¶p \nev¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ps-

¦nÂ B Iem-Im-c\v hfÀ -bp-s-¶À°w. ASqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ hfÀ -bpÅ Iem-Im-c-\m-

W¶v "Fen- -¯mbw' AÀ°-i-¦-bn-ÃmsN {]Jym-]n-¡p¶p. Ne- n-{X-kz- mhw AXnsâ ]qÀ®-

amb AÀ°- nÂ D]-e-_vZ-am-Ip¶ A\p- hw "Fen- - mb' t¯mfw asämcp ae-bm-f-Nn-{Xhpw

F\n¡p \ÂIn-bn-«n-Ã.

59Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


bmYmÀ°y-amWv tKm]m-e-Ir-jvWsâ ap³Nn-{X-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-kz-`m-hw. "kzbw-

hcw'¯nsâ BZy-`m-K-§-fnÂ IYm-kq-N\ \nKq-l\w sNbvX Nne {àm-ß-I-Zr-iy-§Ä hn\y-kn-

¡-s¸-«n-«p-v. "sImSn-tbä'¯nÂ bmYmÀ°y-¯nÂ hnfve-ep-m-¡p¶ bmsXm¶pw Xs¶-bn-Ã.

A§s\ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ "Fen-¸-¯mbw' IpSp-X-e-Sp¯p \nev¡p-¶Xv "kzb-hc't¯mSm-sW¶v

]d-bmw. "kzb-hc'¯nsâ BZy- m-K- nÂ IqSp-XÂ hnIm-k-amÀÖn-¡p-Ibpw Nn{X- nsâ BZy-

A-h-km-\-§-fnÂ IqSp-XÂ hnIm-k-amÀÖn-¡p-Ibpw Nn{X- nsâ BZym-h-km-\-§-fnÂ IYm-]m-

{X-t¯mSv Zriy-_Ôw ]pe-À¯ns¡mv hn\y-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu BZy-h-

km-\-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ \mw ImWp-¶Xv hmkvX-h-¯nÂ Hcp bYmÀ°-Nn-{X-¯nsâ Zriy-§Ä¯-

s¶-bm-Wv. kq£-a-[z\nIÄs¡mv k¼-¶-amb Zriym-h-en-IÄ tImÀ¯n-W-¡nb Cu bYmÀ°-

cw-K-§Ä shfn-hm-¡p-¶Xv tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ AXy-ń-I-ambn Hcp bmÀ°kwhn-[m-b-I-\mWv

F¶-t{X. bmYmÀ°y- ntâbpw {àm-ß-I-X-bp-tSbpw n¶-cq-]-§Ä kwtÇ-jn- p-tNÀ¡p¶ Imcy-

¯nÂ "kzbw-hc'¯nsâ ]mc-¼cyw ]n´p-S-cp-¶p-s-¦nÂ {]m[m-\-I-Ym-]m-{X-¯nsâ Nn{Xo-I-c-

W- nÂ CXn\v "sImSn-tbä't¯mSm-W-Sp- w. {àm-ß-I-X-bp-sSbpw bmYmÀ°y- n-sâbpw AXn-

cp-Isf t_m[-]qÀÆw XpS-¨p-\o-¡p-a-«nÂ \nÀ_-Ôn-¡-s¸-« Hcp Zriyw Cu Nn{X-¯nsâ XpS-¡-

¯nepv. XpS¨p kÖ-am-¡nb Fen-¸-¯m-b-¯nÂ Xsâ ssI¸¯n IS-¯p¶ {iotZ-hn-bnÂ

\n¶v s]«¶v I«v sN¿p-¶Xv Xsâ ]pd¯v Fen hoWp-sh¶ D®n-bpsS tcmZ-\-¯n-te-¡m-Wv.

ap³Im-e-§-fnÂ ASqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ D]-tbm-Kn¨ Nne {]Xo-I-§fpsS \nÊm-cX

Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡-s¸-«p-«p-v. {]Xo-I-§tfm {àm-ßI Zriy-§tfm {]ZÀin-¸n-t¡-n-h-cp-t¼mÄ

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvWsâ Ie-bnÂ Bg-¡p-dhv A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Akm-[m-c-W-a-Ã. "Fen-¸-

¯mb'¯nse Fen- -¯m-bhpw \mep-sI«pw X½n-epw, ]¯mb- nÂ hoW Fenbpw \mep-s¡-

«nÂ IpSp-§nb D®nbpw X½nepw Btcm-]n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ _Ô-¯n\pw C¯-a-samcp \nÊm-c-X-bp-

v. {]Xo-I-sa¶ \ne-bv¡-Ãm-sX, Nn{X- nsâ ssPhmw-i-sa¶ \ne-bv¡p-IqSn kmwK-Xy-ap-Å-Xp-

sImv B \nÊm-cX hnkva-cn-¡-s -Sp-¶p-sh-¶p-am-{Xw. F¦nepw {i²m-]qÀÆw ]Sp- p-bÀ¯nb

Cu cN-\-bpsS ka-{K-ku-µ-cy-¯nsâ t]md-te-ev]n-¡p¶ Ah-km\Zriyw Hcp ên-X-_n-µp-

hmbn A\p- -h-s -Sp-¶p. ap¡n- m-gv nb shb-Å- nÂ\n¶v hopw-ap-b-cp-I-bm-Wv D®n. Fen-

- m-b- n-e-I-s¸« Fen-sb-t¸mse Icp-Wm- yÀ°\ sN¿p¶ Iq¸nb ssII-tfm-sS. Fń\o

XmZmßyw? h-\-t -Z-IÀ (-A-§s\Xs¶ Ahsc hnfn-¡p-I)\evIm- Xpw D®n AÀln-¡m- -

Xp-amb kl-Xm]w Gäp-hm-§m³ kwhn-[m-b-Isâ h¡m-et¯m?

tKm]eIr-jvWsâ Nn{X-§Ä hyàn-I-fpsS IY-I-fmWv. kaqlw B Nn{X-§-fnÂ Hcp

IYm-]m-{X-ta-b-Ã. F¶mÂ Cu hyàn-I-fpsS ]Ým- -e- nÂ kq£va-ZÀi-\- n\p hnt[-b-am-

hp¶ hn[-¯nÂ kaq-l-¯nsâ km¶n-²y-ap-v. Cu km¶n²yw Gähpw ià-ambn A\p-`-h-

s -Sp-¶Xv "Fen- - mb' ne-t{X. yqUÂhyh-Ø-bpsS PoÀWm-Wm-h-Øsb {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶

Nn{X-sa¶ \nebv¡ t\cn-s«mcp kmaqlymkmwKXywXs¶ "Fen- ¯m'b¯n-\p-v. \mep Npäpw

kw -hn-¡p¶ ]cn-hÀ -\-§Ä ImWm³ aSn-¡p¶ Hcp a²y-h-b-kvI-\mWv Fen- - m-b¯nse

\mb-I³. Xsâ ]qÀÆn-I-·m-sc-t¸mse ]c-¼-cbm e`n¨ k¼-¶X sa¿-\-§msX s\m«n-\p-W-

ªp-sImv D®n Imes¯ ad-¡p-¶p. ]e-t¸m-gDw Bß-c-Xn-bn-te-X¡p \o§p¶ Cu kz`mh

hntijw Abm-fnÂ \n¶v {]Xn-I-cW£aX IqSnbpw tNmÀ¯n-I-f-bp-¶p. Abm-fpsS tcmZ-\-

60Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


§Ä B \mep-s¡-«n-\-I¯v AaÀs¶m-Xp-§p-¶p. AXnsâ hnt£-]Ww Xsâ kmtlm-Z-cn-am-

cnÂ am{Xta km²y-am-Ip-¶p-Åq. ASn-bm- n-tbm-Sp-t]mepw IbÀ¡m³ AbmÄ Ai-à-\m-bn-cn-

¡p-¶p. ISp¯ Bß-kw-LÀj- nsâ \nan-j-§-fnÂ AbmÄ hnbÀs¯men-¡p-¶p. hoÀ¸p-ap-

«p-¶p. {]Xn-I-c-W-£-aX hmÀ¶p-t]mb Hcp hne-£-W-hy-àn-Xz-¯nsâ hnIm-c-{]-Im-i-\-§Ä

Ch am{X-am-Wv.

\mep-sI-«nse \mb-Isâ kz`mhw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AXnse At´-hm-kn-I-fnepw {]Xn-

^-en-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ PoÀ®-X-bpsS Cu aS-bnÂ Iem-]-¯nsâ sImSn-¡qd Db-cp-¶n-S-¯mWv

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ Xsâ Nn{X-am-cw- n-¡p-¶-Xv. Xs¶ Fen ISn- p-sh¶ D®n-bpsS Zpxkz]v\hpw

AXns\ XpSÀ¶pÅ ktlm-Z-cn-am-cpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb Xncn- n-enepw Akm-[m-c-W-amb Hcp ]cn-

Wm-a- n-te¡v \bn-s -Sp-¶Xv hgn-bmWv Cu Iem]w km[y-am-Ip--¶-Xv. Gä-hp-an-f-b-h-fmb {iotZhn

X«p-¼p-d-¯p-\n¶p s]mSn-b-WnRv Fen-¸-¯mbw ]pd-s¯--¡p-¡p-Ibpw AXp s]mSn-X«n XpS¨v

F®-]p-c«n D]-tbm-K-£-a-am-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-XmWv Cu \mep-sI-«nse Akm-[m-c-W-]-cn-Wm-a-

ambn Rm³ ho£n-¡p-¶-Xv. A\p-k-cn-¡m³ am{X-a-dn-bp¶ cmP-½-bnÂ\n¶p {iotZ-hnsb hyXy-

kvX-bm-¡p¶ \ntj[w Cu Zriy-¯nÂ kqNn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. D®n kz´w kpJw am{Xw t\m¡p-

Ibpw ]pd-tem-I-¯p-\n¶v apJw Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. cmP½ kz´w kpJs¯ Ah-K-

Wn-¡p-Ibpw {]Xn-I-c-W-£-a-sXb AaÀ¯n-aq-Sp-Ibpw b{ -s -t¸mse A\p-k-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p. kz´w kpJ-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nÂ Xsâ ktlm-Z-cs\ ]n´p-Sp¶ {iotZ-hn-bm-Is«, ]pdw

temI-hp-ambn \nc- -c-k-¼À¡- n-em-Wv. cmIn-IqÀ¸n¨ {]Xn-I-c-W-£-a-X-bm-W-h-fp-tS-Xv. irwKm-

c-hm-Iy-§-fnÂ tImcn-¯-cn-¡m\pw kz]v\-§Ä s\bvX-Sp-¡m\pw th-t¸mÄ IbÀ¡m\pw

AhÄ¡p Igp-bp-¶p. asämcp hn[-¯nÂ¸-d-ªmÂ, D®n Xtam-`m-h-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-sW-

¦nÂ {iotZhn ctPm-`m-h-t¯bpw cmP½ kmXzn-I-X-tbbpw ]nc-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. \njv{In-

bXsImv D®nbpw \nÊw-K-X-sImv cmP-½bpw ]e-t¸m-gDw Htc ssien-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

Ccp-k-tlm-Z-cn-am-cnÂ Hcp-h-fnÂ\n¶p hgp-Xn-t¸m-hp-Ibpw aä-hÄ ]nSn-¨-Sp-¸n-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvX Pohn-X-kp-J- nsâ BJym\w lrZ-b-lm-cn-bmb cp Zriy-§fn-eq-sS tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³

Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ho«p-ap-ä-¯p-\n-¶v, hnam\w ]d-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶Xp I {iotZhn tN¨nsb hnfn-

¨p-¡m-«p-¶p. "Zms, hnam\w' F¶-hÄ hnfn- p-]-d-bp-t¼mÄ B hm¡p-I-fnÂ ]pXnb Is- -

ensâ BËm-Zhpw DtZz-Khpw A¼-c-¸p-ap-v. B BËm-Zhpw DtZz-Khpw ]¦n-Sm-\mWv AhÄ

tN¨nsb £Wn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ cmP-½-bv¡h A{]m-]y-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. hnam-\-¯n-\p-thn

]gptX Xnc-bp¶ Ah-fpsS I®nÂ Ccp-«p-I-b-dp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Imew IS-¶p-t]m-b-t¸mÄ,

{iotZhn Hfn-t¨m-Sn-s¸m-bv¡-gn-ª-ti-jw, hnp-sam-cn-¡Â hnam-\-¯nsâ Ccp-¼w-tI«v cmP½

X{X-s¸«v am\-t -¡p-t\m-¡p-¶p. Hcn-¡hpw hnam\w ImWm³ Ign-bp-I-bn-sÃ¶ Adn-thm-sSm¸w

Ah-fpsS XIÀ¨ ]qÀ¯n-bm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

D®n F´n-s\- -än-sb-¦nepw {i²n-¡-Ibpw thh-em-Xn-s -Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-s-¦nÂ AXv

kz´w ico-c-t¯-¡p-dn-¨p-am-{X-am-Wv. aoi-bnse \c¨ apSn-bn-g-IÄ I®m-Sn-bnÂ t\m¡n {i²m-

]qÀÆw ]ngp-Xp-I-f-bp-¶p. \J-§Ä sh«n hnc-ep-IÄ `wKn-bm-¡p-¶p. kar-²-ambn F®-tX¨v

NqSp-sh-Å- nÂ Ipfn-¡p-¶p. Hcp Znhkw NqSp-shÅw In«n-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ Abm-fmsI Akz-Ø-\m-

61Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


Ip-¶p. FC¡p ]\n ]nSn¡pw F¶p tIgp-¶p. ico-c-]p-jvSn-¡pÅ ckm-b-\-§-fpsS ]c-ky-§-

fnse hnemkw Ipdn-s¨-Sp¯p kq£n-¡p-¶p. Ae-¡n-t¯¨ hkv{X-§-f-Spt¯ AbmÄ ]qd- n-

d-§q. sNfn-sX-dn-¡p-sa¶p tXm¶n-bmÂ bm{X-Xs¶ apS-¡p-¶p.

]pdw temIw D®nsb F§s\ ImW-¶p.? D®n ]pdw temIs¯ F§s\ ImWp¶p?

Hcp kÔybv¡v ho«n-te¡p aS-§p¶ D®n FXntc hcp¶ Hcm-fnsâ apJ¯v Hu²-Xy-]qÀÆw

tSmÀ¨-Sn-¡p-t¼mÄ AbmÄ Bt{Im-in-¡p-¶p. D®n-bmWv tSmÀ¨-Sn-¨-sI-¶-dn-bp-t¼mÄ Abm-

fpsS ]¯n Xmgp-¶p. "D®n-¡p-ªm-bn-cpt¶m'? Ct¸mÄ ASn hogpam-bn-cptÃm F¶mÄ ]d-bp-

¶p. hgn-t]m-¡sâ apJ¯v shfn¨w ]mfn-¡p¶ D®n-bpsS {]hr¯n BÄ¡msc apgp-h³ ASn-

bm-f-sc-¶-a-«nÂ ]pÑ-t¯msS ImWp¶ D®nbpsS at\m-\n-e-sb-bmWp kqNn- n-¡p-¶-sX-¦n-enÂ

hgn-t]m-¡sâ {]Xn-IWw D®nsb¸än \m«p-Im-cnÂ _m¡n-\n-ev¡n¶ am\yXsbbpw kqNn-¸n-

¡p-¶p., asäm-cn-¡Â A]-Y-k-©m-cn-Wn-bmb the-¡m-cn-bpsS IpSn-ens\ Npän-¸än \nev¡p¶

D®nsb¡v asäm-sscÄ AÛp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. kZm-Nm-c-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nÂ D®n ]peÀ¯n-

t¸m¶ ImÀ¡-iy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Adn-hm-h-W-atÃm A¯-c-samcp ]cn-Xx-Øn-XnbvÂ AÛpXw

Iqdm³ Ahsc t{]cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv.

F¶mÂ Cu kZm-Nmcw D®n-bpsS Hcp apJ-]-S-am-sW¶v \ma-dn-bp-¶p-v. D®n-bpsS

a\Êv ssewKnI XrjvW-I-fpsS Hcp tIfo-cw-K-am-Wv. AXv {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m³ Zpc-`n-am\w, am\y-Xm-

t_m-[w. ocpX Abmsf A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶p am{Xw. the-¡m-cn-bpsS amZ-I- p-f- nÂ AbmÄ

]c-thiw sImÅp-¶p. F¶mÂ Ahsf kq£n-¨p-t\m-¡m³ IqSn AbmÄ b-¡p-¶p. Npäp-Å-

hÀ Imtem F¶m-W-bm-fpsS bw. ]d-¼nÂ h¨m-hs«, ho«nÂ h¨m-hs« , AhÄ X¶n-cn-InÂ

h¶p sIm©p-t¼mÄ, AZ-ay-amb XrjvW-sImv Ah-fpsS ico-c-`m-K-§-fn-te¡v I®-b-bv¡p-

t¼mÄ, AbmÄ NIn-X-\mbn Npäpw t\m¡p-¶p-v. Ah-fpsS km¶n-²y-ap-f-hm-¡p¶ ]cn-{`-a-

¯nÂ icocw hnbÀ -Wn-bp-¶p. \Jw sN¯p¶ t]\m-¡- n hnd-b-en-¶n-S-bnÂ hnc-enÂs¡mv

càw s]mSn-bp-¶p. F¶n«pw Ah-tfm-sSm¶v hÀ -am\w ]d-bm³ IqSn AbmÄ¡p Ign-bp-¶n-Ã.

X\n¡v Ign-bm¯ Imcyw ]pXnb Xe-apd A\m-bm-tk\ \S-¸m-¡p-¶Xv Iv AbmÄ A´w

hnSp-¶p-v. (Nn-{X- nÂ the-¡m-cn-bpsS Nncnbpw AwK-N-e-\-§fpw Ak-ly-sat¶ ]d-bm-hq.

A`n-t\-Xm-¡sf sacp-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p¶ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvWsâ ]mShw Cu IYm-]m-{X-¯nÂ k^-e-

am-hm- -sXt´?) ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS ]pkvI-X- n-\p-ÅnÂ \n¶p In«p¶ t{]a-te-J\w hmbn-¡p-

t¼mgpw D®n AXy´w ]c-thiw sImÅp-¶p. am\y-X-bpsS AkvXn-hm-c-an-bp-¶-Xp-I-pÅ ]cn-

{`m- n-b-Ã-Xv. t{]a-te-J-\-¯nse hcn-I-fnÂ D±o-]vX-am-hp¶ D®n-bpsS ssewKnI XrjvW-bpsS

kzm`m-hnI {]Im-i\w am{Xw.

amäs¯ {]Xn-tcm-[n¨p \nev¡p¶ Cu \mepsIm«n-te¡v ]pdw-tem-I- nsâ ]cn-hÀ -\-

§sf ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp- p-¶Xv {][m-\-ambpw cp IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-Wv. D®n-bpsS aq¯ ktlm-

Zcn Pm\-½-bpsS aI-\m-Wn-Xn-sem-cmÄ. Nmcp-I-tk-c-bnÂ ab-§p¶ A½m-hs\ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ

Ahsâ I®-pI-fnÂ AaÀ¯n-h¨ ]pÑ-ap-v. {iotZ-hn-bpsS ]uUÀ Bthmfw X«n apJ- -Wn-

bp-Ibpw B«p-I-«nÂ Dcp-¶m-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Cu ]¿³ hopw Nn{X-¯nÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-

t¼mÄ Ahsâ sNbvXn-IÄ¡v IS-¶p-I-b- nsâ ssien-bp-v.b ico-c- nsâ apg¸p Im«n-\-S-

62Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


¡p¶p th-e-¡m-cnsb Ah³ thhn[-¯nÂ ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶p. Hfn-ªn-cp¶v ]pI hen-

¡p-¶p. A½m-hsâ tSmÀ v sseäv \ne- n«v s]m«n-¡p-¶p. \mep-sI-«nsâ Imcy-ØN t\m¡p¶Idn-bm- sâ aI³ a¯m-bn-bmWv ]pdw temI- nsâ Xo£-W-K-Ô-hp-ambn \mep-sI-«n-te¡v hcp¶asäm-cmÄb Pm\-½-bpsS aI³ \ntj-[n-Ifmb ]pXnb Xe-ap-dsb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ,a¯m-bn-sb \m«nse P·n-Xzs¯ Nhn-«n-¯m-gv¯p-¶,. ISÂ IS¶p h¶ ]p¯³ {]`p-Xzs¯{]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. ]g. hnt[-bXz \nan¯w Abm-fpsS Ne-\-§-fnÂ IqSp-Xepw AS-¡hpwHXp-¡hpapv. Cu cp IYm-]m-{X§ftfmSv D®n {]Xn-I-cn-¡p¶ coXn-bnÂ \n¶v ]pdw-tem-Is¯ Ne-\-§Ä AbmÄ F{]-Imcw kzoI-cn-¡p¶p F¶p \ap¡v a\-Ên-em-¡mw. Pm\-½-bpsSaI³ Abmsf Atem-k-c-s¸-Sp- p-¶p. Ah-s\-Xnsc sNdp-hn-c-e-\-¡m³IqSn AbmÄ Ai-à-\m-Ip-¶p. BVy-Xz- nsâ qX-Im-e-an-Ãm-ª-Xn-\m-Â a¯m-bn-sb IqSp-XÂ Ffp- Â Ah-tl-fn-¡m³ AbmÄ¡p Ign-bp-¶p. At¼ XI-cÀ¶-Sn-ª-sX-¦nepw X\n-¡p-h-Im-i-s -Sm-hp¶ BVy-¯nsâ lpt¦msS ]q¯³ {]`p-Xzs¯ B«n- -Åp-IbmWv D®n sN¿p-¶-Xv. Cu cp IYm-]m-{X-§-tfmSv D®n-bpsS ktlm-Zcn-amÀ {]Xn-I-cn-¡p¶ coXnbpw {it²-b-am-Wv kÀÆhpw XInSw adn-¡p¶ \ntj-[-kz- m-h-hp-am-sb- p¶ Pm\-½-bpsS aI-t\bpw KÄ v ]W- nsâ ]cn-th-j-hp-am-sb-¯p¶ a¯m-bn-tbbpw Htc {]km-Z-`m-h-t¯msS cmP½ kzoI-cn-¡p¶p. {iotZ-hn-bm-I-s«,\ntj-[s¯ \ntj[w sImp-Xs¶ t\cn-Sp-¶p. Pm\-½-bpsS aI-\p-ambn AhÄ IbÀ¡p-¶XvAXp-sIm-m-Wv. AtX kabw a¯mbn Ahtf A¼-cn- n-¡p-Ibpw BËm-Zn- n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Ah³ sImp h¶ s]À^yqw Hcaqey \n[n-t]mse -A-hÄ Gäp-hm-§p-¶p.

D®n-bpsS aq¯ ktlm-Zcn Pm\-½sb Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-t¼mÄ ASqÀtKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv ISp¯ Na-b-§-fm-Wv. Pm\-½-bpsS km¶n-²y-ap-Å- cwK-§-fnÂ ]e-Xnepw tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW\v anXXzw ssItamiw h¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. CS-th-fbv¡v sXm«p-ap-¼pÅ B cwKwXs¶DZm-l-c-Ww. Pm\½ cmP-½sb F§s\ Ah-K-Wn-¡-¶p-sh¶pw kzmÀ°-Xsb Xmtem-en-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw hni-Zo-I-cn¨p Ign-ªn«pw Iyma-d-bn-te¡v t\m¡n \nev¡p¶ B kv{XobpsS t¢mk¸vGsd t\cw \ne-\n-cÀ¯n-bXv Nn{X- nsâ Xmfs¯ inYn-e-s -Sp- p-¶p-v. Iq«- nÂ ]d-bs«,Cu Nn{X-¯nÂ ]te-S¯pw {]I-S-\-]-c-amb Hcp hen¨p \o«Â A\p- -h-s¸-Sp-¶pv. \Ã Nn{XwP\-{]o-Xn-I-c-am-hp-¶-Xnepw hntcm-[-an-sÃ-¶p-sX-fn-bn¨p Ignª \nebv¡v tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³AØm-\-¯pÅ aµ-Xmfw Hgn-hm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p wKn.

Nn{Xw Ah-km-\-t¯m-S-Sp-¡p-t¼m-gmWv _mly-tem-I- nsâ kPo-h-{i-²bv¡ \mep-sI«vhnt[-b-am-hp-¶p-Xv. {iotZhn Hfn-t¨m-Sp-¶-tXmsS cmP½ sshIm-cn-I-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-¡m³ apXn-cp-¶p. Cu cp kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§fpw D®n-bpsS DÄh-en-bnÂ Xo{h-am-¡p-¶-tX-bp-Åp. cmP½Ah-i-bm-bn-¡n-S-¡p-t¼mÄ ]mÂIp-¸n-bp-ambn F¯p¶ s]¬Ip«n Akw-_-Ô-P-Un-e-amb Hc-kvXn-Xz-s¯-¸-än-bpÅ t_m[-ap-WÀ¯p-¶p. cmP½ \mep-sI-«nÂ \n¶pw ad-bp-¶-tXmsS D®n-IÄ DÄh-en-bÂ ]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶p. thW-sa-¦nÂ BZy Zriy-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bmbn Cu A´y-Zr-iys¯ ImWmw. BZy-Zr-iy-¯nse Fen-bpsS Øm\¯v A´y Zriy¯nÂ D®n-bm-Wv. CuZriy-¯nÂ A½-bpsS ssIhn« Hcp sIm¨p-Ip«n \mep-sI-«nsâ aXnÂs¡«n-¶p-Ån-te¡p IS-¡m³ {ian-¡p-Ibpw Hcp t{]X-`-h-\-¯nÂ \ns¶-¶-t]mse A½ Ip«nsb IS-¶p-]n-Sn¨vXncnsIs¡mp t]mIp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv ImWmw. Cu Zriy- nsâ kzm`m-h-t¯mSp ka-c-k-s -SmsX \nev¡p¶-Xm-Wv, \tS kqNn-¸n- -t]m-se, Gä-hp-sam-Sp-hnte Zriyw.

63Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


"Fen- - mb' nsâ kmaqly qan-Isb {]hn-im-e-am-¡m-sa-{MnÂ \njvI-{In-bX Btcm-

]n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ \½psS tZio-b-Po-hn-X-¯nsâXs¶ Hc-]-{K-Y-\-ambn AXns\¡mWmw. F¶mÂ

A¯-c-samcp kao-]\w Cu Nn{X-¯nsâ iàn-I-sf-¡m-tfsd ZuÀ_-ey-§-sf-bmhpw {]I-S-am-

¡pI Fs¶-\n¡p tXm¶p-¶p.

"Fen- - m-b-sa-§s\' F¶ tNmZy- n\v Fsâ kplr- p-¡Ä "AXnse kwKnXw Pmdnw-KmsW'¶ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶Xv tIÄ¡p-¶p. Acn-sb-s{X, ]b-d-ªmbn -F¶p ]d-bp¶ a«nÂFen-¸-¯m-b-¯nÂ tIhew \mtem At©m CS-§-fnte kwKoXw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-«p-Åq. B\nebv¡v Fen- - m-b-s -¡p-dn-¨pÅ tNmZy- n\v AXnsâ kwKoXs¯ ap³\nÀ¯n adp-]Sn]d-bp-¶-XnÂ kmwK-Xy-an-Ã. kwKoXw F{X-Xs¶ No -bm-bmepw AXv B Nn{X- nsâ sam¯wLS-\sb hep-Xm-sbm¶pw _m[n-¡p-I-bn-Ã. C\n-bn-t¸mÄ kwKoXw PmdnwKv BsW¶v A`n-{]m-bs¯ apJhn-e-bvs¡-Sp-¯mÂ¯s¶ B A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S\w Fen-¸-¯m-b-¯n-\pÅ {]iw-k-bmWv F¶-Xt{X hmkvXhw. qam-ß-I-X-bpsS AS- p-sI-«nÂ \n¶v bmYmÀ°y- nsâ kqcy-sh-fn-¨-¯n-te-¡pÅ {]bmWw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ cwK-§-fnÂ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ kwKoXwIÀ¡iam¡p-¶-XnÂ A]m-I-X-sb- pÅq? kwKo-Xs¯ Nn{X- nsâ sam¯w LS-\bnÂ \n¶pthÀs]« H¶mbn Ip-sIm-pÅ Bkzm-Z\w hgn-sX-{dn-¡p-sa¶p XoÀ¨. kao-]-Im-e¯v ae-bm-f-N-e-¨n-{Xm-kzm-Z\w ]e-t¸m-gp-an-§s\ hgn-sX-än-t¸m-Ip-¶ntÃ F¶p Rm³ kwi-bn-¡p-¶p.kn\n-am-sIm-«-bnÂ kwKoXw tIÄ¡mt\m s]bnânwKv ImWmt\m t]mIp-¶-h-cp-sS F®w Gdn-h-cp-¶p. Hcp Nn{X-¯nÂ ASn-apSn \nd-ªn-cn-¡p¶ kwKnXw lrZ-b-lm-cn-bm-sW-¦nÂ BkwKn-X-¯nsâ Bkzm-Z-\s¯ Ne-¨n-{X-¯nsâ Bkzm-Z-\-ambn sXän-²-cn-¡p-I-bmWv \½psSBkzm-Z-IÀ sN¿p-¶-Xv. \½psS I®p-IÄ sNt¿-Xv kwKo-X-t¯bpw Nn{X-I-e-tb-bp-saÃmwhne-bn- n¨p tNÀ¯ Ne-¨n-{X-¯nsâ ka-{K-L-S-\-bv¡m-Wv.

Ah-km-\-ambn {]ta-b-km-Pm-Xy-apÅ cp Nn{X-ambn Fen- - ms¯ Xmc-X-ay-s -Sp- m³Rm\m-{K-ln-¡p-¶p. tXmakv Knän-tdkv Aen-bpsS "Zn kcvU-ssh-thgvkv' F¶ Iyq_³ Nn{XhpwsI.-]n. Ipam-csâ "AXnYn' F¶ ae-bm-f-Nn-{Xhpw D]-\y-kn-¡p-¶Xv PoÀ®-sX-¡p-dn- m-Wv.

inev]-ssh- -h- nsâ Imcy- nÂ Cu cp Nn{X-§-fnÂ \n¶pw _lp-Zqcw ap¶nÂ \nev¡p-¶p. "Fen- - mbw'ià-amb cmjv{Sob ]Ým- -e-apÅ "kÀssh-thgvkn' Â I½yq-Wnkw \S-¸m-¡n-¡-gnRv Hcp cmPy¯v Ime-¯n-s\m¸w Nen-¡m³ Iq«m-¡msX kz´w tIm«-bv¡p-ÅnÂBXy- n-I-\m-i- n-te¡v \o§n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp _qÀjzm IpSpw-_- nsâ XIÀ¨ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ChnsS CXn-hr-¯-¯n\v ]cn-Wma kz`m-h-ap-v. XpS-¡-¯nÂ kakvX {]Xm-]-t¯m-sSbpw \mw ImWp¶ IpSpw_w HSp¡w Gähpw Zmcp-W-hpw Incm-X-hp-amb XIÀ¨-bnÂASn-s¸-«p-In-S-¡p¶Xnsâ Nn{Xw \ap¡v e`n-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ XpS-¡-¯nÂ Cu PoÀ®-Xsbt\cn-Sm³ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä Hcp-§p-¶Xp \mw ImWp-¶p. Hcp Iq«Â Zb-\o-b-]-cm-P-b- nÂ¯s¶Iem-in-¡p-¶p. F¦nepw C -c-¯nÂ am\-kn-I-amb Hcp-X-bm-sd-Sp¸v Nn{X-¯n\v {Inbm-]-c-ambhnIm-k-¯nsâ A`mhw "Fen-¸-¯mb'¯n\v Nne-t¸mÄ GI-Xm-\X \evIp-¶p-v. {Inbm-]-c-amb hnImkkm-²yXbnÃm¯ Hcp {]tabw IemIm-csâ IÀ½s¯ IqSp-XÂ {iam-hm-l-am-¡p-¶p. {Inbm-]-c-amb \nÝ-e-X-bnÂ ck-\o-b-X-bpsS Hmf-§-fn-f¡n hnSm³ Ign-bp-¶p-sh-¶p-XmWv "Fen- - mb'¯neqsS ASqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ ssIh-cn- n-cn-¡p¶ Gähpw henb t\«-sa¶v Rm³ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. ]cn-Wm-a-kz-`m-hn-bmb Hcp CXn-h-¯-a-Ã, Hcp cmhnse Zpxkz]v\-¯nÂ HXp-§n-¡q-Snb kw`o-X-bmWv sam¯- nÂ "Fen- -¯mbw' F¶ Nn{Xw.

64Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


"sImSntbäw' (A-SqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³)

sImSn-tbäw tIc-fob Pohn-X-¯nsâ Gh-À¡pw ]cn-Nn-Xhpw F¶mÂ Bcpw {i²n-¡m-

¯Xpw Bb Hcp apJ-am-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS A\p-{Klw \½psS \m«n³]pd-§-fnÂ A²zm-\n-

¡m³ Ign-bp¶ ]e sNdp- -¡m-scbpw Ae-k-cmbn amän-bn-«p-v. ]peÀ¨¡v Nmb-¡-S-bnse¯n

Bcp-sS-sb-¦nepw HuZm-cy- nÂ Nmbbpw _oUnbpw Bkz-Zn v Aev]-kzev]w \pW-IÄ ssIam-

dn-s¡mv Ah-cpsS Znhkw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p. Bcp hnfn-¨mepw IqsS-t¸m-Ipw. DÕ-h-¸-d-¼p-I-

fnepw ac- -W-ep-IfnÂ h«-an-«n-cn-¡p¶ No«p-Ifn kwL- nsâ CS-bv¡pw, IÅv jm¸n-epw, Ieym-

W-¸-´-epI-fnepw N´-¡-h-e-bnepw FÃmw Ah-sc-¡m-Wmw. apJ-s¯-t¸mgpw Htc kvtXm`w:

BtcmSpw ]I-bn-Ã. hntZz-j-an-Ã. ASp-¸-an-Ã. \msf-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Nn´ Ahsc Ae-«m-dn-Ã.

Blmcw Ign-¡-Ww, Aeªv \S-¡Ww, hnt\m-Zn-¡Ww A{X-am-{Xw. Dd¡w hcp-t¼mÄ I

Øe¯v Npcpv IqSpw. Ip«n-I-tfmSpw hr²-amtcmSpw FÃmw AhÀ¡v aa-X-bm-Wv. Cu "]¨-

shÅ {]IrX' ¡mcpsS DÅv hnIm-c-hn-t[-b-aÃ F¶v Nne-t¸mÄ kwi-bn v t]mIpw. ]cn-lm-ky-

amb \nÀ½-a-Xbpw XnIª Be-kyhpw ]e-t¸mgpw AhÀs¡m-c-\p-{K-l-am-Wv. Ahsc kw_-

Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw tNmdp am{X-amWv k\m-X\ kXyw. \mSyw AhÀ¡v AÚm-X-am-Wv. C¯-c-

¡msc FÃm \mSp-I-fnepw ImWmw. \ap¡v CjvShpw IuXp-Ihpw tXm¶p¶ A¯cw a\p-jy-

cpsS D¯a {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv sImSn-tb-ä- nse i¦-c³Ip-«n.

ktlm-Zcn ]«-W-¯nÂ \n¶v ho«p-tPmen sNbvXp-In-«p¶ hcp-am-\-¯nÂ \n¶-b-¡p¶

XpI ]än Pohn--¡p-¶-XnÂ AbmÄs¡mcp ]pfn¸pw CÃ. i¦-c³Ip-«n-bn-Ãm¯ Hcp-Õ-h-¸-d¼pw

B \m«n-en-Ã. A¼-e- nÂ sImSn-tb-dp-t¼mÄ Xs¶ AbmÄ Øe-s - pw. Hcn-¡Â t]meo-

kp-Im-cpsS sIWn-bnÂs¸«-t¸mgpw AbmÄ Zp:Jn¨n-Ã. sNdp- - nÂ Xs¶ hn[-h-bmb Ia-e-½-

sb¶ AbÂ¡m-cn-tbmSv AbmÄ¡v _lp-am-\-am-Wv. hÃ-t¸mgpw Blm-chpw Imipw sImSp-¡p-

¶Xp sImp am{X-a-Ã, Ah-cpsS a\-Ênsâ \·-bmWv Abmsf IqSp-XÂ BIÀjn-¨-Xv. B

kv{Xobpw kpIp-am-c-]n-Å-sb¶ am\y\pw X½n-epÅ _Ô-¯nsâ s]mcpÄ Abm-Ä¡v a\-Ên-

em-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. GI s]§-fmb ktcm-Pn-\n-bpsS \nÀt±-i-a-\p-k-cn- mWv i¦-c³Ip«n im -½sb

sI«n-b-Xv. hnhm-l-sa-¶mÂ Hcp Xc-¯n-epÅ _Ô-\-am-sW¶v AbmÄ¡-dn-ªp-Iq-Sm-bn-cp-¶p.

Adnªpw Adn-bm-sXbpw Bfp-IÄ¡v Hmtcm DXhn sNbvXv AbmÄ ]ns¶bpw Ae-ªp-Xn-cn-

ªp. `mcybv¡v Pohn-¡m-\pÅ hI tXSn-s¡mSp¡m-\pÅ Npa-Xe Xtâ-Xm-sW¶ t_m[w

Abm-fnÂ iàn-s¸-«n-cp-¶n-Ã. KÀ`n-Wn-bmb AhÄ À¯m-hnsâ Xncn-¨p-h-chpw Im¯n-cp-¶p.

{]khw Ign-ª-t¸mÄ A½ Ahsf kz´w ho«n-te¡v Iq«n-s¡mp t]mbn. DÕ-h-ko-k-

s\ms¡ Ignªv i¦-c³Ip«n mcy-tbbpw Ip«n-tbbpw ImWm-s\- n-b-t¸mÄ FXn-tc-äXv A½m-

bn-A-½-bpsS hnjw ]pc-«nb Ip¯p-hm-¡p-IÄ Bbn-cp-¶p. A]-am-\n-X-\mbn AbmÄ Xncn-¨p-

t]m-¶p. Ipd-¨p-Zn-hkw Hcp ]m¸msâ Akn-Ìâmbn tPmen t\m¡n. F¶mÂ B ]Wn ]än-b-

X-sÃ¶v t_m[y-am-b-t¸mÄ Hcp temdn ss{Uh-dpsS Infn-bmbn IqSn. Cu ss{UhÀ henb Nn«-

¡m-c-\m-Wv. mcytbbpw a¡-tfbpw Imcy-ambn At\z-jn-¡p-¶-h³. IrXy-ambn tPmen sN¿pw.

CS-bv¡nsS aZy-]n-¡pw. ]mXn-cm-th-f-I-fnÂ temdn ]mÀ¡p sN¿p¶ Øe-§-fnÂ \nim kpµ-cn-

I-tfm-sSm¯v can-¡pw. Ne-\m-ßIsa¦nepw Nn«m-bmb Pohn-Xw. Abm-fp-am-bp-bÅ Ipd¨p Znh-

65Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


ks¯ kl-hmkw Bß ]cn-tim-[\ \S-¯m³ i¦-c³Ip-«nsb t{]cn-¸n¨p ImWpw. Xsâ

Pohn-X-¯n\pw e£yw tht? Xsâ D-¯-c-hm-ZnXzs¯¡p-dn¨pÅ Nn´ {ItaW Abm-fpsS

t_m[-X-es¯ ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯m³ XpS-§n. s]mXn-s¡-«p-ambn `mcy-bpsS ASp¯v Xncn-s¨¯n

AbmÄ sXm«nÂ I¼n-bnÂ ]nSn-¡p-¶-tXmsS B a\w amäw {]Jym-]n¨p sImv DÕ-h-]-d-

¼nse sN-tafw D -Øm-bn-bn-se- p-¶p.

\ncp¯chm-Zn-bmb À¯mhv tIc-f-¯nse A{]-[m-\-a-Ãm¯ Hcp kmaqly {]iv\-amWv.

acp-a-¡- m-bm-Sn-Øm-\- n-epÅ ]gb Iq-«p-Ip-Spw_ k{¼-Zm-b- nsâ t{]X-amtWm AsX-¶-dn-

ªp-Iq-S. GXm-bepw tIc-fo-b-amb Cu {]tabw tIcfobamb ]Ým- -e-¯nÂ XnIª anX-

Xz-t¯msS tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ sImSn-tb-ä-¯nÂ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. ChnsS FÃm-

¯cw kzm[o-\-§-fnepw \n¶v \nÀap-à-ambn kz´w ssien Is-¯m³ a\x]qÀÆ-amb {iaw

At±lw \S-¯p-¶p. Hu«vtUmdnÂ sh¨-Sp-¯mÂ ^nen-an\p HmPÊpw hnizm-ky-Xbpw sXfn-

abpw bmYmÀ°y {]Xo-Xnbpw koam-Xo-X-am-sW¶v chn-hÀ½-bpsS Iymad H¶p IqsS sXfn-bn- n-

cn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-XnÂ. i¦-c³Ip-«n-bpsS tdmÄ FSp¯ tKm]n kn\n-a-bnse A`n-\bw F´m-sW¶v

amXrIm {]I-S\ klnXw Øm]n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. sIm¼-·m-cmb Xmc-§-sf-¸n-Sn¨v CW-§m¯

A¦n-IÄ AWn-bn v ]Ww [qÀ -Sn-¡p¶ Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ¡v, tlm]nsb B tdmfn-te¡v \nÝ-bn-

¡p-¶-XnÂ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ ImWn¨ HuNnXyw amXr-I-bm-th--Xm-Wv. "kzb-hcw' shdpw

bmZr-ÑnI kw -h-a-sÃ¶pw, Cu kwhn-[m-b-Isâ ZÀi\w AN-©-e-am-sW¶pw ae-bmf Ne- n{X

aÞ-e-¯nÂ DbÀ¶p ]d-¡p¶ Cu sImSn \s½ HmÀ½n-¸nI-¡p-¶p.

hmkvXp-lmc

kn.-hn. {iocm-asâ "hmkvXp-lmc' F¶ IYsb D]-Po-hn v Ac-hn-µ³ kwhn-Zm\w sNbvX

kn\n-a-bmWv hmkvXp-lm-c. 1991 Â ]pd-¯n-d-§nb Cu kn\n-a-bnÂ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ {]h-

Nn-¡m-\m-hm¯ \nÊm-l-b-X-X-s¶-bmWv hnj-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv. A`-bmÀ°n-I-fmbn amdn-b-h-cpsS

I®p-\o-cnsâ IY-bmWv hmkvXp-lm-c. hmkvXp-lm-c-IÄ hkvXp A]-l-cn-¡-s -«-h-cm-Wv. 1947-

þse hn -P\s¯¯p-SÀ¶v A -bmÀ°n-I-fmbn amä-s¸« Hcp hn`mKw ]©m-_n-I-fp-sSbpw _wKm-

fn-I-fp-sSbpw Pohn-X-Zp-c-´-§-fpsS ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-emWv hmkvXp-lmc \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. hn`-P-

\s¯¯pSÀ¶p-mb el-f-I-fnÂ\n¶pw c£-s¸« FÃmw hns«-dnªv {]m-W-\pwsImv# HmSn-

t¸m¶ \nc-h[n A -bmÀ°n-I-fp-v. Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn Pohn-¨n-cp¶ hoSpw hkvXp-hp-sams¡ Dt]-

£n¨v {]mW-th-Z-\-tbmsS HmSn-t¸m-¶-h-cm-Wn-hÀ. B{ibw tXSn-s¡m-pÅ Cu ]em-b\w

FÃmIm-e¯pw Fhn-sS-sb-Ãmtam kw`-hn- p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v Ac-hn-µ³ HmÀan¸n-¡p-¶p.

1947 se hn`-P-\-Im-e¯v Ing-¡³ _wKm-fnÂ \n¶v ]Sn-ªm-d³ _wKm-fn-te-¡m-bn-cp¶p Cu

Hgp-s¡-¦nÂ Fgp-]-¯nH-¶n-eXv _w¥m-tZ-inÂ\n¶v ]Ýn-a-_w-Km-fn-te-¡m-bn-cp-¶p. BZys¯

kw`hw Cu Nn{X-¯nsâ Imhym-cw- hpw cm-a-t¯Xv mc-X-hm-Iy-hp-am-sW¶v Ne-¨n{X \ncq-]-

I-\mb tImgn-t¡m-S³ A\p-kva-cn-¡p-¶p. BÀss¡-hn-knÂ\n-s¶-Sp¯ ¢n¸n-§p-I-fp-sSbpw IYm-

\o-b-I³ \ÂIp¶ hnh-c-W-¯n-sâbpw klm-b-t¯m-sS-bmWv hmkvXp-lmc Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

66Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


B -am³ Zzo]n-tebv¡v A -bmÀ°n-Isf Xnc-sª-Sp-¡m-\mbn ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-h-Ip- nse

DtZym-K-Ø-\mb thWp IÂ¡- -bn-se- p-¶p. thWp-hn-eq-sS-bmWv hmkvXp-lmc kn\n-a-bpsS

Npc-f-gn-bp-¶-Xv. IÂ¡- -bnse Abm-fpsS Xma-k- n-\n-Sbv¡v Hcp-Zn-hkw Hcp kv{Xosb Abmsf

ImWm-s\- p-¶p. _wKm-fn-bmb B kv{Xosb I-t¸mÄ thWp-hn\v Ahsc ]st¶m Ip-

a-d-¶-Xp-t]mse thWp-hn\v tXm¶n. Ah-cpsS apdn-ªpÅ ae-bmfw ]d-bepw t]cn-sâ-Iq-sS-

bpÅ ]Wn-¡-cp-sams¡ thWp-hn\v Ah-tcmSv Hc-Sp¸w ImWn-¡m³ t{]c-W-bm-Ip-¶p. B³Uam\n-

te¡v A`-bmÀ°n-Isf Ibän Ab-bv¡p¶ hnh-c-a-dnªv, IÂ¡-«-bnÂ \n¶v ]pd-¯p-I-S-¡m-

\pÅ klmbwtXSn h¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p BcXn ]Wn-¡À F¶ B kv{Xo. hn`-P-\-Im-e¯v Ing-

¡³ _wKm-fnÂ tPmen tXSn-t¸mb Ipªp®n A½m-hs\ thWp-hn\v HmÀ½-h-¶p. A½m-h³

Hcp _wKmfnkv{Xosb Bbn-cp¶p hnhmlw Ign-¨n-cp-¶-sX¶pw AbmÄ HmÀ½n-¨p.

BcXn ]Wn-¡-cpsS Poh-X-hp-ambn IqSp-XÂ _Ô-s -«-t¸mÄ, AhÀ Xm³ kwi-bn- -Xp-

t]mseXs¶ Xsâ A½m-h³ Ipªp-®n-¸-Wn-¡-cpsS `mcy-bm-sW¶v thWp Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p.

FÃm-h-cmepw Dt]-£n-¡-s¸«v, Zmcn-{Zyhpw Zpcn-X-§-fp-ambn Ign-bp¶ hr²-bmb B kv{XotbmSv

thWp-hn\v IcpW tXm¶p-¶p. hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v PbnÂhm-k-a-\p-`-hn-¡p-

¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ ]tcm-fn-en-d-§nb aIÄ Za-b- nbpw Hfn- pIgnbp¶ aI-\p-amWv Bc-Xn-]-Wn-¡À¡p-

Å-Xv. hnh-c-§Ä IqSp-XÂ Adn-bm³ thWp Xsâ A½bv¡v I -bv¡p-¶p. A½-bpsS AaÀj-

¯n-sâbpw {]Xn-tj-[-¯n-sâbpw adp-]-Sn-I-fmWv thWp-hn\p e`n-¡¶Xv.

\m«nÂ, Xd-hm-«n-se-¯p¶p thWp Xsâ A½-bp-ambn kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. Ipªp-®n-b-½m-

hsâ Xd-hm-«p- mKw BcXn ]Wn-¡À¡pw a¡Ä¡pw sImSp-¡-W-sa¶v thWp A½-tbmSv Bh-

iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. thWp-hnsâ A-½bv¡v kl-Xm]w tXm¶n-sÃ¶p am{X-a-Ã, I-Tn-\-amb shdp¸pw

AhÀ {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ho«n-se-¯nb thWphnt\mSv Xs¶ h¶p ImW-W-sa¶v _Ôp-hmb

`hm-\n-b-½mbn Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ipªp-®n-b-½m-hsâ kz¯nsâ Hcp mKw Ah-cpsS ssIbn-

em-Wv. hm-\n-b½bpsS ap¶n-se-¯p¶ thWp, Ah-cpsS a\Êv Ft§m-s«-Ãmtam k©-cn-¡p-

¶Xv Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. Ipªp-®n-tb-«-\-dn-bmsX A\-t´-«\pw A\-t´-«-\-dn-bmsX Ipªp-®n-

tb-«\pw sImSp-¡m³ Xsâ ssIbnÂ ]mhm-S-{]m-b-¡m-cn-bmb hm\n I¯p X¶-b- n-cp¶ Imew

thWp-hn\v HmÀ½-h-cp-¶p. Hcn-¡Â Xm³ kvt\ln-¨n-cp¶ Bfnsâ `mcy-sbbpw a¡-sfbpw

Ipdn-¨-dn-bm³ `hm-\n-b½ XmÂ¸cyw ImWn-¡p-¶p-v. Ah-cpsS Zb-\o-bm-h-Ø-bnÂ `hm\n

kl-X-]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AhÀ¡v qanhn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ Xm³ X¿m-dm-sW¶v thWp-hns\

Adn-bn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. IÂ¡- -bnÂ Xncn-s - p¶ thWp Xm\m-cm-sW¶v BcXn ]Wn-

¡À¡p shfn-s -Sp- p-¶p. Xsâ À¯m-hnsâ IpSw-_- nÂs¸« Hcmsf Is- nb AhÀ¡v

kt´m-jhpw AÛp-Xhpw tXm¶p-¶p. Za-b-´n-¡pw, Bc-Xn¡pw Pohn-X-¯n\v kpc-£n-X-Xz-

t_m[w A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]t£ À¯m-hnsâ ho«p-Im-cpsS km¼-¯n-I-k-lmbw ssI¸-äm³

AhÀ X¿m-dm-Ip-¶n-Ã. hÀj-§Ä¡p-ap-¼v, Hcp \«p-¨bv¡v tIc-f-¯nÂ `À¯m-hnsâ ho«n-

se¯nbcwKw Bc-Xn¡v HmÀ½-h-cp-¶p. AS- n« henb Kbn-äp-ap-ap-¶nÂ \nÊm-lm-b-cmbn t\m¡n-

\n-¶n«v Xncn-sI-t¸m-tc-n-h-¶p. Um¡n-bnÂ Xncn-s -¯n PohnXw ] -¸n-Sn- p-h-cp¶ ka-b-¯m-

bn-cp¶p hn`-P-\w. A`-bmÀ°n-Iym-¼nÂh¨v tImfd ]nSn¨p acn¨ Xsâ `À¯m-hn-s\-¡p-dn-

t¨mÀ¯v B hr² s]m«n-¡-cªp. `À¯mhv acn-¡p¶ ka-b¯v KÀ`-Wn-bmbncp¶p AhÀ.

67Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


cp-h-b-ÊpÅ Za-b-ń-sb-bpw-Iq«n hmkvXp-lm-c-I-fmbn IÂ¡- -bn-se- nb AhÀ, PohnXw

apt¶m-«p-\-bn-¡m³ sN¿m¯ tPmen-I-sfm-¶p-an-Ã.

thWp-hnsâ km¶n²yw Bc-Xn-bp-sSbpw Za-b-ń-bpsS Pohn-X-¯n-te¡v kt´m-jhpw

{]Xo-£-Ifpw sImp-h-cp-¶p. A -bmÀ°n-I-sf-bpwsImv thWp-hn\v B³U-am-\n-te¡v Xncn-

¨p-t]m-tI ka-b-am-bn. t]mIp-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼mbn AbmÂ BcXn A½m-bn-bpsS ho«n-se¯n

DuWp-I-gn-¡p-¶p. ]tcmÄ \o«n-In-«m-\pÅ lÀPn XÅn-b-Xmbn Za-bń Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. t]meo-

kns\ Hfn- p-I-gn-b¶ BcXn ]Wn-¡-cpsS hn¹-h-Im-cn-bmb CfbaIs\ thWp kµÀin-¡p-¶p-

v. B³U-am-\n-te¡p t]mIm-\pÅ I¸-ensâ sskd¬ apg-§p-t¼mÄ thWp-hns\ bm{X-bm-

¡m-s\- nb A½bpw aIfpw Xpd-ap-J- p-v. "Rm³ \n§-fpsS {]nan-äohv apd-s -®-Ãb bphÀ

dnss^³Uv _wKmfn knÌÀ' F¶v Za-bń ]d-bp-t¼mÄ. "dnss^³Uv knÌÀ! Bdv {Inan-\Â

tIkp-Ifpw Ctâ¬Â skIyq-cnäv BIväv knÂ...' thWp adp-]Sn \ÂIp-¶p. Za-bń C§s\

]d-bp-¶p. "ZmZ F\n-s¡-gp-XtW Za-bń ]Wn-¡À, Ben- qÀ sk³{SÂ PbnÂ IÂ¡«' Cý³

t{]m{Kkv F¶ I¸epw ZpÀ¤m-]q-P-bpsS BtLm-j-§fpw A -bmÀ°n-I-fpsS Ipc-h-bo-So-ep-sams¡

Nn{Xm- y- n-ep-v.

thcp-IÄ \jvS-s -Sp¶ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-§-fp-sS IY-bmWv hmkvXp-lm-c. A\y-h-ev¡-cn-¡-

s -Sp-¶-h-cpsS ZpxJw AtX hnIm-c-t¯msS Gäp-hm-§m³ Cu kn\na \s½ ]cym-]vX-am-¡p-¶p.

Hmtcm-cp-¯-cp-sSbpw a\-ÊnÂ Hä-s¸-S-en-tâXmb Hmtcm tImWp-I-fp-v. kvt\ln-¡p-¶-h-cp-am-

bpÅ kl-hmkw XmÂ¡m-en-I-amb kpc-£n-XXzwam{X-amWv \ap¡v \ÂIp-¶-Xv. kn.-hn. {iocm-

asâ IY-bnse AtXsshImcn-Im-´-co£w Ac-hn-µsâ kn\n-abpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶p-v.

A`bmÀ°n-I-fpsS AhØ FÃm-Im-e¯pw hyXy-kvX-amb coXn-bnÂ BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-s¶v

kn\na \s½ HmÀ½n- n-¡p-¶p. Pohn-X- nse BI-kvan-I-X-I-sf-¡p-dn- pÅ kqN-\bpw hmkvXp-

lmc \ÂIp-¶p-v. IpSpw-_-_-Ô-§-fp-sSbpw hyàn-_-Ô-§-fp-sSbpw am{X-a-Ã, a\p-jy-a-\-

Ênsâ \nKq-V-X-e-§-fp-sSbpw A]-{K-Y\wIqSn-bmWo kn\n-a. DÅnÂ Icp-W-h-äm¯ Hcp sNdp-

¸-¡m-c³ A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ Xo{h-th-Z\ Bkzm-Z-I-\n-te¡pw kw{I-an-¡p-¶pv.

hmkvXp-lm-c-bnse apJy-I-Ym-]m-{X-amb thWp-hns\ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶Xv taml³em-em-

Wv. BcXn ]Wn-¡m-cm-bXv _wKm-fn-bm-b. \oem-RvP\ an{X-bm-Wv. \o\m-Kp]vX Za-b- n-bm-bn.

`hm-\n-b-½sb ]ßn\n cma-N-{µ\pw Ah-cpsS sNdp¸amb Imew tim -\bpw Ah-X-cn- n- p. sI.

cho-{µ-\mYv \nÀ½n¨ Cu Nn{X-¯nsâ kwKn-X-kw-hn-[m\w \nÀÆ-ln-¨Xv kenÂ Nu[cn-bm-Wv.

]ß-Ip-amÀ Iem-kw-hn-[m-\hpw IrjvW-\p®n i_vZ-te-J-\hpw \nÀÆ-ln¨v hmkvXp-lm-c-bpsS

Omb-{K-lWw k®n tPmk- n-tâ-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Gähpw \Ã Nn{X- n\pw kwhn-[m-\- n-\p-apÅ

{]mtZ-inI _lp-a-Xn¡p ]pdta Gähpw \Ã Ne- n-{X-sa¶ tZio-bmw-Ko-Im-chpw hmkvXp-lmc t\Sn.

Ac-hn-µsâ kn\n-a

ImÀ«q-WnÌpw Nn{X-Im-c-\p-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ {]i-kvX-\m-bn-¡-gn-ª-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv Ac-

hn-µ³ kn\n-a-bn-te¡p IS-¶p-h-¶-Xv. amXr-`qan BgvN-¸-Xn-¸nÂ {]Xy-£-s¸« sNdnb a\p-

jycpw henb temIhpw F¶ ImÀ«q¬ ]c-¼c Ac-hn-µ³ F¶ Iem-Im-csâ {]Xn` shfn-s¸-

68Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


Sp- p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. kmln-Xym-Zn-I-f-I-sf-¡p-dn- pÅ NÀ¨bpw cmjv{So-b-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Bt£-

]-lm-ky-hpw-sImv Cu ]c-¼c Gsd {i²n-¡-s -«p. nenw skmssk-än-I-fp-ambn _Ô-ap-m-

bn-cp¶ Ac-hn-µ³, ASqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvWsâ "ImapIn'bpsS \nÀ½m-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-ep-ambn

kl-I-cn- n-cp-¶p. BZy-Nn-{X-amb D -cm-b-Ww-ap-XÂ hmkvXp-lm-c-h-sc-bpÅ Ac-hn-µsâ Nn{X-

§Ä At±-l- nsâ hyàn-K-X-amb ho£-W- nsâ {]Xn- -e-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. {Kma-Po-h-Xhpw

sNdp-¸-¡m-cpsS DXvI-WvT-Ifpw ]pcm-W-¯nsâ thdn« hmb-\-Ifpw tKm{X-kw-kvIm-c-hp-saÃmw

Ac-hn-µsâ kn\n-a-I-fnÂ \nd-ªp-\nÂ¡p-¶p. kzmX-{ým-\- -c-`m-c-X- nsâ sshNn-{Xy-§-fn-

eqsS chn F¶ sNdp- -¡m-c³ \S- p¶ bm{X-bmWv D -cm-b-W- n³sc {]ta-bw. kzmX-{ý-

k-a-c-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn-bm-bn-cp¶ Ipam-c³ amÌ-dpsS BJym-\-§-fn-eqsS kzmX{ýk-a-c-hp-ambn

_Ô-s¸« XymK-§-fp-sSbpw hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-¯nsâ apX-se-Sp-¸p-I-fp-sSbpw Nn{X-§Ä sXfn-

bp¶p Ac-hn-µsâ X\-Xp-Im-gv m-Sp-IÄ Cu Nn{X- nÂ¯s¶ {]I-S-am-Wv. Gähpw \Ã Ne- n-

{Xw, kwhn-[m-b-I³, Ombm-{K-l-Ww, Xnc-¡-Y, Iem-kw-hn-[m\w F¶n-h-bv¡pÅ ]pc-kv¡m-c-

§Ä D -cm-b-W- n\p e`n-¨p.

D -c-cm-a-N-cn-X- n\v Ac-hn-µ³ Na¨ hymJym-\-amWv Im©-koX (1977) kn.-F³. {ioI-

WvT³ \mb-cpsS Im©-\-koX F¶ \mS-I-amWv Ac-hn-µ³ kn\n-abv¡v B[-c-am-¡n-b-sX-

¦nepw AXnÂ Iptd amä-§Ä At±lw hcp-¯p-I-bp-m-bn, hyànbpw A[n-Im-c-hp-am-bpÅ

kwLÀjw Cu kn\na hnj-b-am-¡p-¶p. Gähpw \Ã kwhn-[m-b-I-\pÅ tZiob AhmÀUv

Cu Nn{X- n-eqsS Ac-hn-µ\p e`n- p. Hcp kÀ¡kv IqSm-c- nse ]Ým- -e- n-emWv ASp¯

Nn{X-amb X¼v (1978) Ac-hn-µ³ \nÀ½n-¨-Xv. mc-X-¸p-g-bpsS Xoc-¯pÅ Hcp {Kma-¯nÂ X¼-

Sn v A`ym-k-{]-I-S-\-§Ä \S- p¶ Hcp kÀ¡kv kwLw {KmaoW Pohn-X- nÂ krjvSn-¡p¶

amä-§-fmWv X¼nÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. kwhn-[m-\- n\pw Ombm-{K-l-W- n\pw \Ã {]mtZ-

in-I-Nn-{X- n-\pÅ tZio-bmw-Ko-Imcw X¼v t\Sn

\mS³I-e-I-fp-sSbpw ]m«n-sâbpw Bcm-[-I-\m-bn-cp¶p Ac-hn-µ³, \m«n³]p-d-¯p-Imsc

hnkva-bn- n¨ Hcp an¯ns\ ]p\x-kr-jvSn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p "Ip½m«n' F¶ kn\n-a-bn-eqsS \mtSm-

Sn-bmb Ip½m-«n, Nn³ F¶ Ip«nsb \mb-bm¡n amäp-t¼mÄ {Kma- n-ep-m-Ip¶ Akz-Ø-X-

Ifpw Ah³ ]gb cq]w {]m]n-¡p-t¼m-gp-m-Ip¶ BËm-Z-hp-amWv Ip½m-«n-bpsS tI{µ-_n-µp.

1979 Â ]pd-¯n-d-§nb Cu Nn{Xw anI¨ _me-N-e-¨n-{X-¯n-\pÅ kwØm\ AhmÀUv t\Sn.

{InkvXy³ ant¯m-i-Pn-bpsS _Ô-s -Sp¯n Ac-hn-µ³ Bhn-jvI-cn¨ Nn{X-amWv FkvX-

¸m³. IS-enÂ \n¶v {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ \mb-I³, Npa-cp-I-fnepw IÃp-I-fnepw ISÂ¯o-c-¯pÅ

tXmWn-I-fnepw ss__n-fnse IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS Nn{X-§Ä hc-bv¡p-¶p. {InkvXp-hnsâ Omb-

bpÅ Cu IYm-]m{Xw {InkvXp-hn-s\-t¸mse ]e-t¸mgpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-v. Cu Nn{X- n\pw

\nc-h-[n-]p-c-kvIm-c-§Ä e`n- p. Xmfw-sX-änb Hcp bph-a-\-Ênsâ GIm- -Po-hn-X- n-te¡v IS¶p

sNÃp-hm\pw Aim-´-amb Npäp-]m-Sp-IÄ Gev]n¨ BLm-X-¯nÂ \n¶v Abmsf tamNn-¸n-¡p-

hm-\p-apÅ {ia-amWv t]m¡p-sh-bnÂ (1981) F¶ kn\n-a. lcn-{]-kmZv Nuc-ky-bpsS kwKoXw

Nn{X-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-ep-v. anI¨ Nn{X-¯n-\pÅ {]mtZ-in-I-_-lp-a-Xnbpw cm-as¯

\Ã Nn{X-¯n-\pÅ tZio-b-bmw-Ko-Im-chpw Cu Nn{X-¯n\p e`n-¨p.

69Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


Ac-hn-µsâ "NnZw-_cw' kn.-hn. {iocm-asâ AtX-t]-cn-epÅ IYsb Ah-ew-_-am¡n

\nÀ½n¨ kn\n-a-bm-Wv. kv{Xo ]pcp-j-_-Ôhpw hnizm-k-h-©-\bpw ]pWy-]m-]-§fpw a\p-jy-

a-\-Ênsâ \nKq-V-X-IfpsaÃmw hnj-b-am-Ip¶ kn\n-a-bm-Wn-Xv. ]m]-t_m-[hpw Bßo-b-X-bp-

sams¡ Cu kn\n-a-bnÂ NÀ -sN-¿p-¶p. \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS IS-¶p-h-chv {Kma-Po-hn-X- nsâ kzÑ-

µ-X-bn-ep-m-¡p¶ Akzm-Øy-§Ä Ah-X-cn- n-¡m-\pÅ {ia-am-bn-cp¶p "Hcn-S¯v' (1986) F¶

kn\n-a. Hcp sIme-]m-X-I-¯nsâ aq¶p-]m-T-t`-Z-§Ä Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ kn\n-a-bmWv "amdm«w'

(1988). Hcp hntZ-i-h-\n-X-bpsS adp-tZ-is¯ ]T-\hpw Ahn-sS-h¨p \S-¡p¶ {]W-b-hp-amWv

D®n(1989) F¶ Ne-¨n-{X-¯nsâ hnj-bw.

]{ -tmfw tUmIyq-saân-dn-Ifpw Ac-hn-µ-tâ-Xm-bp-v. kobÀ lphm¡vkv Ftem¬,

hn.-Sn. {_u¬em³Uv kvtI¸v, F tlmw Fth {^w tlmw XpS-§n-b. Ac-hn-µsâ {it²-b-amb

tUmIyq-saâ-dn-I-fnÂ DÄs¸-Sp¶p hyh-Øm-]nXamb kn\n-am-k-¦-ev]-§-fnÂ \n¶v IpX-dn-amdn

hyàn-\njv-amb A\p- -h-ambn kn\n-asb ]\x-kr.-jvSn¨ kwhn-[m-b-I-\mWv Ac-hn-µ³. ZmÀi-

\n-I-hyY-bpsS s\m¼cw t]dp¶ Hcp IYm-]m{Xw Ac-hn-µsâ kn\n-am-tem-I¯v Ft¸m-gp-ap-v.

F¶mÂ Xsâ Hmtcm kn\n-abpw aäp-Å-h-bnÂ \n¶v XnI¨pw n¶-am-bn-cn-¡m³ Ac-hn-µ³ {ian-

¨n-cp-¶p. {]ap-J-kn-\n-am-\n-cq-]-I-\mb hnP-b-Ir-jvW³ Ac-hn-µsâ kn\n-a-bnÂ sNdnb a\p-

jyÀam-{X-a-Ã, hen-b. temI-hp-ap-v. temIw Hcp ka-X-e-a-Ã. ImSpw IShpw ]pgbpw ]mS-ti-J-

c-§fpw IZ-fo-h-Z-\-§fpw \µ-t\m-Zym-\-§fpw FÃmw \ndª aln-tXm-Zm-c-amb Hcp Bhm-k-hy-

h-Ø-bm-W-Xv. AhnsS Infn-I-fpsS If-Iq-P-\-ap-v aµ-am-cp-Xsâ aqfn-¸m-«p-v, hym{L-KÀÖ-\-

§-fp-Wv. H¸w Igp-X-¸p-en-bpsS Nncn-bp-ap-v. (k-a-Im-enI ae-bm-fw)

Xnc-¡Ybpw A\p-I-ev]-\hpw

Hcp kmln-Xy-IrXn Ne-¨n-{X-am¡n ]cn-hÀ¯n-¡p-¶ {]{In-b-bmWv A\p Iev]\w (Ad-aptation). A\p-I-ev]-\-¯n\v kn\n-a-bpsS Bcw-`-t¯m-fw-Xs¶ ]g-¡-apy kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-

bpsS P\-{]n-b-X-X-s¶-bmWv A\p-I-ev]-\- n\v Ne- n-{X-Im-c-·msc t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. hniz-{]-

kn-²-cmb Fgp- p-Im-cpsS cN-\-IÄ G¡m-e-s¯bpw Ne- n-{X- n\v t{]c-I-am-bn-«p-v. C´y³

kn\n-a-bpw \½psS \½psS kmln-Xys¯ Gsd B{i-bn-¨n-«pv. C´y³ Ne-¨n-{X-cw-Ks¯

AXn-Im-b-\mb kXy-PnXv dmbn-bpsS ]e kn\n-a-Ifpw hnJym-X-§-fmb kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf Ah-

ew-_-am-¡n-bn-«pv. EXznIv L«cv, arWmÄsk³, iymws_-\-KÂ, _p²-tZhv Zmkv Kp]vX F¶n-

h-scms¡ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf X§-fpsS kn\n-a-IÄ¡p-thn B{i-bn-¨n-«pv

ae-bm-f- nse anI v kmln-Xy-c-N-\-Isf Ne-¨n-{X-am-¡m-\pÅ {]h-WX ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-

bps# Bcw- -Im-ew-ap-XÂ {]I-S-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1950-þ-IÄ¡pw 70-þ-IÄ¡pw anSbv¡v ]pd- p-h¶ Nn{X-

§-f-[n-Ihpw anI¨ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf Ah-ew-_-am-¡n-bp-Å-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Ddq-_v, ap«- p-hÀ¡n,

XI-gn, tIi-h-tZ-hv, ae-bm-äqÀ cmIr-jvW³, sI.-Sn. apl-½-Zv, tXm¸n-Â mkn, sh«qÀ cma³\m-bÀ

XpS-§n-b-h-cp-sSsbms¡ IrXn-IÄ Ne-¨n-{X-am-¡n-bn-«p-v. kz´w cN-\-IÄXs¶ kn\n-a-bm-

¡nb Ne- n-{X-Im-c-·mcpw [mc-f-ap-v. kz´w cN-\-I-fn-eqsS Ne- n-{X-ta-J-e-bp-ambn kl-I-cn- -

h-cmWv \½psS kmln-Xy-Im-c-·m-cnÂ Gsdbpw . t\mhÂ, IY, \mS-Iw, F¶n-h-bv¡p-]p-dta

A]qÀÆw Nne ae-bm-f-Im-hy-§fpw Ne- n-{X-cq]w ssIs¡m-n-«p-v.

70Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bpsS Ne-¨n-{X-km-²y-X-bmWv Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c-·mÀ At\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xv. aqe-

Ir-Xn-tbmSv kXy-k-ÔX ]peÀ¯p-t¼mÄXs¶, Ne- n-{X- nsâ kuµ-cym-ß-IX \jvS-s -SmsX

kwc-£n-¡pI F¶Xpw Abm-fpsS Hcp IrXnsb Ah-ew-_n v Ne-¨n-{X-sa-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ, Cu cN-

\bv¡v Bkv]-Z-amb LS-I-§Ä Hmtcm¶pw Ne- n{XImc³ Is- p-Ibpw IrXn-bpsS Bßmhv

\jvS-s -SmsX kwc-£n-¡p-Ibpw thWw. AtX-k-abwXs¶ ]pXn-sbmcp krjvSn-bm¡n AXns\

]cn-h-cnhÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw thWw.

kmt¦-XnI ]Z-§Ä

Nne-km-t¦-XnI {]tbm-K-§Ä

{^bnw þ km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bnÂ sk¡-nÂ Ccp-]-¯n-\mev Zriy-§Ä hoX-amWv 35 aoäÀ Iymad

]pIÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡-¶-Xv. AXnse Hcp JÞw.

{^okv {^bnwþ Htc {^bnw Xs¶ XpÀ¨-bmbn BhÀ¯n-¡p-I.

Iymad BwKnÄþhkvXp-hns\ ]IÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v Iymad kzoI-cn-¡p¶ ho£W tImWp-IÄ

t¢mk-¸v, _nKvt¢mk-¸v, temwKv tjm«v. aoUnbw tjm«v, t¢mkv aoUnbw tjm«vþ ]IÀt¯

Cta-Pnsâ hen-¸hpw hym]vXnbpw A\p-k-cn¨v tjm«nÂ hcp-t¯v hyXym-k-§sf Ch Ipdn-

¡p-¶p.

]m³ þ Xnc-Ýo-\-amb (horizontal) Zriy-§Ä ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\pÅ Iyma-d-bpsS Nw{I-a-Ww.

änÂänwKv þ ew_-ambn Iymad Nen- n-¡p¶ hnZy. Db-c-apÅ sI«nSw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m³ B kt¦Xw

D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

{Sm¡nwKvtjm«v þ N{I§fnÂ Dd-¸n¨v ¹mävt^m-anÂ Iymd LSn-¸n¨v ¹mäv t^mw Ne-¸n¨v FSp-

¡p¶ tjm«p-IÄ

kznjv]m³þ cwK-kw-{I-aWw tZymXn-¸n-¡m³ ssIs¡m-Åp¶ Iymad hnZy. Iyma-d-bpsS Ne\w

{ZpX-K-Xn-em-¡p-t¼mÄ Omb hyà-am-Im¯ {]Xn-cq-]-§Ä In«p-¶p. FUn-änw-KnÂ Cu Zriys¯

XpSÀ¶p-h-cp¶ tjm«p-I-fp-ambn I«v sNbvXv tNÀ¯mÂ Zriyw Hcp cwK¯v \n¶v asäm-¶n-te¡v

sX¶n-\o-§p-¶-Xmbn tXm¶pw.

ssh¸vþ Hcp tjm«nÂ \n¶v asäm-¶n-te-¡pÅ amäw Ipdn-¡m³ Hcptjm«v Ah-km-\n¨v asäm¶v

XpS-§p-¶-Xzsc teme-amb Hcp tcJ kv{Io\nÂ ]Xnªv ambp-¶p.

tÉmtam-j³þ Zriy§-fpsS Ne\ thKX Ir{Xn-a-ambn Npcp-¡p-I.

ÌnÂþ ¹_n-knän Bh-iy§Ä¡pw, "In-\yq-bnän' ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xn-te¡pw Bbn Nn{X- nsâ

\nÀ½m-W-th-f-bnÂ FSp-¡p¶ \nÝet^mt«m.

71Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


kqwþ-H-cp Cta-Pnse GsX-¦nepw mKw s]men-¸n¨v ImWn-¡m³ kzoI-cn-¡p¶ X{´w.

{Im_vþ Iyma-dsb tUmfn-bnÂ h¨v Iyma-dm-amsâ CjvSm-\p-k-cWw Nen-¸n-¡m-\pÅ hnZy

_pwþ ssat{Im-t^m-Wnsâ "Icw' \o«n-s¡m-Sp-¡m-\pÅ D]-I-cWw

{_nUvPnwKv tjm«vþ Cta-Pp-I-fpsS XpSÀ¨-bnÂ Dm-Ip¶ hnShv \nI-¯p-¶-Xn-\pthn FSp-

¡p¶ tjm«v.

amtcySv {]nâ vþ i_vZhpw Zriyhpw DÅ nen-ansâ t]mkn-äohv {]nâ v.

UntÊmÄhvþ Hcp Zriy-¯nsâ Ah-km\w asämcp Zriy-¯nsâ XpS-¡-hp-ambn sasÃ ebn¨v

tNcp-I. "tÛv C³', "tÛv Hu«v' XpS-§nb k{¼-Zm-b-§-tfmtem Hcp Zriy- n-\p-taÂ asämcp

Zriyw kq¸À Cwt]mkv sNbvtXm CXv km[n¡mw

tÛv C³þ Ccp-fnÂ XpS§n sasÃ shfn¨w {]k-cn-¸n¨v Zriyw hyà-am-¡p¶ k{¼-Zmbw

tÛv Hu«vþ AXnsâ t\sc Xncn-¨pÅ {]{Inb

^vfmjv _m¡vþ IgnªIme kw -h-§-fn-te¡v Xncnªv t\m«w

_m¡v sseänw-Kvþ hvkXp-hnsâ ]nd-InÂ \n¶v sseäv {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-I. hkvXp-¡sf {]Imi

]Ým- -e-¯nse \ngÂ t]mse (Silhoutre)tXm¶n- n-¡p-I-bmWv e£yw

knaâ vþ Ne-¨n-{X-¯n-\pÅ ^nenw Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ skÃptembnUv

tkmÄshâ v.-tembvUv tkmÄhâ v.

sNbn©v HmhÀþ doÂ amäw

aqhn-tbmf þ kupw CtaPpw {Iao-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw DÅ D]-I-c-Ww.

Uºnw-Kvþ UbtemKnsâ ]p\À i_vZ teJ\w

¢m¸Àþ cv ]eI t_mÀUp-IÄ hnPm-Kncn h¨v apd¡n X¿m-dm-¡p¶ Cu D]-I-cWw jq«nKv

thf-bnÂ Iymad ap³]nÂ Iq«n-b-Sn¨ i_vZ-t¯msS Xpd¶v ]nSn-¡p-¶p. ko\nsâ hni-Zmw-i-

§Ä Idn¨ Cu t_mÀUv FUn-änwKv thf-bnÂ tjm«nsâ kµÀ`hpw AXpÄs¡m-Åp¶ cwKhpw

kupw Xncn- -dn-bn-bm³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p.

B£³ þ Ne\w, {]Ir-X-am-äw, aäv "Ft´m' "Btcm' Bbn-¯o-cpI

kkvs]³kvþ DXvIWvT hfÀ¯m³ thn Hcp kµÀ`-¯nsâ Nn{Xo-I-cW kabw \nKq-UX

hnSmsX \o«n-sIm-p-t]m-hp-I.

kvt¹bvkv (splice) þ ^nenw sh«n tNÀ¡Â

72Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


kuv {Sm¡vþ kn\n-am-t«m-{Km v kuv nen-anâ {^bn-ap-I-fpsS h¡p-I-fn-epÅ t\À¯ tcJ-

bnÂ i_vZw k¶n-th-in-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. sseäv {Sm³kvan-jsâ Gä-¡p-d-¨n-ep-I-fp-\p-k-cn¨v Cu

{Sm¡nÂ {]Imi cqt]W i_vZw sdt¡mÀUv sN¿p¶p.

sFdn-kvþ (IRIS) þ kv{Io\nÂ {]ZÀin-¸n-¡-s¸« Hcp hr¯m-IrXn AXv AXnâ A\p-{I-aw Npcp-

§n-h-cp-¶p.

anIvkvþ ]e kup-Ifpw {Sm¡nse i_vZhpw Iq«n-t¨À v Hä {Sm¡n-te¡v sdt¡mÀUv sN¿p-I.

Uyq¸vþ s\K-äohv Uyq¹n-t¡äv

Uyq¸nwKv {]nâ vþ kvs]jÂ tkm^v«v {]nâ v.

FUn-än§v

Ne- n-{X- nsâ Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« Hcp LS-I-amWv FUn-än§v AYhm Nn{X-kw-tbm-P-

\w. Nn{X-kw-tbm-P-\- nÂ F´mWp kw -hn-¡p-¶Xv? Iymad ]IÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡p¶Xv bmYmÀ°y-

¯nsâ Hcp JÞ-am-Wv. Cu bmYmÀ°yw ]e-t¸mgpw AhnsS Dm-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡pWw F¶n-Ã.

Hcp Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c³ Xsâ IY-bpsS Hcp mKw¯n\p thn Iyma-dbv¡p ap¶nÂ {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯n-

h-bv¡p¶ hkvXp-¡fpw \So-\-Sv·mcpw tNcp¶ Hcp AÀ²-bm-YmÀ°y-amhmw AXv. F´p-Xs¶

Bbmhpw Iyma-d, Ne-¨n-{X-Im-cp\p-th ho£-W-tIm-WnÂ \n¶v AXp ]IÀ¯p-¶p. Hä-b-

Sn¡v C§s\ tcJ-s -Sp- p¶ Hcp Ne- n{XJÞ-amWv Hcp tjm«v F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. AXm-bXv

Iymad Hcp {]mh-iyw Hm¬ sNbvXv Hm^v sN¿p-¶Xv hsc tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ XpSÀ¨-bmb Hcp

Zriyw. Cu tjm«n-\v, AXn-e-S-§p¶ hkvXp-¡fpw \So-\-S-·m-cpsS {]I-S-\hpw FÃmw tNÀ¶p

\nev¡p¶ HcÀ°-a-ap-v. CXv ]d-bm³ t]mIp¶ IY-bpsS Hcp mKw am{X-am-Wv, C¯-c-¯n-

epÅ H¶n-e-[nIw tjm«p-IÄ tNÀ¯p-sh- mWv km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bnÂ Hcp Ne- n-{X-ap-m-Ip-¶-Xv.

tjm«pIsf C§s\ kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¡p¶ {]{In-b-bmWv FUn-än§v sImv Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv.

GXp Xc- n-epÅ tjm«p-Isf GXp {Ia-¯nÂ hn\y-kn-¡p¶p F¶Xpw Hmtcm tjm«pw

F{X kabw kv{Io\nÂ \nev¡Ww F¶-Xp-amWv FUn-ä-dpsS ap¶n-epÅ {]iv\-§Ä. CXn\p

\nb-X-amb Hcp hyh-Øbpw CÃ F¶p Xs¶ ]d-bmw. FUn-än-§nsâ hymI-c-W-s¯-¸än ]d-

bpI _p²p-ap-«m-Wv. ImgvN-bpsS amdn-am-dn-h-cp¶ ioe-§-sfbpw kn\nabpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-co-Xn-I-

fpsS ]mc-¼-cy§sfbpw B{i-bn- n-cn-¡p-¶p AXv. ¢mkn-¡Â tlmfn-hpUv kn\n-a-bpsS FUn-

än§v coXnsb ]e-t¸mgpw \mw Hcp am\-ZvÞ-ambn Icp-Xm-dp-v.

F{X-am{Xw hni-Zmw-i-§Ä GXp-{I-a¯nÂ t{]£-I-cn-te¡v ]I-cWw F¶XmWv {][m\

{]iv\w-. ¢mkn-¡Â coXn-bnÂ Hcp cwKw hnZq-c-Zr-iy-¯nÂ XpS-§p-¶p. cwK-¯nsâ InS¸pw

IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS Øm\hpw AXnÂ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. ]ns¶ IYm-]m-{X-§sf IqSp-XÂ ASp-

¯p-Im-Wn-¡p¶ tjm«p-I-fn-te¡p hcp-¶p. Ah-cpsS {]hr- n-I-fp-tSbpw kw`m-j-W-§-fp-tSbpw

\mS-Iob{]m[m-\y-a-\p-k-cn¨v Ah-scS kao-]-Zr-iy-§-fn-eqsS IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. aäp kw`-h-K-Xn-

IÄ Dm-hp-¶-X-\p-k-cn v hopw Iymad ]e Zqc-§-fn-te¡pw ho£-W-tIm-Wp-I-fn-te¡pw amdp-

73Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


¶p. cwK-¯nsâ \mS-Io-bXpw IY-bpsS KXn-bp-a-\p-k-cn¨v hnhn[ tjm«p-IÄ H¶n-\p-]n-¶mse

H¶mbn h¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. Nne-t¸mÄ Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c³ Nne hkvXp-X-IÄ ImWn-¡p-¶p.

Nne-Xp ImWn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p. Nne Imcy-§Ä ImWn-¡msXsh¨p Xma-k- n¨ tijw ImWn-¡p-

¶p. Cu Xncn-sª-Sp-¸n-eq-sSbpw {Ia-\nÀ®-bÀ®-b-¯n-eqsSbpw X\n¡p th coXn-bn-epÅ

Hcp bmYmÀ°ys¯ AbmÄ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. cwKw ]ptcm-K-an-¡p-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn¨v t{]£-

Isc hnh[ hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-§-fn-eqsS \bn-¡p-¶p. CXp-X-s¶-bmWv Ne- n-{X-I-e-bpsS aÀ½w.

Hcp tjm«v F{X-k-abw thWw F¶-XmWv aq¶m-as¯ {]iv\w. Hcp tjm«n\p sImSp-¡p-

¶ ssZÀLyw A\-h[n LS-I-§sf B{i-bn- n-cn-¡p-¶p. tjm«nsâ DÅS-¡-amWv H¶v. ImWn-

¡p¶ Zriy- nsâ {]m[m-\yhpw DÅ-S-¡- nsâ k¦oÀ®-Xbpw A\p-k-cn v AXp IqSp-XÂt\cw

AsÃ¦nÂ Ipd-¨p-t\cw ImWn-t¡-n-h-cp-¶p. ImWn-IÄ¡v Zriyw th{X a\-ÊnÂ ]Xn-bm-

\m-h-iy-amb kabw sImSp-¡Ww. AXnÂ¡q-Sp-XÂ B Zriyw \n¶mÂ s]«¶v AXp hnc-k-

ambn amdp-Ibpw t{]£-I³ Ne-¨n-{X-¯nsâ ]nSn-bnÂ\n¶pw ]pd-¯p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

Zriy- nsâ ka-b-ssZÀLyw AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ hfsc Icp-X-temsS Xocp-am-\n-¡-s -tS Hcp

Imcy-am-Wv.

Ne- n-{X- nsâ AsÃ-¦nÂ AXnse Hcp cwKw- nsâ thKw/Imew BWv FUn-än§neqsS

\nÀ®-bn-¡-s -Sp¶ asämcp kp{]-[m\ LS-Iw. Nne cwK-§Ä hfsc thK- nÂ IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-

¶p. Nne-Xm-Is« hfsc ]Xp-s¡-bpw. Hcp cwK- nsâ aqUv AsÃ-¦nÂ mhw Dm-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-

¶-XnÂ thK-¯n\p henb ]¦p-v. BËm-Z-I-c-amb A\p-`-h-§Ä NSp-e-amb Ne-\-§-fn-eq-

sSbpw s]s«¶p amdn-am-dn-h-cp¶ tjm«p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡mw. F¶mÂ ZpxJ-`-cn-Xtam

im´tam Bb Ah-Ø-IÄ krjvSn-¡m³ thKw Ipdª Zriykw-tbm-P-\-co-Xn-bmIpw IqS-X-ep-

]-I-cn-¡p-I. IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS B´-cnI kwLÀj-§Ä ImWn-¡p-t¼mÄ tjm«p-IÄ IqSp-

XÂt\cw kv{Io\nÂ \nevt¡-n-h-cpw. t\sc-a-dn¨v kw`-h-§Ä¡p IqSp-XÂ {]m[m-\yw hcp-

t¼mÄ þ DZm-l-c-W- n\v Hcp bp²-cw-K- nsâ kw{Xm-khpw oXnbpw ]ncn-ap-d-¡-hp-saÃmw Ah-

X-cn- n-¡p-hm³ \ap-¡p-th-Xv AXn-thKw amdn-am-dn-h-cp¶ A\-h[n Zriy-§-fp-sS Hcp ]c-¼-c-

bm-bn-cn-¡pw.

kw`-h-§Ä \S-¡p¶ Imew, Øew XpS-§n-b-hbpw Hcp cwK-¯nsâ sam¯-¯n-ep-Å

thKw Xocp-am-\n-¡p-t¼mÄ IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡m-dp-v am{X-aÃ, kn\n-a-bpsS Genre Ifpw Ah GXp

Xcw ImWn-IÄ¡p-thn \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p F¶Xpw {][m-\-am-Wv. kabw sNe-h-gn¨v Hcp

Iem-krjvSn DÄs¡m-ÅWw F¶ a\x-Øn-Xn-tbmsS hcp¶ A`n-Úm-kzm-Z-I-cmb ImWn-IÄ¡v

hfsc kmh-[m-\-¯n-epÅ Hcp Nn{Xw CjvS-s¸-t«-¡mw. F¶mÂ Xnc-¡n« tPmen-IÄ¡nS-bnÂ

Aev]w eLp-hn-t\mZw B{K-ln-s¨-¯p-¶-hÀ¡v {ZpXhpw NSpe-hp-amb BJym-\-coXn IqSp-XÂ

ckn-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. CXn-s\-Ãm-ap-]-cn, Hcp Ne- n-{X-Im-c\v Xsâ am[y-a-t¯mSpw Bhn-jvI-

cn-¡p¶ bmYmÀ°y-t¯m-Sp-apÅ kao-]\w Xs¶ Hcp kn\n-a-bpsS thKs¯ \nÀ®-bn-¡p¶

LS-I-§-fnÂ Gähpw ap¶nÂ \ne-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. tIh-e-amb thKw am{X-a-Ã, Hcp kn\n-abv¡v

Xmf-\n-_-²-amb KXnbpw Dm-bn-cn-¡-Ww. a\p-jysâ kI-e-{]-hr- n-IÄ¡pw Hcp Xmf-h-ap-v.

am{X-a-Ã, {]]-©-¯nÂ Xmf-§fpw coXn-Ifpw Is-¯m-\pÅ Hcp hmk-\bpw a\p-jy-\p-v.

74Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ kn\n-a-bS¡-apÅ Iem-kr-jvSn-IÄ¡pw Xmfw IqSntbm Xocp. kwKoXw

t]mse, ka-b- nÂ ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ Hcp Iem-cq-]-amWv kn\n-a-bpw. tjm«pIÄ¡p-Ånse Pohn-

X-¯nsâ Xmfhpw tjm«p-IÄ Hs¶m-¶mbn hcp-t¼m-gp-m-Ip¶ FUn-än-§nsâ Xmfhpw Hcp-an-

¨p-tNÀ¶v At_m-[-X-e-§-fnÂ ImWn-¡p¶ hnIm-c-§sf kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p.

FUn-än-§nse Hmtcm sNdnb Xocp-am-\hpw C -c- nÂ kn\n-a-bv¡-I¯pw ]pd- p-apÅ

H«-\-h[n LS-I-§sf B{i-bn- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ AXn\p \nb-X-amb hymI-c-Wtam ssiho-im-

kv{Xtam Ds¶p ]d-bm-\m-hn-Ã, Hmtcm Ne- n-{X-Im-c\pw kÀ¤m-ß-Iam At\z-j-W-§-fn-eqsS

X§-fp-tS-Xmb ssien Is- p-¶p F¶p-]-d-bp¶Xmhpw IqSp-XÂ icn. FUn-än-§nepw tjm«p-

I-fnepw LS-\-bnepw DÅ-S-¡¯nepw Ne- n-{X-Im-c-·mÀ t_m[-]qÀÆw FSp-¡p¶ Xocp-am\ §Ä

t{]£-IÀ Adn-bp-¶pm-hn-Ã. Ah IWn-i-ambn \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶-XnÂ kwhn-[m-b-I\pw FUn-

äÀ¡p-apm-Ip¶ hnP-b-]-cm-P-b-§Ä ImWn-IÄ kq£va-ambn \nco-£n- n-sÃ¶pw hcmw. F¦nepw

Hcp kn\n-a-bpsS sam¯- nepÅ e-{]m]vXn Cu kq£va-amb Xocp-am-\-§-fpsS hnP-bs¯

B{i-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Hcp tjm«v Hcp \nanjw IqSn-bmtem Iqd-ª-tem-t]mepw Hcp cwK-¯nsâ

kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xsb AXp _m[n¡pw F¶-XmWp hkvXp-X.

\nÝn-X-amb hymI-c-W-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn Hcp mj F¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ Ne- n{Xw kz]v\-k-am-\-

amb Hc-\p- -h-am-Wv. mj-bv¡-Xo-Xhpw mjbv¡p ]qÀÆ-hp-amb [z\n-Isf DWÀ¯p-hm³ ]cym-

]vX-amWv D¯-a-N-e-¨n-{X-kr-jvSn-IÄ. kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb

Xe-§-fnÂ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X- nsâ kakvX taJ-e-I-fnÂ \n¶pw AÀ°hpw kµÀ`hpw (contexty)DÄs¡mÅm\pw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-hm-\pw Ign-hpÅ Hcp am[y-aambn kn\na \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶Xpw

AXp-sIm-m-Wv. t_m[-X-e- nepw At_m-[-X-e-¯nepw kn\n-a-bneqsS \S-¡p¶ kwth-Z-\-

¯nsâ Imcy-£-aX hen-sbm-c-f-hp-hsc Nn{X-kw-tbm-P-\- nse anI-hns\ B{i-bn- n-cn-¡p-¶p.

FUn-än-§nsâ kmwK-Xy-s¯-¸än Cu ]dª Imcy-§Ä Ignª \qäm-nÂ ]IzX

{]m]n¨ Ne- n{X kuµ-cy-im-kv{X- nsâ ASn-Øm-\- n-ep-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ B[p-\nI

UnPn-äÂ kmt¦-XnI hnZy ka-Im-enI kn\n-a-bpsS sI«pw a«pw amän-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. kn\n-abpw

Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn¡v am[y-a-§fpw {Km^nIv BÀ«pw Câ vÀs\äv Iebpw FÃmw X½nÂ ASp-¯p-sIm-

n-cn-¡p-¶p. \h-am-[yaw F¶v Cu am[y-a-k-¦-\s¯ hnfn-¡m\pw XpS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. Cu

]pXnb {]h-W-X-IÄ FUn-än§nsâ kmwK-Xz-s¯bpw IqSp-XÂ hn]p-e-am-¡n-bn-«p-v.

ap³]p ]dª Nn{X-k-tbm-P\w ka-b-¯nsâ Xe-¯n-emWv \S-¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

tjm«p-I-fpsS Ime-ssZÀLyhpw {Ia-hp-am-bn-cp¶p FUn-äÀ¡p \nb--{´n-¡m³ Bhp-am-bn-cp-¶-Xv.

Iymad tcJ-s -Sp- p¶ Nn{X- nsâ s{^bn-an-\p-ÅnÂ IS¶v AXns\ ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cn-¡pI £n{]-

km-²y-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Iyma-d-bpsS se³kn-\m-I-s«, Nne ]nc-an-Xn-I-Ä Dp-Xm-\pw. DZm-l-c-W¯n\v

Hcp Nn{X-Im-c³ Xsâ Iym³hm-knÂ hc-I-fn-eqsS \nÀ½n-¡p¶ bmYmÀ°y- n-\-Xo-X-amb Øe-

L-S\ Iyma-d-bpsS se³kn\p \nÀ½n-¡m-\m-hpambn-cp-¶n-Ã.

se³kv ]Xn- n-¡p¶ Zriyw HcmÄ Hcp P\-en-\p-ÅnÂ¡qSn t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-¶-Xp-t]mse

hyàn-[n-jvTn-Xhpw bmYmÀ°y-hp-amb H-¶m-Wv. \qäm-p-I-fmbn Nn{X-I-e-bnepw aäpw Iem-Im-

75Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


c-·mÀ Hcp kzmX{ýw ]p-eÀ¯n-t¸m-¶n-cp-¶p. bmYmÀ°ys¯ ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cn-¡m\pw tIh-e-bp-

àn-¡-Xo-X-amb am\-§-fnte¡v AXns\ DbÀ¯p-I-hgn D]-cn-¹-h-amb bmYmÀ°y- n-\- p-d- pÅ

kXy-§-fn-te¡v Bkzm-Z-Isc \bn-¡m-\p-apÅ kzmX{ýw. Zriy-_nw-_- nsâ LS-\-bpsS Xe-

¯n-se-¦nepw kn\n-abv¡p Cu kzmX{ýw th{X Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Xsâ s{^bn-ansâ DÅ-S-

¡-s - än Hcp Ne-¨n-{X-kw-hn-[m-b-I³ k¦-ev]n-¨n-cp-¶-Xp-t]mepw se³kv F¶ kmt¦-Xn-I-X-

bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ \n¶p-sIm-m-bn-cp-¶p. Npcp-¡n- -d-ªmÂ se³knsâ XS-h-d-bn-em-

bn-cp¶p kn\n-a.

F¶mÂ B[p-\nI UnPn-äÂ km¦-Xn-I-hnZy Cu XS-h-dbv¡p ]pd-t¯¡p kn\n-asb\bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. s{^bn-a-ap-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ hcvbv¡m\pw s{^bn-ap-Isf Iq«n-t¨À¡m\pw hnNn-{X-§-fmb Øe-L-S-\-Isf \nÀ½n-¡m\pw km[m-c-W-Xz- n-\- p-d- pÅ A\p- -h-ta-L-e-Isf Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m\pw C¶p kn\n-abv¡p Ign-bpw. I¼yq-«À {Km^nIvkv e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn¨ Nneka-Im-enI Nn{X-§Ä þ DZm-l-c-W- n-\vþ kn³kn-b-änþ kn\n-a-bpsS hcpw-Ime kz`m-h-s - änNne kqN-\-IÄ \evIp-¶p-v. FUn-än§v F¶ ]p\x-{I-ao-I-c-W-{]-{Inb tjm«p-I-fpsS Xe-¯nÂ \n¶pw tjm«p-I-fpsS DÅ-S-¡-¯n-te¡p hym]n-¡p¶ Cu {]Xn-`mkw Ne-¨n-{X-Im-csâBhn-jvImc km²y-I-fpsS koa-Isf A\- -am-¡p-¶p. {]Xn- m-]-c-amb Cu shÃ-hn-fnsb \½psSNe-¨n-{X-Im-c-·mÀ F§s\ t\cnSpw F¶-XmWv \mw Im¯n-cp¶v ImtW-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

sammjv

F+_n+=kn F¶ efn-X-k-a-hm-Iy-¯nÂ \n¶mWv sFk³Ìo³ Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. "F'Fs¶mcp tjm«pw "_n' Fs¶mcp tjm«pw tNcp-t¼mÄ Ah X½n-epÅ sshcp[y kwLÀj- n-eqsS "kn' Fs¶m-cm-ß-`mhw krjvSn-¡s¸Sp¶p. H¶pw cpw tNÀ¶mÂ c-Ã, AXn-[n-I-sat´m BWv. cp tjm«p-I-fpsS BsI-¯p-I-bÃ Ah tNÀ¶pmIp-¶-Xv. AXn-tesd hen-sbm-cm-ß- m-h-am-Wv.

Ne- n-{X-a-{]-ta-b-s - -s¶-bmWv Cu Bß- m-h- nsâ hen-sbmcp _nw_-ambn (C-ta-Pv) Ne- n-{X-Im-c³ ImWp-¶-Xv. \nXy-Po-hn-X- nÂ Hcp hmt¡m Hcp Ihn-Xm-i-I-etam Hcp t]tcma\-Ên-ep-WÀ¯p¶ Cta-Pn-\p-apv C¯cw {]Xn-\n-[ym-Ñm-b-IÄ. ]t£, Cu sIm¨p-Om-b-IÄH¶n-¡p-Ibpw Ah X½n-epÅ kwLÀj-¯n-eqsS Hcp k¼qÀW _nw_w cq]w-sIm-Åp-IbpwsN¿p¶ am\-kn-I-{]-{Inb {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-ep-ÅXpw Ahy-à-hp-am-Wv. Iem-Im-c³ Ah-ew-_n-¡p¶coXn CXn-s\-XnÀZn-i-bn-em-Wv. {]tabw Abm-fpsS a\-Ên-ep-WÀ¯p¶ k¼qÀ® _nw_s¯AbmÄ {]mXn-\n-[y§fm¡n thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p. ]n¶oSv Cu {]mXn-\n-[ym-Ñm-b-I-fpsSkwLÀj-k-¦-e-\- n-eqsS {]ta-b- nsâ Bß- m-h-kz-cq-]-amb Cta-Pns\ krjvSn-s -Sp-¡p-¶p.Cu CtaPv A{]Imcw sdUn-sabvUv Cta-P-Ãm-Xm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Hmtcm XhW Nn{Xw ImWp-t¼m-gpw Cu _nw_w {]mXn-\n-[ym-Ñm-b-I-fpsS kwLÀj-§-fn-eqsS hopw hopw Ah-X-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. t{]£-I-a-\-Ênsâ sshIm-cnIt_m[-X-e-§-fn-emWv Cu CtaPv hopw hopw Ah-X-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ChnsS ImWn-IqSn Cu kÀKm-ßI {Inb-bnÂ ]¦m-fn-bm-hp-¶p. Abm-fpsS hyànXzwkwhn-[m-b-I-hy-àn-Xz- n\v ASn-a-s -Sp-¶n-Ã. Hmtcm ImWnbpw Ahsâ a\-Ênsâ hyàn-Xzm-h-Ø-b-\p-k-cn¨p Ne- n-{X-Im-c³ \ÂIp¶ Ombm-kq-N-\-I-fn-eqsS Hcp _nw_s¯ krjvSn-s -Sp-¡pIbpw Ne- n{X {]ta-bs¯ A¯cw _nw_-§-fn-eqsS A\p- -hn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p. Ne- n-{X-c-Im-c³ ¹m³ sNbvXXpw krjvSn- -Xp-amb _nw_-§ÄX-s¶-bm-Wv. AtX-k-abw ImWn kzbwkrjvSn-¡p¶ _nw_-§-fp-am-Wn-h.

76Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


sammjv Cta-Pns\ C¯-c-samcp k¼qÀWÀ°-¯nÂ a\-Ên-em-¡p-t¼m-gmWv \tS -]-dª efn-X-hm-Iy-¯nse "F' bpw "_n' bpw F´m-sW¶p hyà-am-Ip-¶Xv. k¼qÀW_nw_-¯nsâ efn--X-Ñm-b-Isf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶p "F' bpw "_n' bpw. XpSÀ¶v sFk³Ìo³ CuefnX ka-hm-Iy-¯n-¶-¸pdw t]mIp-¶p. samm-jnsâ sshcp-[y-kw-LÀj-km-[y-X-IÄ tXSn-t¸m-Ip¶ At±lw A©p-X-c- n-epÅ sammjv km[y-X-I-fn-se- n-t¨-cp-¶p.

sa{SnIv sammjv

ChnsS ^nenw-L-S-\-bpsS apJy-ssh-cp-[ym-ß-I-L-SIw kwhn-[m-b-I³ Iq«n-t¨À¡p¶^nenw-I-jvW-§-fpsS ssZÀLy-am-Wv. kwKo-X- nse Hcp am{Xbv¡p Xpey-amb Hcp kmt¦-Xn-I-hy-h-Ø-b-\p-k-cn¨p nensâ ssZÀLy-¯nÂ IWn-i-amb amä-§Ä hcp¯n Ahsb Iq«n-tbm-Pn-¸n-¡mw. kwKo-X-am-{X-I-fm-hÀ¯n-¡pw-t]mse, Zriy-X-e-¯nepw nen-ansâ ssZÀLy-hy-Xym-k-a\-\q-k-cn- pÅ \nb-X-amb am{X-IÄ BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. kv{Io\nÂ Zriy-Xmfw krjvSn-¡s¸Sp-¶p.

Xmfw apdp-Ip-t¼mÄ sshIm-cn-I-Xo-£-WX hÀ[n-¡p-¶p. ]gb kwKo-X-hyh-Ø-bv¡-¯p-\n-¶p-sIm-p-X-s¶ nen-ansâ ssZÀLyw Ipd-¨p-Ip-d¨p sImp-h-cp-t¼mÄ Xmfw apdp-Ip-¶p. Cu am{X-I-fpsS \nÀW-b- nÂ s{^bn-an-¶-Is¯ {]tabL-S-IÄ¡p \nÀWm-b-I- Øm\w\ÂIp-t¼mÄ {]ta-b-h-fÀ¨-bv¡-\p-kr-X-am-Ip¶p Cu Zriy-Xm-fw. {]ta-b-L-S-§Ä¡-\p-kr-X-ambn H¶n-e-[nIw am{X-Isf Htc-k-a-b- p-]-tbm-Kn¨p kv{Io\nÂ k¦oÀW-amb sa{Sn-Ivsam-mjvLS-\-Xs¶ krjvSn-¡mw, t]m¸v kwKo-X-ta-f-I-fpsS sSen-hn-j³ Nn{Xo-I-c-W§fnÂ Gähpwefn-Xamb sa{SnIv sammjv{]tbmKw ImWmw. kwKo-X-Xm-f-¯n-s\m¯ ip²-Zr-iy-Xm-fw.

dnY-anIv sammjv

Iq«n-t¨À¡p¶ nen-ansâ ssZÀLy- n-epÅ sshcp-[y-am-bn-cp¶p sa{SnIv samm-jnseapJy-ssh-cp[yw. dnY-anIv sammjv Hcp ]Sn-IqSn apt¶m«p t]mIp-¶p. s{^bn-an-¶-Is¯ Zriy¯n-\m-Ip¶p ChnsS apJy-ssh-cp-[y-\nÀW-b-¯nÂ apJy-Øm-\w.

sa{SnIv samm-jnÂ nenw-ssZÀLy-\nÀW-b- nÂ kwKn-X-k-Zr-i-amb Hcp efn-X-K-WnXwkzm[o\w sNep-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. s{^bn-ap-IÄ¡Is¯ Zriy-{]-tXy-I-X-Ifpw Hcp kzoI³knsâLS-\-bp-amWv dnY-anIvsamm-jnÂ ssZÀLy-\nÀW-bs¯ kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. s{^bn-ap-I-fnseNe-\-ssh-cp-[y-amWv dnY-anIv samm-jnse Xmfm-ß-I-X-bv¡m-[m-cw. s{^bvan-¶-Is¯ Ne-\m-ß-IX Nen-¡p¶ hkvXp-¡-fmÂ krjvSn-¡-s¸-Smw. \nÝ-e-h-kvXp-¡-fn-eqsS ImWn-I-fpsSZrjvSntImWns\ Ne- n¨psImp IqSp-XÂ \nKq-V-amb Ne-\m-ß-I-Xbpw krjvSn-¡mw.

"s]msSwIn' \nse HtU-Ê-ko-Iz³kmWv Cu sammjv {]tbm-K-¯n-s\m-cp-Zm-l-c-Ww.]S-hp-I-fn-d-§p-¶ ]«m-f-¡m-cpsS Imep-I-fpsS Ne-\- nsâ Xmfw nenw-ssZÀLyw krjvSn-¡p¶Xmf-a-Ã. kwKo-X-¯nse Hm^v_n-äp-t]mse Cu Xmfw sa{SnIv Xmfs¯ sXän-¯p-h-cp¶ H¶-s{X. Ime-Sn-I-fpsS Cu IWn-i-Xmfw ]n¶oSv CtX kzoI³knÂ s]«¶p apdp-Ip-¶p. Ime-Sn-IÄ Xmtgm-«pÅ asämcp Ne-\-¯n\p hgn-am-dp-t¼mÄ, Iq«nsb InS-¯nb B hn-bpsS Xmtgm-«pÅ HmSn-bn-d¡w hcp-t¼mÄ.

77Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


amÀ¨n§v Xmf-§Ät¡ tbmPn-¡p-sh-¶mWv dnY-anIv samm-jnsâ ]cn-anXn. IqSp-XÂk¦oÀW-amb Zriy-Xmfw dnY-anIv samm-jnsâ X\n-{]-tbm-K- n-eqsS am{Xw Akm-[y-am-Ip-¶p.

tSmWÂ sammjv

sa{SnIvsamm-jnsâ asämcp cq]-t`-Zw. AtX kabw dnY-an-Ivsam-m-jn-t\-¡mÄ

DbÀs¶mcp sammjv cq]w. s{^bn-an-¶-Is¯ Ne\w ChnsS IqSp-XÂ hym]-I-ambv cq]w

ssIs¡mÅp¶p. s{^bn-an-¶-I-s¯ Zriy-ssh-Im-cn-IX þ hnjzÂtSm¬ sammjv sshcp-[ys¯

\nÀW-bn-¡p¶ apJy-L-S-I-ambn amdp¶p. Cu Zriy-ssh-Im-cn-IX \ngepw shfn-¨hpw

tNÀ¶pmIp-¶-Xm-Imw. {Km^nIv sshcp-[y-§-fmÂ krjvSn-¡-s -Sp-¶-Xp-am-Imw, sammjv sshcp-

[y-¯nÂ CXn\p {]m[m\yw F¶p \nÀW-bn-¨pÅ Nn{X-kw-tbm-P-\-amWv tSmWÂ samm-jv.

"s]msSw-In\n' se {]kn-²amb aqSÂaªp kzoI³kv CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. HtU-Êm-

Xp-c-ap-J¯p hm¡p-en³ Np¡\v At´ym-]-Nm-c-aÀ¸n-¡m-\mbn P\-§Ä F¯p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼pÅ

kzoI³kv. aqSÂ aªn-\phsc Nphp-¸p-\n-dw, ]mbv¡-¸-ep-I-fpsS Idp-¸v. shÅ-¯nsâ Xnf-

§p¶ shfp¸v Cu hÀW-kw-LÀjw krjvSn-¡p¶ sshIm-cn-I-X-bvs¡mcp Xmfw-sIm-Sp-¡m³

am{Xta s{^bn-an-\-Is¯ Ne-\-§-fp-X-Ip-¶pÅp. IS-ensâ aµ-N-e\w, \¦q-c-an« I¸-ep-I-fnÂ

aµ-ambn X«n-s¯-dn-¡p¶ Xnc-I-IÄ, ]Xps¡ s]m§p¶ aqSÂa-ªv, shÅ-¯nÂ ]Xps¡

h¶n-d-§p¶ ISÂIm-¡Äþ IfÀtSm-Wp-I-fpsS sshIm-cn-IX Cu Ne-\-§-fn-eqsS Hcp Xmfw

Is- p-¶p. Cu sshIm-cn-I-Xm-fn- n-s\m¯v AXns\ \ne-\nÀ¯pw hn[- n-em-Ip¶p ChnsS

Nn{X-kw-tbm-P-\w.

HmhÀtSm-WÂ sammjv

kn\n-a-bpsS \memw-am\w F¶-Xns\ sF-k³Ìo³ hnfn-¡p¶p. sa{SnIv samm-jnÂ

\n¶p dnY-anIv samm-jn-te-¡pÅ ]cn-Wmaw tjm«nsâ ssZÀLyhpw tjm«n-\-Is¯ Ne-\hpw

X½n-epÅ kwLÀj- n-eq-sS-bmWv kw -hn-¡p-¶-Xv. tSmWÂ samm-jm-I-s«, tjm«nsâ Zriy-

X-e- nse IfÀtSmWpw tjm«n-\-Is¯ Ne-\-Xm-fhpw tNÀ¶pÅ sshcp-[y- n-eqsS krjvSn-¡-

s -Sp-¶p. HmhÀtSm-WnÂ samm-jnÂ Zriy- nse IfÀtSmWpw tjm«n-\-Is¯ Ne-\-Xm-fhpw

tNÀ¶pÅ sshcp-[y- n-eqsS krjvSn-¡-s -Sp-¶p. HmhÀtSm-WÂ samm-jnÂ Zriy-X-e- nse

{]ap-J-amb tSmWpw {Km^nIv Xe-¯nepw aäp-apÅ HmhÀtSm-Wp-Ifpw X½n-epÅ kwLÀj-am-

Wp-Å-Xv.

Hmtcm tjm«n-sâbpw Hcp apJy-k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv CXp-hsc sammjv sshcp-[ys¯

\nÀW-bn- -Xv. sa{SnIv samm-jnÂ tjm«nsâ ssZÀLyw, dnY-anIv samm-jnÂ tjm«n-\-Is¯

Ne-\-Xm-f-§Ä, tSmWÂ samm-jnÂ sshIm-cn-I-amb tSm¬. 1925-þ-se- p-t¼mtg¡pw Hmtcm

tjm«n-\-I¯pw C -c- n-semcp apJy-ssh-cp[yw am{X-a-Ã. \nc-h[n D]-ssh-cp-[y-§fpw Ds¶v

sFk³Ìo³ I-s-¯p-¶p. tjm«p-I-Ä¡pw kzoI³kp-IÄ¡p-a-¸pdw Hcp ^nen-ansâ

k¼qÀWamb _nw_-L-S\ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ apJy-ssh-cp-[y-§Ä¡p Xpey-amb Øm\w D-

]-ssh-cp-[y-§-fpw t\Sp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

78Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


"{iqXn-bpsS Imcy-¯nÂ þhn-ti-jn¨v D]-I-cW kwKo-X-¯nÂþ kw`-hn-¡p-¶-sXt´m

AXn\p kZr-iy-am-Wn-Xv. AhnsS A-Sn-Øm-\-]-chpw {]ap-J-hp-amb tSmWn-t\m-sSm¸w Xs¶

{]I-¼-\-§-fpsS Hcp ]c-¼c Xs¶ krjvSn-¡p-¶p. Chsb HmhÀtSm-Wp-I-sft¶m AÀtSm-

Wp-I-sft¶m hnfn-¡p-¶p. Ch X½n-epÅ kwLÀjw , Chbpw apJy-tSm-Wp-am-bpÅ kwLÀjw,

CsXÃmw tNcp-t¼mÄ ASn-Øm-\-tSm¬ Ch-bmÂ Bh-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp¶ ØnXn-bm-Ip-¶p,'

F¶v sFk³Ìo³ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

km[m-c-W-\n-ebv¡v {ipXn¡v Atem-kcw krjvSn-t¡ Cu HmhÀ tSmWp-Isf kwKo-X-

¯nsâ ka-{Km-\p- -h-¯nsâ mK-am-¡n-am-änb Cw{]-j-Wn-kväv kwKo-X-Ú-sc-t¸m-se, HmhÀtSm-

WÂsam-m-jv. 1924 Â \nÀ½n¨ "HmÄUv Bâ v \yq' F¶ Nn{X-¯nse ]e kzoI³kp-Ifpw

C -c-¯nÂ HmhÀtSm-WÂ sammjv km[y-X-Isf hn\n-tbm-Kn¨p Nn{X-kw-tbm-P\w km[n- -

h-bm-Wv.

Câ-e-IvNzÂ sammjv

sFk³Ìo³ sammjv coXn-I-fnÂ Hä-t\m-«- nÂ Gähpw Akw-kvIr-X-sa¶p tXm¶m-

hp-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv. Xmf-§Ä¡pw ip²-ssh-Im-cn-I-X-bv¡pa- pdw ss[j-Wn-I-amb Hcp Nn´m-i-I-e-

¯n-te¡p sammjv [Àaw ChnsS Db-cp-¶p. kam-´-chpw kmam-\y-Zr-iy-X-bnÂ Ihn-sªmcp

_Ô-hp-an-Ãm- -Xp-amb cp {Inbmw-i-§-fpsS Zriy-kw-LÀj- n-e-hq-sS-bmWv Zriy-Xew ss[j-

Wn-I-amb Hc-hØbnte-¡p-b-cp-¶-Xv.

HtU-Êm-kzo-I³knsâ A´y- nse B knwl-§Ä Xs¶ DZm-l-c-Ww. aq¶p knwl-{]-

Xn-a-I-fpsS aq¶p kzX-{ -Zr-iy-§Ä þ Dd-§p¶ knwlw, DW-cp¶ knwlw, DWÀ¶-e-dp¶ knwlwþ

tNÀ¯v B aq¶p Zriy-§-fpsS Hcp sammjv LS\ krjvSn-¡p-¶-tXm-sS¸w ]S-hp-I-fnÂ th«-

bm-S-s -Sp¶ P\-§-fpsS Zriy-hpambn CXns\t¨À¯p km[n-¡p¶ Zriy-kw-LÀj- n-eq-sS aÀ±n-

X-P-\X DW-cp-¶q-sh¶ ss[j-Wn-Im-ibw [z\n-¸n-¡m³ sFk³Ìo\p Ign-bp¶p, C{X-Xs¶

Iem-ta· Ah-Im-i-s -Sm-\m-Im- -hn-[- nÂ hfsc Akw-kvIr-X-coXnbnÂ Cu sammjv ssien

sFkv³kvdv-do³ ]te-S¯pw {]tbm-Kn¨n«p-v. "kvss{S¡n'Â sXmgn-em-fn-Isf t]meokv shSn-

sh- p-ho-gv p¶ Zriy-hp-ambn Ad-hp-im-e-bpsS Zriyw tNÀ¡p-t¼m-gXv Akw-kvIrXamb Câ-e-

IvNzÂ samm-j-jmbn hn-¡p-¶p.

Xm\-h-ew- -hn-¡p¶ Iem-k-t¦-X-§sf kwhn-[m-b-I³ ImWn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw ad- p-sh-¡p-

¶n-Ã F¶m-Xm-Wn-hnsS {][m-\w. ss[j-Wn-I-amb sammjv{]tbmKw sXm«p-ap-¼pÅ sshIm-

cn-I-Xn-bnÂ\n¶p ImWn-Isf A\y-hXvIcn v DWÀ¯p-¶p. IqsS kwhn-[m-b-I- km-¶n-[y-s¯-

¡p-dn¨v Ahsc HmÀan-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p,

hnh-[-X-e- n-epÅ sammjv kwLÀj-§-fn-eqsS sIm¨p-sIm¨p {]mXn-\n-[ym-Ñm-b-IÄ

Cta-Pp-I-fmbpw AXnepw henb {]tab_nw_hpw {]ta-b-ZÀi-\hpambpw amdp-¶p. Hcp t]mfn-

t^m-WnIv HmÀ¡-kv{S-bn-se-¶-t]mse Ne- n-{X-samcp t]mfn-t^m-WnIv samm-j-\p- -h-ambn amdp-

¶p. CXn-eqsS Ne-\-§Ä ]p¯-s\mcp Ne-\m-ß-IX t\Sp-¶p. Zr-bm-YmÀ°yw ]pXn-sbmcp

Zriy-t_m-[-ambn hf-cp-¶p. CXmWv Ne- n-{X-X-¯nsâ sshcp-[ym-ßI LS-\.

79Ne- n-{X-]-T\w


]Tn-Xm-¡Ä hni-Z-]-T-\-¯n-\mbn \nÀt±-in-¨n-«pÅ Ne- n-{X-§-tfm-sSm¸w kne-_-knÂ

kqNn-¸n-¨n-«pÅ aäv Ne-¨n{X§Ä ImWp-Ibpw ]Tn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿-Ww.

klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä

Hcp kn\na F§s\bpm-Ip-¶p þ sI.sI N{µ³

Ne- n-{X- nsâ s]mcpÄ þ ASqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³

kn\n-a-bpsS temIw þ ASqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³

k©m-cn-bpsS hoSv dmbv kn\na

Hcp ]T\w þ sF. j×p-J-Zmkv

ImgvN-bpsS Aim´n þ hn. cmP-Iy-jvW³

ImgvN-bnse Iem]w þ C.-Fw. Ajvd v

25 temI-kn-\n-a-IÄ þ Pn. ]n. cma-N-{µ³

Xnc-¡-Ym-km-lnXyw þ tUm. tPmkv. sI. -am -\p -hÂ

Xnc-¡-Yþ kn\n-a-bpsS Zriy{]-Imiw þ tUm. sUman-\nIv sP. Im«qÀ

IYbpw Xnc-¡-Ybpw þ tUm. BÀ.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c³

ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS IY þ hnP-b-Ir-jv-W³

100 ¢mknIv kn\n-a-IÄ þ kmP³ sXcp-¸pg

hniz-{]-kn² kwhn-[m-b-I³ þ FUn: Fw.-Un. at\mPv

kn\na Ncn-{X-ap-lqÀ -§-fn-eqsS þ jm\-hmkv Jm³

kn\na Iebpw Pohn-Xhpw þ tXm«w cmP-ti-J-c³

ae-bm-f- nse F¡m-e-s¯bpw anI¨

]¯v Nn{X-§Ä þ tImgn-t¡m-S³

Xnc-¡Y kn\n-a-bpsS »q{]nâ v þ Ac-hn-µ³ hÃ- n-d.

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