vaibhav[dengue fever]

8/7/2019 vaibhav[dengue fever]

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ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION

OF

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION..

NAME OF THE PROJECT : DENGUE FEVER .

SUBJECT : BIOLOGY.

SCHOOL : D.A.V. Sr. Sec. PUBLIC

SCHOOL,BINA.

SUBMITTED BY : VAIBHAV GUPTA.

ROLL NO. :

DATE OF SUBMISSION :

GUIDE : Mrs. URMILA TRPATHI.

Mr. A.K. SINGH. Mrs. URMILA

TRIPATHI.

[PRINCIPAL] [HEAD OF BIOLOGY

DEPT.]


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1. ACKNOWLWDGEMENT.

2. PLANNING OF THE PROJECT.

3. WHY A PROJECT?

4. AIM OH THE PROJECT.

5. WHAT IS DENGUE FEVER?

6. INCIDENCE AND PREVELENCE.

7. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS.

8. COMPLICATION OF DENGUE FEVER.

9. DIAGNOSIS.

10. TREATMENT OF DENGUE.

11. PROGNOSIS OF DENGUE FEVER.

12. PREVENTION OF MOSQUITO BITES.

13. PREVENTION OF MOSQUITO BREEDING.

14. REFRENCES.

15. DECLARATIONS.

16. CERTIFICATE.


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ACKNOWLEDGEME

NT.Acknowledgement is due to the principal Mr. A.K.

Singh, DAV Sr. Sec. Public School, Bina for

granting the necessary permission to write this

project guidance to achieve the goal.

I am very grateful to our Head of Biology

Department Mrs. Urmila Tripathi for her kind co-operation and valuable suggestions provided to

me in order to achieve my goal successfully by

providing with certain information, which was of

great help to me. This is her supervision and

guidance that the project work has been taken

up and completed.

I must express extreme heartiest thanks towardsall the staff and attendants of Biology

Laboratory, without the help of whom this work

would have never been completed.

I express my sincere thanks to my classmates for

their valuable assistance and co-operation during

the course of the project work.

At last, I thank all those who directly or indirectly

helped me in making and completing my project

work on DENGUE FEVER.


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NAME: VAIBHAV GUPTA.

ROLL NO.:


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PLANNING OF THE

PROJECT.The very first discussion of carrying the project thrilled me

a lot. I was rather excited to carry out the project as early

as possible and circumstances allowed me. Now, the first

thing I had to do was to search the project that could

satisfy my expectations.

I took help from:-

ENCYCLOPEDIA- BRITANNICA.

NEWSPAPAER- THE TIMES OF INDIA &

HINDUSTAN TIMES. COMPUTER SOFTWARES.

VAIBHAV GUPTA.

CLASS- XII-B


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WHY A PROJECT..

The project method of learning is the best manner

through which a student specially a science student apply

the knowledge he gains from classroom lectures to daily

life. One not only learns how to solve the problems but

also starts taking interest in everything that he does in

the laboratories.

This method enables the student to understandsignificance and utilization of the subject n their daily life

and allow them to choose their activities.

A project is defined as, A whole hearted, purposeful

activity that proceeds in a social environment. Thus,

project is stated to be a piece of work in which a student

does their own research and presents the results.

By doing a project work a student displays their spirit

of enquiry, a creativity of improving the existing method

of solving a problem through understanding of the

existing situation, independent thinking and ability to

understand the basic facts. It also helps the student in the

art of organizing, designing, planning to achieve a

particular aim.


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AIM OF THE PROJECT..The aim of this project is to get more knowledge about

DENGUE FEVER and to understand its possible causes,

symptoms, treatment etc.


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WHAT IS DENGUEFEVER??Dengue is caused by four closely related but

antigenitically distinct virus serotypes and transmitted

from person to person by a bite from the mosquito,

AEDES AEGYPTI.

The

first clinical

report of


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dengue was done by BENJAMIN RUSH in 1789. However its

viral cause and its transmission via the mosquitoes were

only established in early 20th century.

Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever [DHF] isa mosquito borne disease virus caused by the virus that

belonged to the group of FLAVIVIRUS.

Dengue viruses are transmitted from person

to person by the bite from Aedes aegypti, a domestic

mosquito.

The disease is caused by any of the fourclosely related, but antigenitically distinct, virus serotypes

DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, AND DEN-4.

Due to serotype specificity,

infection caused by one serotype does not provide cross

protective immunity to other serotypes, so a person is

susceptible to have four dengue infections during their

lifetime.


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INCIDENCE AND

PREVELENCE..

The worldwide incidence is estimated to be 50 to 100

million cases of dengue fever. And over 5,00,000 cases of

dengue hemorrhagic fever per year..

The incidence of this fever is variable and depends on

the geographical region and the density of mosquito

borne diseases in a region. DENGUE Hemorrhagic Fever is

more serious and the fatality rate is about 5%.

Children younger than 15 years comprise 90% of

dengue hemorrhagic fever subjects in the world. Dengue

Hemorrhagic Fever can affect both adults as well aschildrens.

Poor surveillance system in India makes it

difficult to know the exact incidence of the epidemic in

the country. There have been reports regularly in medical

literature from various hospitals. Between September

2001 and January 2002, during the epidemic of dengue in

Chennai, Tamil Nadu india nearly 800 cases were reported

to the health system.


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SYMPTOMS AND

SIGNS..Abrupt fever, assosciated with headaches and pain

that affects legs, joints, and the lumbar region of the

spine are the classical symptoms of Dengue.

Classic dengue is characterized by Fever :

Sudden and abrupt onset.

May go upto 39.5-41.4C.

Last for about 1-7 days, then fades away for 1-2

days.

It soon reoccurs with secondary rashes which is

usually not as severe as before.

HEADACHES.

Fever is usually accompanied by headache in front

portion of head or behind the eyes.

MUSCULAR ( MYALGIA) or BONE PAIN.

Occurs after onset of fever.

Affects legs, joints, and lumbar spine.

Usually the pain gets severe after its onset.

The pain may last for several weeks even after

the fever has subsided.


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Pain is usually absent in Dengue Hemorrhagic

Fever/ Dengue Shock Syndrome.


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COMPLICATIONS OF

DENGUE FEVER..Complications, though rare may occur in dengue

hemorrhagic fever/ dengue shock syndrome are as follows

:

Damage to brain due to bleeding orprolonged shock.

Liver failure. Inflammation of the heart muscles

[MYOCARDITIS].

Encephalopathy (disorder of brain).


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DIAGNOSIS..DIAGNOSIS OF DENGUE FEVER : confirmed diagnosis

of dengue infection can be done by:

ISOLATION OF THE VIRUS : Isolation of

virus requires collection of serum sample

from patients within five days after

appearance symptoms.

DETECTING SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES :

Serologic requires collection of serum withinsix days after onset of symptoms. The serum

is tested for detecting specific ant-dengue

antibodies by Enzyme Linked Immuno

Sorbent Assay (ELISA) .

Antibody Titers of Igm and IgG antibody increases four-fold in serum sample.


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TREATMENT OF

DENGUE..

Although no specific anti viral tablets or injections that

can kill dengue virus are currently available, adequate

supportive care and treatment could control its morbidity.

There are no specific anti-viral tablets or injections that

can kill the virus. However, a lot of supportive care and

treatment can go a long way to save a patient suffering

from dengue fever.

Fever is treated by anti-pyretic like Paracetamol.

Pain in the bone should be treated by analgesics

or pain killing tablets.

Patients are prone to dehydration hence they

should drink plenty of fluids. If necessary a few

days of intra-venous fluids can be administered

in the form of normal saline or dextrose saline.

In some cases, oxygen is helpful. Steroids are not

known to help.


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PRONOSIS OF DENGUE

FEVER..

Survival is usually related to early hospitalization and

aggressive supportive treatment. Aggressive fluids and

electrolytes can help the most affected of patients

including children with Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/

Dengue Shock Syndrome who can wake up and feel

normal. Morens, a physician states that the rapid clinical

response to intravenous fluids is among the most

dramatic events in clinical medicine.

The recovery period may be slow with associated

weakness and mental depression.


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PREVENTION OF MOSQUITOBITES..

Use mosquito nets during nights. Use mosquito repellant creams or coils containing

chemical DEET to avoid mosquito bites.

Wear bright and colored clothing, as mosquitoes areattracted towards dark clothing.

Wear long sleeved clothes and long pants. Wear boots and socks and also if necessary tuck the

pants into the socks.

Avoid outdoor activities during dawn or dusk whenthese mosquitoes are most active.

Avoid strong perfumes as mosquitoes are attractedtowards their smell.

Store water undercover. Use bleaching powder mixed in water if it is not tube

used for drinking.

Measures should be taken to prevent mosquitobreeding in stored water bodies like wells.

Destroy discarded objects like old tyres, coconutshells and bottles as they collect and store rain water.

Avoid stagnant water around houses to get rid ofmosquito breeding sites.


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PREVENTION OF

MOSQUITOBREEDING..

The onset of monsoons usually to a surge of breedingamong mosquitoes, which coexists with humans andshare the same milieu.

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are causativevectors of Dengue fever and Chikungunya carry thevirus and cause these diseases. The following shouldbe noted about Aedes mosquito :

A. It is the female mosquito that feeds onblood as it requires the blood protein toproduce its eggs.

B. The female Aedes mosquito searches forsuitable to lay their eggs and it is usually thestagnant water. In Delhi, 90% of thesemosquitoes were found rampantly breedingin water stagnant in coolers.

C. The malemosquitoesusually feedonly on plantnectar.

D. Aedesmosquitoescausing


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dengue and chikungunya usually bite duringthe day unlike those causing malaria.

E.Avoid stagnat water around or near houses

to get rid of mosquito breedings.


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REFERENCES. .

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/

factsheets/fs192/en/

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/

articlerender.fcgi?artid=179846

http://www.emedicine.com/

EMERG/topic124.htm

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/

dvbid/dengue/
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/http://www.emedicine.com/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/http://www.emedicine.com/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/


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DECLARATION. .

I, Vaibhav Gupta hereby declare that I have

completed my project work with all the best of my

knowledge and efforts. It is now completed in all

respects. It took a reasonable time, energy and a

lot of efforts to successfully complete the project

entitled, DENGUE FEVER. I am glad to announce

that the project has completed in all respects well

before the scheduled time.

VAIBHAV GUPTA.

CLASS: XII-B.


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CERTIFICATE. .

This is to certify that VAIBHAV GUPTA has completed

his project. Titled as DENGUE FEVER with sincerity and

diligence. He has completed his project work well before

the completion of tenure. I assure that he has not used

any unfair means and he has done the project work

independently.

His project may be considered as fulfillment for

AISSCE, 2010-2011 conducted by CBSE.

I hereby declare that she is a well behaved and

obedient student to the best of my knowledge.

Mr. A.K. Singh. Mrs. Urmila

Tripathi.


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(PRINCIPAL.) (Head of Dept. of Biology,

PGT.)


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vaibhav[dengue fever]

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