3. B. A H Y A 5 A .L\ 3 E

V13 V1CTOPV1V1 CPE.LJ.HEBEKOBO~

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A6XA3CKOE rOCYllAPCTBEHHOE H3llATE~bCTBO CyxyMH - 1959

DPE.UHCJlOBHE B HaCTOHllleM rpy11.e npeuMymecraeunoe BHHMBHite yll.ene-

HO paCCMOT.peHHIO CJieiJ.YIOlllHX BalKHbiX BOUpOCOB HCTOpHH cpe.~tHesexoaoll A6xaann - 3THH'!ecxoro paasHTHl! a6xaacKoro Hap0/1.3 H ero 83BHMOOTHOUieHHJI C rpy3HHCKHM H3p011.0M. 3a-rpoHyTble a rpy11.e II.PYrHe sonpocbl ucmpuu A6xa3HH ocse-I.U,aiOTCH JlHlllb OOCTOJibKY, llOCKOJlbKY OHH HaXO.!:UITCSI 8 CBH3H C OTMel!eHHbiMH Bblllle OCHOBHblMH. npo6JieMaMH )l3HH0f0 .-8.C-CJieii.OBBHHll.

H a p o 11. Hoc r h !IBJI!Ierc" HCTopnqecxofi Kareropneii, xo-. ropall CJiell.yer aa poll.oM n nJieMeHeM n npell.rnecrsyer HBf\HIL

EcJIH B03HHKHOBeHHe H paasHTHe HBI\HH CBli3BHbl C KBITHTBJIH-CTHqecKOJI 3UOXOJI, TO HCTOpH!I HapOII.HOCTei\ OTHOCHTCSI K npell.-llleCTBYIOlllHM o6llleCTBeHH0-3KOHOMHqecKHM IBJISIIOTCSI KBTeropH>IMH nepso6biTHo-06lllHHHOf0 crpo!!'-

C nepexoii.OM K

TOpblX CJl0)KH.t13Cb Ha onpe,u;eJieHHOM HCT0pHG€CKOM 3Tane e.n,H-

H3l! 36X33CK3!! H3POJ\HOCTb. floCJieJ\yJOIU3l! 3THHqecK3l! HCTOpH!!

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Or cnel.\HaJibHOro wcropHorpa¢HqecKoro H HCT04HHKOB€!1.4e-cKoro BBe.o;eH.IUI asrop peWHJI OTK333TbCH, T3K K3K B He06XO.ll.H-M.blX CJIY43HX B TeKCTe KpHTH4eCKH paCCMOTpeHbl B3rJIH,Ilbl OT-

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K Ha'!aJiy VI oeKa Ha Teppnropnn coopeMeHHoii A6xa3!flf cylll.eCTBOB3JIO HeCKOJibKO 3TH0-llOJIHTHl:JeCKHX o6pa30B3HHi1, H3-

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CaHHrHH. n pHMOpCK3!! TeppH1'0pH!! cospeMeHHb!X faJihCKOro II QqaMqHpCKOro pafiOHOB 6biJI8 B 3H3qHTeJihHOfi tf3CTH HaCeJieHa

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«ancya». 0 MecTonOJIO>KeHHH AncHJIHH y BH33HTHiicKoro HCTO-pHKa VI B. DpoKonHH KecapHlicKoro HMeercH TaKoe yKa3a-HHe: cPeKa ¢a3HC ... BD31laeT B KOHe'lHYIO 'l3CTb 3BKCHHCKOro

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1 Bonpoc 0 npORCXO:W.,!l€HHH a6xa30B H HX 3THHli€CKOii HCTOpHH B JI.pes-HHfl nepHOA, a TBK:lll.e KpHTHlleCKHfl pas6op Teopuif, cyWeCTBYIOI.ll.HX no 3TOMy sonpocy, no.D..po6Ho nsnaraeTCH asropoM s pa6ore «.UpesHHa HcropuH w KYJihTypa A6xa3HH», xoropa.s~ fuJusxa x sasepmeHJno. TaM )J{e ocsemaeTC:>I HCTOpHH · o6p830B8HH.H J183CKOfO u-apCTB8 H BKJliOlleHHSI B era COCT3B Bfi-;"{83CKHX nJJeMeH.

2 Mecreqxo fy.ztasa, 6nu3 M.JJ.opu, cqura.noch s ror nepHO.ll pacnon:o .... :tKeHHbiM Ha reppuropuu 3rpncH (eM. «:reoprHK8», Cse.n... BH38H. mtcare· J1eii 0 fppHH, no.n. pep,. C. r. Kayx'I\HWBHJIH, T. IV, \1. 2, crp. 4l5}.

6

_ JlHTC!I o6JiaCTh ancHJIHeB»1• B Jl8HHOM cJiyqae OpoKonHii HMeeT s BHJl.Y !OlKHY!O npHMOpCKY!O rpaHHUY AncHJIHH . .UJIH onpeJleJie· HH!I 3Toro norpaHH4HOro nyHKTa cJleJlyeT ycTaHOBHTh, 4To pa3y-Meer llpOKOTIHii TIOJI. «33JIHBOM-TIOJIYM~CHU,€M» «KOHetiHOfl LJ:3CTH 3BKCI!HcKoro OoHTa». KaK rrpaBHJ!hHO yKa3aJI ell(e M. M. Hsa' meHKO, «ITOJl JIYHOBHJl.HOCTh!O OpoKonllli noHnMaeT H3rH6 6epe-ra MOp!! B 550 CT3JlHH (OKOJ!O 100 KM.) OT ropo)la 0eTpbl K ce-sepy. Ecmr ropOI\ OeTpa - UHXHCJl3HpH, ro 1\pyroli KOHeu noii «JIYHOBH)l,HOCTH>> npH.II.eTCH npH6JIH3HT€JlbHO OKOJIO l1JiOpH ...

(nocKoJihKY, no OpoKonHro, r 3THH4ecKaH rpaHHUa ArrcH.1HH rrpoXO)lHJia, liO·Bil)lHMOMy, no peKe faJIH)l3fa (3rpHC·UK3JIH, no rpy3HHCKHM HCT04HHKaM). HecJlyqafiHo, H3JlO noJlararb, KOrJla BTIOCJie)l,CTBHH o6pa3083JIOCb €JI.HHOe A6xa3CKOe KHHMeCTBO, TO ero !OlKHaH rpaHHUa npoxoAHJia no peKe faJIHJl3ra (3rpHc-UK3JIH), KOTOpa>r OT)leJI!!Jl3 A6Xa3H!O OT Jla3CK0fO KHHlKeCTBa.

0JI.HHM H3 norpaHHLIHhix rryHKTOB AncHJIHH s IOro-socrott-HOM ceKrope 6bwo yKpenJieHHe T y c y M 3, pacnoJiolKeHHOe K cesepy or MoKBbi. B lKHTilH MaKCHMa HcnoBeJlHHKa (coer. s KOH-ue VII s.) rosopHTCH, qro TycyM3 HaXOJl.HTCH KeHo Ha reppH-ropHH AncH.'IHH, HMeercSI npHMOe CBH,li.eT€JlbCTBO npoKOITHH, KO-

TOpbifi coo6maer: «B AncHJIHH ... ecrb Kpenocrh s BhiClllefi cre-neHK yKperr.rreHHaH; MeCTHbre fKHrem.f H33b!BaiOT ee T3H6rr.rroH»4. 11cToliHHKH yKa3hiBatOT TaKMe H Ha TO, liTO B pai1:oHe T3H6HJ1a npoxoJl.HJia rpaHHIJ.a MelKJl.Y AncHJIHeii H MHCHMHHHeil. TaK, BH· 33HTHHCKHii HCTOpliK Araqmi\ (2-H noJI. VI s.) rosop!IT o6 KyaHUiepa CyxyMH npH-

1 npoKonnH H3 KecapHH, BoRHa c rOT3Mll, MocxBa, 1950 r., CTp. 380. 2 M. M. HsameHKO, BeJIHKaSI A6xa3cKaSI creHa, Has. A6HO, 1925 r.,

CTp. 83. 3 CM. K. C. KeKeJlH)l3e, 3TJOJlbl H3 acTopuu .npesnerpy3HHCKOii JIHTepa·

Typbl, T. Ill, 1955 r., CTp. 280 (Ha rpy3. 03.) 4 TipoKonuii, raM >Ke, crp. 403. 5 Aral}mii, 0 uapcrsosanuu JOcruunaua, M-JI., 1953 r., crp. 118.

7

MD HMenyeTCH «ropOJJ.OM AncHJII!H» ( .d•l:'•dn o'll'llnl:'o"'n~o ob::;8n").1 no)], T3KHM onpeJJ,eJieHHeM CyxyMH

pery lKHBYT a633rH, rpaHHUbl KOTOpb!X npOCTHpa!OTCH J,O rap I(asKa3CKoro xpe6ra» 1•

5oJree KOHKpeTHoe onpeAeJreHue rpaHHU A6a3nm coaep->KHTC!! B TPYile BaxymrH 5arpaTHOHH «0UHC3HHe rppHHCKQfO -u;apCTB3», JWTOpbiif OnHpaeTCfl, K3K BHtlJIO, Ha .apeBHHe .HCT04HH-

-KH. BaxywrH nuweT: «fpaHHU,eH A6xa3HH .HB.'UJJOTC51: Ha BOcTo-Ke-MaJJall ropa (K 3anaay OT AHaKOmlll), KOTOpaH THHeTCH OT I(asKa3cKoro xpe6ra 1\o MOpH; Ha Janaae >Ke-Mope H peKa Ka-no3TH [53bl6b - 3. A.] ... B I\.1HHY aHa (A6xa3HH) THHeTCI! or AHaKorum 110 p. KanmrH, HJ!H 110 MOpH; B mupHHy-or MOpH )I,O KasKa3cKoro xpe6rn'. B 1\pyroM Mecre Ha3saHHoro ca4HHeHI!R BaxylllTH T3lOKe nonLiepKHBaeT, 4TO «K 3ana.ny oT AHaKonHH pacnoJrO>KeHa A6xa3HH»3 4TO KacaercH AHaKanHH, ro oHa, no Baxymru, HaXOI\HCiacb Ha Mee-ce HbiHemHero Hosoro AoHa'. BaxyUITH B .aaHHOM c.nyqae HMeeT s BH.lly He rpaHHUbr coape-MeHHoil eMy A6xa3HH, a HMeHHO reppuTOpH!O apesHel! A6a3rHH. 3TO BHZ{HO 113 TOfO, lfTO a CBOeM «00HCaHHH» OH OTMettaeT: «Hh!He >Ke crpaHoiJ 110 peKH 3rp11CII s.la)le!OT a6xa3Ub!»5.

TaKHM o6pa30M, B csere cKa3aHHoro Bblllle cTaHOBHTCst ·o4eBHI\HbiM, 'lTo yrsep>KAeHue M. M. Hsall.l,eHKo, 6y 1\To rpaHH-ll.a Me>K:ny AncHJIHei\ 11 A6a3rHeil npaXOI\HJia no p. KeJiacyp11, He cootsetctByer Aei\cTBHTe.1hHOCTII. Coo6ll.l,eHHe «)i(I!3HI! fpy-3HH» o TOM, ttro K KOHUY V B. rpaHnua Jla3HKH Ha cesepo~3anane 1\0XOI\IIJia 110 p. Ke.1acypu, Ha Koropoe ccb!JiaetcH M. M. 11aa-meHKO, .HMeer B BHJI.y, H3.l:W OO.rlaraTb, n0.11HTHtteCKHe rpaHHUbl Jla3CK0f0 U3pCTB3, C KOTOpblMH He C~'IeJlyer CMeUIHB3Tb 3THHqe~ CKHe rpamtUbl Mem.ay A6a3rHeH H AncH.rrHefi6.

3ra rp'aHHUa, KaK orMe1WJ10Cb, npo.neraRa a6.mf3H AHaKo-nHH, KOT0(?3H B reqeHHe )l.liMTeJibHOfO BpeMeHH 6hl .. 13 CTO.':IHU,efi

A6a3rHI!, a 3aTeM o6be!IHHehHoro A6xa3CKOro KHlDkensa. HaM ·Ka>KeTCH, 4TO AHaKOfiHfl - ?:ITO HMeHHO TOT nyHKT, KOTOpbifi

OpoKonHH B VI seKe ua3sa.1 «Tpaxeefi». PerneHHe sonpoca o MecroHaxO/KJleHHH TpaxeH npencras-

JUieT HHTepec He T0~1bKO B TOM OTHOWeHitH, '-!TO ri03BOJIHT, HdKO-

HeU, yrol.fHHTb, rne HMeHHo 6hi.rla pacno .. lO>KeHa Kpenocrb, cras-lllaH OCHOBHbiM Oll3fOM COITpOTHBJleHHH BOCCTaBWHX a6a3r0B BH-

-33HTHtiCKHM 33XBaTqlfK3M B 550 L, - 3TOT BOnpoc HMeeT 'f3K-

l TipOKOmtH, UliT. CQI.,I., CTp. 382. 2 Baxyw111, OnncaHHe fpy3HHCKoro uapCTsa, T6H.1HCl!, 19-tt r., cTp.

"171 ( Ha rpy3. 03.). 3 TaM lKe, C'TQ. 170. 4 TaM }Ke,

)J{f BfCbM3 B3/KHOe ::mal.JeHHe H ;I.Jl5J onpe.ne~leHHSI ID2KHblX rpa~

HHL\ pacce.1eHHll a6aaros. . Eme Jl.. fiaKp31\3e no.1araJI, qro Tpaxell HaXOI\HJiach Ha

Mecre no3!!Hefimefi AHaKOIUIH (r. e. B pafioHe HhiHemHero Ho-Boro A¢oHa). B csoeii pa6ore «l:\aBKa3 s 11pesHHX naMHTHHKax xpHcTHaHCTBa» OH JJHcaJI: « B AHaKOJJHH, Ha caMoM 6epery MOpll, CH3l.J3~'la nepe.n B3MH BCTaeT M3CCHBH3SI KpyrJI3SI 63lliHR, BCH o6pocrnall n.1IO!lleM, H MecraMH Bi\OJib 6epera TliHercH o6ump-Hall orpa!la, CTOJ!b )!{e pOCKO!llHO YBHT3ll nomyYHMH pacTeHHH-MH; 33T€M TI033,llH Hee yr~1y6.1R€TCH B fOpbi 3 HaM e H H T 0 e rpaxeiicKoe yme.lbe H Ha rpe6He yreca BHI\Hhl ocrarKH 33MKa TpaxeH» 1.

O.nHaKo no3.nHee see 1.1ame ctaJI BbiCKa3biBaTbCH B3fJUIJl~ YTO Tpaxel! 6bl,la pacnO.lOlKeHa B paiioHe HbJHe!llHero rarpa. 3roH rOllKH 3peHHH npH.nep:JKHsa.riCH, B qacrHOCTH, .aKa.n. C. H. Jl.)!{aHa!llHa, KOTOpb!M CYHT3JI, YTO OIIHC3HHe TpaxeH, CO)\eplKa-IUeeCll B rpy11e OpOKOIIHH KecapHiicKoro «Bofma c roraMH>, COOTBeTCTByer J!Hillb farpa'- Oo 3TOMY JIOBOI\y OH JIHilleT: «KTo 3H3KOM c no6epe)KheM A6xa3HH, TOT cor~'laCHTCH c H3MH, liTO AaHHOe OTIHC3HHe TIO,llXO)J.HT TO ... lbKO K farpa - B .UpyrOM Mecre TaKoro nyHKTa HeT~3.

01\HaKo rmare.lbHOe cpasHeHHe onHcaHI!H TpaxeH OpoKo-Dl!ll c paMOHOM Craphle rarpbl IIPHBO)\l!T K 33Ko1IOYeHnJO, qTQ Mf>K)J.y J-IHMH HM€€TCSI H€M3JIO CylUeCTB€HHbiX OTJIHllH:fi. l( T3KO-MY Bb!BOIIY npHrnJia HcropHKo-apxeoJIOrHYecKall 3Kcnei\Hultlt HHCTHTyTa HCTOpHH HM. H. A . .Ll.)!{aBaXHil1BHJIH AH rccP, pa-6oraarnall B A6xa3HH s 1951 r. no11 PYKOBOI\CTBOM aKa)\eMHKa AH fpy3HHcKoii CCP H. A. fiep!l3eHHil1BHJIH. Opn6JIH3HTeJibHO T8KOJ1: :tKe BblBOJl. OHa C,lleJiaJia H B OTHOUJeHHH AHaKOTilfH.

TpeTbero JKe nyHKra, Ha KOTOphlii B i\8HHOM c.1yqae MO)!{HO 6hr-JIO o6paTHTh BHHMaHne, Ha no6epe)!{be A6xa3nH HeT. A 3TO ro-sopHr o roM, qro npH onpe!leJJeHHH MecronoJJo)!{eHHl! Tpaxen HeJib3H npHn.aBaTb onHcaHHID OpoKonHH pelllaiOIUero 3HaQeHHH. CaM OpoKoJJHH, KaK H3BecrHo, B A6xa311H HHKOri\a He 6b!JI H npH OTIHCaHHH TpaXeH li.eJIHKOM 3aBHCeJI OT TIOK833HH:fi CBOHX HH¢0pMaTOpOB, KOTOpble He Bceri\a MOfJIII a6COJIIOTHO TOqHQ OTIHCaTb MeCTHOCTb.

0!1HaKo 11alKe ecJIH HCXOI\HTb H3 paccKa3a OpoKonHll, TO ITpH)leTCR npH3H3Th, Y:TO ero OTIHC3HHe BC€-T8KH 6oJiee COOTBeT-CTByer AHaKOJJIIll, He)!{eJIH rarpa. TaK, npoKonnii nmuer, qro yKpenJieHHhiJ1 .1areph a6a3ros 6hw nocrpoeH Ha sepxymKe cKa-

l JJ.. Daxpa,113e. Kaaxa3 a ,llpeBHHX naMRTHnxax xpucTHaHCTBa. Tmfumc~ 1675 r., crp. 25 (paJp'llllKa Harua- 3. A.). ·

2 C. .U)l{aHaWHa, eoA. peBOJl. B fpy3HH, Tpy,ll,hl, T. I, T6HJ1HCH, 1949 r.~ CTp. 73 (Ha rpy3. H3.).

3 TaM Jt

.. bl, KOTopy!O OH xapaKTepH3yeT KaK «Q4eHb .OTBeCHY!O II rpo3-HY!O B CBOeil cypOBOCTH cKaJiy, H.IJ.YliiY!O OT .1arepl! .ll.O CaMOfO MOpH»I HeaapoM rpeqecKoe Ha3BaHHe 3Toro nyHKTa - «Tpa-xeH» 03H3IJaJio B nepeao.u.e «cyposo-KpeMHHCTa51». TaKoe onpe-.u.eJieHHe CM€.1JO MOIKHO OTHeCTH K l1sepcKOfi rope, Ha KOropoi\' 6biJia pacnoJio>KeHa QHTa,l(eJib AHaKonHH, nocKoJibKY 3Ta ropa, no CYTH ,QeJI·a, npe,QCTaBJIHeT C06oi\ orpOMHY!O CKaJiy, DOKpbiTYIO JIHlllb 04€Hb_ TOHKHM TI0'-IB€HHhiM CJIO€M.

CJie.n.yiOruHH MOMeHr, KorophrH raKJKe cJie.nyer YIIHTbrsarby 3To yKaaaHHe OpoKOITHH, liTO ToaxeH «no BeJIH4HHe Han6o.'lee 3Ha4HTeJibHoe yKpenJieHHe» a6a3roa. TaKoBoii MOrJia 6biTb TOJib-KO AHaKOITHH, KoropaH s noCJie.uyiOIUHe .n_sa croJieTJUl SfBJlSIJlacb cToJIHU.eH A6aarcKoro KH5DKecrsa2.

HaKOHeu, 04€Hh sa:tKHoe aHa4eHHe HMeer csH.u.ereJ1bCTBo OpoKOnHH o TOM, 4TO TpaxeH 6biJia pacnoJio>KeHa a6JIH3H rpa-Hl!IJ.bi Me>KAY A6a3mei\ !I AncliJIHeii - «3a npe)leJiaMH AnCH-JIIIH n p !I B x o Jl e B n p e Jl e JI bl a 6 a c r o B»3. OH coo61I(aeT .ll.3JI€€, 4TO K0fll,3 BH33HTHfiCKO€ BOil.cKO npH6J1H3HJIOCb H3 KO-

pa6JiliX K no6epe>Kb10 A6xa311H, To ORO «npHCTaJio K 6epery Me "' Jl y n p e Jl e JI a M H a 6 a c roB 11 an c 11 Jl He B»4 •

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1 TipoxonuA, Boii:Ha c roTaMR, cTp. 401. 2 TaM >roe. 3 TaM *e (pa3pH.IlKa Beane Hallla - 3. A.). • TaM }Ke (pa3pH.IlKa H&llla - 3. A.). 5 K. Ky.zzpRB~B, C6. MaTepHaJioB no ucrop. A6xa3HH, Cyxyu:. I922 r.,

CTp. 82.

! l

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