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Page 1: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

GEOFF ROB ISON PRESIDENT VINTAGE AIRCRAFT ASSOC IATION

AirVenture planning and the EAA Founders Wing

Holy cow Where did the year go 2008 is going by so fast it makes my head spin With fall weather

having completely fallen upon us now we are already facing the wrath of Old Man Winter blowing hard over the northern half of the country But what a year it has been I dont recall any recent years that have had so many strings of great weather days The most memorashyble was just before and during EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2008 It just doesnt get any better than that

In the aftermath of AirVenture 2008 we learned we had annoyed a number of members who became quite vocal about their discontent about this years aircraft parking plan They were particularly disshytressed about how areas set aside for type club parking impacted the ability for at large members who arrived early to access a parking spot that wasnt south of the Ultrashylight area

There were enough comments that its pretty clear there probably are even more of you who were also annoyed but have not yet conshytacted us

In the Vintage showplane parkshying area we have always felt it was important to provide vintage airshycraft parking and camping on a first-come first-served basis Not only is this the fairest of approaches to this issue it also happens to be the easiest plan to implement The only real exception to this plan over the decades of providing this service to our members has been

the limited amount of type club airshycraft parking Depending upon the wingspan of the various approved type club aircraft we typically have capacity for somewhere between 80 and 100 aircraft parked in this special parking area

A bit of quick history is in order at this point The 2008 convenshytion was my 25th Oshkosh event Thanks to the configuration of the airport and surrounding roadways the real estate available for parking

the cat got out of the bag when increasingly more members became

aware of our type club aircraft parkshy

ing area opportunities

and camping in our area has not been able to enlarge while expectashytions and requests for parking have continually increased

Six or seven years ago the cat got out of the bag when increasshyingly more members became aware of our type club aircraft parking area opportunities Since then we have experienced a growing number of Vintage type clubs requesting pershymission to be approved to particishy

pate in this popular VAA offering With a limited number of spaces weve done our best to rotate the clubs chosen for participation with different clubs chosen over the years That way we could share the wealth with as many members and clubs as possible We ve been pleased with the response both by the participating members and the public who are often looking for specific types of airplanes when they come to the convention

Recognizing the increasing deshymand for type club parking we atshytempted to grow the available real estate by dedicating additional rows of parking and camping That was not at all well-accepted by many members and I take full responsishybility for this misstep Our Parking Committee and the flightline volshyunteers were operating under my specific directions

This year we simply bit off more than we could chew and ended up annoying a fair number of you Even before the comments began arriving in my e-mail and in the mailboxes of the various leaders at EAA and VAA it was quite clear that we had irritated a bunch of folks who took the time and enshyergy to bring their aircraft to Oshshykosh Your letters and e-mails only reinforced this be lief Obviously we stretched the rubber band a little too tight and we now know we have to get back to the planshyning board on this important isshysue A top-to-bottom review of the overall plan needs to commence

continued on page 33

G NOVEMBERN E VOL 36 No 11 2008

CONTENTS I Fe Straight amp Level

AirVenture planning and the EAA Founders Wing by Geoff Robison

2 News

4 Preserving EAAs Culture for future generations by Gary Dikkers

6 AirVenture 2008 A bright spot in aviation Part II by HG Frautschy and Sparky Barnes Sargent

14 The 1928 Boeing 40C Sail on silver girl all your dreams are on their way by Sparky Barnes Sargent

22 Light Plane Heritage Remember the Razorback Aeronca by Bob Whittier

28 The Vintage Mechanic Invention of the magneto by Robert G Lock STAFF

EAA Publisher Tom Poberezny

34 Mystery Plane Director of EAA Publications Mary Jones

by HG Frautschy Executive DirectorEditor HG Frautschy ProductionSpecial Project Kathleen Witman News Editor Ric Reynolds

36 On Stearman Wings Photography Jim Koepnick

Where anything is possible Bonnie Kratz

by Philip Handleman Advertising Coordinator Sue Anderson Classified Ad Coordinator Lesley Poberezny

39 Classified Ads Copy Editor Colleen Walsh Director of Advertising Katrina Bradshaw

39 Calendar Display Advertising Representatives us Eastern Time ZonemiddotNortheast Ken Ross Specialized Pnblications Co 609-822middot3750 Fax 609middot957middot5650 kr4OcomcastnetCOVERS US Eastern Time ZonemiddotSoutheast Chester Baumgartner Specialized Pnblica tions Co

FRONT COVER The Pemberton family restored their amazing Boeing 40C with the help of more 727-532-4640 Fax 727middot532-4630 than 60 volunteers Sparky Barnes Sargent fills us in on the project in her article starting on page (baum 111milldspringcom

14 and we have a few of the details of the transcontinenta l airmail re-enactment flight in VAA US Central Time Zone Gary Worden News starting on page 2 Jim Koepnick photo Cessna 180 photo plane flown by Bruce Moore Specialized Pnblications Co

800middot444-9932 Fax 816-741-6458BACK COVER Member Bob Hollenbaugh a company retiree reminded us earlier this year that gary wordenSpc-magcom the Aeronautical Corporation of America better known by its contracted name Aeronca turns US Mountain and Pacific Time Zones John Gibson 80 years old this November Its first offerings to the general public were the Aeronca Cmiddot2 and Specialized Pnblications Co

916middot784-9593 Fax 510-217-3796the two-place follow-up design the C-3 The production of the lightweight airplane powered by iomgibsonSpcmagcom

a 36-hp engine signaled the beginning of the lightplane industry in the United States See Bob Europe Willi Tacke

Whittiers article on the beginnings of the company starting on page 22 Artwork from an origishy Phone +49(0)171698087 1 Fax +49(0)884 1 496012 nal black and white factory brochure additional watercolor wash by Theresa Books willilyillg-pagescom

VINTAGE AIRPLANE

PEMBERTON-TOBIN-SCOTT Transcontinental air-mail re-enactment

I dont know how they did it day after day says Addison Pemberton after the conclusion of a reshyenactment of the transcontinental air-mail flights pioneered in the 1920s Addison was recalling the difficulties encountered in the previous week as he and three friends flew across the country on a more leisurely pace than the schedule imposed on the early airshymail pilots To have done that on a regular schedule in all types of weather with the equipment they had was remarkable he tells us in an interview after the flight

The 2008 flight which included three airplanes flew across the country from Republic Field on New Yorks Long Island to the San Francisco Bay area The trip an official route of the US Post Office Department (700 pieces of mail were carried by the flight of three) took place over an eightshyday stretch including a four-day weather delay in Rochelle Illinois It took 28 flying hours to cross the continent A special educational display was planned for each of the 15 original air-mail stops during the flight re-enactment which commemorates the 90th anniversary of air-mail service

Pemberton flew his newly restored 1928 Boeing Model 40 (for more on the Boeing see the article starting on page 13) Accompanying the Boeing were Larry Tobin flying his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott flying his 1930 Stearman 4E

Tobin who retired from a career as a pilot for TWA flew his last trip with a 767 from New York to San Francisco Repeating it with his restored Stearman was a real

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Then and now 1928-Grant Donaldson (pilot) standing on the wheel of 5339 shaking the hand of Bill Boeing 2008-Addison Pemberton (pilot) standing on 5339 shaking the hand of Bill Boeing Jr with Boeing CEO Scott Carlson

N O VEMBER 2008 2

Two of the three commercial biplanes that made the transcontinenshytal air-mail re-enactment flight Larry Tobins Stearman C3B and Addishyson Pemberton s Boeing 40C Photo by George Perks from Ben Scotts Stearman 4E

treat Scott flew the same airplane his father William Keith Scott had taken delivery of when it was new in 1930 Now splendidly restored after having been away from the family for decades the 4E is like the other three biplanes a design originally intended for commercial air-mail service

Thanks to sponsorship of Bill Boeing Jr The Boeing Company and Jeppesen the three modern pilots started off from New Yorks Republic Field on September 10 with stops in Bellefonte Pennsylvania and ending the day in Cleveland Then it was off to Bryan Ohio and Lansing Illinois The next overnight stop was to be Iowa City Iowa but a stalled warm front filled with moist air put a kink in that plan and the trio descended into Rochelle Illinois for what would wind up being a three-night stay with a departure as the weather began to break on September 15

Ducking out under the cloud deck a hundred miles to the west the skies cleared up and it was on to Iowa City and Grand Island Nebraska for an overnight stop With clear skies and the Rockies ahead the gang departed at dawn on the 16th headed for North

Platte Nebraska Then it was on to the only

state with three stops-Wyoming Stops were made in Cheyenne and Rawlins and an overnight stop was made in Rock Springs The next day September 17 the three biplanes were in the heart of the Rockies and on to the Sierras with stops in Salt Lake City Utah and Elko Nevada before stopping for the night in Reno On the last day it was over the mountaintops a nice downhill run to Hayward California an airshymail salute as the biplanes disgorged their cargo of special air mail and then a tour of the San Francisco Bay area Hosted by VAA Chapter 29 the pilots had a great time before Tobin and Addison headed home with their mail planes while Scott returned to Reno Unfortunately Tobins Stearman had an engine failure over inhospitable terrain (both he and Addison believe it was due to heavy carb icing) A forced landing in a very small field resulted in extensive damage to the Stearman but thankfully not a scratch to the pilot

George Perks flew with the trio and created a beautiful photo blog of the adventure You can view it at wwwAirSpaceMagcom

Upcoming Major Fly-Ins

US Sport Aviat ion Expo Sebring Regional Ai rport (SEF) Sebring FL January 22-25 2009 wwwSport-Aviation-Expocom

Aero Frledrlchshafen Messe Friedrichshafen Friedrichshafen Germany April 2-5 2009 wwwAero-Friedrichshafencom html en

Sun n Fun Fly-In Lakeland Linder Regional Airport (LAL) Lakeland FL April 21-26 2009 wwwSun-N-Funorg

Virginia Regional Festival of flight Suffolk Executive Airport (SFQ) Suffolk VA May 30-31 2009 www VirginiaFlylnorg

Golden West Regional Fly-In Yuba County Airport (MYV) Marysville CA June 12-14 2009 wwwGoldenWestFlylnorg

Rocky Mountain Regional Fly-In Front Range Airport (FTG) Watkins CO TBD wwwRMRFIorg

Arlington Fly-In Arlington MuniCipal Airport (AWO) Arlington WA July 8-12 2009 wwwNWEMorg

EAA AlrVenture Oshkosh Wittman Regional Airport (OSH) Oshkosh WI July 27-August 2 2009 wwwAirVentureorg

MId-Eastern Regional Fly-In Grimes Field Airport (174) Urbana OH September 12-132009 wwwMERFIinfo

Southeast Regional Fly-In Middleton Field Airport (GZH) Evergreen AL October 23-25 2009 wwwSERFIorg

Copperstate Regional Fly-In Casa Grande Municipal Airport (CGZ) Casa Grande AZ October 22-25 2009 wwwCopperstateorg

For details on EM chapter fly-ins and other local aviation events visit wwwEAAorg events

VI N TAGE AIR P L AN E 3

Preserving EAAs Culture bull bull bull for future generations GARY DIKKERS EAA 634044

KEY 1 EAA Legacy mezzanine gallery 2 Reconstruction of Paul and Audreys original basement office 3 Founders Library 4 Accessable storage space 5 6 and 7 Baby Ace Waco Primary Glider and Little Audrey 8 Education and Event space

The newest exhibit being deshyveloped for the EAA AirVenshyture Museum-the Founders

Wing-is dedicated to preserving EAAs heritage and culture for fushyture generations of EAA members The exhibit which is expected to open for EAA AirVenture Oshshykosh 2009 will occupy the former Cess na Restoration Center The mezzanine level exhibit will inshyclude a re-creation of the first ofshyfices of EAA which were located in the basement of Paul and Audrey Pobereznys home in Hales Corshyners Wisconsin It will also include the Paul H and Audrey L Pobershyezny Founders Library which will be open to visitors to peruse the

NOVEMBER 2008

volumes of books and artifacts that Paul and Audrey have retained and preserved over the years

A third element of the exhibit will be the Legacy Wall which will highshylight the initiatives that have been keystone achievements during EAAs history including its emphasis on homebuilding freedoms as its foundshying theme as well as chapter and Young Eagles programs and more

The main floor of the exhibit will be a special-use area reserved for outreach activities and events for youth and adult aviation education The wa ll displays surrounding the event space will recall the history of EAAs annual fly-in convention throughout the years from its origin

in Milwaukee through its days in Rockford Illinois and on to todays recognition as the worlds greatest aviation celebration

This artist rendering depict the current planned use of the exhibit space as construction begins in earnest within the next couple of months As Tom Poberezny wrote in his Position Report in the Octoshyber issue liThe Founders Wing will preserve the culture and core valshyues of EAA which are essential to our future Organizations spend millions of dollars to build their hisshytory after its too late EAA has not made that mistakeI

To learn more or to contribute visit wwwEAAorgFoundersWing

4

Experimental Aircraft Association

Paul H Poberezny Founder

Chairman of the Board

I have been very pleased and proud of the progress that our EAA vintage aircraft division has made over the many years of its existence It seems like only yesterday when in the basement meeting room of our new EAA headquarters in Hales Corners in the mid 1960s I called together a small group of EAAers whose interests were of airplanes of the good old days Look at the progress and dedicated enthusiasm that the officers directors and members have given to this part of EAAs story

Some may have wondered about my personal interest in vintage airplanes or may have felt that my heart lies with homebuilt or warbird aircraft Not so I care for anything that flies and the folks who make it all possible I was interested in vintage airplanes long before my thoughts of founding an organization such as yourEAA

In high school I was the proud owner of a 1928 long-nose OX-5- powered American Eagle biplane (no brakes and a tailskid) that my dad and I purchased from Dale Crites of Waukesha Wisconsin for $250 ($125 of which dad borrowed from the bank) It was a learning lesson- piloting and being a mechanic both learning and doing- including a few forced landings As part of my early career during World War II I flew my OX-5 Waco 10 to Helena Arkansas- 16 forced landings- where I was a primary flight instructor in PT-23s and -19s

Some 55 years have passed since the founding ofEAA A lot has happened and thousands or maybe millions of lives have been touched by your organization As many of you know Audrey and I are donating our collection of 55 years of your organizations history to the planned Founders Wing that will be built in the current EAA Restoration Center in the main EAA AirVenture Museum building Plans have been drawn up contractors selected and financial contributions have gotten the project underway The Founders Library dedication ceremony and completion date is scheduled for the opening of EAA AirVenture 2009

Sincerely EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT ASSOCIATION

- shy

EAAAviation Center Po SC 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903middot3086 middot 920426middot4814middot FAX 920426-6504

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 5

by HG Frautschy and Marcia Sparky Barnes Sargent

6 NOVEMBER 2008

With a six-cylinder inline Ranger engine under the long cowl the Fairchild 24R has always been a favorite of freeshyflight scale modelers These pretty examples belong to Terry Blaser Menomonee Falls Wisconsin (foreground NC81361) and the Grand Champion Antique of the 1974 EAA fly-in N77661 is now owned and flown by Mike and Barb Thern of Winona Minnesota

The Reserve Grand Champion Contemporary award winner is this beautiful 1963 Beech Travel Air restored by the father-and-son team of Mark and Miles Malone of Camarillo California Well have much more on this restoshyration in a later issue of Vintage Airplane

LEFT A gathering storm that passed to the north of the airport certainly didnt stop the Hay family and their most welcome return to the convention grounds after a couple of years absence Their decidedly flightless ornishythopter is powered by an antique one-Iunger gasoline engine Welcome home Hays

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 7

This nice 1959 Cessna 175 on a pair of Baumann amphibious floats anchors the row of Cessna 175s set up to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 175

Theres no truth to the rumor that Shashyron Krengel (VAA volunteer Larrys wife) is actually spinning thread to weave new Grade A cotton For more than a decade Sharon has brought her spinning wheel to the EAA convention spinning alpaca wool into yarn throughout the week

NOVEMBER 2008

Hey Dad look at that says Blake Deaton as he and his fashyther Jeff haul some of their camping supplies to storage The Deatons bring their Beech E35 Bonanza to the convention from Morehead City North Carolina

With the new Wittman tower rising above the trees Gerald Baushyerle of Hammond Louisiana taxis out for departure on Runway 36L with his Globe GC-1B Swift

8

N b k We asked VAA member and Vintage Airplane contributing editor Marcia

SPa r kYS ote 00 Sparky Barnes Sa~gent to visit with VAAers on the flightline Here are some of the interesting folks she met Photos by Sparky Barnes Sargent

EAA and VAA member Hal Cope started his trip to AirVenture by flying his Contishynental IO-360-powered 1946 Temco Swift from Spring Texas to Lake Elmo Minneshysota where a gathering of Swifts takes place virtually every year Eight Swifts flew into Wittman Field together after the gathering Cope whose Swift is only two days older than he is has been flying N3303K into Oshkosh for 15 years now and keeps coming back because he likes the camaraderie and friendship-everyshybody seems to reJax here a lot more than they normally would They let loose and allow themselves to be friends with other people And since it is the largest fly-in in the world you have all of the new electronics new airplanes and just everything here in one spot Copes Swift previously won the Preservation Award (2007) and a Lindy Award at AirVenture Grand Champion Custom Classic award at Sun n Fun (2002) and the Grand Chamshypion award three times at the Swift Museum Foundations Swift National Fly-In in Athens Tennessee

NC33587 a Piper J-3C-65 registered to Joel McKinzie of Lake Crystal Minneshy

sota was out enjoying a late-afternoon flight during AirVenture It was photoshy

graphed as it taxied into the EAA Seashyplane Base in the golden glow of the

setting sun Seaplane attendance was good this year as evidenced by the

planes in the background

These two look-alike Cessnas caught the photograshyphers eye in the Vintage camping area N2538D is a 1952 145-hp Cessna 170B registered to Larry Schleinat of Denton Texas The 1950 100-hp Cessna 140A N5313C is registered to James Huff-also of Denton Texas

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 9

This striking conversion of an early Cessna 150 to a taildragger belongs to Bob McBride Jr It was the winner of the Contemporary Class I (0-160 hp) Single Engine award

We suspect the crew of Madonna and Merrill McMahans Stearman prefers camping in Audrey s woods to staying in a hotel

Steve Krog (left) president of the Cub Club and editor of the clubs newsletter (and VAA dishyrectorType Club Tent chairman-phew Good thing he s retired now) was this years honshyoree presented with the Bax Seat Trophy at EMs Theater in the Woods Bax was known for his unbridled love of flight and the Bax Seat Trophy is presented annually by FLYING magazine for perpetuating the Gordon Baxter tradition of communicating the excitement and romance of flight Tom Benenson (right) of FLYING presented the award to Steve

Departure morning Oshkosh The tents rain fly is draped to dry in the morning sun and breeze as the wings are wiped down

10 NOVEMBER 2008

Alan Rebers Interstate S-1A Cadet was flown in from Indianapolis

Tony Millers Twin Beech E18S was the winner of an Outstand ing Customized Contemporary aircraft Bronze Lindy

John Seibold s 1929 Curtiss-Wright Travel Air

A-6000-A restored by Chuck Wentworth s Anshy

tique Aero was flown to the convention along with the Grand Canyon Ford Tri-Motor N414H The Travel Air was seshy

lected as the Silver Age Runner-Up

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 11

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

AUA is Vintage Aircraft Association approved To become a member of VAA call 8oomiddot843middot36J2

Aviation insurance with the EAA Vintage Program oHars Lower premiums with payment options - Additional coverages - Flexibility on the use of your aircraft - Experienced agents On-line quote request available - AUA is licensed in all states

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

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Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

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Always Flying Aircraft Restoration LLC AampP IA Annual 100 hr inspections

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Flight Comes ~ALIVE~ Members get in FREE wwwairventuremuseumorg

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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Robert C Brauer EE Buck Hilbert 9345 S Hoyne 8 102 Leech Rd

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MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION EAA

Membership in the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is $40 for one year includshying 12 issues of SPORT AVIATION Family membership is an additio nal $10 annually Junio r Membership (under 19 yea rs of age) is ava ilable at $23 annually All major credit cards accepted for membership (Add $16 for Foreign Postage_)

EAA SPORT PILOT Current EAA m embe rs may add EAA

SPORT PILOT magazine fo r an additional $20 per year

EAA M e mbership a nd EAA SPO R T PILOT magazine is available fo r $40 per year (SPORT AVIATION m agaZine not inshycluded) (Add $16 for Foreign Postage)

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Vintage Aircra ft Association and receive VINTAGE AIRPLANE m agazine for an ad shyditional $36 per year

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lAC Current EAA m embers may join the

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WARBIRDS Current EAA members may join the EAA

Warbirds o f America Division and receive WARBIRDS magaZine for an additional $45 per year

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FOREIGN MEMBERSHIPS Please submit your remitta n ce with a

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EDITORIAL POLICY Members are encouraged to submij stories and photographs Policy opinions expressed in articles are solely those of the authors Responsibility for accuracy in reporfing rests entirely with the contributor No remuneration is made Material should be sent to Edijor VINTAGE AIRPLANE PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Phone 920-426-4800

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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ENJOY THE PRIVILEGE OF PARTNERSHIP EAA Members who are considering the or lease of a Motor Company vehicle should be sure to take of the Ford Partner Recognition Program Your membership benefits qualify you for X-Plan pricing which could save you as much as $930 on a2009 Ford Focus

EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

Get your personal identification number (PIN) and learn about the great value of Partner RecognitionIX-Plan at wwwfordpartnercom

Page 2: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

G NOVEMBERN E VOL 36 No 11 2008

CONTENTS I Fe Straight amp Level

AirVenture planning and the EAA Founders Wing by Geoff Robison

2 News

4 Preserving EAAs Culture for future generations by Gary Dikkers

6 AirVenture 2008 A bright spot in aviation Part II by HG Frautschy and Sparky Barnes Sargent

14 The 1928 Boeing 40C Sail on silver girl all your dreams are on their way by Sparky Barnes Sargent

22 Light Plane Heritage Remember the Razorback Aeronca by Bob Whittier

28 The Vintage Mechanic Invention of the magneto by Robert G Lock STAFF

EAA Publisher Tom Poberezny

34 Mystery Plane Director of EAA Publications Mary Jones

by HG Frautschy Executive DirectorEditor HG Frautschy ProductionSpecial Project Kathleen Witman News Editor Ric Reynolds

36 On Stearman Wings Photography Jim Koepnick

Where anything is possible Bonnie Kratz

by Philip Handleman Advertising Coordinator Sue Anderson Classified Ad Coordinator Lesley Poberezny

39 Classified Ads Copy Editor Colleen Walsh Director of Advertising Katrina Bradshaw

39 Calendar Display Advertising Representatives us Eastern Time ZonemiddotNortheast Ken Ross Specialized Pnblications Co 609-822middot3750 Fax 609middot957middot5650 kr4OcomcastnetCOVERS US Eastern Time ZonemiddotSoutheast Chester Baumgartner Specialized Pnblica tions Co

FRONT COVER The Pemberton family restored their amazing Boeing 40C with the help of more 727-532-4640 Fax 727middot532-4630 than 60 volunteers Sparky Barnes Sargent fills us in on the project in her article starting on page (baum 111milldspringcom

14 and we have a few of the details of the transcontinenta l airmail re-enactment flight in VAA US Central Time Zone Gary Worden News starting on page 2 Jim Koepnick photo Cessna 180 photo plane flown by Bruce Moore Specialized Pnblications Co

800middot444-9932 Fax 816-741-6458BACK COVER Member Bob Hollenbaugh a company retiree reminded us earlier this year that gary wordenSpc-magcom the Aeronautical Corporation of America better known by its contracted name Aeronca turns US Mountain and Pacific Time Zones John Gibson 80 years old this November Its first offerings to the general public were the Aeronca Cmiddot2 and Specialized Pnblications Co

916middot784-9593 Fax 510-217-3796the two-place follow-up design the C-3 The production of the lightweight airplane powered by iomgibsonSpcmagcom

a 36-hp engine signaled the beginning of the lightplane industry in the United States See Bob Europe Willi Tacke

Whittiers article on the beginnings of the company starting on page 22 Artwork from an origishy Phone +49(0)171698087 1 Fax +49(0)884 1 496012 nal black and white factory brochure additional watercolor wash by Theresa Books willilyillg-pagescom

VINTAGE AIRPLANE

PEMBERTON-TOBIN-SCOTT Transcontinental air-mail re-enactment

I dont know how they did it day after day says Addison Pemberton after the conclusion of a reshyenactment of the transcontinental air-mail flights pioneered in the 1920s Addison was recalling the difficulties encountered in the previous week as he and three friends flew across the country on a more leisurely pace than the schedule imposed on the early airshymail pilots To have done that on a regular schedule in all types of weather with the equipment they had was remarkable he tells us in an interview after the flight

The 2008 flight which included three airplanes flew across the country from Republic Field on New Yorks Long Island to the San Francisco Bay area The trip an official route of the US Post Office Department (700 pieces of mail were carried by the flight of three) took place over an eightshyday stretch including a four-day weather delay in Rochelle Illinois It took 28 flying hours to cross the continent A special educational display was planned for each of the 15 original air-mail stops during the flight re-enactment which commemorates the 90th anniversary of air-mail service

Pemberton flew his newly restored 1928 Boeing Model 40 (for more on the Boeing see the article starting on page 13) Accompanying the Boeing were Larry Tobin flying his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott flying his 1930 Stearman 4E

Tobin who retired from a career as a pilot for TWA flew his last trip with a 767 from New York to San Francisco Repeating it with his restored Stearman was a real

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Then and now 1928-Grant Donaldson (pilot) standing on the wheel of 5339 shaking the hand of Bill Boeing 2008-Addison Pemberton (pilot) standing on 5339 shaking the hand of Bill Boeing Jr with Boeing CEO Scott Carlson

N O VEMBER 2008 2

Two of the three commercial biplanes that made the transcontinenshytal air-mail re-enactment flight Larry Tobins Stearman C3B and Addishyson Pemberton s Boeing 40C Photo by George Perks from Ben Scotts Stearman 4E

treat Scott flew the same airplane his father William Keith Scott had taken delivery of when it was new in 1930 Now splendidly restored after having been away from the family for decades the 4E is like the other three biplanes a design originally intended for commercial air-mail service

Thanks to sponsorship of Bill Boeing Jr The Boeing Company and Jeppesen the three modern pilots started off from New Yorks Republic Field on September 10 with stops in Bellefonte Pennsylvania and ending the day in Cleveland Then it was off to Bryan Ohio and Lansing Illinois The next overnight stop was to be Iowa City Iowa but a stalled warm front filled with moist air put a kink in that plan and the trio descended into Rochelle Illinois for what would wind up being a three-night stay with a departure as the weather began to break on September 15

Ducking out under the cloud deck a hundred miles to the west the skies cleared up and it was on to Iowa City and Grand Island Nebraska for an overnight stop With clear skies and the Rockies ahead the gang departed at dawn on the 16th headed for North

Platte Nebraska Then it was on to the only

state with three stops-Wyoming Stops were made in Cheyenne and Rawlins and an overnight stop was made in Rock Springs The next day September 17 the three biplanes were in the heart of the Rockies and on to the Sierras with stops in Salt Lake City Utah and Elko Nevada before stopping for the night in Reno On the last day it was over the mountaintops a nice downhill run to Hayward California an airshymail salute as the biplanes disgorged their cargo of special air mail and then a tour of the San Francisco Bay area Hosted by VAA Chapter 29 the pilots had a great time before Tobin and Addison headed home with their mail planes while Scott returned to Reno Unfortunately Tobins Stearman had an engine failure over inhospitable terrain (both he and Addison believe it was due to heavy carb icing) A forced landing in a very small field resulted in extensive damage to the Stearman but thankfully not a scratch to the pilot

George Perks flew with the trio and created a beautiful photo blog of the adventure You can view it at wwwAirSpaceMagcom

Upcoming Major Fly-Ins

US Sport Aviat ion Expo Sebring Regional Ai rport (SEF) Sebring FL January 22-25 2009 wwwSport-Aviation-Expocom

Aero Frledrlchshafen Messe Friedrichshafen Friedrichshafen Germany April 2-5 2009 wwwAero-Friedrichshafencom html en

Sun n Fun Fly-In Lakeland Linder Regional Airport (LAL) Lakeland FL April 21-26 2009 wwwSun-N-Funorg

Virginia Regional Festival of flight Suffolk Executive Airport (SFQ) Suffolk VA May 30-31 2009 www VirginiaFlylnorg

Golden West Regional Fly-In Yuba County Airport (MYV) Marysville CA June 12-14 2009 wwwGoldenWestFlylnorg

Rocky Mountain Regional Fly-In Front Range Airport (FTG) Watkins CO TBD wwwRMRFIorg

Arlington Fly-In Arlington MuniCipal Airport (AWO) Arlington WA July 8-12 2009 wwwNWEMorg

EAA AlrVenture Oshkosh Wittman Regional Airport (OSH) Oshkosh WI July 27-August 2 2009 wwwAirVentureorg

MId-Eastern Regional Fly-In Grimes Field Airport (174) Urbana OH September 12-132009 wwwMERFIinfo

Southeast Regional Fly-In Middleton Field Airport (GZH) Evergreen AL October 23-25 2009 wwwSERFIorg

Copperstate Regional Fly-In Casa Grande Municipal Airport (CGZ) Casa Grande AZ October 22-25 2009 wwwCopperstateorg

For details on EM chapter fly-ins and other local aviation events visit wwwEAAorg events

VI N TAGE AIR P L AN E 3

Preserving EAAs Culture bull bull bull for future generations GARY DIKKERS EAA 634044

KEY 1 EAA Legacy mezzanine gallery 2 Reconstruction of Paul and Audreys original basement office 3 Founders Library 4 Accessable storage space 5 6 and 7 Baby Ace Waco Primary Glider and Little Audrey 8 Education and Event space

The newest exhibit being deshyveloped for the EAA AirVenshyture Museum-the Founders

Wing-is dedicated to preserving EAAs heritage and culture for fushyture generations of EAA members The exhibit which is expected to open for EAA AirVenture Oshshykosh 2009 will occupy the former Cess na Restoration Center The mezzanine level exhibit will inshyclude a re-creation of the first ofshyfices of EAA which were located in the basement of Paul and Audrey Pobereznys home in Hales Corshyners Wisconsin It will also include the Paul H and Audrey L Pobershyezny Founders Library which will be open to visitors to peruse the

NOVEMBER 2008

volumes of books and artifacts that Paul and Audrey have retained and preserved over the years

A third element of the exhibit will be the Legacy Wall which will highshylight the initiatives that have been keystone achievements during EAAs history including its emphasis on homebuilding freedoms as its foundshying theme as well as chapter and Young Eagles programs and more

The main floor of the exhibit will be a special-use area reserved for outreach activities and events for youth and adult aviation education The wa ll displays surrounding the event space will recall the history of EAAs annual fly-in convention throughout the years from its origin

in Milwaukee through its days in Rockford Illinois and on to todays recognition as the worlds greatest aviation celebration

This artist rendering depict the current planned use of the exhibit space as construction begins in earnest within the next couple of months As Tom Poberezny wrote in his Position Report in the Octoshyber issue liThe Founders Wing will preserve the culture and core valshyues of EAA which are essential to our future Organizations spend millions of dollars to build their hisshytory after its too late EAA has not made that mistakeI

To learn more or to contribute visit wwwEAAorgFoundersWing

4

Experimental Aircraft Association

Paul H Poberezny Founder

Chairman of the Board

I have been very pleased and proud of the progress that our EAA vintage aircraft division has made over the many years of its existence It seems like only yesterday when in the basement meeting room of our new EAA headquarters in Hales Corners in the mid 1960s I called together a small group of EAAers whose interests were of airplanes of the good old days Look at the progress and dedicated enthusiasm that the officers directors and members have given to this part of EAAs story

Some may have wondered about my personal interest in vintage airplanes or may have felt that my heart lies with homebuilt or warbird aircraft Not so I care for anything that flies and the folks who make it all possible I was interested in vintage airplanes long before my thoughts of founding an organization such as yourEAA

In high school I was the proud owner of a 1928 long-nose OX-5- powered American Eagle biplane (no brakes and a tailskid) that my dad and I purchased from Dale Crites of Waukesha Wisconsin for $250 ($125 of which dad borrowed from the bank) It was a learning lesson- piloting and being a mechanic both learning and doing- including a few forced landings As part of my early career during World War II I flew my OX-5 Waco 10 to Helena Arkansas- 16 forced landings- where I was a primary flight instructor in PT-23s and -19s

Some 55 years have passed since the founding ofEAA A lot has happened and thousands or maybe millions of lives have been touched by your organization As many of you know Audrey and I are donating our collection of 55 years of your organizations history to the planned Founders Wing that will be built in the current EAA Restoration Center in the main EAA AirVenture Museum building Plans have been drawn up contractors selected and financial contributions have gotten the project underway The Founders Library dedication ceremony and completion date is scheduled for the opening of EAA AirVenture 2009

Sincerely EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT ASSOCIATION

- shy

EAAAviation Center Po SC 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903middot3086 middot 920426middot4814middot FAX 920426-6504

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 5

by HG Frautschy and Marcia Sparky Barnes Sargent

6 NOVEMBER 2008

With a six-cylinder inline Ranger engine under the long cowl the Fairchild 24R has always been a favorite of freeshyflight scale modelers These pretty examples belong to Terry Blaser Menomonee Falls Wisconsin (foreground NC81361) and the Grand Champion Antique of the 1974 EAA fly-in N77661 is now owned and flown by Mike and Barb Thern of Winona Minnesota

The Reserve Grand Champion Contemporary award winner is this beautiful 1963 Beech Travel Air restored by the father-and-son team of Mark and Miles Malone of Camarillo California Well have much more on this restoshyration in a later issue of Vintage Airplane

LEFT A gathering storm that passed to the north of the airport certainly didnt stop the Hay family and their most welcome return to the convention grounds after a couple of years absence Their decidedly flightless ornishythopter is powered by an antique one-Iunger gasoline engine Welcome home Hays

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 7

This nice 1959 Cessna 175 on a pair of Baumann amphibious floats anchors the row of Cessna 175s set up to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 175

Theres no truth to the rumor that Shashyron Krengel (VAA volunteer Larrys wife) is actually spinning thread to weave new Grade A cotton For more than a decade Sharon has brought her spinning wheel to the EAA convention spinning alpaca wool into yarn throughout the week

NOVEMBER 2008

Hey Dad look at that says Blake Deaton as he and his fashyther Jeff haul some of their camping supplies to storage The Deatons bring their Beech E35 Bonanza to the convention from Morehead City North Carolina

With the new Wittman tower rising above the trees Gerald Baushyerle of Hammond Louisiana taxis out for departure on Runway 36L with his Globe GC-1B Swift

8

N b k We asked VAA member and Vintage Airplane contributing editor Marcia

SPa r kYS ote 00 Sparky Barnes Sa~gent to visit with VAAers on the flightline Here are some of the interesting folks she met Photos by Sparky Barnes Sargent

EAA and VAA member Hal Cope started his trip to AirVenture by flying his Contishynental IO-360-powered 1946 Temco Swift from Spring Texas to Lake Elmo Minneshysota where a gathering of Swifts takes place virtually every year Eight Swifts flew into Wittman Field together after the gathering Cope whose Swift is only two days older than he is has been flying N3303K into Oshkosh for 15 years now and keeps coming back because he likes the camaraderie and friendship-everyshybody seems to reJax here a lot more than they normally would They let loose and allow themselves to be friends with other people And since it is the largest fly-in in the world you have all of the new electronics new airplanes and just everything here in one spot Copes Swift previously won the Preservation Award (2007) and a Lindy Award at AirVenture Grand Champion Custom Classic award at Sun n Fun (2002) and the Grand Chamshypion award three times at the Swift Museum Foundations Swift National Fly-In in Athens Tennessee

NC33587 a Piper J-3C-65 registered to Joel McKinzie of Lake Crystal Minneshy

sota was out enjoying a late-afternoon flight during AirVenture It was photoshy

graphed as it taxied into the EAA Seashyplane Base in the golden glow of the

setting sun Seaplane attendance was good this year as evidenced by the

planes in the background

These two look-alike Cessnas caught the photograshyphers eye in the Vintage camping area N2538D is a 1952 145-hp Cessna 170B registered to Larry Schleinat of Denton Texas The 1950 100-hp Cessna 140A N5313C is registered to James Huff-also of Denton Texas

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 9

This striking conversion of an early Cessna 150 to a taildragger belongs to Bob McBride Jr It was the winner of the Contemporary Class I (0-160 hp) Single Engine award

We suspect the crew of Madonna and Merrill McMahans Stearman prefers camping in Audrey s woods to staying in a hotel

Steve Krog (left) president of the Cub Club and editor of the clubs newsletter (and VAA dishyrectorType Club Tent chairman-phew Good thing he s retired now) was this years honshyoree presented with the Bax Seat Trophy at EMs Theater in the Woods Bax was known for his unbridled love of flight and the Bax Seat Trophy is presented annually by FLYING magazine for perpetuating the Gordon Baxter tradition of communicating the excitement and romance of flight Tom Benenson (right) of FLYING presented the award to Steve

Departure morning Oshkosh The tents rain fly is draped to dry in the morning sun and breeze as the wings are wiped down

10 NOVEMBER 2008

Alan Rebers Interstate S-1A Cadet was flown in from Indianapolis

Tony Millers Twin Beech E18S was the winner of an Outstand ing Customized Contemporary aircraft Bronze Lindy

John Seibold s 1929 Curtiss-Wright Travel Air

A-6000-A restored by Chuck Wentworth s Anshy

tique Aero was flown to the convention along with the Grand Canyon Ford Tri-Motor N414H The Travel Air was seshy

lected as the Silver Age Runner-Up

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 11

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

AUA is Vintage Aircraft Association approved To become a member of VAA call 8oomiddot843middot36J2

Aviation insurance with the EAA Vintage Program oHars Lower premiums with payment options - Additional coverages - Flexibility on the use of your aircraft - Experienced agents On-line quote request available - AUA is licensed in all states

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

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of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

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Flying wires available 1994 pricing Visit www flyingwirescom or call 800-517 -927S

SERVICES

Always Flying Aircraft Restoration LLC AampP IA Annual 100 hr inspections

Wayne Forshey 740-472-1481 Ohio - statewide

Flight Comes ~ALIVE~ Members get in FREE wwwairventuremuseumorg

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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Page 3: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

PEMBERTON-TOBIN-SCOTT Transcontinental air-mail re-enactment

I dont know how they did it day after day says Addison Pemberton after the conclusion of a reshyenactment of the transcontinental air-mail flights pioneered in the 1920s Addison was recalling the difficulties encountered in the previous week as he and three friends flew across the country on a more leisurely pace than the schedule imposed on the early airshymail pilots To have done that on a regular schedule in all types of weather with the equipment they had was remarkable he tells us in an interview after the flight

The 2008 flight which included three airplanes flew across the country from Republic Field on New Yorks Long Island to the San Francisco Bay area The trip an official route of the US Post Office Department (700 pieces of mail were carried by the flight of three) took place over an eightshyday stretch including a four-day weather delay in Rochelle Illinois It took 28 flying hours to cross the continent A special educational display was planned for each of the 15 original air-mail stops during the flight re-enactment which commemorates the 90th anniversary of air-mail service

Pemberton flew his newly restored 1928 Boeing Model 40 (for more on the Boeing see the article starting on page 13) Accompanying the Boeing were Larry Tobin flying his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott flying his 1930 Stearman 4E

Tobin who retired from a career as a pilot for TWA flew his last trip with a 767 from New York to San Francisco Repeating it with his restored Stearman was a real

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Then and now 1928-Grant Donaldson (pilot) standing on the wheel of 5339 shaking the hand of Bill Boeing 2008-Addison Pemberton (pilot) standing on 5339 shaking the hand of Bill Boeing Jr with Boeing CEO Scott Carlson

N O VEMBER 2008 2

Two of the three commercial biplanes that made the transcontinenshytal air-mail re-enactment flight Larry Tobins Stearman C3B and Addishyson Pemberton s Boeing 40C Photo by George Perks from Ben Scotts Stearman 4E

treat Scott flew the same airplane his father William Keith Scott had taken delivery of when it was new in 1930 Now splendidly restored after having been away from the family for decades the 4E is like the other three biplanes a design originally intended for commercial air-mail service

Thanks to sponsorship of Bill Boeing Jr The Boeing Company and Jeppesen the three modern pilots started off from New Yorks Republic Field on September 10 with stops in Bellefonte Pennsylvania and ending the day in Cleveland Then it was off to Bryan Ohio and Lansing Illinois The next overnight stop was to be Iowa City Iowa but a stalled warm front filled with moist air put a kink in that plan and the trio descended into Rochelle Illinois for what would wind up being a three-night stay with a departure as the weather began to break on September 15

Ducking out under the cloud deck a hundred miles to the west the skies cleared up and it was on to Iowa City and Grand Island Nebraska for an overnight stop With clear skies and the Rockies ahead the gang departed at dawn on the 16th headed for North

Platte Nebraska Then it was on to the only

state with three stops-Wyoming Stops were made in Cheyenne and Rawlins and an overnight stop was made in Rock Springs The next day September 17 the three biplanes were in the heart of the Rockies and on to the Sierras with stops in Salt Lake City Utah and Elko Nevada before stopping for the night in Reno On the last day it was over the mountaintops a nice downhill run to Hayward California an airshymail salute as the biplanes disgorged their cargo of special air mail and then a tour of the San Francisco Bay area Hosted by VAA Chapter 29 the pilots had a great time before Tobin and Addison headed home with their mail planes while Scott returned to Reno Unfortunately Tobins Stearman had an engine failure over inhospitable terrain (both he and Addison believe it was due to heavy carb icing) A forced landing in a very small field resulted in extensive damage to the Stearman but thankfully not a scratch to the pilot

George Perks flew with the trio and created a beautiful photo blog of the adventure You can view it at wwwAirSpaceMagcom

Upcoming Major Fly-Ins

US Sport Aviat ion Expo Sebring Regional Ai rport (SEF) Sebring FL January 22-25 2009 wwwSport-Aviation-Expocom

Aero Frledrlchshafen Messe Friedrichshafen Friedrichshafen Germany April 2-5 2009 wwwAero-Friedrichshafencom html en

Sun n Fun Fly-In Lakeland Linder Regional Airport (LAL) Lakeland FL April 21-26 2009 wwwSun-N-Funorg

Virginia Regional Festival of flight Suffolk Executive Airport (SFQ) Suffolk VA May 30-31 2009 www VirginiaFlylnorg

Golden West Regional Fly-In Yuba County Airport (MYV) Marysville CA June 12-14 2009 wwwGoldenWestFlylnorg

Rocky Mountain Regional Fly-In Front Range Airport (FTG) Watkins CO TBD wwwRMRFIorg

Arlington Fly-In Arlington MuniCipal Airport (AWO) Arlington WA July 8-12 2009 wwwNWEMorg

EAA AlrVenture Oshkosh Wittman Regional Airport (OSH) Oshkosh WI July 27-August 2 2009 wwwAirVentureorg

MId-Eastern Regional Fly-In Grimes Field Airport (174) Urbana OH September 12-132009 wwwMERFIinfo

Southeast Regional Fly-In Middleton Field Airport (GZH) Evergreen AL October 23-25 2009 wwwSERFIorg

Copperstate Regional Fly-In Casa Grande Municipal Airport (CGZ) Casa Grande AZ October 22-25 2009 wwwCopperstateorg

For details on EM chapter fly-ins and other local aviation events visit wwwEAAorg events

VI N TAGE AIR P L AN E 3

Preserving EAAs Culture bull bull bull for future generations GARY DIKKERS EAA 634044

KEY 1 EAA Legacy mezzanine gallery 2 Reconstruction of Paul and Audreys original basement office 3 Founders Library 4 Accessable storage space 5 6 and 7 Baby Ace Waco Primary Glider and Little Audrey 8 Education and Event space

The newest exhibit being deshyveloped for the EAA AirVenshyture Museum-the Founders

Wing-is dedicated to preserving EAAs heritage and culture for fushyture generations of EAA members The exhibit which is expected to open for EAA AirVenture Oshshykosh 2009 will occupy the former Cess na Restoration Center The mezzanine level exhibit will inshyclude a re-creation of the first ofshyfices of EAA which were located in the basement of Paul and Audrey Pobereznys home in Hales Corshyners Wisconsin It will also include the Paul H and Audrey L Pobershyezny Founders Library which will be open to visitors to peruse the

NOVEMBER 2008

volumes of books and artifacts that Paul and Audrey have retained and preserved over the years

A third element of the exhibit will be the Legacy Wall which will highshylight the initiatives that have been keystone achievements during EAAs history including its emphasis on homebuilding freedoms as its foundshying theme as well as chapter and Young Eagles programs and more

The main floor of the exhibit will be a special-use area reserved for outreach activities and events for youth and adult aviation education The wa ll displays surrounding the event space will recall the history of EAAs annual fly-in convention throughout the years from its origin

in Milwaukee through its days in Rockford Illinois and on to todays recognition as the worlds greatest aviation celebration

This artist rendering depict the current planned use of the exhibit space as construction begins in earnest within the next couple of months As Tom Poberezny wrote in his Position Report in the Octoshyber issue liThe Founders Wing will preserve the culture and core valshyues of EAA which are essential to our future Organizations spend millions of dollars to build their hisshytory after its too late EAA has not made that mistakeI

To learn more or to contribute visit wwwEAAorgFoundersWing

4

Experimental Aircraft Association

Paul H Poberezny Founder

Chairman of the Board

I have been very pleased and proud of the progress that our EAA vintage aircraft division has made over the many years of its existence It seems like only yesterday when in the basement meeting room of our new EAA headquarters in Hales Corners in the mid 1960s I called together a small group of EAAers whose interests were of airplanes of the good old days Look at the progress and dedicated enthusiasm that the officers directors and members have given to this part of EAAs story

Some may have wondered about my personal interest in vintage airplanes or may have felt that my heart lies with homebuilt or warbird aircraft Not so I care for anything that flies and the folks who make it all possible I was interested in vintage airplanes long before my thoughts of founding an organization such as yourEAA

In high school I was the proud owner of a 1928 long-nose OX-5- powered American Eagle biplane (no brakes and a tailskid) that my dad and I purchased from Dale Crites of Waukesha Wisconsin for $250 ($125 of which dad borrowed from the bank) It was a learning lesson- piloting and being a mechanic both learning and doing- including a few forced landings As part of my early career during World War II I flew my OX-5 Waco 10 to Helena Arkansas- 16 forced landings- where I was a primary flight instructor in PT-23s and -19s

Some 55 years have passed since the founding ofEAA A lot has happened and thousands or maybe millions of lives have been touched by your organization As many of you know Audrey and I are donating our collection of 55 years of your organizations history to the planned Founders Wing that will be built in the current EAA Restoration Center in the main EAA AirVenture Museum building Plans have been drawn up contractors selected and financial contributions have gotten the project underway The Founders Library dedication ceremony and completion date is scheduled for the opening of EAA AirVenture 2009

Sincerely EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT ASSOCIATION

- shy

EAAAviation Center Po SC 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903middot3086 middot 920426middot4814middot FAX 920426-6504

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 5

by HG Frautschy and Marcia Sparky Barnes Sargent

6 NOVEMBER 2008

With a six-cylinder inline Ranger engine under the long cowl the Fairchild 24R has always been a favorite of freeshyflight scale modelers These pretty examples belong to Terry Blaser Menomonee Falls Wisconsin (foreground NC81361) and the Grand Champion Antique of the 1974 EAA fly-in N77661 is now owned and flown by Mike and Barb Thern of Winona Minnesota

The Reserve Grand Champion Contemporary award winner is this beautiful 1963 Beech Travel Air restored by the father-and-son team of Mark and Miles Malone of Camarillo California Well have much more on this restoshyration in a later issue of Vintage Airplane

LEFT A gathering storm that passed to the north of the airport certainly didnt stop the Hay family and their most welcome return to the convention grounds after a couple of years absence Their decidedly flightless ornishythopter is powered by an antique one-Iunger gasoline engine Welcome home Hays

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 7

This nice 1959 Cessna 175 on a pair of Baumann amphibious floats anchors the row of Cessna 175s set up to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 175

Theres no truth to the rumor that Shashyron Krengel (VAA volunteer Larrys wife) is actually spinning thread to weave new Grade A cotton For more than a decade Sharon has brought her spinning wheel to the EAA convention spinning alpaca wool into yarn throughout the week

NOVEMBER 2008

Hey Dad look at that says Blake Deaton as he and his fashyther Jeff haul some of their camping supplies to storage The Deatons bring their Beech E35 Bonanza to the convention from Morehead City North Carolina

With the new Wittman tower rising above the trees Gerald Baushyerle of Hammond Louisiana taxis out for departure on Runway 36L with his Globe GC-1B Swift

8

N b k We asked VAA member and Vintage Airplane contributing editor Marcia

SPa r kYS ote 00 Sparky Barnes Sa~gent to visit with VAAers on the flightline Here are some of the interesting folks she met Photos by Sparky Barnes Sargent

EAA and VAA member Hal Cope started his trip to AirVenture by flying his Contishynental IO-360-powered 1946 Temco Swift from Spring Texas to Lake Elmo Minneshysota where a gathering of Swifts takes place virtually every year Eight Swifts flew into Wittman Field together after the gathering Cope whose Swift is only two days older than he is has been flying N3303K into Oshkosh for 15 years now and keeps coming back because he likes the camaraderie and friendship-everyshybody seems to reJax here a lot more than they normally would They let loose and allow themselves to be friends with other people And since it is the largest fly-in in the world you have all of the new electronics new airplanes and just everything here in one spot Copes Swift previously won the Preservation Award (2007) and a Lindy Award at AirVenture Grand Champion Custom Classic award at Sun n Fun (2002) and the Grand Chamshypion award three times at the Swift Museum Foundations Swift National Fly-In in Athens Tennessee

NC33587 a Piper J-3C-65 registered to Joel McKinzie of Lake Crystal Minneshy

sota was out enjoying a late-afternoon flight during AirVenture It was photoshy

graphed as it taxied into the EAA Seashyplane Base in the golden glow of the

setting sun Seaplane attendance was good this year as evidenced by the

planes in the background

These two look-alike Cessnas caught the photograshyphers eye in the Vintage camping area N2538D is a 1952 145-hp Cessna 170B registered to Larry Schleinat of Denton Texas The 1950 100-hp Cessna 140A N5313C is registered to James Huff-also of Denton Texas

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 9

This striking conversion of an early Cessna 150 to a taildragger belongs to Bob McBride Jr It was the winner of the Contemporary Class I (0-160 hp) Single Engine award

We suspect the crew of Madonna and Merrill McMahans Stearman prefers camping in Audrey s woods to staying in a hotel

Steve Krog (left) president of the Cub Club and editor of the clubs newsletter (and VAA dishyrectorType Club Tent chairman-phew Good thing he s retired now) was this years honshyoree presented with the Bax Seat Trophy at EMs Theater in the Woods Bax was known for his unbridled love of flight and the Bax Seat Trophy is presented annually by FLYING magazine for perpetuating the Gordon Baxter tradition of communicating the excitement and romance of flight Tom Benenson (right) of FLYING presented the award to Steve

Departure morning Oshkosh The tents rain fly is draped to dry in the morning sun and breeze as the wings are wiped down

10 NOVEMBER 2008

Alan Rebers Interstate S-1A Cadet was flown in from Indianapolis

Tony Millers Twin Beech E18S was the winner of an Outstand ing Customized Contemporary aircraft Bronze Lindy

John Seibold s 1929 Curtiss-Wright Travel Air

A-6000-A restored by Chuck Wentworth s Anshy

tique Aero was flown to the convention along with the Grand Canyon Ford Tri-Motor N414H The Travel Air was seshy

lected as the Silver Age Runner-Up

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 11

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

AUA is Vintage Aircraft Association approved To become a member of VAA call 8oomiddot843middot36J2

Aviation insurance with the EAA Vintage Program oHars Lower premiums with payment options - Additional coverages - Flexibility on the use of your aircraft - Experienced agents On-line quote request available - AUA is licensed in all states

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

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Warbirds o f America Division and receive WARBIRDS magaZine for an additional $45 per year

EAA Membe rship WA RBIRDS magashyz in e a nd o n e yea r m e mbe rship in th e Warbirds Div isio n is ava ilable for $55 per yea r (SPORT AVIATION magazine no t inshycluded) (Add $7 for Foreign Postage_)

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Membership dues to EAA and its divisions are not tax deductible as charitable contributions

Copyright 112008 by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association All rights reserved VINTAGE AIRPLANE (USPS 062-750 ISSN 0091-j)943) is published and owned exclusively by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association of the Experimental Aircraft Association and is published monthly at EAA

Aviation Center 3000 Poberezny Rd PO Box 3086 Oshkosh Wisconsin 54903-3086 e-mail vintageaircrafteaaorg Membership to Vintage Aircraft Association which includes 12 issues of Vintage Airplane magazine is S36 per year for EAA members and $46 for non-EAA members Periodicals Postage paid at Oshkosh Wisconsin 54901 and at additional mailing offICes POSTMASTER Send address changes to Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 PM 40063731 Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to Pitney Bowes IMS Station A PO Box 54 Windsor ON N9A 6J5 FOREIGN AND APe ADDRESSES - Please allow at least two months for delivery 01 VINTAGE AIRPLANE to foreign and APO addresses via surface mail ADVERTISING - Vintage Aircraft Association does not guarantee or endorse any product offered through the advertising We invite constructive criticism and welcome any report of inferior merchandise obtained through our advertising so that corrective measures can be taken

EDITORIAL POLICY Members are encouraged to submij stories and photographs Policy opinions expressed in articles are solely those of the authors Responsibility for accuracy in reporfing rests entirely with the contributor No remuneration is made Material should be sent to Edijor VINTAGE AIRPLANE PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Phone 920-426-4800

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

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Page 4: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

Two of the three commercial biplanes that made the transcontinenshytal air-mail re-enactment flight Larry Tobins Stearman C3B and Addishyson Pemberton s Boeing 40C Photo by George Perks from Ben Scotts Stearman 4E

treat Scott flew the same airplane his father William Keith Scott had taken delivery of when it was new in 1930 Now splendidly restored after having been away from the family for decades the 4E is like the other three biplanes a design originally intended for commercial air-mail service

Thanks to sponsorship of Bill Boeing Jr The Boeing Company and Jeppesen the three modern pilots started off from New Yorks Republic Field on September 10 with stops in Bellefonte Pennsylvania and ending the day in Cleveland Then it was off to Bryan Ohio and Lansing Illinois The next overnight stop was to be Iowa City Iowa but a stalled warm front filled with moist air put a kink in that plan and the trio descended into Rochelle Illinois for what would wind up being a three-night stay with a departure as the weather began to break on September 15

Ducking out under the cloud deck a hundred miles to the west the skies cleared up and it was on to Iowa City and Grand Island Nebraska for an overnight stop With clear skies and the Rockies ahead the gang departed at dawn on the 16th headed for North

Platte Nebraska Then it was on to the only

state with three stops-Wyoming Stops were made in Cheyenne and Rawlins and an overnight stop was made in Rock Springs The next day September 17 the three biplanes were in the heart of the Rockies and on to the Sierras with stops in Salt Lake City Utah and Elko Nevada before stopping for the night in Reno On the last day it was over the mountaintops a nice downhill run to Hayward California an airshymail salute as the biplanes disgorged their cargo of special air mail and then a tour of the San Francisco Bay area Hosted by VAA Chapter 29 the pilots had a great time before Tobin and Addison headed home with their mail planes while Scott returned to Reno Unfortunately Tobins Stearman had an engine failure over inhospitable terrain (both he and Addison believe it was due to heavy carb icing) A forced landing in a very small field resulted in extensive damage to the Stearman but thankfully not a scratch to the pilot

George Perks flew with the trio and created a beautiful photo blog of the adventure You can view it at wwwAirSpaceMagcom

Upcoming Major Fly-Ins

US Sport Aviat ion Expo Sebring Regional Ai rport (SEF) Sebring FL January 22-25 2009 wwwSport-Aviation-Expocom

Aero Frledrlchshafen Messe Friedrichshafen Friedrichshafen Germany April 2-5 2009 wwwAero-Friedrichshafencom html en

Sun n Fun Fly-In Lakeland Linder Regional Airport (LAL) Lakeland FL April 21-26 2009 wwwSun-N-Funorg

Virginia Regional Festival of flight Suffolk Executive Airport (SFQ) Suffolk VA May 30-31 2009 www VirginiaFlylnorg

Golden West Regional Fly-In Yuba County Airport (MYV) Marysville CA June 12-14 2009 wwwGoldenWestFlylnorg

Rocky Mountain Regional Fly-In Front Range Airport (FTG) Watkins CO TBD wwwRMRFIorg

Arlington Fly-In Arlington MuniCipal Airport (AWO) Arlington WA July 8-12 2009 wwwNWEMorg

EAA AlrVenture Oshkosh Wittman Regional Airport (OSH) Oshkosh WI July 27-August 2 2009 wwwAirVentureorg

MId-Eastern Regional Fly-In Grimes Field Airport (174) Urbana OH September 12-132009 wwwMERFIinfo

Southeast Regional Fly-In Middleton Field Airport (GZH) Evergreen AL October 23-25 2009 wwwSERFIorg

Copperstate Regional Fly-In Casa Grande Municipal Airport (CGZ) Casa Grande AZ October 22-25 2009 wwwCopperstateorg

For details on EM chapter fly-ins and other local aviation events visit wwwEAAorg events

VI N TAGE AIR P L AN E 3

Preserving EAAs Culture bull bull bull for future generations GARY DIKKERS EAA 634044

KEY 1 EAA Legacy mezzanine gallery 2 Reconstruction of Paul and Audreys original basement office 3 Founders Library 4 Accessable storage space 5 6 and 7 Baby Ace Waco Primary Glider and Little Audrey 8 Education and Event space

The newest exhibit being deshyveloped for the EAA AirVenshyture Museum-the Founders

Wing-is dedicated to preserving EAAs heritage and culture for fushyture generations of EAA members The exhibit which is expected to open for EAA AirVenture Oshshykosh 2009 will occupy the former Cess na Restoration Center The mezzanine level exhibit will inshyclude a re-creation of the first ofshyfices of EAA which were located in the basement of Paul and Audrey Pobereznys home in Hales Corshyners Wisconsin It will also include the Paul H and Audrey L Pobershyezny Founders Library which will be open to visitors to peruse the

NOVEMBER 2008

volumes of books and artifacts that Paul and Audrey have retained and preserved over the years

A third element of the exhibit will be the Legacy Wall which will highshylight the initiatives that have been keystone achievements during EAAs history including its emphasis on homebuilding freedoms as its foundshying theme as well as chapter and Young Eagles programs and more

The main floor of the exhibit will be a special-use area reserved for outreach activities and events for youth and adult aviation education The wa ll displays surrounding the event space will recall the history of EAAs annual fly-in convention throughout the years from its origin

in Milwaukee through its days in Rockford Illinois and on to todays recognition as the worlds greatest aviation celebration

This artist rendering depict the current planned use of the exhibit space as construction begins in earnest within the next couple of months As Tom Poberezny wrote in his Position Report in the Octoshyber issue liThe Founders Wing will preserve the culture and core valshyues of EAA which are essential to our future Organizations spend millions of dollars to build their hisshytory after its too late EAA has not made that mistakeI

To learn more or to contribute visit wwwEAAorgFoundersWing

4

Experimental Aircraft Association

Paul H Poberezny Founder

Chairman of the Board

I have been very pleased and proud of the progress that our EAA vintage aircraft division has made over the many years of its existence It seems like only yesterday when in the basement meeting room of our new EAA headquarters in Hales Corners in the mid 1960s I called together a small group of EAAers whose interests were of airplanes of the good old days Look at the progress and dedicated enthusiasm that the officers directors and members have given to this part of EAAs story

Some may have wondered about my personal interest in vintage airplanes or may have felt that my heart lies with homebuilt or warbird aircraft Not so I care for anything that flies and the folks who make it all possible I was interested in vintage airplanes long before my thoughts of founding an organization such as yourEAA

In high school I was the proud owner of a 1928 long-nose OX-5- powered American Eagle biplane (no brakes and a tailskid) that my dad and I purchased from Dale Crites of Waukesha Wisconsin for $250 ($125 of which dad borrowed from the bank) It was a learning lesson- piloting and being a mechanic both learning and doing- including a few forced landings As part of my early career during World War II I flew my OX-5 Waco 10 to Helena Arkansas- 16 forced landings- where I was a primary flight instructor in PT-23s and -19s

Some 55 years have passed since the founding ofEAA A lot has happened and thousands or maybe millions of lives have been touched by your organization As many of you know Audrey and I are donating our collection of 55 years of your organizations history to the planned Founders Wing that will be built in the current EAA Restoration Center in the main EAA AirVenture Museum building Plans have been drawn up contractors selected and financial contributions have gotten the project underway The Founders Library dedication ceremony and completion date is scheduled for the opening of EAA AirVenture 2009

Sincerely EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT ASSOCIATION

- shy

EAAAviation Center Po SC 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903middot3086 middot 920426middot4814middot FAX 920426-6504

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 5

by HG Frautschy and Marcia Sparky Barnes Sargent

6 NOVEMBER 2008

With a six-cylinder inline Ranger engine under the long cowl the Fairchild 24R has always been a favorite of freeshyflight scale modelers These pretty examples belong to Terry Blaser Menomonee Falls Wisconsin (foreground NC81361) and the Grand Champion Antique of the 1974 EAA fly-in N77661 is now owned and flown by Mike and Barb Thern of Winona Minnesota

The Reserve Grand Champion Contemporary award winner is this beautiful 1963 Beech Travel Air restored by the father-and-son team of Mark and Miles Malone of Camarillo California Well have much more on this restoshyration in a later issue of Vintage Airplane

LEFT A gathering storm that passed to the north of the airport certainly didnt stop the Hay family and their most welcome return to the convention grounds after a couple of years absence Their decidedly flightless ornishythopter is powered by an antique one-Iunger gasoline engine Welcome home Hays

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 7

This nice 1959 Cessna 175 on a pair of Baumann amphibious floats anchors the row of Cessna 175s set up to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 175

Theres no truth to the rumor that Shashyron Krengel (VAA volunteer Larrys wife) is actually spinning thread to weave new Grade A cotton For more than a decade Sharon has brought her spinning wheel to the EAA convention spinning alpaca wool into yarn throughout the week

NOVEMBER 2008

Hey Dad look at that says Blake Deaton as he and his fashyther Jeff haul some of their camping supplies to storage The Deatons bring their Beech E35 Bonanza to the convention from Morehead City North Carolina

With the new Wittman tower rising above the trees Gerald Baushyerle of Hammond Louisiana taxis out for departure on Runway 36L with his Globe GC-1B Swift

8

N b k We asked VAA member and Vintage Airplane contributing editor Marcia

SPa r kYS ote 00 Sparky Barnes Sa~gent to visit with VAAers on the flightline Here are some of the interesting folks she met Photos by Sparky Barnes Sargent

EAA and VAA member Hal Cope started his trip to AirVenture by flying his Contishynental IO-360-powered 1946 Temco Swift from Spring Texas to Lake Elmo Minneshysota where a gathering of Swifts takes place virtually every year Eight Swifts flew into Wittman Field together after the gathering Cope whose Swift is only two days older than he is has been flying N3303K into Oshkosh for 15 years now and keeps coming back because he likes the camaraderie and friendship-everyshybody seems to reJax here a lot more than they normally would They let loose and allow themselves to be friends with other people And since it is the largest fly-in in the world you have all of the new electronics new airplanes and just everything here in one spot Copes Swift previously won the Preservation Award (2007) and a Lindy Award at AirVenture Grand Champion Custom Classic award at Sun n Fun (2002) and the Grand Chamshypion award three times at the Swift Museum Foundations Swift National Fly-In in Athens Tennessee

NC33587 a Piper J-3C-65 registered to Joel McKinzie of Lake Crystal Minneshy

sota was out enjoying a late-afternoon flight during AirVenture It was photoshy

graphed as it taxied into the EAA Seashyplane Base in the golden glow of the

setting sun Seaplane attendance was good this year as evidenced by the

planes in the background

These two look-alike Cessnas caught the photograshyphers eye in the Vintage camping area N2538D is a 1952 145-hp Cessna 170B registered to Larry Schleinat of Denton Texas The 1950 100-hp Cessna 140A N5313C is registered to James Huff-also of Denton Texas

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 9

This striking conversion of an early Cessna 150 to a taildragger belongs to Bob McBride Jr It was the winner of the Contemporary Class I (0-160 hp) Single Engine award

We suspect the crew of Madonna and Merrill McMahans Stearman prefers camping in Audrey s woods to staying in a hotel

Steve Krog (left) president of the Cub Club and editor of the clubs newsletter (and VAA dishyrectorType Club Tent chairman-phew Good thing he s retired now) was this years honshyoree presented with the Bax Seat Trophy at EMs Theater in the Woods Bax was known for his unbridled love of flight and the Bax Seat Trophy is presented annually by FLYING magazine for perpetuating the Gordon Baxter tradition of communicating the excitement and romance of flight Tom Benenson (right) of FLYING presented the award to Steve

Departure morning Oshkosh The tents rain fly is draped to dry in the morning sun and breeze as the wings are wiped down

10 NOVEMBER 2008

Alan Rebers Interstate S-1A Cadet was flown in from Indianapolis

Tony Millers Twin Beech E18S was the winner of an Outstand ing Customized Contemporary aircraft Bronze Lindy

John Seibold s 1929 Curtiss-Wright Travel Air

A-6000-A restored by Chuck Wentworth s Anshy

tique Aero was flown to the convention along with the Grand Canyon Ford Tri-Motor N414H The Travel Air was seshy

lected as the Silver Age Runner-Up

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 11

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

AUA is Vintage Aircraft Association approved To become a member of VAA call 8oomiddot843middot36J2

Aviation insurance with the EAA Vintage Program oHars Lower premiums with payment options - Additional coverages - Flexibility on the use of your aircraft - Experienced agents On-line quote request available - AUA is licensed in all states

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

E-mail is the easiest way for you to get connected

Changed your mail

Let us know wwweaaorgemai

Something to buy sell or trade

Classified Word Ads $550 per 10 words 180 words maximum with boldface lead-in on first line

Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

ASSOCIATION OFFICERS

Presiden t Vice-President Geoff Robison George Daubner

152 1 E M aCGregor Dr 2448 Lough Lane New Haven IN 46774 Hartford WI 53027

260-493-4724 262-673-5885 chie(7025aolcom gdallb ereaaorg

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MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION EAA

Membership in the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is $40 for one year includshying 12 issues of SPORT AVIATION Family membership is an additio nal $10 annually Junio r Membership (under 19 yea rs of age) is ava ilable at $23 annually All major credit cards accepted for membership (Add $16 for Foreign Postage_)

EAA SPORT PILOT Current EAA m embe rs may add EAA

SPORT PILOT magazine fo r an additional $20 per year

EAA M e mbership a nd EAA SPO R T PILOT magazine is available fo r $40 per year (SPORT AVIATION m agaZine not inshycluded) (Add $16 for Foreign Postage)

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Vintage Aircra ft Association and receive VINTAGE AIRPLANE m agazine for an ad shyditional $36 per year

EAA Membership VINTAGE AIRPLANE magazine and one year membership in the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association is available for $46 per year (SPORT AVIATION magazine not inshycluded) (Add $7 for Foreign Pastage_)

lAC Current EAA m embers may join the

Interna tio nal Aeroba tic Club Inc Div ishysion and receive SPOR T AER OBATICS magaZine fo r a n additio n a l $45 per yea r

EAA Membership SPOR T AEROBATshyICS m agazine and one year membership in the lAC Div isio n is available fo r $55 p e r year (SPOR T AVIATION magazine not included ) (Add $18 fo r Fo reign Postage)

WARBIRDS Current EAA members may join the EAA

Warbirds o f America Division and receive WARBIRDS magaZine for an additional $45 per year

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FOREIGN MEMBERSHIPS Please submit your remitta n ce with a

ch eck o r draft drawn o n a United States bank payable in United States dollars Add required Fo reign Postage amount fo r each membership

Membership dues to EAA and its divisions are not tax deductible as charitable contributions

Copyright 112008 by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association All rights reserved VINTAGE AIRPLANE (USPS 062-750 ISSN 0091-j)943) is published and owned exclusively by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association of the Experimental Aircraft Association and is published monthly at EAA

Aviation Center 3000 Poberezny Rd PO Box 3086 Oshkosh Wisconsin 54903-3086 e-mail vintageaircrafteaaorg Membership to Vintage Aircraft Association which includes 12 issues of Vintage Airplane magazine is S36 per year for EAA members and $46 for non-EAA members Periodicals Postage paid at Oshkosh Wisconsin 54901 and at additional mailing offICes POSTMASTER Send address changes to Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 PM 40063731 Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to Pitney Bowes IMS Station A PO Box 54 Windsor ON N9A 6J5 FOREIGN AND APe ADDRESSES - Please allow at least two months for delivery 01 VINTAGE AIRPLANE to foreign and APO addresses via surface mail ADVERTISING - Vintage Aircraft Association does not guarantee or endorse any product offered through the advertising We invite constructive criticism and welcome any report of inferior merchandise obtained through our advertising so that corrective measures can be taken

EDITORIAL POLICY Members are encouraged to submij stories and photographs Policy opinions expressed in articles are solely those of the authors Responsibility for accuracy in reporfing rests entirely with the contributor No remuneration is made Material should be sent to Edijor VINTAGE AIRPLANE PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Phone 920-426-4800

EAAreg and EAA SPORT AVIATIONreg the EAA Logoreg and Aeronautica are registered trademartlts trademarllts and service mar1lts of the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc The use of these trademarllts and service mar1lts wijhout the pennission of the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is strictly prohiMed

40 NOVEMBE R 2008

IP8~Sil Andltlla 2009 FORD FOCUS bull 35 MPG 20L Duratec 1-4 Engine bull 140 hp and 136 Ih-ft of torque bull US EPA certified SmartWay 11

bull Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle bull SYNC exclusive voice-activated

communications ampentertainment system (standard in SES models)

ENJOY THE PRIVILEGE OF PARTNERSHIP EAA Members who are considering the or lease of a Motor Company vehicle should be sure to take of the Ford Partner Recognition Program Your membership benefits qualify you for X-Plan pricing which could save you as much as $930 on a2009 Ford Focus

EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

Get your personal identification number (PIN) and learn about the great value of Partner RecognitionIX-Plan at wwwfordpartnercom

Page 5: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

Preserving EAAs Culture bull bull bull for future generations GARY DIKKERS EAA 634044

KEY 1 EAA Legacy mezzanine gallery 2 Reconstruction of Paul and Audreys original basement office 3 Founders Library 4 Accessable storage space 5 6 and 7 Baby Ace Waco Primary Glider and Little Audrey 8 Education and Event space

The newest exhibit being deshyveloped for the EAA AirVenshyture Museum-the Founders

Wing-is dedicated to preserving EAAs heritage and culture for fushyture generations of EAA members The exhibit which is expected to open for EAA AirVenture Oshshykosh 2009 will occupy the former Cess na Restoration Center The mezzanine level exhibit will inshyclude a re-creation of the first ofshyfices of EAA which were located in the basement of Paul and Audrey Pobereznys home in Hales Corshyners Wisconsin It will also include the Paul H and Audrey L Pobershyezny Founders Library which will be open to visitors to peruse the

NOVEMBER 2008

volumes of books and artifacts that Paul and Audrey have retained and preserved over the years

A third element of the exhibit will be the Legacy Wall which will highshylight the initiatives that have been keystone achievements during EAAs history including its emphasis on homebuilding freedoms as its foundshying theme as well as chapter and Young Eagles programs and more

The main floor of the exhibit will be a special-use area reserved for outreach activities and events for youth and adult aviation education The wa ll displays surrounding the event space will recall the history of EAAs annual fly-in convention throughout the years from its origin

in Milwaukee through its days in Rockford Illinois and on to todays recognition as the worlds greatest aviation celebration

This artist rendering depict the current planned use of the exhibit space as construction begins in earnest within the next couple of months As Tom Poberezny wrote in his Position Report in the Octoshyber issue liThe Founders Wing will preserve the culture and core valshyues of EAA which are essential to our future Organizations spend millions of dollars to build their hisshytory after its too late EAA has not made that mistakeI

To learn more or to contribute visit wwwEAAorgFoundersWing

4

Experimental Aircraft Association

Paul H Poberezny Founder

Chairman of the Board

I have been very pleased and proud of the progress that our EAA vintage aircraft division has made over the many years of its existence It seems like only yesterday when in the basement meeting room of our new EAA headquarters in Hales Corners in the mid 1960s I called together a small group of EAAers whose interests were of airplanes of the good old days Look at the progress and dedicated enthusiasm that the officers directors and members have given to this part of EAAs story

Some may have wondered about my personal interest in vintage airplanes or may have felt that my heart lies with homebuilt or warbird aircraft Not so I care for anything that flies and the folks who make it all possible I was interested in vintage airplanes long before my thoughts of founding an organization such as yourEAA

In high school I was the proud owner of a 1928 long-nose OX-5- powered American Eagle biplane (no brakes and a tailskid) that my dad and I purchased from Dale Crites of Waukesha Wisconsin for $250 ($125 of which dad borrowed from the bank) It was a learning lesson- piloting and being a mechanic both learning and doing- including a few forced landings As part of my early career during World War II I flew my OX-5 Waco 10 to Helena Arkansas- 16 forced landings- where I was a primary flight instructor in PT-23s and -19s

Some 55 years have passed since the founding ofEAA A lot has happened and thousands or maybe millions of lives have been touched by your organization As many of you know Audrey and I are donating our collection of 55 years of your organizations history to the planned Founders Wing that will be built in the current EAA Restoration Center in the main EAA AirVenture Museum building Plans have been drawn up contractors selected and financial contributions have gotten the project underway The Founders Library dedication ceremony and completion date is scheduled for the opening of EAA AirVenture 2009

Sincerely EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT ASSOCIATION

- shy

EAAAviation Center Po SC 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903middot3086 middot 920426middot4814middot FAX 920426-6504

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 5

by HG Frautschy and Marcia Sparky Barnes Sargent

6 NOVEMBER 2008

With a six-cylinder inline Ranger engine under the long cowl the Fairchild 24R has always been a favorite of freeshyflight scale modelers These pretty examples belong to Terry Blaser Menomonee Falls Wisconsin (foreground NC81361) and the Grand Champion Antique of the 1974 EAA fly-in N77661 is now owned and flown by Mike and Barb Thern of Winona Minnesota

The Reserve Grand Champion Contemporary award winner is this beautiful 1963 Beech Travel Air restored by the father-and-son team of Mark and Miles Malone of Camarillo California Well have much more on this restoshyration in a later issue of Vintage Airplane

LEFT A gathering storm that passed to the north of the airport certainly didnt stop the Hay family and their most welcome return to the convention grounds after a couple of years absence Their decidedly flightless ornishythopter is powered by an antique one-Iunger gasoline engine Welcome home Hays

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 7

This nice 1959 Cessna 175 on a pair of Baumann amphibious floats anchors the row of Cessna 175s set up to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 175

Theres no truth to the rumor that Shashyron Krengel (VAA volunteer Larrys wife) is actually spinning thread to weave new Grade A cotton For more than a decade Sharon has brought her spinning wheel to the EAA convention spinning alpaca wool into yarn throughout the week

NOVEMBER 2008

Hey Dad look at that says Blake Deaton as he and his fashyther Jeff haul some of their camping supplies to storage The Deatons bring their Beech E35 Bonanza to the convention from Morehead City North Carolina

With the new Wittman tower rising above the trees Gerald Baushyerle of Hammond Louisiana taxis out for departure on Runway 36L with his Globe GC-1B Swift

8

N b k We asked VAA member and Vintage Airplane contributing editor Marcia

SPa r kYS ote 00 Sparky Barnes Sa~gent to visit with VAAers on the flightline Here are some of the interesting folks she met Photos by Sparky Barnes Sargent

EAA and VAA member Hal Cope started his trip to AirVenture by flying his Contishynental IO-360-powered 1946 Temco Swift from Spring Texas to Lake Elmo Minneshysota where a gathering of Swifts takes place virtually every year Eight Swifts flew into Wittman Field together after the gathering Cope whose Swift is only two days older than he is has been flying N3303K into Oshkosh for 15 years now and keeps coming back because he likes the camaraderie and friendship-everyshybody seems to reJax here a lot more than they normally would They let loose and allow themselves to be friends with other people And since it is the largest fly-in in the world you have all of the new electronics new airplanes and just everything here in one spot Copes Swift previously won the Preservation Award (2007) and a Lindy Award at AirVenture Grand Champion Custom Classic award at Sun n Fun (2002) and the Grand Chamshypion award three times at the Swift Museum Foundations Swift National Fly-In in Athens Tennessee

NC33587 a Piper J-3C-65 registered to Joel McKinzie of Lake Crystal Minneshy

sota was out enjoying a late-afternoon flight during AirVenture It was photoshy

graphed as it taxied into the EAA Seashyplane Base in the golden glow of the

setting sun Seaplane attendance was good this year as evidenced by the

planes in the background

These two look-alike Cessnas caught the photograshyphers eye in the Vintage camping area N2538D is a 1952 145-hp Cessna 170B registered to Larry Schleinat of Denton Texas The 1950 100-hp Cessna 140A N5313C is registered to James Huff-also of Denton Texas

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 9

This striking conversion of an early Cessna 150 to a taildragger belongs to Bob McBride Jr It was the winner of the Contemporary Class I (0-160 hp) Single Engine award

We suspect the crew of Madonna and Merrill McMahans Stearman prefers camping in Audrey s woods to staying in a hotel

Steve Krog (left) president of the Cub Club and editor of the clubs newsletter (and VAA dishyrectorType Club Tent chairman-phew Good thing he s retired now) was this years honshyoree presented with the Bax Seat Trophy at EMs Theater in the Woods Bax was known for his unbridled love of flight and the Bax Seat Trophy is presented annually by FLYING magazine for perpetuating the Gordon Baxter tradition of communicating the excitement and romance of flight Tom Benenson (right) of FLYING presented the award to Steve

Departure morning Oshkosh The tents rain fly is draped to dry in the morning sun and breeze as the wings are wiped down

10 NOVEMBER 2008

Alan Rebers Interstate S-1A Cadet was flown in from Indianapolis

Tony Millers Twin Beech E18S was the winner of an Outstand ing Customized Contemporary aircraft Bronze Lindy

John Seibold s 1929 Curtiss-Wright Travel Air

A-6000-A restored by Chuck Wentworth s Anshy

tique Aero was flown to the convention along with the Grand Canyon Ford Tri-Motor N414H The Travel Air was seshy

lected as the Silver Age Runner-Up

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 11

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

AUA is Vintage Aircraft Association approved To become a member of VAA call 8oomiddot843middot36J2

Aviation insurance with the EAA Vintage Program oHars Lower premiums with payment options - Additional coverages - Flexibility on the use of your aircraft - Experienced agents On-line quote request available - AUA is licensed in all states

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

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(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

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Page 6: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

Experimental Aircraft Association

Paul H Poberezny Founder

Chairman of the Board

I have been very pleased and proud of the progress that our EAA vintage aircraft division has made over the many years of its existence It seems like only yesterday when in the basement meeting room of our new EAA headquarters in Hales Corners in the mid 1960s I called together a small group of EAAers whose interests were of airplanes of the good old days Look at the progress and dedicated enthusiasm that the officers directors and members have given to this part of EAAs story

Some may have wondered about my personal interest in vintage airplanes or may have felt that my heart lies with homebuilt or warbird aircraft Not so I care for anything that flies and the folks who make it all possible I was interested in vintage airplanes long before my thoughts of founding an organization such as yourEAA

In high school I was the proud owner of a 1928 long-nose OX-5- powered American Eagle biplane (no brakes and a tailskid) that my dad and I purchased from Dale Crites of Waukesha Wisconsin for $250 ($125 of which dad borrowed from the bank) It was a learning lesson- piloting and being a mechanic both learning and doing- including a few forced landings As part of my early career during World War II I flew my OX-5 Waco 10 to Helena Arkansas- 16 forced landings- where I was a primary flight instructor in PT-23s and -19s

Some 55 years have passed since the founding ofEAA A lot has happened and thousands or maybe millions of lives have been touched by your organization As many of you know Audrey and I are donating our collection of 55 years of your organizations history to the planned Founders Wing that will be built in the current EAA Restoration Center in the main EAA AirVenture Museum building Plans have been drawn up contractors selected and financial contributions have gotten the project underway The Founders Library dedication ceremony and completion date is scheduled for the opening of EAA AirVenture 2009

Sincerely EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT ASSOCIATION

- shy

EAAAviation Center Po SC 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903middot3086 middot 920426middot4814middot FAX 920426-6504

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 5

by HG Frautschy and Marcia Sparky Barnes Sargent

6 NOVEMBER 2008

With a six-cylinder inline Ranger engine under the long cowl the Fairchild 24R has always been a favorite of freeshyflight scale modelers These pretty examples belong to Terry Blaser Menomonee Falls Wisconsin (foreground NC81361) and the Grand Champion Antique of the 1974 EAA fly-in N77661 is now owned and flown by Mike and Barb Thern of Winona Minnesota

The Reserve Grand Champion Contemporary award winner is this beautiful 1963 Beech Travel Air restored by the father-and-son team of Mark and Miles Malone of Camarillo California Well have much more on this restoshyration in a later issue of Vintage Airplane

LEFT A gathering storm that passed to the north of the airport certainly didnt stop the Hay family and their most welcome return to the convention grounds after a couple of years absence Their decidedly flightless ornishythopter is powered by an antique one-Iunger gasoline engine Welcome home Hays

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 7

This nice 1959 Cessna 175 on a pair of Baumann amphibious floats anchors the row of Cessna 175s set up to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 175

Theres no truth to the rumor that Shashyron Krengel (VAA volunteer Larrys wife) is actually spinning thread to weave new Grade A cotton For more than a decade Sharon has brought her spinning wheel to the EAA convention spinning alpaca wool into yarn throughout the week

NOVEMBER 2008

Hey Dad look at that says Blake Deaton as he and his fashyther Jeff haul some of their camping supplies to storage The Deatons bring their Beech E35 Bonanza to the convention from Morehead City North Carolina

With the new Wittman tower rising above the trees Gerald Baushyerle of Hammond Louisiana taxis out for departure on Runway 36L with his Globe GC-1B Swift

8

N b k We asked VAA member and Vintage Airplane contributing editor Marcia

SPa r kYS ote 00 Sparky Barnes Sa~gent to visit with VAAers on the flightline Here are some of the interesting folks she met Photos by Sparky Barnes Sargent

EAA and VAA member Hal Cope started his trip to AirVenture by flying his Contishynental IO-360-powered 1946 Temco Swift from Spring Texas to Lake Elmo Minneshysota where a gathering of Swifts takes place virtually every year Eight Swifts flew into Wittman Field together after the gathering Cope whose Swift is only two days older than he is has been flying N3303K into Oshkosh for 15 years now and keeps coming back because he likes the camaraderie and friendship-everyshybody seems to reJax here a lot more than they normally would They let loose and allow themselves to be friends with other people And since it is the largest fly-in in the world you have all of the new electronics new airplanes and just everything here in one spot Copes Swift previously won the Preservation Award (2007) and a Lindy Award at AirVenture Grand Champion Custom Classic award at Sun n Fun (2002) and the Grand Chamshypion award three times at the Swift Museum Foundations Swift National Fly-In in Athens Tennessee

NC33587 a Piper J-3C-65 registered to Joel McKinzie of Lake Crystal Minneshy

sota was out enjoying a late-afternoon flight during AirVenture It was photoshy

graphed as it taxied into the EAA Seashyplane Base in the golden glow of the

setting sun Seaplane attendance was good this year as evidenced by the

planes in the background

These two look-alike Cessnas caught the photograshyphers eye in the Vintage camping area N2538D is a 1952 145-hp Cessna 170B registered to Larry Schleinat of Denton Texas The 1950 100-hp Cessna 140A N5313C is registered to James Huff-also of Denton Texas

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 9

This striking conversion of an early Cessna 150 to a taildragger belongs to Bob McBride Jr It was the winner of the Contemporary Class I (0-160 hp) Single Engine award

We suspect the crew of Madonna and Merrill McMahans Stearman prefers camping in Audrey s woods to staying in a hotel

Steve Krog (left) president of the Cub Club and editor of the clubs newsletter (and VAA dishyrectorType Club Tent chairman-phew Good thing he s retired now) was this years honshyoree presented with the Bax Seat Trophy at EMs Theater in the Woods Bax was known for his unbridled love of flight and the Bax Seat Trophy is presented annually by FLYING magazine for perpetuating the Gordon Baxter tradition of communicating the excitement and romance of flight Tom Benenson (right) of FLYING presented the award to Steve

Departure morning Oshkosh The tents rain fly is draped to dry in the morning sun and breeze as the wings are wiped down

10 NOVEMBER 2008

Alan Rebers Interstate S-1A Cadet was flown in from Indianapolis

Tony Millers Twin Beech E18S was the winner of an Outstand ing Customized Contemporary aircraft Bronze Lindy

John Seibold s 1929 Curtiss-Wright Travel Air

A-6000-A restored by Chuck Wentworth s Anshy

tique Aero was flown to the convention along with the Grand Canyon Ford Tri-Motor N414H The Travel Air was seshy

lected as the Silver Age Runner-Up

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 11

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

AUA is Vintage Aircraft Association approved To become a member of VAA call 8oomiddot843middot36J2

Aviation insurance with the EAA Vintage Program oHars Lower premiums with payment options - Additional coverages - Flexibility on the use of your aircraft - Experienced agents On-line quote request available - AUA is licensed in all states

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

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(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

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Page 7: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

by HG Frautschy and Marcia Sparky Barnes Sargent

6 NOVEMBER 2008

With a six-cylinder inline Ranger engine under the long cowl the Fairchild 24R has always been a favorite of freeshyflight scale modelers These pretty examples belong to Terry Blaser Menomonee Falls Wisconsin (foreground NC81361) and the Grand Champion Antique of the 1974 EAA fly-in N77661 is now owned and flown by Mike and Barb Thern of Winona Minnesota

The Reserve Grand Champion Contemporary award winner is this beautiful 1963 Beech Travel Air restored by the father-and-son team of Mark and Miles Malone of Camarillo California Well have much more on this restoshyration in a later issue of Vintage Airplane

LEFT A gathering storm that passed to the north of the airport certainly didnt stop the Hay family and their most welcome return to the convention grounds after a couple of years absence Their decidedly flightless ornishythopter is powered by an antique one-Iunger gasoline engine Welcome home Hays

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 7

This nice 1959 Cessna 175 on a pair of Baumann amphibious floats anchors the row of Cessna 175s set up to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 175

Theres no truth to the rumor that Shashyron Krengel (VAA volunteer Larrys wife) is actually spinning thread to weave new Grade A cotton For more than a decade Sharon has brought her spinning wheel to the EAA convention spinning alpaca wool into yarn throughout the week

NOVEMBER 2008

Hey Dad look at that says Blake Deaton as he and his fashyther Jeff haul some of their camping supplies to storage The Deatons bring their Beech E35 Bonanza to the convention from Morehead City North Carolina

With the new Wittman tower rising above the trees Gerald Baushyerle of Hammond Louisiana taxis out for departure on Runway 36L with his Globe GC-1B Swift

8

N b k We asked VAA member and Vintage Airplane contributing editor Marcia

SPa r kYS ote 00 Sparky Barnes Sa~gent to visit with VAAers on the flightline Here are some of the interesting folks she met Photos by Sparky Barnes Sargent

EAA and VAA member Hal Cope started his trip to AirVenture by flying his Contishynental IO-360-powered 1946 Temco Swift from Spring Texas to Lake Elmo Minneshysota where a gathering of Swifts takes place virtually every year Eight Swifts flew into Wittman Field together after the gathering Cope whose Swift is only two days older than he is has been flying N3303K into Oshkosh for 15 years now and keeps coming back because he likes the camaraderie and friendship-everyshybody seems to reJax here a lot more than they normally would They let loose and allow themselves to be friends with other people And since it is the largest fly-in in the world you have all of the new electronics new airplanes and just everything here in one spot Copes Swift previously won the Preservation Award (2007) and a Lindy Award at AirVenture Grand Champion Custom Classic award at Sun n Fun (2002) and the Grand Chamshypion award three times at the Swift Museum Foundations Swift National Fly-In in Athens Tennessee

NC33587 a Piper J-3C-65 registered to Joel McKinzie of Lake Crystal Minneshy

sota was out enjoying a late-afternoon flight during AirVenture It was photoshy

graphed as it taxied into the EAA Seashyplane Base in the golden glow of the

setting sun Seaplane attendance was good this year as evidenced by the

planes in the background

These two look-alike Cessnas caught the photograshyphers eye in the Vintage camping area N2538D is a 1952 145-hp Cessna 170B registered to Larry Schleinat of Denton Texas The 1950 100-hp Cessna 140A N5313C is registered to James Huff-also of Denton Texas

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 9

This striking conversion of an early Cessna 150 to a taildragger belongs to Bob McBride Jr It was the winner of the Contemporary Class I (0-160 hp) Single Engine award

We suspect the crew of Madonna and Merrill McMahans Stearman prefers camping in Audrey s woods to staying in a hotel

Steve Krog (left) president of the Cub Club and editor of the clubs newsletter (and VAA dishyrectorType Club Tent chairman-phew Good thing he s retired now) was this years honshyoree presented with the Bax Seat Trophy at EMs Theater in the Woods Bax was known for his unbridled love of flight and the Bax Seat Trophy is presented annually by FLYING magazine for perpetuating the Gordon Baxter tradition of communicating the excitement and romance of flight Tom Benenson (right) of FLYING presented the award to Steve

Departure morning Oshkosh The tents rain fly is draped to dry in the morning sun and breeze as the wings are wiped down

10 NOVEMBER 2008

Alan Rebers Interstate S-1A Cadet was flown in from Indianapolis

Tony Millers Twin Beech E18S was the winner of an Outstand ing Customized Contemporary aircraft Bronze Lindy

John Seibold s 1929 Curtiss-Wright Travel Air

A-6000-A restored by Chuck Wentworth s Anshy

tique Aero was flown to the convention along with the Grand Canyon Ford Tri-Motor N414H The Travel Air was seshy

lected as the Silver Age Runner-Up

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 11

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

AUA is Vintage Aircraft Association approved To become a member of VAA call 8oomiddot843middot36J2

Aviation insurance with the EAA Vintage Program oHars Lower premiums with payment options - Additional coverages - Flexibility on the use of your aircraft - Experienced agents On-line quote request available - AUA is licensed in all states

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

E-mail is the easiest way for you to get connected

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Something to buy sell or trade

Classified Word Ads $550 per 10 words 180 words maximum with boldface lead-in on first line

Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

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With a six-cylinder inline Ranger engine under the long cowl the Fairchild 24R has always been a favorite of freeshyflight scale modelers These pretty examples belong to Terry Blaser Menomonee Falls Wisconsin (foreground NC81361) and the Grand Champion Antique of the 1974 EAA fly-in N77661 is now owned and flown by Mike and Barb Thern of Winona Minnesota

The Reserve Grand Champion Contemporary award winner is this beautiful 1963 Beech Travel Air restored by the father-and-son team of Mark and Miles Malone of Camarillo California Well have much more on this restoshyration in a later issue of Vintage Airplane

LEFT A gathering storm that passed to the north of the airport certainly didnt stop the Hay family and their most welcome return to the convention grounds after a couple of years absence Their decidedly flightless ornishythopter is powered by an antique one-Iunger gasoline engine Welcome home Hays

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 7

This nice 1959 Cessna 175 on a pair of Baumann amphibious floats anchors the row of Cessna 175s set up to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 175

Theres no truth to the rumor that Shashyron Krengel (VAA volunteer Larrys wife) is actually spinning thread to weave new Grade A cotton For more than a decade Sharon has brought her spinning wheel to the EAA convention spinning alpaca wool into yarn throughout the week

NOVEMBER 2008

Hey Dad look at that says Blake Deaton as he and his fashyther Jeff haul some of their camping supplies to storage The Deatons bring their Beech E35 Bonanza to the convention from Morehead City North Carolina

With the new Wittman tower rising above the trees Gerald Baushyerle of Hammond Louisiana taxis out for departure on Runway 36L with his Globe GC-1B Swift

8

N b k We asked VAA member and Vintage Airplane contributing editor Marcia

SPa r kYS ote 00 Sparky Barnes Sa~gent to visit with VAAers on the flightline Here are some of the interesting folks she met Photos by Sparky Barnes Sargent

EAA and VAA member Hal Cope started his trip to AirVenture by flying his Contishynental IO-360-powered 1946 Temco Swift from Spring Texas to Lake Elmo Minneshysota where a gathering of Swifts takes place virtually every year Eight Swifts flew into Wittman Field together after the gathering Cope whose Swift is only two days older than he is has been flying N3303K into Oshkosh for 15 years now and keeps coming back because he likes the camaraderie and friendship-everyshybody seems to reJax here a lot more than they normally would They let loose and allow themselves to be friends with other people And since it is the largest fly-in in the world you have all of the new electronics new airplanes and just everything here in one spot Copes Swift previously won the Preservation Award (2007) and a Lindy Award at AirVenture Grand Champion Custom Classic award at Sun n Fun (2002) and the Grand Chamshypion award three times at the Swift Museum Foundations Swift National Fly-In in Athens Tennessee

NC33587 a Piper J-3C-65 registered to Joel McKinzie of Lake Crystal Minneshy

sota was out enjoying a late-afternoon flight during AirVenture It was photoshy

graphed as it taxied into the EAA Seashyplane Base in the golden glow of the

setting sun Seaplane attendance was good this year as evidenced by the

planes in the background

These two look-alike Cessnas caught the photograshyphers eye in the Vintage camping area N2538D is a 1952 145-hp Cessna 170B registered to Larry Schleinat of Denton Texas The 1950 100-hp Cessna 140A N5313C is registered to James Huff-also of Denton Texas

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 9

This striking conversion of an early Cessna 150 to a taildragger belongs to Bob McBride Jr It was the winner of the Contemporary Class I (0-160 hp) Single Engine award

We suspect the crew of Madonna and Merrill McMahans Stearman prefers camping in Audrey s woods to staying in a hotel

Steve Krog (left) president of the Cub Club and editor of the clubs newsletter (and VAA dishyrectorType Club Tent chairman-phew Good thing he s retired now) was this years honshyoree presented with the Bax Seat Trophy at EMs Theater in the Woods Bax was known for his unbridled love of flight and the Bax Seat Trophy is presented annually by FLYING magazine for perpetuating the Gordon Baxter tradition of communicating the excitement and romance of flight Tom Benenson (right) of FLYING presented the award to Steve

Departure morning Oshkosh The tents rain fly is draped to dry in the morning sun and breeze as the wings are wiped down

10 NOVEMBER 2008

Alan Rebers Interstate S-1A Cadet was flown in from Indianapolis

Tony Millers Twin Beech E18S was the winner of an Outstand ing Customized Contemporary aircraft Bronze Lindy

John Seibold s 1929 Curtiss-Wright Travel Air

A-6000-A restored by Chuck Wentworth s Anshy

tique Aero was flown to the convention along with the Grand Canyon Ford Tri-Motor N414H The Travel Air was seshy

lected as the Silver Age Runner-Up

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 11

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

AUA is Vintage Aircraft Association approved To become a member of VAA call 8oomiddot843middot36J2

Aviation insurance with the EAA Vintage Program oHars Lower premiums with payment options - Additional coverages - Flexibility on the use of your aircraft - Experienced agents On-line quote request available - AUA is licensed in all states

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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Keeping beverages warm Stainless Steel Thermos voa217 $2195 Stainless Steel Travel Mug V12512 $1

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

Flight Stay warm in this black or sage flight jacket Beautifully lined in orange Sporting the VAA logo and it has plenty of pockets Black Sage Vl1894 MD Vl1782 LG

MensSweater This stylish Mens sweater will keep you looking great with its zipper and stripe State size when ordering Vl17190ak (assorted sizes Vl1718 Black (dark (assorted sizes) Vl1734 Chestnut (assorted sizes)

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

Larger die cast toys V09786 Tracy V09787 Old Oscar V09788 Big Jake

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

E-mail is the easiest way for you to get connected

Changed your mail

Let us know wwweaaorgemai

Something to buy sell or trade

Classified Word Ads $550 per 10 words 180 words maximum with boldface lead-in on first line

Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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Page 9: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

This nice 1959 Cessna 175 on a pair of Baumann amphibious floats anchors the row of Cessna 175s set up to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 175

Theres no truth to the rumor that Shashyron Krengel (VAA volunteer Larrys wife) is actually spinning thread to weave new Grade A cotton For more than a decade Sharon has brought her spinning wheel to the EAA convention spinning alpaca wool into yarn throughout the week

NOVEMBER 2008

Hey Dad look at that says Blake Deaton as he and his fashyther Jeff haul some of their camping supplies to storage The Deatons bring their Beech E35 Bonanza to the convention from Morehead City North Carolina

With the new Wittman tower rising above the trees Gerald Baushyerle of Hammond Louisiana taxis out for departure on Runway 36L with his Globe GC-1B Swift

8

N b k We asked VAA member and Vintage Airplane contributing editor Marcia

SPa r kYS ote 00 Sparky Barnes Sa~gent to visit with VAAers on the flightline Here are some of the interesting folks she met Photos by Sparky Barnes Sargent

EAA and VAA member Hal Cope started his trip to AirVenture by flying his Contishynental IO-360-powered 1946 Temco Swift from Spring Texas to Lake Elmo Minneshysota where a gathering of Swifts takes place virtually every year Eight Swifts flew into Wittman Field together after the gathering Cope whose Swift is only two days older than he is has been flying N3303K into Oshkosh for 15 years now and keeps coming back because he likes the camaraderie and friendship-everyshybody seems to reJax here a lot more than they normally would They let loose and allow themselves to be friends with other people And since it is the largest fly-in in the world you have all of the new electronics new airplanes and just everything here in one spot Copes Swift previously won the Preservation Award (2007) and a Lindy Award at AirVenture Grand Champion Custom Classic award at Sun n Fun (2002) and the Grand Chamshypion award three times at the Swift Museum Foundations Swift National Fly-In in Athens Tennessee

NC33587 a Piper J-3C-65 registered to Joel McKinzie of Lake Crystal Minneshy

sota was out enjoying a late-afternoon flight during AirVenture It was photoshy

graphed as it taxied into the EAA Seashyplane Base in the golden glow of the

setting sun Seaplane attendance was good this year as evidenced by the

planes in the background

These two look-alike Cessnas caught the photograshyphers eye in the Vintage camping area N2538D is a 1952 145-hp Cessna 170B registered to Larry Schleinat of Denton Texas The 1950 100-hp Cessna 140A N5313C is registered to James Huff-also of Denton Texas

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 9

This striking conversion of an early Cessna 150 to a taildragger belongs to Bob McBride Jr It was the winner of the Contemporary Class I (0-160 hp) Single Engine award

We suspect the crew of Madonna and Merrill McMahans Stearman prefers camping in Audrey s woods to staying in a hotel

Steve Krog (left) president of the Cub Club and editor of the clubs newsletter (and VAA dishyrectorType Club Tent chairman-phew Good thing he s retired now) was this years honshyoree presented with the Bax Seat Trophy at EMs Theater in the Woods Bax was known for his unbridled love of flight and the Bax Seat Trophy is presented annually by FLYING magazine for perpetuating the Gordon Baxter tradition of communicating the excitement and romance of flight Tom Benenson (right) of FLYING presented the award to Steve

Departure morning Oshkosh The tents rain fly is draped to dry in the morning sun and breeze as the wings are wiped down

10 NOVEMBER 2008

Alan Rebers Interstate S-1A Cadet was flown in from Indianapolis

Tony Millers Twin Beech E18S was the winner of an Outstand ing Customized Contemporary aircraft Bronze Lindy

John Seibold s 1929 Curtiss-Wright Travel Air

A-6000-A restored by Chuck Wentworth s Anshy

tique Aero was flown to the convention along with the Grand Canyon Ford Tri-Motor N414H The Travel Air was seshy

lected as the Silver Age Runner-Up

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 11

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

AUA is Vintage Aircraft Association approved To become a member of VAA call 8oomiddot843middot36J2

Aviation insurance with the EAA Vintage Program oHars Lower premiums with payment options - Additional coverages - Flexibility on the use of your aircraft - Experienced agents On-line quote request available - AUA is licensed in all states

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

BuIlds bounce right oft die Poly-Fiber see

W e here at Poly-Fiber are mighty proud to help heroes like Captain Eddie defeat the dreaded Hun in the skies over France by covering

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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Keeping beverages warm Stainless Steel Thermos voa217 $2195 Stainless Steel Travel Mug V12512 $1

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

Flight Stay warm in this black or sage flight jacket Beautifully lined in orange Sporting the VAA logo and it has plenty of pockets Black Sage Vl1894 MD Vl1782 LG

MensSweater This stylish Mens sweater will keep you looking great with its zipper and stripe State size when ordering Vl17190ak (assorted sizes Vl1718 Black (dark (assorted sizes) Vl1734 Chestnut (assorted sizes)

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

Larger die cast toys V09786 Tracy V09787 Old Oscar V09788 Big Jake

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

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Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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Page 10: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

N b k We asked VAA member and Vintage Airplane contributing editor Marcia

SPa r kYS ote 00 Sparky Barnes Sa~gent to visit with VAAers on the flightline Here are some of the interesting folks she met Photos by Sparky Barnes Sargent

EAA and VAA member Hal Cope started his trip to AirVenture by flying his Contishynental IO-360-powered 1946 Temco Swift from Spring Texas to Lake Elmo Minneshysota where a gathering of Swifts takes place virtually every year Eight Swifts flew into Wittman Field together after the gathering Cope whose Swift is only two days older than he is has been flying N3303K into Oshkosh for 15 years now and keeps coming back because he likes the camaraderie and friendship-everyshybody seems to reJax here a lot more than they normally would They let loose and allow themselves to be friends with other people And since it is the largest fly-in in the world you have all of the new electronics new airplanes and just everything here in one spot Copes Swift previously won the Preservation Award (2007) and a Lindy Award at AirVenture Grand Champion Custom Classic award at Sun n Fun (2002) and the Grand Chamshypion award three times at the Swift Museum Foundations Swift National Fly-In in Athens Tennessee

NC33587 a Piper J-3C-65 registered to Joel McKinzie of Lake Crystal Minneshy

sota was out enjoying a late-afternoon flight during AirVenture It was photoshy

graphed as it taxied into the EAA Seashyplane Base in the golden glow of the

setting sun Seaplane attendance was good this year as evidenced by the

planes in the background

These two look-alike Cessnas caught the photograshyphers eye in the Vintage camping area N2538D is a 1952 145-hp Cessna 170B registered to Larry Schleinat of Denton Texas The 1950 100-hp Cessna 140A N5313C is registered to James Huff-also of Denton Texas

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 9

This striking conversion of an early Cessna 150 to a taildragger belongs to Bob McBride Jr It was the winner of the Contemporary Class I (0-160 hp) Single Engine award

We suspect the crew of Madonna and Merrill McMahans Stearman prefers camping in Audrey s woods to staying in a hotel

Steve Krog (left) president of the Cub Club and editor of the clubs newsletter (and VAA dishyrectorType Club Tent chairman-phew Good thing he s retired now) was this years honshyoree presented with the Bax Seat Trophy at EMs Theater in the Woods Bax was known for his unbridled love of flight and the Bax Seat Trophy is presented annually by FLYING magazine for perpetuating the Gordon Baxter tradition of communicating the excitement and romance of flight Tom Benenson (right) of FLYING presented the award to Steve

Departure morning Oshkosh The tents rain fly is draped to dry in the morning sun and breeze as the wings are wiped down

10 NOVEMBER 2008

Alan Rebers Interstate S-1A Cadet was flown in from Indianapolis

Tony Millers Twin Beech E18S was the winner of an Outstand ing Customized Contemporary aircraft Bronze Lindy

John Seibold s 1929 Curtiss-Wright Travel Air

A-6000-A restored by Chuck Wentworth s Anshy

tique Aero was flown to the convention along with the Grand Canyon Ford Tri-Motor N414H The Travel Air was seshy

lected as the Silver Age Runner-Up

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 11

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

AUA is Vintage Aircraft Association approved To become a member of VAA call 8oomiddot843middot36J2

Aviation insurance with the EAA Vintage Program oHars Lower premiums with payment options - Additional coverages - Flexibility on the use of your aircraft - Experienced agents On-line quote request available - AUA is licensed in all states

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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Page 11: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

This striking conversion of an early Cessna 150 to a taildragger belongs to Bob McBride Jr It was the winner of the Contemporary Class I (0-160 hp) Single Engine award

We suspect the crew of Madonna and Merrill McMahans Stearman prefers camping in Audrey s woods to staying in a hotel

Steve Krog (left) president of the Cub Club and editor of the clubs newsletter (and VAA dishyrectorType Club Tent chairman-phew Good thing he s retired now) was this years honshyoree presented with the Bax Seat Trophy at EMs Theater in the Woods Bax was known for his unbridled love of flight and the Bax Seat Trophy is presented annually by FLYING magazine for perpetuating the Gordon Baxter tradition of communicating the excitement and romance of flight Tom Benenson (right) of FLYING presented the award to Steve

Departure morning Oshkosh The tents rain fly is draped to dry in the morning sun and breeze as the wings are wiped down

10 NOVEMBER 2008

Alan Rebers Interstate S-1A Cadet was flown in from Indianapolis

Tony Millers Twin Beech E18S was the winner of an Outstand ing Customized Contemporary aircraft Bronze Lindy

John Seibold s 1929 Curtiss-Wright Travel Air

A-6000-A restored by Chuck Wentworth s Anshy

tique Aero was flown to the convention along with the Grand Canyon Ford Tri-Motor N414H The Travel Air was seshy

lected as the Silver Age Runner-Up

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 11

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

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owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

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Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

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This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

Flight Stay warm in this black or sage flight jacket Beautifully lined in orange Sporting the VAA logo and it has plenty of pockets Black Sage Vl1894 MD Vl1782 LG

MensSweater This stylish Mens sweater will keep you looking great with its zipper and stripe State size when ordering Vl17190ak (assorted sizes Vl1718 Black (dark (assorted sizes) Vl1734 Chestnut (assorted sizes)

embroidered with a silver VAA logo looks smart with the front slimming

V12756SM V12757 MD V12758 LG

VAA MERCHANDISE 08

Larger die cast toys V09786 Tracy V09787 Old Oscar V09788 Big Jake

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$499

Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

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Something to buy sell or trade

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Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

AIRCRAFT

Stinson Reliant Gullwing V-77 - 1942 1100 TT 20 SMOH 20 SPOH Poly Fiber 300 HP Lycoming R-6S0 Hangared in Livermore CA LVK Call Larry 925-890shy3555 or 925-862-0172 $35000

MISCELLANEOUS

Flying wires available 1994 pricing Visit www flyingwirescom or call 800-517 -927S

SERVICES

Always Flying Aircraft Restoration LLC AampP IA Annual 100 hr inspections

Wayne Forshey 740-472-1481 Ohio - statewide

Flight Comes ~ALIVE~ Members get in FREE wwwairventuremuseumorg

Phone (920) 426-4818

1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

ASSOCIATION OFFICERS

Presiden t Vice-President Geoff Robison George Daubner

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

IP8~Sil Andltlla 2009 FORD FOCUS bull 35 MPG 20L Duratec 1-4 Engine bull 140 hp and 136 Ih-ft of torque bull US EPA certified SmartWay 11

bull Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle bull SYNC exclusive voice-activated

communications ampentertainment system (standard in SES models)

ENJOY THE PRIVILEGE OF PARTNERSHIP EAA Members who are considering the or lease of a Motor Company vehicle should be sure to take of the Ford Partner Recognition Program Your membership benefits qualify you for X-Plan pricing which could save you as much as $930 on a2009 Ford Focus

EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

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Page 12: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

Alan Rebers Interstate S-1A Cadet was flown in from Indianapolis

Tony Millers Twin Beech E18S was the winner of an Outstand ing Customized Contemporary aircraft Bronze Lindy

John Seibold s 1929 Curtiss-Wright Travel Air

A-6000-A restored by Chuck Wentworth s Anshy

tique Aero was flown to the convention along with the Grand Canyon Ford Tri-Motor N414H The Travel Air was seshy

lected as the Silver Age Runner-Up

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 11

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

AUA is Vintage Aircraft Association approved To become a member of VAA call 8oomiddot843middot36J2

Aviation insurance with the EAA Vintage Program oHars Lower premiums with payment options - Additional coverages - Flexibility on the use of your aircraft - Experienced agents On-line quote request available - AUA is licensed in all states

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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Page 13: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

Remember seeing this on the flightline in 1969 Stephanie Allen sure does and now she can relive the Sixties with her Grand Champion Contemporary Cessna 172K Her 172 was last years Reserve Grand Champion Conshytemporary A bit more work on a couple of items gave the Cessna a few more points to put it on top

Long shadows from the last hour of sunlight highlight the lines of the Grand Champion Classic this 1946 Piper J-3C The accomplished restoration was done by Joe Dobransky of Allen Texas

The last pilot and airshyplane to depart the Vinshytage parking area were Ed McLaughlin and his

Cessna 172 Ed was on his way back to Pittsfield

Massachusetts Ed told us that what s left of the

paint is the original apshyplied by Cessna in 1956

Weli have more coverage of the people and planes of AirVenture in

next months Vintage Airplane

12 NOVEMBER 2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

Oshkosh It adds a nice personal touch to their business I could not

be happier with the service I receive from them 1I

- Michael Norton

Michael Norton Rineyville KY

bull Swift GC IB N78097 is fourth plane owned

bull 800 hours and an instrument rating

bull Regular attendee of Sun-N-Fun and Oshkosh

AUA is Vintage Aircraft Association approved To become a member of VAA call 8oomiddot843middot36J2

Aviation insurance with the EAA Vintage Program oHars Lower premiums with payment options - Additional coverages - Flexibility on the use of your aircraft - Experienced agents On-line quote request available - AUA is licensed in all states

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

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never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

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December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

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Page 14: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

IIWhile some companies shy away from older aircraft AUA

welcomes them with great rates as well It is obvious they are

owners and pilots as it shows in the way they do business It is also

nice to see the people you talk to on the phone at Sun-N-Fun and

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- Michael Norton

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This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

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go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

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Page 15: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

This silver Pacific Air Transshyport mailplane shines and sparkles rivaling the diamonds she carried that fateful October day

in 1928 when the mountainside claimed her in Canyonville Oregon Thanks to Addison Pembertons pershysistent dream of owning and flying

14 NOVEMBER 2008

BY SPARKY BARNES SARGENT

a Boeing 40C NS339 exists today as the only 40C and the oldest airshyworthy Boeing

Finding and restoring the Boeing was partially a tribute to his fathers childhood memories of watching the mailplanes flying the contract air-mail (CAM) route over Iowa and also Pembertons way of bringshy

ing history to full-fledged life After bartering for the biplanes remains with the Oregon Aviation Historishycal Society he eventually brought a veritable village together to accomshyplish the memorable and monushymental task of restoration

It is quite an experience to pershysonally behold this fabulous flying

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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middotShipping andha ndling NOT included Major credit cards accep tedWI resi dentsadd 5 sa les tax

32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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Page 16: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

WINTER THE SMELL OF HOT CHOCOLATE AND HOT CIDER THE WHINE OF THE JOINTER MIXED WITH THE BUZZ OF THE TABLE SAW HUM OF THEgt TIG WELDER ROAR OF THE PLANISHING HAMMER AND SWIRL OF THE ENGLISH WHEEL

- AddIson Pemberton

JIM KOEPNICK

machine and listen as its inertia starter whines into a crescendo watch the propeller slowly turn while the engine sputters to life and hear the 16-foot exhaust stacks pipe their ancient melodious tune This past summer and fall numershyous people had that opportunity After flying from Felts Field in Sposhy

kane Washington to Oshkosh Wisconsin for the week of EAA AirshyVenture Oshkosh 2008 Pemberton flew the 40C to Blakesburg Iowa There in the fields of summer corn and soybeans N5339 was one of nine original-type air-mail planes to actively participate in the Anshytique Airplane Association and Air Power Museums 90th anniversary celebration of the first scheduled air mail in the United States Along with others Pemberton was sworn in as an air-mail pilot signed a contract and flew the official US postal mail from Antique Airfield to Ottumwa Iowa and return

Soon afterward Pemberton and the Boeing accompanied by Larry Tobin in his 1927 Stearman C3B and Ben Scott in his 1930 Stearman 4E flew to New York to begin their carefully planned re-enactment of the transcontinental air-mail route The Transcon commenced September 1 0 and was successfully completed September 18 after 29 hours flying time They carried ofshyficial US mail across the country and stopped at each of the 15 origshyinal air-mail stops where an edushycational program was shared with the public Afterward Pemberton described the flight as a trip into a time warp and himself as being a very humble pilot to have lived history up close and personal with an increased respect for the airshymail pioneers

N5339 is not only recreating airshymail history it s making history of its own now-but just how was it transformed from those charred remnants of a fiery crash in 1928 into an airworthy beauty in 2008

A VILLAGE OF VOLUNTEERS A proj ect of this magnitude

wouldnt be easily accomplished without help-and Pemberton was pleasantly astonished by how many volunteers showed up at his Felts Field hangar Theyre not so much antique people I had stockbrokers doctors all walks of life-and it was amazing to me the talents that some of these people had reflects

Pemberton adding There are volshyunteers that you can give a giant task to with minimum supervision there are other ones that have to be shown how to hold a paint brush So the key is to pair a challenged person with a helper

The entire restoration process was thoughtfully orchestrated to best utilize everyones time Beshylieve it or not this airplane was built on Wednesday nights over eight years shares Pemberton explaining and it took me five nights to make a Wednesday night efficient If people show up and they have direction and theyve got material and know what to do they keep coming back If they stand around they go away Of the 61 volunteers there were 21 that did significant work and there were 10 people who virtually didnt miss a Wednesday night My wife Wendy fed them dinner at 6 pm and we worked until 2 am-she fed 14 to 16 people every Wednesday night for eight years It was really a hoot it was great

Numbering among the volunshyteers were Pembertons own famshyily members Wendy married into this [aviation] disease and she appreciates aviation not just for the airplanes but for the peoshyple They are usually the people you want to have as friends beshycause theyre interesting motishyvated and active-and a lot of times successful Our kids were raised in this environment and to my wifes credit she cooks our dinner meal in the hangar ev shyery night So our sons did their homework there while their dads banging away on stuff Theres a glider club in Spokane and when my boys got to be 14 I towed for them in my Stearman and they soloed at 14-12 They went right into power and we built a Cub together Ryan my younger son learned to become a very accomshyplished TIG welder through the Boeing restoration Jay is a mainshytenance pilot-hes a flight inshystructor not a builder

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 15

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

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not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

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November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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Page 17: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

The Boeing factory with at least 16 of the model 40 fuselages awaitshying completion

Pacific Air

A shot dated 9-13-28 of 5339 when it was being used by Pacific Air Transport

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROCESS

The cold Spokane winters were especially productive at Felts Field and Pemberton poetically describes those long seasons when he states Winter The smell of hot chocoshylate and hot cider the whine of the jointer mixed with the buzz of the table saw hum of the TIG welder roar of the planishing hammer and swirl of the English wheel

The volunteers were armed with appropriate tools materials and 800 original Boeing drawings Painstakshying care was exercised to fabricate new parts and old parts were used

1 6 NOVEMBER 2008

where possible We consider the airplane a restoration emphasizes Pemberton explaining The data plate in there is the original one and there are 70 components that we moved over from the wreck inshycluding the footsteps and handle the throttle quadrant bracket and fuel selector assembly the landing gear forgings the top cap for the oleos and one wing fitting

By late April 2007 the wood wings were installed on the fuselage for a check fit prior to covering and Pemberton happily announced that N5339 could finally hold up her own wings for the first time in 79 years

It was not a small feat Describing it he gave thanks to my son Ryan for all the wonderful compound sheet metal work and to Andy Bradford for many late hours on the millshying machine and file work to make all the compound angles work out perfect on all the wing struts These struts are not adjustable and are made to pin center with a 060-inch tolershyance The airplane has a total of 20 struts and 30 flying landing incishydence and tail wires We were able to rig the airplane closer than I could have imagined and thats a tribute to Art Swenson and the squareness of the wings and the perfection of the fuselage work that Matt Burroughs did seven years ago The airplane is in rig within 14-inch in span (44shylIZ-inch) and 38-inch from the outer wing struts to the tail post The one surprising discovery is the firmness of the aileron control sysshytem and the heaviness of the elevashytor-which brings new meaning to a quote by Les Towers the Boeing test pilot The controls are effective but feel as if they are cast in concrete

The wing trailing edges have a distinguished scalloped appearance formed by stranded and soldered copper wire which required careful attention during fabric installation Wendy used a template to keep the scallops symmetrical while shrinking the Ceconite fabric and rib-stitched with flat cord taking care to ensure that the stitches werent twisted on top of the ribs Wendy did all the covering taping and brushing Ranshydolph nitrates on the fabric shares Pemberton and thats when I took it over except she didnt allow me to touch sandpaper to the fabric She had 1000 hours putting fabric on and we put another 1000 hours in the paint booth

The painting process was going strong during the late summer of 2007 and copious amounts of dope were applied on the massive wings with a high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) system Each of the 17 coats per wing required 47 trips up and down the paint booth One of my friends Randy Ingraham volshy

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

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T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

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Page 18: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

unteered to help me in the paint gun and he s like a robot I asked booth chuckles Pemberton so he him What are you not telling me was going to be the grunt and mix He told me he worked in a body the paint and hand me hoses Then shop for 12 years So I said Okayshyhe wanted to try it so he gets the now Im the grunt and youre the

While the wings are built up using wood spars and ribs there s plenty of metal used in the structure Here are the metal parts ready for final fabshyrication and installation

One of the four wing panels built for the Boeing

Wendy Pemberton was in charge of covering the massive airframe She also took on the task of feeding the regular Wednesday night volunteer corps

shooter So Randy did all the final finishes and I did all the buildup

By January 2008 the Boeing was nearly complete Its S2S-hp Pratt amp Whitney (overhauled by Covington Aircraft Engines Inc) was hung and with the installation of the impresshysive 16-foot-Iong polished exhaust stacks (fabricated by Acorn Weldshying LTD of Canada) it was time to

~ hear the Boeing come to life Pemshyill berton says that on February II his ~ son Ryan climbed into the cockpit g z

and engaged the inertia starter for ~ the first time in 80 years He ran it iii through six blades hit the mags ~ ff strong and gt and the 1340 Pratt lit 0 o smooth before he could even get to ~ the booster coil on the first try J Q

FLIGHT PREP After NS339 received its standard

airworthiness certificate and the snow had melted from the runway it was time for the test flight Pemberton had previously taken steps to make sure that he was personally ready to fly it Having accumulated 10000 hours of flying mostly the old stuff he was especially grateful for an opporshytunity that was generously bestowed upon him in August 2007 His friend Glenn Peck kindly arranged a visit to Creve Coeur Missouri where Pemberton was invited to solo Al Stixs Liberty-powered 1919 de Havilshyland DH4-M2 mailplane The vision of looking down that long DH nose at Lambert Field from 1000 feet over St Louis is burned into my brain for the rest of my life says Pemberton adding I had flashbacks to lindshyberg Jack Knight Dean Smith and Wild Bill Hopson flying these airshycraft cross-county on daily mail runs I do not think that any other aircraft could have prepared me better for my pending Boeing 40C test flight

Additionally having logged 1000 hours in an AT-6 he was able to borshyrow one from a friend and flew it from the back seat with the seat lowered almost to the floorboard so that his head was below the instrushyment panel-and then he shot landshying after landing Later knowing how well that had prepared him for

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 17

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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MensSweater This stylish Mens sweater will keep you looking great with its zipper and stripe State size when ordering Vl17190ak (assorted sizes Vl1718 Black (dark (assorted sizes) Vl1734 Chestnut (assorted sizes)

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Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

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of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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Page 19: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

Addisons son Ryan was a integral part of the restorashyAddison works on the massive landing gear All of the tion team Like his brother Jay they literally grew up parts of this biplane are big around the project

The wingtips hand grip is neat ly trimmed with cord to reduce wear and give a ground handler a good grip

Pembertons attention to detail is visible even on the wheel covers The wheels were built up by Don McMakin

the lack of visibility during Boeing landings he had his son Jay practice the same routine before letting him solo the big biplane

FLYING THE 40C The scent of aviation res torashy

tion productivity is such a sweet fragrance-nearly inebriating in and of itself and overwhelming in

18 NOVEMBER 2008

Close-up view of the flare tubes

its heady final test when airplane and pilot burst into the sky home at long last That final test took place on February 17 2008 when the Boeing flew for the first time in 80 years Pembertons sons flew chase in the family s Cessna 185 with camera and video to record the 20-minute flight They were as pleasshyantly surprised as Pemberton himshyself to discover just how stable the Boeing was Afterward Pemberton shared that he had the fee ling

The Boeings fuel gauges are loshycated on the inboard section of each wing

that I cou ld have crawled out of the cockpit and walked around the wings for a while if I had wanted to-then returned to the cockpit when it was time to land

Th e Boeings powerful perforshymance was also notable-and is evshyident even to those who watch it eagerly th rust itself from the runshyway into the air The acceleration is pretty impressive I mean better than an AT-6-when you give the thing the needle it sinks you in the seat It came off on the very first flight in under 10 seconds which I wasnt ready for And its just a pretty flat levitating feeling-then you pull the nose up and the thing climbs over 1000 fpm Within a minute of flight I was able to fly hands-off so that was really amazshyin g The ailerons are heavy but very powerful-the biggest surshyprise was that the rudder forces are enormous On takeoff youve got 50 to 70 pounds of rudder force but once you re in cruise it loves to go straigh t The control forces

Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

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Something to buy sell or trade

Classified Word Ads $550 per 10 words 180 words maximum with boldface lead-in on first line

Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

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Specifications Empty Weight 4080 pounds

Gross Weight 6075 pounds

Length 34 feet

Height 13 feet

WingSpan 44-12 feet

Wing loading 10 poundssqu re feet

Power loading 10 poundshorsepower

Cruise 115 mph with fuel burn of 28 gph

Fuel Capacity 120 gallons In three tanks

The airframe is nearly complete Addison refers to the Boeing construction as hobbyist in the sense that since it uses few cast ings or forgings the airplane can be hand built Given Its size that means there were a lot of hands Sixty-one volunteers were logged by the Pembertons 10 of whom hardly ever missed a Wednesday night restoration session This 40C is powered by a 525-hp Pratt amp Whitney 1340

are about three times that of a PT as straight as an arrow with excelmiddot q uired after the first flight they Stearman with half of its control reo lent control responsiveness even moved the vertical fin over one hole sponse In smooth air it s a joy and in healthy crosswinds to alleviate rudder force Pemberton very relaxing to fly in turbulence Only one minor change was reo continued testing the flight characmiddot its a workout

It didnt take long for Pemberton to learn that slipping approaches to landing are quite simply aremiddot quirement Hell slip it to within 5 feet of the ground before kicking it out otherwise he completely loses sight of the runway The oleo gear has nearly a foot of travel which Pemberton says make touchdowns imperceptible at times Its a real weird feeling-you just feel you must be on the ground because youre going slow I wheeled it in the beginning to learn where the wheels were and now Ill threemiddot point it because it just does the Cub thing and settles on Once on the ground the Boeing tracks

VI NTAGE A IR P LA N E 19

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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Page 21: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

The luxuriously detailed cabin interior with brown leather seats compleshymenting natural wood and an engraved Boeing logo on the forward bulkshyhead The cabin interior is handsomely detailed right down to the cabin phone which allows a passenger to communicate with the pilot in the rear open cockpit The original throttle quadrant

~

The neatly laid-out instrument panel and cockpit-note the Boeing logo on the rudder pedals

teristics and experienced an interestshying tendency We put the airplane into a 75 percent power climb at alshytitude and lowered the left wing 20 degrees and tried to pick the wing up with rudder But with the wing held down it will rudder lock-the rudder just snaps over and locks You can put both feet on the opposite rudshyder and you still cant move it exshy2 0 NOVEMBER 2008

The Boeings voluminous mail pit and the leather straps securing it

plains Pemberton but you can raise the wing and the rudder pops back We also determined that at about 34 percent mean aerodynamic chord it started to lose its longitudinal stashybility-so weve reduced the CG enshyvelope to about 32 percent max We fly it between 28 and 32 percent and the airplanes wonderful To safely carry four passengers we have to

throw 200 pounds in the mail pit and it does fine

BIT 0 HISTORY Through the project Pemberton

became well-acquainted with Bill Boeing Jr and gained a special apshypreciation of the early air-mail indusshytry from him Prior to 1926 all the air mail in this country was carried

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

Larger die cast toys V09786 Tracy V09787 Old Oscar V09788 Big Jake

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

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Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

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SERVICES

Always Flying Aircraft Restoration LLC AampP IA Annual 100 hr inspections

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Flight Comes ~ALIVE~ Members get in FREE wwwairventuremuseumorg

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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Page 22: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

by post office-employed pilots flying DH-4s In 1925 the post office went to several aircraft manufacturers for a r~placement for the de Havilland DH-4 So Douglas submitted an airshyplane as did Boeing Curtiss and a couple of others Boeing lost that first bid they had built a woodenshyfuselage Liberty-powered Boeing 40 that was not very successful Pemshyberton recounts adding A year later Congress decided to let conshytractors haul the mail which meant they had to come up with their own airplane Bill Boeing came back with a concept in January of 1927 and by July he had to build 25 airplanes train 50 pilots place them from Chishycago to San Francisco and have an operating airline And he did that Even in todays terms thats pretty overwhelming Thats when he came up with the steel-tube Pratt amp Whitshyney-powered version of the Boeing 40 that was successful The other part of that whole story was when Pratt amp Whitney came out with their enshygines in May of that year they didnt see any assembled airplanes yet Boeshy

ing assured them that in six weeks the airplanes would be assembled They assembled them outside test flew them and then logistically placed them on the CAM 18 San Francisco to Chicago 1200-mile airshymail route and began making money right away So with that Bill Boeing shares the feeling that this is the first successful airliner in the US and is as historically significant as a tri-moshytor a DC-3 and a 707

SHINING SUCCESS The following lyrics seem someshy

how appropriate when describing the newly restored Boeing 40C though its likely that Paul Simon wasnt thinking about an antique bishyplane when he wrote them Sail on silver girl sail on by your time has come to shine all your dreams are on their way Indeed its time for this Boeing to shine once more sunshylight glinting from her silver wings to the delight of not only those who witness her sailing by in the sky but for pilot and passengers as well A few fortunate people were invited

to fly back into time as passengers in the comfortable and handsomely outfitted enclosed cabin where they were able to communicate via phone with Pemberton who was pishyloting from the rear open cockpit It was truly a treasured experience for this author who gazed out the Boeshyings window into the living past to behold the de Havilland DH-4 and Stearman 4DM mailplanes snuggled alongside the 40C as the late eveshyning sun cast a peach-colored glow over velvety green fields

N5339s 2008 debut has been virtushyally as authentic as her precision restoshyration for she proudly carried the mail just as gracefully as she did so many years ago And this queenly silver girl is making dreams come true for Pemberton and his village of volunshyteers The Boeing 40C was awarded Antique Grand Champion Gold Lindy at AirVenture and the 2008 AAA APM Fly-Ins Peoples Choice and Jack Knight award-Best Air-Mail Carrier Surely the spirit of air-mail pioshyneer Jack Knight has been cheering Pemberton on along the way

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 21

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

Flight Stay warm in this black or sage flight jacket Beautifully lined in orange Sporting the VAA logo and it has plenty of pockets Black Sage Vl1894 MD Vl1782 LG

MensSweater This stylish Mens sweater will keep you looking great with its zipper and stripe State size when ordering Vl17190ak (assorted sizes Vl1718 Black (dark (assorted sizes) Vl1734 Chestnut (assorted sizes)

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

E-mail is the easiest way for you to get connected

Changed your mail

Let us know wwweaaorgemai

Something to buy sell or trade

Classified Word Ads $550 per 10 words 180 words maximum with boldface lead-in on first line

Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

ASSOCIATION OFFICERS

Presiden t Vice-President Geoff Robison George Daubner

152 1 E M aCGregor Dr 2448 Lough Lane New Haven IN 46774 Hartford WI 53027

260-493-4724 262-673-5885 chie(7025aolcom gdallb ereaaorg

Secretary Treasurer Steve Nesse Charles W Harri s

2009 Highland Ave 72 I 5 East 46th 5t Albert Lea M N 56007 Tu lsa OK 7414 7

507-373-1674 9 18-622-8400 stnesdeskmediacom cwhhv5u com

DIRECTORS Steve Bender

85 Brush Hill Road Sherborn M A 0 1770

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Page 23: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

Light Plane Heritage ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN EAA Experimenter AU GUST 1993

Remember the Razorback Aeronca

BY BOB WHITTIER

The Aeronca C-2 of 1930 The first one had the Wright-Morehouse engine which was deshyveloped into the Aeronca E-107 design

Editors Note November will mark the 80th anniver- airplanes along with military liaison and training airshy

sary of the founding of the Aeronautical Corporation planes Aeronca carries on to this day currently engaged

of America better known by its trade name Aeronca in the production of sophisticated metal structures inshy

Created without a product or a factory in which to pro- eluding its pioneering work in brazed metal structures

duce it the directors were given a demonstration ofJean such as the outer skin of the Apollo Command Module

Roches lightplane powered by a small two-cylinder en- and its newest contract for the heat shield of the next

gine They took a chance and created an entirely new generation of NASA spacecraft the Orion Bob Whittier

segment of American aviation When Aeronca ceased details the determined work done by Jean Roche and the

production of aircraft in 1951 Aeronca had been one company that would eventually put his dream lightplane

of the preeminent manufacturers of sport and training into production-HGF

Editors Note Longtime aviation enthusiasts will recognize the byline of Bob Whittier Bob has been a regular conshytributor to EAA publications since the founding of the organization as well as a knowledgeable author for other aVIashytion and boating magazines Bobs Light Plane Heritage series in EAAs Experimenter magazine often touched on aircraft and concepts related to vintage aircraft and their history Since many of our members have not had the opportunity to read this series we plan on publishing those LPH articles that would be of interest to VAA members Enjoy-HGF

22 NOVEMBER 2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

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November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

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Page 24: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

The early Razorback Aeronca lightplanes are surely a convincing examshyple of how the passage of

time can alter peoples perceptions of things When the first model C-2 appeared on the aviation scene in 1930 it immediately drew hoots of derision from the leather-booted cavalry-jacketed pilots still numershyous at that time

But today when one of those early lightplanes shows up at an aviation gathering it immediately becomes the subject of much nosshytalgic reminiscing on the part of the old-timers present and curious staring and questioning on the part of those whose birthday cakes sport less than say 50 candles The disshytinctive and to some grotesque apshypearance of these birds makes them stand out clearly and memorably from all other small planes

The term razorback as it applies to these planes puzzles everyone upon first encountering it It derived long ago from the ridgepole-like shape of the top of early Aeronca fuselages imparted by the single upshyper longeron of the three-Iongeron welded steel-tube fuselage structure And the somewhat unusual name Aeronca was created by shortening the manufacturers long-winded ofshyficial name of Aeronautical Corposhyration of America Since postwar models of Aeronca airplanes are still widely used by private pilots obvishyously they have been proven to be a good and durable one

The Aeronca story begins in 1906 when 12-year-old Jean A Roche came with his parents to New York City from France InCidentally this name is pronounced Rowshay and Aeronca is sometimes misshypronounced Aeronica By around 1910 young Jean had become an avid model airplane builder and frequented the early and very fasshycinating airfields that had sprung upon the flat fields of Long Island Upon graduating from high school he entered Columbia University and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering

Like so many others Jean A Roche dreamed of creating a simple inexshypensive plane that ordinary people could afford His experiments startshying in 1923 led to the Aeronca C-2

By 1915 he was well enough versed in the art-science of airplane design to find employment with the small Huntington lightplane company on Long Island and later at the larger Aeromarine factory at Keyport New Jersey When the United States entered World War I Jean was sufficiently proficient at aeronautical engineering to qualify for an engineering position at the Armys aviation research and develshyopment center at McCook Field in Dayton Ohio now Wright Field

Aviation jobs being scarce afshyter the war was over Roche prushydently held onto his job at McCook and in his spare time pursued his interest in light aircraft for recreshyational flying In 1923 the finanshycially strapped Army decided to investigate the possibility of using gliders for economical pilot trainshying Roche was put in charge of the project because of his familiarity with lighter aircraft

Because the project was very much an experiment it was imshyperative to keep its cost to a minishymum consistent with producing something useful So the top wing from a surplus Curtiss IN-4 trainer

became the basis of the new glider This wing had a span of 43 feet 7 inches and the rather thin airfoil used for its ribs resulted in quite shallow and flexible spars To make it rigid enough to carry even a glidshyers modest air loads many supshyporting cables were reqUired

Designing this glider thus gave Roche practical experience with long slim wire-braced wings He came to realize that they could be designed to be quite light in weight moderate in cost and of good aeroshydynamic efficiency-at least for slower aircraft

McCook Field in those days was a wonderful place for any enthushysiastic young airplane designer to work Being at a major center for aircraft development work Roche was free to associate daily with topshyrate engineers and pilots and had access to the latest and best in aeroshynautical literature And this at a time when most flying enthusiasts were hustling to scrounge livings by barnstorming in war-surplus Jennies and Standards The Curtiss OX-5 and Hispano-Suiza or Hisso engines that powered them were large V-8 mills designed for 50-hour service lives They required constant maintenance and gobbled gasoline as if it were as cheap as water

Roche realized that while war surplus ships could be purchased cheaply they then cost a lot to opshyerate Depending on which oldshytimer you listen to an OX-5 burned around 6 to 7 gallons of gas per hour Many yards of fabric and tins of dope indeed were required to reshycover their big wings The many bracing cables turnbuckles and fitshytings were a chore to keep properly adjusted and maintained Pilots who found ways to operate Jennies comshymercially could figure maintenance costs into the rates they charged but many private owners took scarshyily long chances on the airworthishyness of weather-beaten ships

It was obvious to Roche that this state of affairs could not continue for long and so he believed that there would eventually be a market

V I NTAGE AIRPLA N E 23

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

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December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

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Page 25: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

AIRPLANES OF THE WORLO DOUGLAS ROLFE

Because Aeronca designer Jean ARoche was a native of France the 1909 Demoiselle above could have given him ideas Note the three-Iongeron deep-chested fuselage staight-axle landing gear and flat-twin engine Right Reproduction from a 1933 Aeronca ad This drawing conveys the sense of freedom and adventure that comes of exploring the countryside in an open-cockpit puddlejumper 70-mph at 1000 feet seems faster than 170 at 10000 feet

for small planes that would be easier and less costly for private owners to keep in good condition Although the Army glider he designed used a Jenny wing when designing its fuseshylage and tail he had an opportunity to try some of his ideas about simple and economical construction

In 1923 and 1924 he used this experience to design on his own time a new Single-seat lightplane He and a fellow McCook employee named John Dohse built it in their spare time Among other things its wing used the then very new Clark Y airfoil which represented a considerable improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio over World War I types Its thickness allowed the use of deeper spars so the number of external brace wires was substanshytially reduced compared to older ships It was possible to make the wing of good span but narrow chord-such as to give it a 9-to-l asshypect ratio which helped the rate of climb with low-powered enginesshyand have a surprisingly good glidshying range when the engine was throttled back or quit

For lack of anything better it was powered first by a straight-4 Henshyderson motorcycle engine and then by a V-2 Indian Both produced around 18 hp which proved to be inadequate and suffered serious vishy24 NOVEMBER 2008

brations and reliability problems Unknown to Roche and Dohse

another McCook engineer by the name of Harold Morehouse had deshyveloped a small horizontally opshyposed air-cooled engine to drive the impellers used to blow air into the ballonets of Army blimps then used for slow-speed observation work A ballonet is a sort of limp diaphragm built into the lower porshytion of a blimps envelope for the purpose of maintaining gas presshysure and thus envelope rigidity

This well-designed engine came to Roches attention and it fascishynated him However as it develshyoped only 15 hp and had a vertical crankshaft it was obviously unsuitshyable for his little airplane After talkshying things over thoroughly Roche Dohse and Morehouse pooled their limited resources and went to work on a similar but larger engine suited for airplane installation

Completed in the summer of 1925 it produced 29 hp and flew the Roche-Dohse plane very well indeed In fact the shop became the pet of McCook Field pilots and in their skilled hands it received a thorough and professional testing

In 1926 Morehouse left McCook to take a job with the growing Wright aircraft engine company in Paterson New Jersey and later on

Dohse left for Seattle to take a job with Boeing And then the Roche plane was involved in a crash that damaged the Morehouse engine beshyyond repair The ship however was repaired and put back into service with a series of small engines none of which proved satisfactory

Then Roche persuaded two other McCook engineers Roy Poole and Robert Galloway to design a new engine It was basically like the Morehouse but incorporated some modifications At first it had overshyhead valves operated by exposed push rods and rocker arms but beshyfore long was redesigned again quite extensively The top and front of the crankcase was reshaped to blend neatly into the planes nose cowling and side-valve flat-head cylinders replaced the overhead-valve ones

This arrangement had advantages The cost and weight of the overheadshyva lve opera ting mechanism was eliminated Width and thus fronshytal area were reduced Because the valve operated directly off of the tapshypets located within the crankcase wear was less and the engine could be run longer before tappet clearshyances needed checking Cylinder and cylinder-head patternmaking castshying and machining were simplified which helped keep the cost down For a direct-drive engine turning its

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

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Page 26: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

Top FJat-head Aeronca E-107 producing 26 30 hp was the ultimate in simplicity Plug location made fouling by crankcase oil so unlikely that sinshygle ignition was feasible Below Overhead vale E-113 grew from 36 to an ultimate 45 hp Fins cast in crankcase helped cool the oil

propeller at an efficient peak speed of 2500 rpm intake and exhaust gas flow were not impaired to an objecshytionable degree This redesigned enshygine eventually became the Aeronca E-107 this designation being derived from the fact that it had a displaceshyment of 107 cubic inches Upon exshyamining one of these 26- to 30-hp engines in a museum a modern ulshytralight airplane enthusiast cannot help but be very impressed with its clean functional simplicity

In 1927 Roche worked out an agreement with the Govro-Nelson

Company in Detroit to build these engines for him It was already making the 110-hp seven-cylinder Warner engines and understood aeroshynautical requirements But since his plane itself was not in production no engines were built at that time

The previously mentioned Aeroshynautical Corporation of America was organized in 1928 by a group of investors in Cincinnati Ohio They had an option on factory space at the new Lunken Airport there but had no airplane design that they felt had market possibilshy

ities One member of this group knew Roche and suggested that a delegation travel to McCook Field 45 miles to the north to see Roche and his lightplane

By that time Roche held the imshypressive title of senior aeronautical engineer An Army major had given the plane a thorough series of test flights and wrote a very favorable report on it A capable civilian pilot hired to do demonstration flights for the Aeronca people did so very well

The delegation from Cincinnati went home thoroughly impressed and by the middle of 1929 an agreeshyment was on paper to manufacture the plane

Roche and some others involved with the plane moved to that city the plane was redesigned in certain areas to better suit the needs of mass-proshyduction techniques and during the winter of 1929-30 the new Aeronca C-2 was displayed at aircraft shows in various parts of the country

The idea of being able to buy a new airplane for just under $1500 and flying it on 2 gallons of gas per hour appealed to enough people to make the new plane a sales success even though the stock market crash of 1929 was sending the county into a deepening depression By years end 90 ships had been sold A numshyber of long-distance and altitude reshycord flights in C-2s brought much valuable publicity to the plane

Theres a saying that even bad pubshylicity is good publicity The curious pot-bellied and low-slung appearshyance of the Aeroncas fuselage quickly inspired more less-than-complimenshytary nicknames for the ship than have perhaps been applied to any other airplane The Flying Bathtub The Poutshying Pigeon The Dowager The Banana The Bellydragger and The Buffalo are examples Such colorful monikers of course attracted attention

The more people read heard and saw of the new Aeronca the more accustomed to its appearshyance they became Sales figures thus began to improve at a time when many aircraft firms were goshying bankrupt

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 25

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

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Page 27: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

Having a fully enclosed cabin faired-out fuselage top and cantilever landshying gear the 1935-36 model was the last of the C-3 line Some C-3s and engines were built under license in England

What could be more thoroughly satisfying on a hot August day than an open cockkpit Aeronca seaplane

However little if anything has been written about the reason for the odd fuselage shape After thinkshying about it for years I have formed a theory I cant prove it but you can decide for yourself whether or not it is sound As a native of France Roche no doubt kept himself wellshyinformed on aviation developments in that country and knew all about the little Demoiselle monoplane deshysigned in 1909 by aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont

In an accompanying illustration of this machine you will notice the three-Iongeron fuselage structure the low-set pilots seat the straightshythrough one-piece landing gear axle and the flat -twin engine You can see these same things in the Aeronca C-2 So it is not unreasonable to think that this very early lightplane influenced Roches thinking

This layout had its advantages The low-set bottom longerons afshyforded a place to attach struts or flyshying wires so as to create a favorable bracing angle when long slim wings were used The low-set fuselage

26 N O VEMB ER 2008

avoided the weight and air resistance of long landing gear struts Most of the one-piece straight-tube axle and all of its rubber shock cord wrapping were inside the fuselage and thus out of the airstream The cockpit was so close to the ground that stepping in and out of it was easy-once one had figured out how to get past the four flying wires on each side A useful benefit of the deep-bellied fuselage was that it afforded generous comshyfortable leg and foot room

The engine had to be set rather high to obtain adeq uate propeller ground clearance In order to get the wing angle of incidence re shyquired for three-poin t landings the tail of the fuselage had to be set high to position the tail skid As owner experience with the C-2 acshycumulated it was realized that the rather narrow landing gear often allowed ships to tilt up and drag a wing tip in crosswind landings so a wider tripod gear was adopted

A baggage space located behind the single pilot seat proved large enough for people of slight build

to wriggle into to enjoy short but memorable around-the-fie ld hops However the Bureau of Air Comshymerce (predecessor of the Federal Aviation Administration) refused to certify the C-2 as a two-seater for such reasons as they feared crammed-in passengers might inshyterfere with the pilots controls

But the C-2s ability to carry two people on the power of the little E-107 engine combined with the ships growing popularity among people who loved to fly purely for the not inconsiderable pleasure and satisfaction of mastering the air spurred the Aeronca management into giving deep thought to a certishyfiable two-seater In everyday life we see too much of the worlds more tawdry aspects but it looks much neater and better organized when we look down on it from 1000 feet After even a short hop we come down feeling better about things Small airplanes are thus more benshyeficial to peoples mental health than is generally acknowledged

But more power would be needed for a decent two-seater Aeronca Govro-Nelson showed Aeronca engishyneers how the overhead-valve cylinshyder heads of the Warner radial engine and related parts could be adapted to the E-107 crankcase The outcome of this was a new 36-hp Aeronca engine deSignated the E-1l3 from its cylinshyder displacement in cubic inches

Introduced in 1931 the C-3 at once benefitted from the C-2s reputashytion as a good little fun-flyer The exshytra seat of course was a very big sales feature At first Aeronca had thought of redesigning the C-2s cockpit area for tandem seating but gave this up for side-by-side seating This arrangeshyment greatly facilitated communicashytion between pilot and passenger in a drafty open cockpit and avoided a center-of-gravity change when switching between one and two ocshycupants The basic C-2 fuselage strucshyture was widened in the cockpit area and the new 36-hp engine compenshysated for added weight and drag

Airports hit hard by the depresshysion that followed the stock market

An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

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Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

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An evening cruise in a Razorback Aeronca C-3 was a grand way to relax and gain a sense of perspective after a hectic day

Removeable winter enclosure made it feasible to operate C-3s all year

John Dohse Jean Roche and Harold Morehouse with the predesser to the C2 the Roche lightplane with Morehouse M-80 engine

crash of October 1929 disposed of their 100-hp trainers and replaced them with Aeronca C-3s Now able to offer instruction at well under $10 per hour they were able to stay in business The high school at Teaneck in northeastern New Jersey gained wide-spread publicity when it started a flight-training program using a C-3

As had been true of the C-2 the C-3 could be fitted with floats and these

low-cost rigs introduced many to the pleasure and utility of seaplanes A simple removable winter cockpit enclosure was offered making cold weather flying somewhat more feashysible than it had hitherto been

Flying in a C-3 was a unique exshyperience The exposed rocker arms of the Warner cylinder heads alshylowed drops of lubricating grease to fly back into the cockpit area But

when taxiing one could look ahead under the high-set cylinder on your side of the cockpit to get a great view of the runway ahead

The exhaust fed into a V-shaped manifold which blended the two cylinders noise into a single outlet Despite having only two cylinders this created a low-pitched reassurshying and even pleasant sound that told people on the ground that I An Aeronca is coming Aeronca evenshytually took over engine manufacture and redesigned the heads to better enclose the valve rockers

Since both seats were off of the centerline the high nose did not block forward visibility too badly To both sides and the rear visibility was panoramiC If you leaned outboard a little you could look straight down and perhaps get the same feeling of vertigo you do when looking down from a tall building If one streamshylined flying wire was a bit loose or out of alignment with the airflow it could start fluttering up and down Then tightening it might set anshyother wire to doing the same

Around airports the absence of a scratched-up plastic enclosure made for a clear view of other planes in the traffic pattern when the sun was low in the sky C-3 pilots had to be wary about operating out of farm fields covered with the stubble left from harvested crops- it was comshymon for mechanics to find rips in the belly fabric when inspecting Aeronca Bellydraggers

By 1935 Aeronca was feeling competition from the new Taylor Cub which although having only 40 hp seemed to many people to look more like an airplane Because damage to streamlined tie rods on one side of an Aeronca could loosen those on the other side the feds in Washington came out with new regshyulations that prompted Aeronca to look into strut-braced wings The reshysult was that the C-3 which had lots and lots of character was replaced by the new strut-braced model K which led to the Chief Nice enough airplanes those-but somehow not as much fun as a Razorback

V I NTAG E AIRPLANE 27

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

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Page 29: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

BY ROBERT GLOCK

Invention of the magneto

My good pal Frank Rezich asked me to pen a colshyumn on the Bosch magshyneto that was used on

the Navy Wright R-760-8 engines Since I am familiar with the Bosch SB9RU magneto that was installed on the Pratt amp Whitney R-985 enshygines I thought it might be intershyesting to delve into history a little to find out just who Robert Bosch was and from where he came So here it is-enjoy

Bosch was born in Albeck a vilshylage in southern Germany He was the 11th of 12 children his parshyents were from a class of well-suited farmers from the region From 1868 to 1876 Bosch attended the Reshyalschule the secondary-technical

school in the city of Ulm then he took an apprenticeship as a precishysion mechanic After his school and practical education Bosch spent an additional seven years working at diverse companies in Germany and England where he worked for Siemens Industries While in the United States Bosch worked at the lab of Thomas Edison

On November 15 1886 he opened his own Workshop for Preshycision Mechanics and Electrical Enshygineering in Stuttgart Germany A year later he made a decisive imshyprovement to an unpatented magshyneto ignition device made by the engine manufacturer Deutz

Nicolaus Otto (1832-1891) had invented the four-cycle internal

combustion engine in 1848 and with his partner Eugen Langden Otto set up shop to market his inshyvention Ottos technical advisor was a familiar name in the engine business none other than Gottlieb Daimler Daimlers assistant was anshyother talented inventor Wilhelm Maybach While Daimler wanted to utilize the newly invented fourshystroke engine in an automobile Otto was more interested in the manufacture of stationary engines Daimler left the company in 1890 taking Maybach with him to form the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft to manufacture his designs (Figure 2) Eleven years later Maybach deshysigned the Mercedes automobile A few years after that Maybach left

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach two brilliant engineers who refined the Otto four-stroke internal combustion engine Their reshyfined engine used a Bosch ignition system complete with magneto Robert Bosch at the age of 27 years and spark plug (Figure 2)

28 NOVEMBER 2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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Page 30: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

bullbull

Daimler to set up his own factory to manufacture engines for Zeppeshylin airships

Ottos internal combustion enshygine invention used a crude device to cause a spark that ignited a fuel air charge inside the cylinder It was this device that Bosch modified and perfected work that would make him famous The magneto refineshyment of Bosch and spark plug inshyvention of Gottlob Honold made Ottos internal combustion engine a product that would change the world This gave Bosch his first business success The purpose of the magneto device was to generate an electrical spark needed to cause the fuelair mixture in a stationary combustion engine to explode And in 1897 Bosch was the first person to adapt such a magneto ignition deshyvice to a motor vehicle engine But only the invention of the first comshymercially viable high-voltage spark plug by Boschs engineer Honold in 1902 made possible the developshyment of the internal combustion engine With the invention of the high-tension spark plug the Bosch magneto-spark plug combination became the standard for the autoshymotive industry and was quickly adapted to the aviation world

Even before the 19th century came to an end Bosch had exshypanded his operations beyond

Germanys borders The company established a sales office in the United Kingdom in 1898 and other European countries soon followed The first sales office and the first factory in the United States were opened in 1906 and 1910 respecshytively By 1913 the company had branch operations in the Americas Asia Africa and Australia and was generating 88 percent of its sales outside of Germany In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversificashytion in his company In only a few years time he succeeded in turnshying his company from a small aushytomotive supplier founded on the skilled trades into a multinational electronics group The face on the poster in Figure 3 became a Bosch regular known as Fritz the Flyer

AMERICAN BOSCH MAGNETO CORPORATION

Magneto Instructions

Type FO Manelo T)pe F B MattAtlo

T ype 1(middot 100 I lIIpulsc Cup1inll i lIIade lOT uraquoe on mall notch l i aKIIClQIi of T)~s FO OX Z 411 MA With thi Ollplin it it nlaquoafr to l1l~loe tin 51 11 till h l Ix-forc uan in) t he IImline [t aulom t ic lly throws 0 11 1 U 11 u the cn im r

T r jraquoe Hmiddot200 impulse CouplwJI L mldc f()f usc on brtter Iypa 01 t blaquo DOlch ll acnelo IKb at AT Dl and ll~ h II rDlirdy aulonulic in it act ion

To tuuc II 1n11I ~ lo cquljpcd with In impu16e couplinc e l ~o I cy linder ill t(lra dfuJ center pnsil ion of lhe comprtllion 81rQKc lind fGlve the armature until the lQuplinK i rd 1 fr om the arrcltcr platt whtu this OCCUr rotate Iht annatu re ~ckwrd

ullti l the imcTfupter Ienmiddotr in Cfuno he cum 1I1ll1 Ihe f1Qits I re jut clollamp or when rOlated in Ihe p~ dirCCI~)II Ihe pointt arc jlllt 09Cniol W ith the above M u lna I naiGed prO(ee1 ill tin Unte mannct you ould with malneto not ~uippcd with an impul~ cOQpllla

NOTE If Ihe m~to i equ ipped with a BOlch AdjU5foL Ic I mpulu Couplin Ibi a)Uplinr houtd be uk-en ar~1IrI ~nJ clunJ at It DOlen Serrice SlalLQn Ollce a r~ar flo not oil or fj ru Ih coupllna I i n ot N oleclcLi by an (l1w ine bood klaquo1l it co~rltd

T)~I~Ci~u~t)~~~~III r)tOtl~f~OOw it~JA~tII1~Ie E ulIIllcnlcnt

Bosch opened a factory in the United States and manufactured magnetos under the name Amerishycan Bosch (Figure 4) By 1920 the

Figure 5

(81)

(82)

(83)

Figure 6

V I NTAGE AIRPLANE 29

Figure 3 Figure 4

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

VAA Entertaining Cobalt Blue Wine glass Wine or water serve a beverage in this beautiful glass to guest and family V12513 $695 Cobalt Blue Cup

Keeping beverages warm Stainless Steel Thermos voa217 $2195 Stainless Steel Travel Mug V12512 $1

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

Flight Stay warm in this black or sage flight jacket Beautifully lined in orange Sporting the VAA logo and it has plenty of pockets Black Sage Vl1894 MD Vl1782 LG

MensSweater This stylish Mens sweater will keep you looking great with its zipper and stripe State size when ordering Vl17190ak (assorted sizes Vl1718 Black (dark (assorted sizes) Vl1734 Chestnut (assorted sizes)

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

Larger die cast toys V09786 Tracy V09787 Old Oscar V09788 Big Jake

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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Page 31: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

Bosch Company had sold more than a million magnetos Boschs US operation was taken over by the US governments Alien Propshyerty Custodian in 1918 as a conseshyquence of the U S governments declaration of war against Germany After the war Bosch re-entered the US market under his own name and a 10-year legal battle enshysued In 1930 Bosch entered into an agreement with the US Bosch Company which would market the products of the German Bosch Company in the United States

The Bosch magneto was manushyfactured for aircraft use in two disshytinct types-base-mounted as used on the Pratt amp Whitney engine and flange-mounted as used on the Wright engine They were also proshyduced in unshielded and shielded versions Although heavy when compared to other Bendix and Scinshytilla magnetos the Bosch product was very stout and quite reliable

The Bosch SB9RU magneto as used on Pratt amp Whitney R-985 rashydial engines is shown in Figure 5

The series of photos in Figure 6 taken from a Pratt amp Whitney overshyhaul manual show the method of setting E-gap for the magneto (81) The center photo shows the method used to couple a magneto to an enshygine-a rubber disc with serrations that engage into drive on an accesshysory case (82) This type of magneto is base-mounted and requires some expertise to install First the E-gap is set up by using a straight edge across the shaft to align with scribe marks on the case It will be necesshysary to hold the shaft in this posishytion so the E-gap will not change Next the magneto is placed next to the engine drive and the rubber coupler is moved until it lines up perfectly with the drive

The magneto is then placed on the mounting pad and a large drift is placed through one of the screw holes An aft pull is exerted to comshypress the rubber drive and allow the magneto to slide down over dowel pins in the base When this is comshypleted rotate the engine and check 30 NOVEMBER 2008

Figure 7

the point opening with piston locashytion on the No1 cylinder When the point opening coincides with the piston at 25 degrees BTC (before top center) insert the cap screws through the base and into the magshyneto Complete the job by safety wiring the 3-screws together (83)

The sketches in Figure 7 show using a Time Rite instrument the proper method of setting the pisshyton position in the No1 cylinder on compression stroke The prop is turned in the direction of rotashytion until the beginning of comshypression is felt coming from the spark plug hole Insert a Time Rite in the front spark plug hole (84) Align the cap of the indicator so that the slide slot lines up with the vertical axis of the cylinder Push the slide pOinter up close to the pivot arm (85) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm pushes the slide pointer to its farthest point (86) Turn the prop shaft about 90 degrees in the opposite direcshytion This will return the pivot arm to the top of the slot Adjust the proper engine scale (the scale numbered for R-985R-1340) so that the O-degree mark on the card

Typical VMN7DF middotTypo Magneto

Figure 8

Magneto Type SF7RN-l

Figure 9

aligns with the reference mark on the pointer (87)

Move the slide pointer up to align with the 25-degree mark on the card (88) Turn the prop shaft in the direction of rotation until the pivot arm just contacts the slide (89) At this point the piston in the No1 cylinder is now positioned 25 degrees before top center and the magneto can be engaged to the drive on the accessory case The two magnetos must synchronize that is both sets of points must open simultaneously so that the timing of the two magnetos is identical A timing light must be used to assure proper synchronized timing of the magnetos to the engine

The Time Rite instrument is a very handy device for setting the

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

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32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

Flight Stay warm in this black or sage flight jacket Beautifully lined in orange Sporting the VAA logo and it has plenty of pockets Black Sage Vl1894 MD Vl1782 LG

MensSweater This stylish Mens sweater will keep you looking great with its zipper and stripe State size when ordering Vl17190ak (assorted sizes Vl1718 Black (dark (assorted sizes) Vl1734 Chestnut (assorted sizes)

embroidered with a silver VAA logo looks smart with the front slimming

V12756SM V12757 MD V12758 LG

VAA MERCHANDISE 08

Larger die cast toys V09786 Tracy V09787 Old Oscar V09788 Big Jake

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

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Something to buy sell or trade

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Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

AIRCRAFT

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MISCELLANEOUS

Flying wires available 1994 pricing Visit www flyingwirescom or call 800-517 -927S

SERVICES

Always Flying Aircraft Restoration LLC AampP IA Annual 100 hr inspections

Wayne Forshey 740-472-1481 Ohio - statewide

Flight Comes ~ALIVE~ Members get in FREE wwwairventuremuseumorg

Phone (920) 426-4818

1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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SPORT PILOT magazine fo r an additional $20 per year

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

IP8~Sil Andltlla 2009 FORD FOCUS bull 35 MPG 20L Duratec 1-4 Engine bull 140 hp and 136 Ih-ft of torque bull US EPA certified SmartWay 11

bull Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle bull SYNC exclusive voice-activated

communications ampentertainment system (standard in SES models)

ENJOY THE PRIVILEGE OF PARTNERSHIP EAA Members who are considering the or lease of a Motor Company vehicle should be sure to take of the Ford Partner Recognition Program Your membership benefits qualify you for X-Plan pricing which could save you as much as $930 on a2009 Ford Focus

EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

Get your personal identification number (PIN) and learn about the great value of Partner RecognitionIX-Plan at wwwfordpartnercom

Page 32: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

- - - -

piston position in the No1 cylinshyder I have used this device for my entire career as a mechanic

During World War I a group of engineers in Switzerland develshyoped an outstanding magneto Afshyter the war a Chicago promoter Laurence R Wilder obtained the American agency and brought the magneto to the United States in 1921 Scintilla was located in New York City at the time Meanwhile Sidney New York had recently lost its big manufacturer the Hatshyfield Automobile Company as it just couldnt compete with Deshytroit A former Hatfield official Winfield Sherwood volunteered without pay to search for a new industry for the village Sherwood hit pay dirt in 1924 as he invited Scintilla officials to Sidney conshyvincing them to bring this superb magneto manufacturing line to the Tri-Towns In 1925 the Scinshytilla Magneto Company bought the old Hatfield building and began manufacturing magnetos By 1928 Scintilla had a much better factory and was purchased a year later by Bendix Aviation Corporation Someshyhow the company survived the Great Depression and by 1939 it was filling orders for airplane magshynetos for the Allies in Europe

Scintilla produced magnetos for aircraft use their coding being VMN in both base- and flangeshymount configurations The magshynetos were both unshielded and shielded These magnetos were proshyduced for many five- and seven-

REFERENCES httpwwwOldEngineorg

membersdieselMagnetosBoshyschManMenuhtm

Overhaul Manual Pratt amp Whitshyney Wasp Jr (R-985) and Wasp (R-1340)

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Type SF7RN-l

Overhaul Manual Bendix-Scinshytilla Aircraft Magnetos Types VMN7DF and DFA

cylinder single-row radial engines VMN-7D was a base-mounted unit IN 1897 while the VMN7DF was a flangeshymounted unit (Figure 8) Scintilla

BOSCH WAS also produced a VMN7DFA magshyneto that had an automatic adshyvance feature for easier starting AllTHE FIRST magnetos of this series were driven at 78-engine crankshaft speed PERSON TO The VMN7DF magneto was popshyular for installation on Continental

ADAPT SUCH W-670 and R-670 engines producshying 220-hp In 1929 the Bendix Aviation Corporation bought ScinshyA MAGNETO tilla Magneto Company which beshycame Scintilla Magneto Division

IGNITION the manufacturing facility being reshytained in Sidney New York All subshysequent magnetos were known asDEVICE TO Bendix-Scintilla products

Vincent Bendix (1881-1945) was A MOTOR an industrialist and inventor and

founder of the Bendix Corporation VEHICLE of Chicago in 1907 with the intent

of manufacturing automobiles he called Bendix Buggies After proshyENGINE ducing only 7000 automobiles the

BuIlds bounce right oft die Poly-Fiber see

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 31

VAA Entertaining Cobalt Blue Wine glass Wine or water serve a beverage in this beautiful glass to guest and family V12513 $695 Cobalt Blue Cup

Keeping beverages warm Stainless Steel Thermos voa217 $2195 Stainless Steel Travel Mug V12512 $1

Hot cider never tasted so good Gold logo is NOT metallic so the cup can

go in the microwave and is dishwasher safe V12512 $595

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843 -3612 From US an d Canada IAII Others Call 920-426 -5912 1

Or send to EAA Mail Orders PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited supplies available

middotShipping andha ndling NOT included Major credit cards accep tedWI resi dentsadd 5 sa les tax

32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

Flight Stay warm in this black or sage flight jacket Beautifully lined in orange Sporting the VAA logo and it has plenty of pockets Black Sage Vl1894 MD Vl1782 LG

MensSweater This stylish Mens sweater will keep you looking great with its zipper and stripe State size when ordering Vl17190ak (assorted sizes Vl1718 Black (dark (assorted sizes) Vl1734 Chestnut (assorted sizes)

embroidered with a silver VAA logo looks smart with the front slimming

V12756SM V12757 MD V12758 LG

VAA MERCHANDISE 08

Larger die cast toys V09786 Tracy V09787 Old Oscar V09788 Big Jake

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$499

Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

E-mail is the easiest way for you to get connected

Changed your mail

Let us know wwweaaorgemai

Something to buy sell or trade

Classified Word Ads $550 per 10 words 180 words maximum with boldface lead-in on first line

Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

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MISCELLANEOUS

Flying wires available 1994 pricing Visit www flyingwirescom or call 800-517 -927S

SERVICES

Always Flying Aircraft Restoration LLC AampP IA Annual 100 hr inspections

Wayne Forshey 740-472-1481 Ohio - statewide

Flight Comes ~ALIVE~ Members get in FREE wwwairventuremuseumorg

Phone (920) 426-4818

1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

ASSOCIATION OFFICERS

Presiden t Vice-President Geoff Robison George Daubner

152 1 E M aCGregor Dr 2448 Lough Lane New Haven IN 46774 Hartford WI 53027

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Secretary Treasurer Steve Nesse Charles W Harri s

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DIRECTORS Steve Bender

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DIRECTORS EMERITUS

Robert C Brauer EE Buck Hilbert 9345 S Hoyne 8 102 Leech Rd

Chicago IL 60643 Union IL 60180 805-782-9713 815-923-4591

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MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION EAA

Membership in the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is $40 for one year includshying 12 issues of SPORT AVIATION Family membership is an additio nal $10 annually Junio r Membership (under 19 yea rs of age) is ava ilable at $23 annually All major credit cards accepted for membership (Add $16 for Foreign Postage_)

EAA SPORT PILOT Current EAA m embe rs may add EAA

SPORT PILOT magazine fo r an additional $20 per year

EAA M e mbership a nd EAA SPO R T PILOT magazine is available fo r $40 per year (SPORT AVIATION m agaZine not inshycluded) (Add $16 for Foreign Postage)

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Warbirds o f America Division and receive WARBIRDS magaZine for an additional $45 per year

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FOREIGN MEMBERSHIPS Please submit your remitta n ce with a

ch eck o r draft drawn o n a United States bank payable in United States dollars Add required Fo reign Postage amount fo r each membership

Membership dues to EAA and its divisions are not tax deductible as charitable contributions

Copyright 112008 by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association All rights reserved VINTAGE AIRPLANE (USPS 062-750 ISSN 0091-j)943) is published and owned exclusively by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association of the Experimental Aircraft Association and is published monthly at EAA

Aviation Center 3000 Poberezny Rd PO Box 3086 Oshkosh Wisconsin 54903-3086 e-mail vintageaircrafteaaorg Membership to Vintage Aircraft Association which includes 12 issues of Vintage Airplane magazine is S36 per year for EAA members and $46 for non-EAA members Periodicals Postage paid at Oshkosh Wisconsin 54901 and at additional mailing offICes POSTMASTER Send address changes to Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 PM 40063731 Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to Pitney Bowes IMS Station A PO Box 54 Windsor ON N9A 6J5 FOREIGN AND APe ADDRESSES - Please allow at least two months for delivery 01 VINTAGE AIRPLANE to foreign and APO addresses via surface mail ADVERTISING - Vintage Aircraft Association does not guarantee or endorse any product offered through the advertising We invite constructive criticism and welcome any report of inferior merchandise obtained through our advertising so that corrective measures can be taken

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

IP8~Sil Andltlla 2009 FORD FOCUS bull 35 MPG 20L Duratec 1-4 Engine bull 140 hp and 136 Ih-ft of torque bull US EPA certified SmartWay 11

bull Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle bull SYNC exclusive voice-activated

communications ampentertainment system (standard in SES models)

ENJOY THE PRIVILEGE OF PARTNERSHIP EAA Members who are considering the or lease of a Motor Company vehicle should be sure to take of the Ford Partner Recognition Program Your membership benefits qualify you for X-Plan pricing which could save you as much as $930 on a2009 Ford Focus

EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

Get your personal identification number (PIN) and learn about the great value of Partner RecognitionIX-Plan at wwwfordpartnercom

Page 33: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

VAA Entertaining Cobalt Blue Wine glass Wine or water serve a beverage in this beautiful glass to guest and family V12513 $695 Cobalt Blue Cup

Keeping beverages warm Stainless Steel Thermos voa217 $2195 Stainless Steel Travel Mug V12512 $1

Hot cider never tasted so good Gold logo is NOT metallic so the cup can

go in the microwave and is dishwasher safe V12512 $595

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843 -3612 From US an d Canada IAII Others Call 920-426 -5912 1

Or send to EAA Mail Orders PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited supplies available

middotShipping andha ndling NOT included Major credit cards accep tedWI resi dentsadd 5 sa les tax

32 NOVEMBER 2008

company failed in 1909 but Benshydix went on to invent and patent the Bendix drive a motor-driven gear that could engage an engines ring gear at low rotational speed and then fly back to disengage aushytomatically at a higher speed This drive made it possible for the inshystallation of an electric starter on internal combustion engines for aushytomobiles aircraft and other moshytorized vehicles The Bendix drive is still in widespread use so much so that mechanics often refer to the mechanism simply as a Bendix Benshydix founded the Bendix Brake Comshypany in 1923 and started the Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1929 In 1930 Bendix invented the pressure carburetor The corporation sponshysored the Transcontinental Bendix Air Race in 1931 Bendix Aviation and Bendix Brake would later be reshynamed the Bendix Corporation

The Bendix Corporation manushyfactured a competing magneto to the VMN model known as the SF (Figure 9) It too was approved for several small radial engines but parshyticularly was popular on the Contishynental W-60 and R-60 series The SF was a flange-mounted unit and had the same tapered shaft dimenshysions as the VMN series In order to fit the magnetos to different enshygines it was necessary to change the drive coupling

The Bosch Scintilla and Bendix magnetos could be made to rotate eishyther right-hand (clockwise) or leftshyhand (counter clockwise) simply by internal timing The direction of rotashytion of magneto drives is determined by the engine manufacturer and is based on rotational direction of magshyneto drive gears in the accessory case Drive direction of a magneto is detershymined by holding the magneto so as to view it from the drive end If the drive turns to the right it is clockshywise and if the drive turns to the left it is counterclockwise

Both the Bendix and Scintilla magshynetos adapted to shielded and unshyshielded harness assemblies All the early installations were unshielded harshyness and spark plugs

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

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Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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Page 34: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

continued from page IFe

We will keep you posted on how the parking plan review works out

Its also important to note here that even though we knew before the fly-in ended that we had to deal with this problem we truly appreciated your voice in this important issue I am personally thankful to everyone who took the time to write and comment in person as they shared their concerns with us all in a very courteous and professional manner

Please do not hesitate to write if you have any furshyther thoughts or suggestions concerning this critically important issue

In this issue of Vintage Airplane we have important information about an ongoing fund-raising effort at EAA The EAA AirVenture Museum is now officially 25 years old and since its construction in Oshkosh EAA members have continued to support the enhanceshyments of this world-class facility Its time now for what many of us believe is one of the most significant additions to the museum-the Founders Wing

The Founders Wing will encapsulate the story of the early days of EAA and it will include the many interesting artifacts and treasures of early EAA Over the SO-plus years of EAA history Paul and Audrey Poshyberezny meticulously cataloged and savored the many documents that tell the story of EAA Theyve spent the time and effort to save our history now its time to create a special place for all members to learn about the legacy history and culture of one of the most amazing movements in aviation-EAA

Ive been lucky Im one of hundreds of individushyals who have had the unique opportunity to see the inner sanctum of this archive that currently exists in the many cubbyholes of Pauls home shop and offices An existing section of the EAA AirVenture Museum will be reworked to become the Founders Wing with the planned dedication of the wing at AirVenture 2009

No one individual mentors to the soul of the EAA member more effectively than Paul Howard Pobershyezny now in his 87th year of a wonderful life in aviashytion To learn more about how you too can be a part of supporting this truly important new addition to the EAA AirVenture Museum please visit the official website at wwwEAAorglfounderswing

See you at AirVenture 2009 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2009 The Worlds Greatshy

est Aviation Celebration is July 27 through August 22009

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VINTAGE AIRPLANE 33

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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VAA MERCHANDISE 08

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

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Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

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Page 35: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

BY HG FRAUTSCHY

LIKE OUR OCTOBER MYSTERY PLANE THIS MONTHS MYSTERY SHIP COMES TO US FROM STEVE MOYER ONE OF OUR VOLUNTEER EAA AIRVENTURE OSHKOSH CHAIRMEN

WERE SORRY THE PHOTO DOESNT SHOW THE ENTIRE AIRPLANE BUT ITS LINEAGE IS PRETTY OBVIOUS THE REAL QUESTION IS WHICH VERSION IS IT

Send your answer to EAA Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Your answer needs to be in no later than December 10 for inclusion in the February 2008 issue of Vintage Airplane

You can also send your response via e-mail Send your answer to MysteryPlaneeaaorg Be sure to include your name plus your city and state in the body of your note and put (Month) Mystery Plane in the subject line

AUGUSTS MY STE RY ANSWE R

The August Mystery Plane the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curtiss) TS-l

34 NOVEMBER 2008

The August Mystery Plane came to us from the collection of Ted Businger Salem Arkansas The Roy Russell photo is one of many sent to us by Ted

Heres our first answer The August Mystery Plane is

a 1921 Navy-designed fighter for use on the then-new aircraft carrier USS Langley Several examples were built and tested at the Naval Airshycraft Factory (NAF) Subsequently Curtiss was awarded an order for 34 examples It was the first proshyduction US fighter to use an airshycooled radial engine the Lawrence J-l of 200 hp Maximum speed of

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

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Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

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of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

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SERVICES

Always Flying Aircraft Restoration LLC AampP IA Annual 100 hr inspections

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

IP8~Sil Andltlla 2009 FORD FOCUS bull 35 MPG 20L Duratec 1-4 Engine bull 140 hp and 136 Ih-ft of torque bull US EPA certified SmartWay 11

bull Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle bull SYNC exclusive voice-activated

communications ampentertainment system (standard in SES models)

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Page 36: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

the TS-l was 131 mph (121 mph for the seaplane version)

Reference Curtiss Aircraft 1907shy1947 by Peter Bowers

Jim Stubner Mercer Island Washington

And another note on the Mysshytery Plane

The August Mystery Plane is the Naval Aircraft Factory (Curshytiss) TS-l the first American fighter designed specifically for carrier opshyerations Although designed by the Naval Aircraft Factory under the dishyrection of Rex Beisel later famous for the F4U Corsair 34 aircraft were built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Moshytor Company The NAF later built another five

The TS-l (for Tractor Single-seat) was powered by a nine-cylinder 230-hp Lawrence J-l the predecesshysor of the Wright Whirlwind First flight took place at Anacostia on May 9 1922 One of its unique feashytures was the gap between the botshytom of the fuselage and the bottom wing Later in 1922 it began service aboard the USS Langley with CF-1 replacing the Vought VE-7 (Your photo shows an aircraft of VF-l)

In addition to carrier service the TS-l (later FC-l) was fitted with twin floats In this form beshyginning in 1922 it served aboard battleships cruisers and destroyers with YO-I No catapult was used the little TS (wingspan was only 25 feet) was hoisted over the side by a

crane VF-l also served aboard batshytleships in 1925-1926 The TS-2 reshymained in the inventory until late in 1927 when most were conSigned to storage The last was stricken from inventory in May 1930 One (serial number A6446) managed to survive with the National Air and Space Museum

Tom Lymburn Princeton Minshynesota and Doug Rounds of Zeshybulon Georgia fill us in on more details

In 1921 the US Navy designed an all-wood fighter specifically for operation from its soon-to-be comshymissioned aircraft carrier the Langshyley Bids for production were invited from the industry and Curtiss won the order for 34 airplanes To keep cost down the Naval Aircraft Facshytory built five TS-ls plus experishymental versions

The TS-l had several odd feashytures the fuselage was raised above the lower wing the lower wing has a longer span and they used diagonal struts to eliminate wing rigging wires and a droppashyble SO-gallon fuel tank was built into the lower wing center secshytion which could be jettisoned if necessary The TS-l was the first production US fighter to use an air-cooled radial engine The enshygine was the Lawrance J-l and only had 200 hp which was low by fighter standards The cost less the government furnished

engine was $ 9 5 69 for the first 11 and $9975 for the remainder The airplane was delivered on wheels but wooden floats were also an option

It was designed for carrier opshyerations but wooden floats were available Other engines were exshyperimented with namely a 240-hp Aeromarine U-8-D engine and 180shyhp Wright-Hispano E-2 engine

Specifications for the Land Plane Wingspan 25 feet Length 22 feet 1-316 inches Empty weight 1239 pounds Gross weight 19275 pounds Max speed 131 mph Cruise speed 1048 mph Rate of climb 1280 feetminute Service ceiling 14400 feet Range 468 miles Armament Two 30-inch mashychine guns

Serial numbers Navy A63006304 Curtiss A62486270

Other correct answers were reshyceived from Tom Ramsey Mt Juliet Tennessee Mark Mendes Loganshyville Georgia Harvey Alley Grand Rapids Michigan Frederick Beseler La Crosse Wisconsin Jack Erickshyson State College Pennsylvania Wesley R Smith Springfield Illishynois Larry Knechtel Seattle Washshyington John Aken Castroville Texas and Toby Gursanscky a longshytime VAA member who hails from Sydney Australia

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 USC 3685) 1 Title of Publication Vintage Airplane 2 Publication No062-750 3 Rling Date9 26 08 4 Issue Frequency Monthly 5 No of Issues Published Annually 12 6 Annual Subscription Price $3600 in US 7 Known Office of Publication EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Contact Person Kathleen Witman Telephone 920-426-6156 8 Headquarters or General Business Office of the Publisher Same as above 9 Publisher Tom Poberezny EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 Editor HG Frautschy EAA PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 Managing Editor Kathleen L Witman PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3806 10 Owner Experimental Aircraft Association PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903shy3806 11 Known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amounts of bonds mortgages or other securities None 12 Tax Status Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months 13 Publication Title Vintage Airplane 14 Issue date for circulation data below September 2008 15 Extent and Nature of Circulation (Average No Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months No Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Rling Date) a Total No of Copies Printed (87288086) b Paid Circulation (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Mailed Outside-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (70006854) 2 Mailed In-County Paid Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 (Include paid distribution above nominal rate advertisers proof copies and exchange copies) (00) 3 Paid Distribution Outside the Mails Including Sales Through Dealers and Carriers Street Vendors Counter Sales and Other Paid Distribution Outside USPS (396393) 4 Paid Distribution by Other Classes of Mail Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (156156) c Total Paid Distribution (Sum of 15b (1) (2) (3) and (4)) (75527 403) d Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (By Mail and Outside the Mail) 1 Free or Nominal Rate Outside-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 2 Free or Nominal Rate In-County Copies Included on PS Form 3541 (00) 3 Free or Nominal Rate Copies Mailed at Other Classes Through the USPS (eg Rrst-Class Mail) (53 50) 4 Free or Nominal Rate Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means) (602109) e Total Free or Nominal Rate Distribution (Sum of 15d (1) (2) (3) and (4) (655 159) f Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) (82077562) g Copies not Distributed (See Instructions to Publishers 4 (page 3))(227259) h Total (Sum of 15f and g) (8434 7821) i Percent Paid (15c divided by 15f times 100) (92029790) 16 Publication of Statement Ownership Publication required Will be printed in the October 2008 issue of this publication 17 I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) andor civil sanctions (including civil penalties) Executive Director Editor HG Frautschy 92608 PS Form 3526 September 2007

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 35

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

Flight Stay warm in this black or sage flight jacket Beautifully lined in orange Sporting the VAA logo and it has plenty of pockets Black Sage Vl1894 MD Vl1782 LG

MensSweater This stylish Mens sweater will keep you looking great with its zipper and stripe State size when ordering Vl17190ak (assorted sizes Vl1718 Black (dark (assorted sizes) Vl1734 Chestnut (assorted sizes)

embroidered with a silver VAA logo looks smart with the front slimming

V12756SM V12757 MD V12758 LG

VAA MERCHANDISE 08

Larger die cast toys V09786 Tracy V09787 Old Oscar V09788 Big Jake

Jay Jay Jeys

$499

Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

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Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

AIRCRAFT

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MISCELLANEOUS

Flying wires available 1994 pricing Visit www flyingwirescom or call 800-517 -927S

SERVICES

Always Flying Aircraft Restoration LLC AampP IA Annual 100 hr inspections

Wayne Forshey 740-472-1481 Ohio - statewide

Flight Comes ~ALIVE~ Members get in FREE wwwairventuremuseumorg

Phone (920) 426-4818

1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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Presiden t Vice-President Geoff Robison George Daubner

152 1 E M aCGregor Dr 2448 Lough Lane New Haven IN 46774 Hartford WI 53027

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DIRECTORS Steve Bender

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Copyright 112008 by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association All rights reserved VINTAGE AIRPLANE (USPS 062-750 ISSN 0091-j)943) is published and owned exclusively by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association of the Experimental Aircraft Association and is published monthly at EAA

Aviation Center 3000 Poberezny Rd PO Box 3086 Oshkosh Wisconsin 54903-3086 e-mail vintageaircrafteaaorg Membership to Vintage Aircraft Association which includes 12 issues of Vintage Airplane magazine is S36 per year for EAA members and $46 for non-EAA members Periodicals Postage paid at Oshkosh Wisconsin 54901 and at additional mailing offICes POSTMASTER Send address changes to Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 PM 40063731 Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to Pitney Bowes IMS Station A PO Box 54 Windsor ON N9A 6J5 FOREIGN AND APe ADDRESSES - Please allow at least two months for delivery 01 VINTAGE AIRPLANE to foreign and APO addresses via surface mail ADVERTISING - Vintage Aircraft Association does not guarantee or endorse any product offered through the advertising We invite constructive criticism and welcome any report of inferior merchandise obtained through our advertising so that corrective measures can be taken

EDITORIAL POLICY Members are encouraged to submij stories and photographs Policy opinions expressed in articles are solely those of the authors Responsibility for accuracy in reporfing rests entirely with the contributor No remuneration is made Material should be sent to Edijor VINTAGE AIRPLANE PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Phone 920-426-4800

EAAreg and EAA SPORT AVIATIONreg the EAA Logoreg and Aeronautica are registered trademartlts trademarllts and service mar1lts of the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc The use of these trademarllts and service mar1lts wijhout the pennission of the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is strictly prohiMed

40 NOVEMBE R 2008

IP8~Sil Andltlla 2009 FORD FOCUS bull 35 MPG 20L Duratec 1-4 Engine bull 140 hp and 136 Ih-ft of torque bull US EPA certified SmartWay 11

bull Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle bull SYNC exclusive voice-activated

communications ampentertainment system (standard in SES models)

ENJOY THE PRIVILEGE OF PARTNERSHIP EAA Members who are considering the or lease of a Motor Company vehicle should be sure to take of the Ford Partner Recognition Program Your membership benefits qualify you for X-Plan pricing which could save you as much as $930 on a2009 Ford Focus

EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

Get your personal identification number (PIN) and learn about the great value of Partner RecognitionIX-Plan at wwwfordpartnercom

Page 37: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

On Stearman Wings Where anything is possible

BY PHILIP HANDLEMAN

It still happens at airshyports-an unassuming yet wondrous experishyence a throwback to the good old days of flying that rekindles the moshytivation of humans to tread into the air At once charming and invigoratshying a polished relic from aviations bygone era is rolled quietly but purposefully out of its hangar and readied to roam aloft

The helmeted and goggled pilot shouts out a laconic admonition that rings from the open cockpit across the flightline

Clear The magnetos are switched on and the starter kicks in

All eyes on the ramp dart instinctively toward the fabricshycovered biplane as the incipient stirrings of its monstrous round engine cause a throaty gnarl The heavy wooden propeller cranks tentatively at first but then wrenches the whole ship There is a palpable stutter then a guttural belshylow as though the machine has woken suddenly from a deep slumber

A puff of white smoke belches from the starboardshymounted exhaust stack substantiating that the myriad inshyanimate parts-the gears and rocker arms the pistons and valves-have sprung to life A crackling radiates from the cylinders Then in labored defiance of the morning chill there is a cough followed by another and still another It is the initiation of the interplay among the umpteen intrishycate components of an ingenious mechanical apparatusshya liturgy of the antique engine kind of like Old Faithfuls tremor before its discharge

With mastery of mixture and throttle reflecting the delshyicate art of compensating for ambient temperature field elevation and moisture in the air the engines tentative barking settles into a steady hum The pilot tucks his head low berieath the squared Plexiglas windscreen to avoid as much of the prop wash as pOSSible for at the first blush of dawn it carries a glacial bite Mixed with the propellers artificial wind is a familiar aroma a blend of effluents that connotes to the veteran airman that the engine is burning the right synthesis of fuel air and oil

The intrepid flier presses the balls of his feet firmly against the toe brakes so the stately biplane an archetype of mechanical practicality and aesthetic design remains

impassive except for the propeller which keeps loping over This ritual persists until the oil temshyperature comes into the green As the dew-soaked wings glisten in the warm glow of sunrise the wait is worth every bone-shilling minute A

seemingly infinite crystalline dome is revealed overhead and the ocean of air remains serene as if collectively the inshytegral fragments of the aviators milieu beckon the ship and its occupant into the guileless province of the empyrean

Not an eye on the ramp has changed focus as the doushyble-decker convulses momentarily to break its standstill The lurch transmutes into a deliberate rhythmic swaying to and fro as the airplane begins taxiing curlicue style At the country airport you never know when there might be a deer or another airplane crossing the taxiway ahead of you unless you swing wide right then left and back again No matter that the biplane stands nose-high on its diminshyutive tail wheel since now the pilots field of view opens up with each gentle S-turn

Nearly astride the runway the last checks are performed With the brakes activated again the throttle is pushed slowly yet resolutely to a detent on the quadrant and for the first time the engine previews the extent of its brawn The whole aircraft shakes as if a New York subway train is rumbling past

Working down the list-oil pressure carb heat magsshythe anticipation grows For good measure the pilot glances once more at the needle in the pressure gauge without the engine the rest is just a pretty shell a hollow museum piece The onlookers watching from afar then see the control surfaces deflect to the stops full-throw left and right as well as up and down like bam doors waggling in isolated zephyrs

The pilot scans in every direction as though his head is on a swivel an instinctive impulse as much as a learned habit The runway is unobstructed and the traffic pattern vacant Aligning with the runways centerline the pilot lets his ship crawl several yards coming out of the tum to allow the tail wheel to straighten for the takeoff roll Never really stopping the biplaneS transit he again inches the throttle forward This time though he advances it as far as it will go and the lion roars

36 NOVEMBER 2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

Flight Stay warm in this black or sage flight jacket Beautifully lined in orange Sporting the VAA logo and it has plenty of pockets Black Sage Vl1894 MD Vl1782 LG

MensSweater This stylish Mens sweater will keep you looking great with its zipper and stripe State size when ordering Vl17190ak (assorted sizes Vl1718 Black (dark (assorted sizes) Vl1734 Chestnut (assorted sizes)

embroidered with a silver VAA logo looks smart with the front slimming

V12756SM V12757 MD V12758 LG

VAA MERCHANDISE 08

Larger die cast toys V09786 Tracy V09787 Old Oscar V09788 Big Jake

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Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

E-mail is the easiest way for you to get connected

Changed your mail

Let us know wwweaaorgemai

Something to buy sell or trade

Classified Word Ads $550 per 10 words 180 words maximum with boldface lead-in on first line

Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

AIRCRAFT

Stinson Reliant Gullwing V-77 - 1942 1100 TT 20 SMOH 20 SPOH Poly Fiber 300 HP Lycoming R-6S0 Hangared in Livermore CA LVK Call Larry 925-890shy3555 or 925-862-0172 $35000

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Flying wires available 1994 pricing Visit www flyingwirescom or call 800-517 -927S

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Always Flying Aircraft Restoration LLC AampP IA Annual 100 hr inspections

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Flight Comes ~ALIVE~ Members get in FREE wwwairventuremuseumorg

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1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

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40 NOVEMBE R 2008

IP8~Sil Andltlla 2009 FORD FOCUS bull 35 MPG 20L Duratec 1-4 Engine bull 140 hp and 136 Ih-ft of torque bull US EPA certified SmartWay 11

bull Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle bull SYNC exclusive voice-activated

communications ampentertainment system (standard in SES models)

ENJOY THE PRIVILEGE OF PARTNERSHIP EAA Members who are considering the or lease of a Motor Company vehicle should be sure to take of the Ford Partner Recognition Program Your membership benefits qualify you for X-Plan pricing which could save you as much as $930 on a2009 Ford Focus

EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

Get your personal identification number (PIN) and learn about the great value of Partner RecognitionIX-Plan at wwwfordpartnercom

Page 38: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

Instructors and students the usual airport coterie ob- his ship And the cold gives way to exhilaration serve from the terminal fence and manifestly cognizant of In the skys multidimensional framework there is no the heavy hand of gravity and drag barely discern move- tether no umbilical cord no connection to our earthly ment To them it is as if the sprint down the pavement in pedigree Only the lift under the rigid wings in accord with pursuance of that indispens- Bernoullis principle keeps able phenomenon of lift is the ship soaring in avian happening in slow motion company And like the birds But to the pilot ensconced sailing on invisible currents in the middle of the ship in the emanCipating preserve head and neck protruding that encircles our planet the into the building slipstream pilot as captain of his ship the vantage is wholly differ- may mimic the lissome creashyent Acceleration is palpable tures perhaps even revel in and the noise is deafening as the autonomy of their unshythe ragging engine thunders bounded confines and the rippling air whines There is nothing quite

Positive inertia mounts like the ride in an open and the pilot feels thrust cockpit at dawn the on-overtaking drag The sight picture to bullbullbull the control surfaces rushing wind caressing your face either side blurs into an impressionis- as the fist glimmers of light lift the tic palette of greens and browns This deflect to the stops full- veil of night Just then ones connecshyimprobable over-engineered contrap- tion to the world the convergence tion from an all but forgotten time throw left and right as with the myriad elements mechanishyweighing a beefy ton and a half with cal and human reaches the apex of wooden ribs and spars fabric sewn well as up and down harmony How lucky for the aviators over wide camber wings and steel bull bull earthbound brethren that on any bracing wires holding the individual lIke barn doors wagglIng fair-weather day from early spring assemblies together lumbers faithfully bull bull I d h through late autumn there is a dis-ahead The pilot relaxes the control In ISO ate zep yrS tinct possibility that the resonant stick and the tail unfailingly obedi- drone of a radial engine and the sweet ent to the laws of physics rises perceptibly More right rud- symmetrical thrum of a charmed time may enliven sleepy der now to correct for the effects of increased torque hamlets punctuating the landscape

Almost nothing more to do except stay pOinted in a Vast expanses of the sky remain virtually unencumshybeeline poised for the forces of nature to work their mir- be red for those who yearn to fly for the sake of flying to acle on a headlong biplane scarcely hugging the ground aim toward the heavens to feel the immutable magic of With just a little coaxing-a touch of back pressure on the soaring on wings and to glory in the domain of limitless stick-the old leviathan ascends ever so gracefully into potentialities Since the inception of powered flight the the cool air returning triumphal to its realm Once the attendant captivation has remained fundamentally undishywires and trees at the airports perimeter are cleared the minished because the sojourns of todays Stearman pilots pilot pegs the climb out at 7S miles per hour and the ship are imbued with the idyllic vision and romantic aura that steadies in the crisp morning sky rode with those who ventured skyward in the time when

Daybreak fills the pilots sphere with calm These pre- Wilbur and Orville Wright unleashed humankind from cious moments when the day is still young represent the the shackles of gravity best time to fly The suns powerful rays have not had a Upon return to the airport the opportunity exists to chance to heat the planetS surface and cause the convec- delight in the company of fellow aviators and air-minded tion that roils the low-level air The big-barreled biplane friends At a table in the airport cafe over an orange soda hardly an object of delicacy slices through the air as if on the terminals porch or simply milling around the skating on ice Only the steadfast vibration of the engine open maintenance hangar fliers and enthusiasts may enshyand the undulating tapestry below attest that the ship is joy the camaraderie that comes from the mutual knowlshyin motion edge of what it means to touch the sky They share the

Farmlands cast in the soft splendor of the near horizon- bond threaded through the universal language of flying tal light stretch for as far as the eye can see The scent of that transcends the ordinary and the superfluous Stearshyfresh crops ready for harvest wafts up to engulf the biplane man pilots operating from Americas unheralded little It is still too early for the church bells to have chimed from waypoints continue to modestly but determinedly fulfill the picturesque steeple Soon enough the town will come the age-old dream of flight which is the dream that anyshyalive For now the scene in its enduring effulgence be- thing is pOSSible including the notion that humanity can longs exclusively to the pilot suspended above steering rise above itself and reach ennobling heights

VINTAGE AIRPLANE 37

Flight Stay warm in this black or sage flight jacket Beautifully lined in orange Sporting the VAA logo and it has plenty of pockets Black Sage Vl1894 MD Vl1782 LG

MensSweater This stylish Mens sweater will keep you looking great with its zipper and stripe State size when ordering Vl17190ak (assorted sizes Vl1718 Black (dark (assorted sizes) Vl1734 Chestnut (assorted sizes)

embroidered with a silver VAA logo looks smart with the front slimming

V12756SM V12757 MD V12758 LG

VAA MERCHANDISE 08

Larger die cast toys V09786 Tracy V09787 Old Oscar V09788 Big Jake

Jay Jay Jeys

$499

Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

E-mail is the easiest way for you to get connected

Changed your mail

Let us know wwweaaorgemai

Something to buy sell or trade

Classified Word Ads $550 per 10 words 180 words maximum with boldface lead-in on first line

Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

AIRCRAFT

Stinson Reliant Gullwing V-77 - 1942 1100 TT 20 SMOH 20 SPOH Poly Fiber 300 HP Lycoming R-6S0 Hangared in Livermore CA LVK Call Larry 925-890shy3555 or 925-862-0172 $35000

MISCELLANEOUS

Flying wires available 1994 pricing Visit www flyingwirescom or call 800-517 -927S

SERVICES

Always Flying Aircraft Restoration LLC AampP IA Annual 100 hr inspections

Wayne Forshey 740-472-1481 Ohio - statewide

Flight Comes ~ALIVE~ Members get in FREE wwwairventuremuseumorg

Phone (920) 426-4818

1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

ASSOCIATION OFFICERS

Presiden t Vice-President Geoff Robison George Daubner

152 1 E M aCGregor Dr 2448 Lough Lane New Haven IN 46774 Hartford WI 53027

260-493-4724 262-673-5885 chie(7025aolcom gdallb ereaaorg

Secretary Treasurer Steve Nesse Charles W Harri s

2009 Highland Ave 72 I 5 East 46th 5t Albert Lea M N 56007 Tu lsa OK 7414 7

507-373-1674 9 18-622-8400 stnesdeskmediacom cwhhv5u com

DIRECTORS Steve Bender

85 Brush Hill Road Sherborn M A 0 1770

508-653-7557 sst 1Ocomcastnel

David Bennett 375 Killdeer Ct

lincoln CA 95648 9 16-645-8370

atiquertl reachcom

John Berendt 7645 Echo Point Rd

Cannon Falls MN 55009 507-263-24 I 4

fc hldbevcomm net

Jerry Brown 4605 Hickory Wood Row

G reenwood IN 46 143 3 I 7-422-9366

II)fown4906aolcom

Dave Cla rk 635 Vesta l Lane

Plain field IN 46 168 3 I 7-839-4500

davecpdattnet

john S Copelan d l A Deacon Street

Northborough MA 01 532 508-393-4775

copeJand1 jllllocom

Phil Coulson 284 15 Springbrook Dr

Lawton MI 49065 269-624-6490

rcouisonS 16Cscom

Dale A Gusta fson 7724 Shad y Hills Dr

Indianapolis IN 46278 3 17-293-4430

daie fayemsn com

Jeannie Hill PO Box 328

Harvard IL 60033-0328 8 15-943-7205

dinghaoowcnet

Espie Butch j oyce 704 N Regional Rd

G reensboro NC 27409 336-668-3650

windsockaol com

Dan Knutson 106 Tena Marie Circle

Lodi W I 53555 608-592-7224

od icubcharternet

Steve Krog 1002 Heather Ln

Hartford WI 53027 262-966-7627

sskrogaolcom

Robert D Bob Lumley 1265 South 124th Sl Brookfield WI 53005

262-782-2633 ump erexecpccom

S H Wesmiddot Schmid 2359 Lefeber Avenue

Wauwatosa WI 532 I 3 4 14-77 1-1545

shscllmidgmaiJcom

DIRECTORS EMERITUS

Robert C Brauer EE Buck Hilbert 9345 S Hoyne 8 102 Leech Rd

Chicago IL 60643 Union IL 60180 805-782-9713 815-923-4591

photopilotaoJcom buck7acgmail com

Gene Chase Gene Morr is 2 159 Carlton Rd 5936 Steve Court

Oshkosh WI 54904 Roanoke TX 76262 920-23 1-5002 8 17-49 1-9 110

GRCHACizarterllet ge emorrisClrarternet

Ronald C Fritz John Turgyan 1540 1 Sparta Ave PO Box 2 19

Kent City M I 49330 New Egypt Nj 08533 6 16-678-50 12 609-758-29 10

Membershi~ Services Directory ENJOY THE MANY BENEFITS OF EAA AND

EAAs VINTAGE A IRCRAFT ASSOCIATION

EAA Aviation Center PO Box 3086 Osh kosh WI 54903-3086 Phone (920) 426-4800 Fax (920) 426-4873

Web Sites wwwvintageaircraftarg wwwairventurearg wwweaaargmemberbenei ts E-Mail vintageaircrafteaaarg

EAA and Division Mem bership Services

800-843-3612 FAX 920-426-6761

(800 AM-700 PM Monday-Friday CSn -Newrenew memberships EAA Divisions

(Vintage Aircraft Association lAC Warbirds)

National Association of Flight Instructors

(NAFI)

-Address changes

-Merchandise sales

-Gift memberships

Programs and Activities

Auto Fuel STCs 920-426-4843

Buildrestore information 920-426-4821

Chapters locatingorganizing 920-426-4876

Education 888-322-3229

bull EAA Air Academy

- EAA Scholarships

Flight Instructor information 920-426-6801

Library ServicesResearch 920-426-4848

Medical Questions 920-426-6112

Technical Counselors _ _ 920-426-6864

Young Eagles _ 877-806-8902

Benefits

AUA Vintage Insurance Plan 800-727-3823

EAA Aircraft Insurance Plan _ 866-647-4322

Term Life and Accidental 800-241-6103

Death Insurance (Harvey Watt amp Company)

1-800-JOIN-EAA

EAA Platinum VlSA Card 800-853-5576 ext 8884

EAA Aircraft Financing Plan 866-808-6040

EAA Enterprise Rent-A-Car Program

877-GA1-ERAC

Editorial 920-426-4825

VAA Office FAX 920-426-6579

MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION EAA

Membership in the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is $40 for one year includshying 12 issues of SPORT AVIATION Family membership is an additio nal $10 annually Junio r Membership (under 19 yea rs of age) is ava ilable at $23 annually All major credit cards accepted for membership (Add $16 for Foreign Postage_)

EAA SPORT PILOT Current EAA m embe rs may add EAA

SPORT PILOT magazine fo r an additional $20 per year

EAA M e mbership a nd EAA SPO R T PILOT magazine is available fo r $40 per year (SPORT AVIATION m agaZine not inshycluded) (Add $16 for Foreign Postage)

VINTAGE AIRCRAFf ASSOCIATION Current EAA m emb e rs m ay jo in the

Vintage Aircra ft Association and receive VINTAGE AIRPLANE m agazine for an ad shyditional $36 per year

EAA Membership VINTAGE AIRPLANE magazine and one year membership in the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association is available for $46 per year (SPORT AVIATION magazine not inshycluded) (Add $7 for Foreign Pastage_)

lAC Current EAA m embers may join the

Interna tio nal Aeroba tic Club Inc Div ishysion and receive SPOR T AER OBATICS magaZine fo r a n additio n a l $45 per yea r

EAA Membership SPOR T AEROBATshyICS m agazine and one year membership in the lAC Div isio n is available fo r $55 p e r year (SPOR T AVIATION magazine not included ) (Add $18 fo r Fo reign Postage)

WARBIRDS Current EAA members may join the EAA

Warbirds o f America Division and receive WARBIRDS magaZine for an additional $45 per year

EAA Membe rship WA RBIRDS magashyz in e a nd o n e yea r m e mbe rship in th e Warbirds Div isio n is ava ilable for $55 per yea r (SPORT AVIATION magazine no t inshycluded) (Add $7 for Foreign Postage_)

FOREIGN MEMBERSHIPS Please submit your remitta n ce with a

ch eck o r draft drawn o n a United States bank payable in United States dollars Add required Fo reign Postage amount fo r each membership

Membership dues to EAA and its divisions are not tax deductible as charitable contributions

Copyright 112008 by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association All rights reserved VINTAGE AIRPLANE (USPS 062-750 ISSN 0091-j)943) is published and owned exclusively by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association of the Experimental Aircraft Association and is published monthly at EAA

Aviation Center 3000 Poberezny Rd PO Box 3086 Oshkosh Wisconsin 54903-3086 e-mail vintageaircrafteaaorg Membership to Vintage Aircraft Association which includes 12 issues of Vintage Airplane magazine is S36 per year for EAA members and $46 for non-EAA members Periodicals Postage paid at Oshkosh Wisconsin 54901 and at additional mailing offICes POSTMASTER Send address changes to Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 PM 40063731 Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to Pitney Bowes IMS Station A PO Box 54 Windsor ON N9A 6J5 FOREIGN AND APe ADDRESSES - Please allow at least two months for delivery 01 VINTAGE AIRPLANE to foreign and APO addresses via surface mail ADVERTISING - Vintage Aircraft Association does not guarantee or endorse any product offered through the advertising We invite constructive criticism and welcome any report of inferior merchandise obtained through our advertising so that corrective measures can be taken

EDITORIAL POLICY Members are encouraged to submij stories and photographs Policy opinions expressed in articles are solely those of the authors Responsibility for accuracy in reporfing rests entirely with the contributor No remuneration is made Material should be sent to Edijor VINTAGE AIRPLANE PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Phone 920-426-4800

EAAreg and EAA SPORT AVIATIONreg the EAA Logoreg and Aeronautica are registered trademartlts trademarllts and service mar1lts of the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc The use of these trademarllts and service mar1lts wijhout the pennission of the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is strictly prohiMed

40 NOVEMBE R 2008

IP8~Sil Andltlla 2009 FORD FOCUS bull 35 MPG 20L Duratec 1-4 Engine bull 140 hp and 136 Ih-ft of torque bull US EPA certified SmartWay 11

bull Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle bull SYNC exclusive voice-activated

communications ampentertainment system (standard in SES models)

ENJOY THE PRIVILEGE OF PARTNERSHIP EAA Members who are considering the or lease of a Motor Company vehicle should be sure to take of the Ford Partner Recognition Program Your membership benefits qualify you for X-Plan pricing which could save you as much as $930 on a2009 Ford Focus

EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

Get your personal identification number (PIN) and learn about the great value of Partner RecognitionIX-Plan at wwwfordpartnercom

Page 39: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

Flight Stay warm in this black or sage flight jacket Beautifully lined in orange Sporting the VAA logo and it has plenty of pockets Black Sage Vl1894 MD Vl1782 LG

MensSweater This stylish Mens sweater will keep you looking great with its zipper and stripe State size when ordering Vl17190ak (assorted sizes Vl1718 Black (dark (assorted sizes) Vl1734 Chestnut (assorted sizes)

embroidered with a silver VAA logo looks smart with the front slimming

V12756SM V12757 MD V12758 LG

VAA MERCHANDISE 08

Larger die cast toys V09786 Tracy V09787 Old Oscar V09788 Big Jake

Jay Jay Jeys

$499

Vl1895 LG Vl1783 XL Vl1896 XL Vl1896 2X Vl1784 2X To see more great VAA merchandise

go to our website listed below

Order Online wwwvintageaircraftorg Telephone Orders 800-843-3612 From US and Canada (All Others Call 920-426-5912l

Or send to EAA Mail OrdersPO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Limited suppl ies avai lable Shipping and handling NOTincluded Major credit cards accepted WI residents edd 5 sales tax

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

E-mail is the easiest way for you to get connected

Changed your mail

Let us know wwweaaorgemai

Something to buy sell or trade

Classified Word Ads $550 per 10 words 180 words maximum with boldface lead-in on first line

Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

AIRCRAFT

Stinson Reliant Gullwing V-77 - 1942 1100 TT 20 SMOH 20 SPOH Poly Fiber 300 HP Lycoming R-6S0 Hangared in Livermore CA LVK Call Larry 925-890shy3555 or 925-862-0172 $35000

MISCELLANEOUS

Flying wires available 1994 pricing Visit www flyingwirescom or call 800-517 -927S

SERVICES

Always Flying Aircraft Restoration LLC AampP IA Annual 100 hr inspections

Wayne Forshey 740-472-1481 Ohio - statewide

Flight Comes ~ALIVE~ Members get in FREE wwwairventuremuseumorg

Phone (920) 426-4818

1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

ASSOCIATION OFFICERS

Presiden t Vice-President Geoff Robison George Daubner

152 1 E M aCGregor Dr 2448 Lough Lane New Haven IN 46774 Hartford WI 53027

260-493-4724 262-673-5885 chie(7025aolcom gdallb ereaaorg

Secretary Treasurer Steve Nesse Charles W Harri s

2009 Highland Ave 72 I 5 East 46th 5t Albert Lea M N 56007 Tu lsa OK 7414 7

507-373-1674 9 18-622-8400 stnesdeskmediacom cwhhv5u com

DIRECTORS Steve Bender

85 Brush Hill Road Sherborn M A 0 1770

508-653-7557 sst 1Ocomcastnel

David Bennett 375 Killdeer Ct

lincoln CA 95648 9 16-645-8370

atiquertl reachcom

John Berendt 7645 Echo Point Rd

Cannon Falls MN 55009 507-263-24 I 4

fc hldbevcomm net

Jerry Brown 4605 Hickory Wood Row

G reenwood IN 46 143 3 I 7-422-9366

II)fown4906aolcom

Dave Cla rk 635 Vesta l Lane

Plain field IN 46 168 3 I 7-839-4500

davecpdattnet

john S Copelan d l A Deacon Street

Northborough MA 01 532 508-393-4775

copeJand1 jllllocom

Phil Coulson 284 15 Springbrook Dr

Lawton MI 49065 269-624-6490

rcouisonS 16Cscom

Dale A Gusta fson 7724 Shad y Hills Dr

Indianapolis IN 46278 3 17-293-4430

daie fayemsn com

Jeannie Hill PO Box 328

Harvard IL 60033-0328 8 15-943-7205

dinghaoowcnet

Espie Butch j oyce 704 N Regional Rd

G reensboro NC 27409 336-668-3650

windsockaol com

Dan Knutson 106 Tena Marie Circle

Lodi W I 53555 608-592-7224

od icubcharternet

Steve Krog 1002 Heather Ln

Hartford WI 53027 262-966-7627

sskrogaolcom

Robert D Bob Lumley 1265 South 124th Sl Brookfield WI 53005

262-782-2633 ump erexecpccom

S H Wesmiddot Schmid 2359 Lefeber Avenue

Wauwatosa WI 532 I 3 4 14-77 1-1545

shscllmidgmaiJcom

DIRECTORS EMERITUS

Robert C Brauer EE Buck Hilbert 9345 S Hoyne 8 102 Leech Rd

Chicago IL 60643 Union IL 60180 805-782-9713 815-923-4591

photopilotaoJcom buck7acgmail com

Gene Chase Gene Morr is 2 159 Carlton Rd 5936 Steve Court

Oshkosh WI 54904 Roanoke TX 76262 920-23 1-5002 8 17-49 1-9 110

GRCHACizarterllet ge emorrisClrarternet

Ronald C Fritz John Turgyan 1540 1 Sparta Ave PO Box 2 19

Kent City M I 49330 New Egypt Nj 08533 6 16-678-50 12 609-758-29 10

Membershi~ Services Directory ENJOY THE MANY BENEFITS OF EAA AND

EAAs VINTAGE A IRCRAFT ASSOCIATION

EAA Aviation Center PO Box 3086 Osh kosh WI 54903-3086 Phone (920) 426-4800 Fax (920) 426-4873

Web Sites wwwvintageaircraftarg wwwairventurearg wwweaaargmemberbenei ts E-Mail vintageaircrafteaaarg

EAA and Division Mem bership Services

800-843-3612 FAX 920-426-6761

(800 AM-700 PM Monday-Friday CSn -Newrenew memberships EAA Divisions

(Vintage Aircraft Association lAC Warbirds)

National Association of Flight Instructors

(NAFI)

-Address changes

-Merchandise sales

-Gift memberships

Programs and Activities

Auto Fuel STCs 920-426-4843

Buildrestore information 920-426-4821

Chapters locatingorganizing 920-426-4876

Education 888-322-3229

bull EAA Air Academy

- EAA Scholarships

Flight Instructor information 920-426-6801

Library ServicesResearch 920-426-4848

Medical Questions 920-426-6112

Technical Counselors _ _ 920-426-6864

Young Eagles _ 877-806-8902

Benefits

AUA Vintage Insurance Plan 800-727-3823

EAA Aircraft Insurance Plan _ 866-647-4322

Term Life and Accidental 800-241-6103

Death Insurance (Harvey Watt amp Company)

1-800-JOIN-EAA

EAA Platinum VlSA Card 800-853-5576 ext 8884

EAA Aircraft Financing Plan 866-808-6040

EAA Enterprise Rent-A-Car Program

877-GA1-ERAC

Editorial 920-426-4825

VAA Office FAX 920-426-6579

MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION EAA

Membership in the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is $40 for one year includshying 12 issues of SPORT AVIATION Family membership is an additio nal $10 annually Junio r Membership (under 19 yea rs of age) is ava ilable at $23 annually All major credit cards accepted for membership (Add $16 for Foreign Postage_)

EAA SPORT PILOT Current EAA m embe rs may add EAA

SPORT PILOT magazine fo r an additional $20 per year

EAA M e mbership a nd EAA SPO R T PILOT magazine is available fo r $40 per year (SPORT AVIATION m agaZine not inshycluded) (Add $16 for Foreign Postage)

VINTAGE AIRCRAFf ASSOCIATION Current EAA m emb e rs m ay jo in the

Vintage Aircra ft Association and receive VINTAGE AIRPLANE m agazine for an ad shyditional $36 per year

EAA Membership VINTAGE AIRPLANE magazine and one year membership in the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association is available for $46 per year (SPORT AVIATION magazine not inshycluded) (Add $7 for Foreign Pastage_)

lAC Current EAA m embers may join the

Interna tio nal Aeroba tic Club Inc Div ishysion and receive SPOR T AER OBATICS magaZine fo r a n additio n a l $45 per yea r

EAA Membership SPOR T AEROBATshyICS m agazine and one year membership in the lAC Div isio n is available fo r $55 p e r year (SPOR T AVIATION magazine not included ) (Add $18 fo r Fo reign Postage)

WARBIRDS Current EAA members may join the EAA

Warbirds o f America Division and receive WARBIRDS magaZine for an additional $45 per year

EAA Membe rship WA RBIRDS magashyz in e a nd o n e yea r m e mbe rship in th e Warbirds Div isio n is ava ilable for $55 per yea r (SPORT AVIATION magazine no t inshycluded) (Add $7 for Foreign Postage_)

FOREIGN MEMBERSHIPS Please submit your remitta n ce with a

ch eck o r draft drawn o n a United States bank payable in United States dollars Add required Fo reign Postage amount fo r each membership

Membership dues to EAA and its divisions are not tax deductible as charitable contributions

Copyright 112008 by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association All rights reserved VINTAGE AIRPLANE (USPS 062-750 ISSN 0091-j)943) is published and owned exclusively by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association of the Experimental Aircraft Association and is published monthly at EAA

Aviation Center 3000 Poberezny Rd PO Box 3086 Oshkosh Wisconsin 54903-3086 e-mail vintageaircrafteaaorg Membership to Vintage Aircraft Association which includes 12 issues of Vintage Airplane magazine is S36 per year for EAA members and $46 for non-EAA members Periodicals Postage paid at Oshkosh Wisconsin 54901 and at additional mailing offICes POSTMASTER Send address changes to Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 PM 40063731 Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to Pitney Bowes IMS Station A PO Box 54 Windsor ON N9A 6J5 FOREIGN AND APe ADDRESSES - Please allow at least two months for delivery 01 VINTAGE AIRPLANE to foreign and APO addresses via surface mail ADVERTISING - Vintage Aircraft Association does not guarantee or endorse any product offered through the advertising We invite constructive criticism and welcome any report of inferior merchandise obtained through our advertising so that corrective measures can be taken

EDITORIAL POLICY Members are encouraged to submij stories and photographs Policy opinions expressed in articles are solely those of the authors Responsibility for accuracy in reporfing rests entirely with the contributor No remuneration is made Material should be sent to Edijor VINTAGE AIRPLANE PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Phone 920-426-4800

EAAreg and EAA SPORT AVIATIONreg the EAA Logoreg and Aeronautica are registered trademartlts trademarllts and service mar1lts of the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc The use of these trademarllts and service mar1lts wijhout the pennission of the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is strictly prohiMed

40 NOVEMBE R 2008

IP8~Sil Andltlla 2009 FORD FOCUS bull 35 MPG 20L Duratec 1-4 Engine bull 140 hp and 136 Ih-ft of torque bull US EPA certified SmartWay 11

bull Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle bull SYNC exclusive voice-activated

communications ampentertainment system (standard in SES models)

ENJOY THE PRIVILEGE OF PARTNERSHIP EAA Members who are considering the or lease of a Motor Company vehicle should be sure to take of the Ford Partner Recognition Program Your membership benefits qualify you for X-Plan pricing which could save you as much as $930 on a2009 Ford Focus

EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

Get your personal identification number (PIN) and learn about the great value of Partner RecognitionIX-Plan at wwwfordpartnercom

Page 40: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

of those post ed on t he newest page on the EAA website To submit an event or to view the most up to date l ist please

visit the EAA website at wwweaaorgj calendar During 2008 we ll publish t his

calendar as we transit ion to an al l-web based calendar for 2009 This list does

not constitute approval s ponsorsh ip

involvement control or direct ion of any fly-in seminar fly market or other event

November 2 - Santa Paula CA 2 - First

Sunday Open House Aviation Museum Of Santa Paula (SZP) Aviation Museum

of Santa Paula SZP Airport Open House Display Day Fly in display your aircraft for tax credit come to gift booth for sign

off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside

You never know what you might see at

SZP Start Time 10 am-3 pm Contact Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 7 - SANTA PAULA CA2 shy(SZP) First Sunday Open House Aviation

Museum Of Santa Paula Fly in display

your aircraft come to gift booth for sign off Museum and private hangars open to amaze you with collections inside You

never know what you might see at SZP Restaurant on field 10am--3pm Contact

Judy Phone 805-525-1109 Email amszpVerizonnet

December 20 - Oshkosh WI2 - Wright

Brothers Memorial Banquet EAA Airventure Museum Secure onshyline reservation form - Honor the

creators of powered flight t hrough this special presentation St art Time

6 30 -930pm Info 920-426-6880 Email museumeaaorg

Get Connected Stay Informed

E-mail is the easiest way for you to get connected

Changed your mail

Let us know wwweaaorgemai

Something to buy sell or trade

Classified Word Ads $550 per 10 words 180 words maximum with boldface lead-in on first line

Classified Display Ads One column wide (2167 inches) by 1 2 or 3 inches high at $20 per inch Black and white only and no frequency discounts

Advertising Closing Dates 10th of second month prior to desired issue date (i e January 10 is the closing date for the March issue) VAA reserves the right to reject any advertising in conflict with its policies Rates cover one insertion per issue Classified ads are not accepted via phone Payment must accompany order Word ads may be sent via fax (920-426-6845) or e-mail (classads eaaoftJ using credit card payment (all cards accepted) Include name on card complete address type of card card number and expiration date Make checks payable to EM Address advertising correspondencae to EM Publications Classified Ad Manager PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086

AIRCRAFT

Stinson Reliant Gullwing V-77 - 1942 1100 TT 20 SMOH 20 SPOH Poly Fiber 300 HP Lycoming R-6S0 Hangared in Livermore CA LVK Call Larry 925-890shy3555 or 925-862-0172 $35000

MISCELLANEOUS

Flying wires available 1994 pricing Visit www flyingwirescom or call 800-517 -927S

SERVICES

Always Flying Aircraft Restoration LLC AampP IA Annual 100 hr inspections

Wayne Forshey 740-472-1481 Ohio - statewide

Flight Comes ~ALIVE~ Members get in FREE wwwairventuremuseumorg

Phone (920) 426-4818

1 RVENTUREbull~~~ VINTAGE AIRPLANE 39

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

ASSOCIATION OFFICERS

Presiden t Vice-President Geoff Robison George Daubner

152 1 E M aCGregor Dr 2448 Lough Lane New Haven IN 46774 Hartford WI 53027

260-493-4724 262-673-5885 chie(7025aolcom gdallb ereaaorg

Secretary Treasurer Steve Nesse Charles W Harri s

2009 Highland Ave 72 I 5 East 46th 5t Albert Lea M N 56007 Tu lsa OK 7414 7

507-373-1674 9 18-622-8400 stnesdeskmediacom cwhhv5u com

DIRECTORS Steve Bender

85 Brush Hill Road Sherborn M A 0 1770

508-653-7557 sst 1Ocomcastnel

David Bennett 375 Killdeer Ct

lincoln CA 95648 9 16-645-8370

atiquertl reachcom

John Berendt 7645 Echo Point Rd

Cannon Falls MN 55009 507-263-24 I 4

fc hldbevcomm net

Jerry Brown 4605 Hickory Wood Row

G reenwood IN 46 143 3 I 7-422-9366

II)fown4906aolcom

Dave Cla rk 635 Vesta l Lane

Plain field IN 46 168 3 I 7-839-4500

davecpdattnet

john S Copelan d l A Deacon Street

Northborough MA 01 532 508-393-4775

copeJand1 jllllocom

Phil Coulson 284 15 Springbrook Dr

Lawton MI 49065 269-624-6490

rcouisonS 16Cscom

Dale A Gusta fson 7724 Shad y Hills Dr

Indianapolis IN 46278 3 17-293-4430

daie fayemsn com

Jeannie Hill PO Box 328

Harvard IL 60033-0328 8 15-943-7205

dinghaoowcnet

Espie Butch j oyce 704 N Regional Rd

G reensboro NC 27409 336-668-3650

windsockaol com

Dan Knutson 106 Tena Marie Circle

Lodi W I 53555 608-592-7224

od icubcharternet

Steve Krog 1002 Heather Ln

Hartford WI 53027 262-966-7627

sskrogaolcom

Robert D Bob Lumley 1265 South 124th Sl Brookfield WI 53005

262-782-2633 ump erexecpccom

S H Wesmiddot Schmid 2359 Lefeber Avenue

Wauwatosa WI 532 I 3 4 14-77 1-1545

shscllmidgmaiJcom

DIRECTORS EMERITUS

Robert C Brauer EE Buck Hilbert 9345 S Hoyne 8 102 Leech Rd

Chicago IL 60643 Union IL 60180 805-782-9713 815-923-4591

photopilotaoJcom buck7acgmail com

Gene Chase Gene Morr is 2 159 Carlton Rd 5936 Steve Court

Oshkosh WI 54904 Roanoke TX 76262 920-23 1-5002 8 17-49 1-9 110

GRCHACizarterllet ge emorrisClrarternet

Ronald C Fritz John Turgyan 1540 1 Sparta Ave PO Box 2 19

Kent City M I 49330 New Egypt Nj 08533 6 16-678-50 12 609-758-29 10

Membershi~ Services Directory ENJOY THE MANY BENEFITS OF EAA AND

EAAs VINTAGE A IRCRAFT ASSOCIATION

EAA Aviation Center PO Box 3086 Osh kosh WI 54903-3086 Phone (920) 426-4800 Fax (920) 426-4873

Web Sites wwwvintageaircraftarg wwwairventurearg wwweaaargmemberbenei ts E-Mail vintageaircrafteaaarg

EAA and Division Mem bership Services

800-843-3612 FAX 920-426-6761

(800 AM-700 PM Monday-Friday CSn -Newrenew memberships EAA Divisions

(Vintage Aircraft Association lAC Warbirds)

National Association of Flight Instructors

(NAFI)

-Address changes

-Merchandise sales

-Gift memberships

Programs and Activities

Auto Fuel STCs 920-426-4843

Buildrestore information 920-426-4821

Chapters locatingorganizing 920-426-4876

Education 888-322-3229

bull EAA Air Academy

- EAA Scholarships

Flight Instructor information 920-426-6801

Library ServicesResearch 920-426-4848

Medical Questions 920-426-6112

Technical Counselors _ _ 920-426-6864

Young Eagles _ 877-806-8902

Benefits

AUA Vintage Insurance Plan 800-727-3823

EAA Aircraft Insurance Plan _ 866-647-4322

Term Life and Accidental 800-241-6103

Death Insurance (Harvey Watt amp Company)

1-800-JOIN-EAA

EAA Platinum VlSA Card 800-853-5576 ext 8884

EAA Aircraft Financing Plan 866-808-6040

EAA Enterprise Rent-A-Car Program

877-GA1-ERAC

Editorial 920-426-4825

VAA Office FAX 920-426-6579

MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION EAA

Membership in the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is $40 for one year includshying 12 issues of SPORT AVIATION Family membership is an additio nal $10 annually Junio r Membership (under 19 yea rs of age) is ava ilable at $23 annually All major credit cards accepted for membership (Add $16 for Foreign Postage_)

EAA SPORT PILOT Current EAA m embe rs may add EAA

SPORT PILOT magazine fo r an additional $20 per year

EAA M e mbership a nd EAA SPO R T PILOT magazine is available fo r $40 per year (SPORT AVIATION m agaZine not inshycluded) (Add $16 for Foreign Postage)

VINTAGE AIRCRAFf ASSOCIATION Current EAA m emb e rs m ay jo in the

Vintage Aircra ft Association and receive VINTAGE AIRPLANE m agazine for an ad shyditional $36 per year

EAA Membership VINTAGE AIRPLANE magazine and one year membership in the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association is available for $46 per year (SPORT AVIATION magazine not inshycluded) (Add $7 for Foreign Pastage_)

lAC Current EAA m embers may join the

Interna tio nal Aeroba tic Club Inc Div ishysion and receive SPOR T AER OBATICS magaZine fo r a n additio n a l $45 per yea r

EAA Membership SPOR T AEROBATshyICS m agazine and one year membership in the lAC Div isio n is available fo r $55 p e r year (SPOR T AVIATION magazine not included ) (Add $18 fo r Fo reign Postage)

WARBIRDS Current EAA members may join the EAA

Warbirds o f America Division and receive WARBIRDS magaZine for an additional $45 per year

EAA Membe rship WA RBIRDS magashyz in e a nd o n e yea r m e mbe rship in th e Warbirds Div isio n is ava ilable for $55 per yea r (SPORT AVIATION magazine no t inshycluded) (Add $7 for Foreign Postage_)

FOREIGN MEMBERSHIPS Please submit your remitta n ce with a

ch eck o r draft drawn o n a United States bank payable in United States dollars Add required Fo reign Postage amount fo r each membership

Membership dues to EAA and its divisions are not tax deductible as charitable contributions

Copyright 112008 by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association All rights reserved VINTAGE AIRPLANE (USPS 062-750 ISSN 0091-j)943) is published and owned exclusively by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association of the Experimental Aircraft Association and is published monthly at EAA

Aviation Center 3000 Poberezny Rd PO Box 3086 Oshkosh Wisconsin 54903-3086 e-mail vintageaircrafteaaorg Membership to Vintage Aircraft Association which includes 12 issues of Vintage Airplane magazine is S36 per year for EAA members and $46 for non-EAA members Periodicals Postage paid at Oshkosh Wisconsin 54901 and at additional mailing offICes POSTMASTER Send address changes to Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 PM 40063731 Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to Pitney Bowes IMS Station A PO Box 54 Windsor ON N9A 6J5 FOREIGN AND APe ADDRESSES - Please allow at least two months for delivery 01 VINTAGE AIRPLANE to foreign and APO addresses via surface mail ADVERTISING - Vintage Aircraft Association does not guarantee or endorse any product offered through the advertising We invite constructive criticism and welcome any report of inferior merchandise obtained through our advertising so that corrective measures can be taken

EDITORIAL POLICY Members are encouraged to submij stories and photographs Policy opinions expressed in articles are solely those of the authors Responsibility for accuracy in reporfing rests entirely with the contributor No remuneration is made Material should be sent to Edijor VINTAGE AIRPLANE PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Phone 920-426-4800

EAAreg and EAA SPORT AVIATIONreg the EAA Logoreg and Aeronautica are registered trademartlts trademarllts and service mar1lts of the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc The use of these trademarllts and service mar1lts wijhout the pennission of the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is strictly prohiMed

40 NOVEMBE R 2008

IP8~Sil Andltlla 2009 FORD FOCUS bull 35 MPG 20L Duratec 1-4 Engine bull 140 hp and 136 Ih-ft of torque bull US EPA certified SmartWay 11

bull Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle bull SYNC exclusive voice-activated

communications ampentertainment system (standard in SES models)

ENJOY THE PRIVILEGE OF PARTNERSHIP EAA Members who are considering the or lease of a Motor Company vehicle should be sure to take of the Ford Partner Recognition Program Your membership benefits qualify you for X-Plan pricing which could save you as much as $930 on a2009 Ford Focus

EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

Get your personal identification number (PIN) and learn about the great value of Partner RecognitionIX-Plan at wwwfordpartnercom

Page 41: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

VINTAGE AIRCRAFT

ASSOCIATION OFFICERS

Presiden t Vice-President Geoff Robison George Daubner

152 1 E M aCGregor Dr 2448 Lough Lane New Haven IN 46774 Hartford WI 53027

260-493-4724 262-673-5885 chie(7025aolcom gdallb ereaaorg

Secretary Treasurer Steve Nesse Charles W Harri s

2009 Highland Ave 72 I 5 East 46th 5t Albert Lea M N 56007 Tu lsa OK 7414 7

507-373-1674 9 18-622-8400 stnesdeskmediacom cwhhv5u com

DIRECTORS Steve Bender

85 Brush Hill Road Sherborn M A 0 1770

508-653-7557 sst 1Ocomcastnel

David Bennett 375 Killdeer Ct

lincoln CA 95648 9 16-645-8370

atiquertl reachcom

John Berendt 7645 Echo Point Rd

Cannon Falls MN 55009 507-263-24 I 4

fc hldbevcomm net

Jerry Brown 4605 Hickory Wood Row

G reenwood IN 46 143 3 I 7-422-9366

II)fown4906aolcom

Dave Cla rk 635 Vesta l Lane

Plain field IN 46 168 3 I 7-839-4500

davecpdattnet

john S Copelan d l A Deacon Street

Northborough MA 01 532 508-393-4775

copeJand1 jllllocom

Phil Coulson 284 15 Springbrook Dr

Lawton MI 49065 269-624-6490

rcouisonS 16Cscom

Dale A Gusta fson 7724 Shad y Hills Dr

Indianapolis IN 46278 3 17-293-4430

daie fayemsn com

Jeannie Hill PO Box 328

Harvard IL 60033-0328 8 15-943-7205

dinghaoowcnet

Espie Butch j oyce 704 N Regional Rd

G reensboro NC 27409 336-668-3650

windsockaol com

Dan Knutson 106 Tena Marie Circle

Lodi W I 53555 608-592-7224

od icubcharternet

Steve Krog 1002 Heather Ln

Hartford WI 53027 262-966-7627

sskrogaolcom

Robert D Bob Lumley 1265 South 124th Sl Brookfield WI 53005

262-782-2633 ump erexecpccom

S H Wesmiddot Schmid 2359 Lefeber Avenue

Wauwatosa WI 532 I 3 4 14-77 1-1545

shscllmidgmaiJcom

DIRECTORS EMERITUS

Robert C Brauer EE Buck Hilbert 9345 S Hoyne 8 102 Leech Rd

Chicago IL 60643 Union IL 60180 805-782-9713 815-923-4591

photopilotaoJcom buck7acgmail com

Gene Chase Gene Morr is 2 159 Carlton Rd 5936 Steve Court

Oshkosh WI 54904 Roanoke TX 76262 920-23 1-5002 8 17-49 1-9 110

GRCHACizarterllet ge emorrisClrarternet

Ronald C Fritz John Turgyan 1540 1 Sparta Ave PO Box 2 19

Kent City M I 49330 New Egypt Nj 08533 6 16-678-50 12 609-758-29 10

Membershi~ Services Directory ENJOY THE MANY BENEFITS OF EAA AND

EAAs VINTAGE A IRCRAFT ASSOCIATION

EAA Aviation Center PO Box 3086 Osh kosh WI 54903-3086 Phone (920) 426-4800 Fax (920) 426-4873

Web Sites wwwvintageaircraftarg wwwairventurearg wwweaaargmemberbenei ts E-Mail vintageaircrafteaaarg

EAA and Division Mem bership Services

800-843-3612 FAX 920-426-6761

(800 AM-700 PM Monday-Friday CSn -Newrenew memberships EAA Divisions

(Vintage Aircraft Association lAC Warbirds)

National Association of Flight Instructors

(NAFI)

-Address changes

-Merchandise sales

-Gift memberships

Programs and Activities

Auto Fuel STCs 920-426-4843

Buildrestore information 920-426-4821

Chapters locatingorganizing 920-426-4876

Education 888-322-3229

bull EAA Air Academy

- EAA Scholarships

Flight Instructor information 920-426-6801

Library ServicesResearch 920-426-4848

Medical Questions 920-426-6112

Technical Counselors _ _ 920-426-6864

Young Eagles _ 877-806-8902

Benefits

AUA Vintage Insurance Plan 800-727-3823

EAA Aircraft Insurance Plan _ 866-647-4322

Term Life and Accidental 800-241-6103

Death Insurance (Harvey Watt amp Company)

1-800-JOIN-EAA

EAA Platinum VlSA Card 800-853-5576 ext 8884

EAA Aircraft Financing Plan 866-808-6040

EAA Enterprise Rent-A-Car Program

877-GA1-ERAC

Editorial 920-426-4825

VAA Office FAX 920-426-6579

MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION EAA

Membership in the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is $40 for one year includshying 12 issues of SPORT AVIATION Family membership is an additio nal $10 annually Junio r Membership (under 19 yea rs of age) is ava ilable at $23 annually All major credit cards accepted for membership (Add $16 for Foreign Postage_)

EAA SPORT PILOT Current EAA m embe rs may add EAA

SPORT PILOT magazine fo r an additional $20 per year

EAA M e mbership a nd EAA SPO R T PILOT magazine is available fo r $40 per year (SPORT AVIATION m agaZine not inshycluded) (Add $16 for Foreign Postage)

VINTAGE AIRCRAFf ASSOCIATION Current EAA m emb e rs m ay jo in the

Vintage Aircra ft Association and receive VINTAGE AIRPLANE m agazine for an ad shyditional $36 per year

EAA Membership VINTAGE AIRPLANE magazine and one year membership in the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association is available for $46 per year (SPORT AVIATION magazine not inshycluded) (Add $7 for Foreign Pastage_)

lAC Current EAA m embers may join the

Interna tio nal Aeroba tic Club Inc Div ishysion and receive SPOR T AER OBATICS magaZine fo r a n additio n a l $45 per yea r

EAA Membership SPOR T AEROBATshyICS m agazine and one year membership in the lAC Div isio n is available fo r $55 p e r year (SPOR T AVIATION magazine not included ) (Add $18 fo r Fo reign Postage)

WARBIRDS Current EAA members may join the EAA

Warbirds o f America Division and receive WARBIRDS magaZine for an additional $45 per year

EAA Membe rship WA RBIRDS magashyz in e a nd o n e yea r m e mbe rship in th e Warbirds Div isio n is ava ilable for $55 per yea r (SPORT AVIATION magazine no t inshycluded) (Add $7 for Foreign Postage_)

FOREIGN MEMBERSHIPS Please submit your remitta n ce with a

ch eck o r draft drawn o n a United States bank payable in United States dollars Add required Fo reign Postage amount fo r each membership

Membership dues to EAA and its divisions are not tax deductible as charitable contributions

Copyright 112008 by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association All rights reserved VINTAGE AIRPLANE (USPS 062-750 ISSN 0091-j)943) is published and owned exclusively by the EAA Vintage Aircraft Association of the Experimental Aircraft Association and is published monthly at EAA

Aviation Center 3000 Poberezny Rd PO Box 3086 Oshkosh Wisconsin 54903-3086 e-mail vintageaircrafteaaorg Membership to Vintage Aircraft Association which includes 12 issues of Vintage Airplane magazine is S36 per year for EAA members and $46 for non-EAA members Periodicals Postage paid at Oshkosh Wisconsin 54901 and at additional mailing offICes POSTMASTER Send address changes to Vintage Airplane PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 PM 40063731 Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to Pitney Bowes IMS Station A PO Box 54 Windsor ON N9A 6J5 FOREIGN AND APe ADDRESSES - Please allow at least two months for delivery 01 VINTAGE AIRPLANE to foreign and APO addresses via surface mail ADVERTISING - Vintage Aircraft Association does not guarantee or endorse any product offered through the advertising We invite constructive criticism and welcome any report of inferior merchandise obtained through our advertising so that corrective measures can be taken

EDITORIAL POLICY Members are encouraged to submij stories and photographs Policy opinions expressed in articles are solely those of the authors Responsibility for accuracy in reporfing rests entirely with the contributor No remuneration is made Material should be sent to Edijor VINTAGE AIRPLANE PO Box 3086 Oshkosh WI 54903-3086 Phone 920-426-4800

EAAreg and EAA SPORT AVIATIONreg the EAA Logoreg and Aeronautica are registered trademartlts trademarllts and service mar1lts of the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc The use of these trademarllts and service mar1lts wijhout the pennission of the Experimental Aircraft Association Inc is strictly prohiMed

40 NOVEMBE R 2008

IP8~Sil Andltlla 2009 FORD FOCUS bull 35 MPG 20L Duratec 1-4 Engine bull 140 hp and 136 Ih-ft of torque bull US EPA certified SmartWay 11

bull Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle bull SYNC exclusive voice-activated

communications ampentertainment system (standard in SES models)

ENJOY THE PRIVILEGE OF PARTNERSHIP EAA Members who are considering the or lease of a Motor Company vehicle should be sure to take of the Ford Partner Recognition Program Your membership benefits qualify you for X-Plan pricing which could save you as much as $930 on a2009 Ford Focus

EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

Get your personal identification number (PIN) and learn about the great value of Partner RecognitionIX-Plan at wwwfordpartnercom

Page 42: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008

IP8~Sil Andltlla 2009 FORD FOCUS bull 35 MPG 20L Duratec 1-4 Engine bull 140 hp and 136 Ih-ft of torque bull US EPA certified SmartWay 11

bull Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle bull SYNC exclusive voice-activated

communications ampentertainment system (standard in SES models)

ENJOY THE PRIVILEGE OF PARTNERSHIP EAA Members who are considering the or lease of a Motor Company vehicle should be sure to take of the Ford Partner Recognition Program Your membership benefits qualify you for X-Plan pricing which could save you as much as $930 on a2009 Ford Focus

EXCLUSIVE PRICING EXCEPTIONALLY SIMPLE Ford Motor Company in association with EAA is proud to offer members the opportunity to save on the purchase or lease of vehicles from Ford Motor Companys family of brands

Get your personal identification number (PIN) and learn about the great value of Partner RecognitionIX-Plan at wwwfordpartnercom

Page 43: VA-Vol-36-No-11-Nov-2008