Chapter 4 -- The Valuation of Long-Term Securities

Chapter 4The Valuation of Long-Term Securities4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesAfter studying Chapter 4, you should be able to:Distinguish among the various terms used to express value. Value bonds, preferred stocks, and common stocks. Calculate the rates of return (or yields) of different types of long-term securities. List and explain a number of observations regarding the behavior of bond prices. 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesDistinctions Among Valuation ConceptsBond ValuationPreferred Stock ValuationCommon Stock ValuationRates of Return (or Yields)4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesPrice,Value,and WorthPrice:What you pay for somethingValue:The theoretical maximum price you could pay for somethingWorth:The maximum amount you are willing to pay for a purchase4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Liquidation ValueLiquidation value represents the amount of money that could be realized if an asset or group of assets is sold separately from its operating organization.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesGoing-Concern ValueGoing-concern value represents the amount a firm could be sold for as a continuing operating business.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Book and Firm Value(2) a firm value: total assets minus liabilities and preferred stock as listed on the balance sheet.Book value represents either: (1) an asset value: the accounting value of an asset the assets cost minus its accumulated depreciation; 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesMarket and Intrinsic ValueIntrinsic value represents the price a security ought to have based on all factors bearing on valuation.Market value represents the market price at which an asset trades.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesWhat is Intrinsic Value?The intrinsic value of a security is its economic value.In efficient markets, the current market price of a security should fluctuate closely around its intrinsic value.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Importance of Valuation It is used to determine a securitys intrinsic value.It helps to determine the security worth.This value is the present value of the cash-flow stream provided to the investor.

4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesImportant Bond TermsA bond has face value or it is called par value (principal). It is the amount that will be repaid when the bond matures.A bond is a debt instrument issued by a corporation, banks municipality or government.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesImportant Bond TermsMaturity value (MV) [or face value] of a bond is the stated value. In the case of a US bond, the face value is usually $1,000.Maturity time (MT) is the time when the company is obligated to pay the bondholder the face V. 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Important Bond TermsThis is the annual interest rate that will be paid by the issuer of the bond to the owner of the bond.The bonds coupon rate is the stated rate of interest on the bond in %. This rate is typically fixed for the life of the bond. 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesImportant Bond TermsThe discount rate (capitalization) is the interest rate used in determining the present value of series of future cash flows.

4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Different Types of Bonds 1) Bonds have infinite life (Perpetual Bonds). 2) Bonds have finite maturity.A) Nonzero Coupon BondsB) Zero - Coupon Bonds

4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.1) Perpetual Bonds1) A perpetual bond is a bond that never matures. It has an infinite life.(1 + kd)1(1 + kd)2(1 + kd)V =++ ... +III= St=1(1 + kd)tIor I (PVIFA kd, )V = I / kd [Reduced Form]4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesMeaning of symbolV = Present Intrensic ValueI = Periodic Interest Payment In Value Not %; or it is the actual amount paid by the issuer kd = Required Rate of Return or Discount Rate per Period 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Perpetual Bonds Formula4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Perpetual Bond ExampleBond P has a $1,000 face value and provides an 8% annual coupon. The appropriate discount rate is 10%. What is the value of the perpetual bond?

I = $1,000 ( 8%) = $80. kd = 10%. V = I / kd [Reduced Form] = $80 / 10% = $800. Maximum payment4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesAnother ExampleSuppose you could buy a bond that pay SR 50 a year forever. Required rate of return for this bond is 12%, what is the PV of this bond?V = I/kd = 50/0.12 = SR 416.674.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Comment on the exampleThis is the maximum amount that should be paid for this bond.If the market price more than this never buy it.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Nonzero Coupon Bonds1) A Nonzero Coupon Bond is a coupon paying bond with a finite life (MV). (1 + kd)1(1 + kd)2(1 + kd)nV =++ ... +II + MVI= Snt=1(1 + kd)tIV = I (PVIFA kd, n) + MV (PVIF kd, n) (1 + kd)n+MV4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesBond C has a $1,000 face value and provides an 8% annual coupon for 30 years. The appropriate discount rate is 10%. What is the value of the coupon bond?Coupon Bond ExampleV or PV= $80 (PVIFA10%, 30) + $1,000 (PVIF10%, 30) = $80 (9.427) + $1,000 (.057) [Table IV] [Table II]= $754.16 + $57.00= $811.16.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesComments on the ExampleThe interest payments have a present value of $754.16, where the principal payment at maturity has a present value of $57. This bond PV is $811.16 So, no one should pay more than this price to buy this bond. 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Another Example4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Important NoteIn this case, the present value of the bond is in excess of its $1,000 par value because the required rate of return is less than the coupon rate. Investors are willing to pay a premium to buy this bond.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Important NoteWhen the required rate of return is greater than the coupon rate, the bond PV will be less than its par value. Investors would buy this bond only if it is sold at a discount from par value.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Semiannual Compounding(1) Divide kd by 2(2) Multiply n by 2(3) Divide I by 2Most bonds in the US pay interest twice a year (1/2 of the annual coupon).Adjustments needed:4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term Securities(1 + kd/2 ) 2*n(1 + kd/2 )1Semiannual CompoundingA non-zero coupon bond adjusted for semi-annual compounding.V =++ ... +I / 2I / 2 + MV= S2*nt=1(1 + kd /2 )tI / 2= I/2 (PVIFAkd /2 ,2*n) + MV (PVIFkd /2 ,2*n) (1 + kd /2 ) 2*n+MVI / 2(1 + kd/2 )24.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesV= $40 (PVIFA5%, 30) + $1,000 (PVIF5%, 30) = $40 (15.373) + $1,000 (.231) [Table IV] [Table II]= $614.92 + $231.00= $845.92Semiannual Coupon Bond ExampleBond C has a $1,000 face value and provides an 8% semi-annual coupon for 15 years. The appropriate discount rate is 10% (annual rate). What is the value of the coupon bond?4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesZero-Coupon Bonds2) A Zero-Coupon Bond is a bond that pays no interest but sells at a deep discount from its face value; it provides compensation to investors in the form of price appreciation.(1 + kd)nV =MV= MV (PVIFkd, n) 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesV= $1,000 (PVIF10%, 30)= $1,000 (0.057)= $57.00Zero-Coupon Bond ExampleBond Z has a $1,000 face value and a 30 year life. The appropriate discount rate is 10%. What is the value of the zero-coupon bond?4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesNote on the exampleThe investor should not pay more than this value ($57) now to redeem it 30 years later for $1,000. The rate of return is 10% as it is stated here.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Preferred Stock is a type of stock that promises a (usually) fixed dividend, but at the discretion of the board of directors.Preferred Stock ValuationPreferred Stock has preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and claims on assets.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesPreferred Stock Valuation4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Preferred Stock ValuationThis reduces to a perpetuity!(1 + kP)1(1 + kP)2(1 + kP)V =++ ... +DivPDivPDivP= St=1(1 + kP)tDivPor DivP(PVIFA kP, )V = DivP / kP4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesPreferred Stock ExampleDivP = $100 ( 8% ) = $8.00. kP = 10%. V = DivP / kP = $8.00 / 10% = $80Stock PS has an 8%, $100 par value issue outstanding. The appropriate discount rate is 10%. What is the value of the preferred stock?4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesCommon Stock ValuationPro rata share of future earnings after all other obligations of the firm (if any remain).Dividends may be paid out of the pro rata share of earnings.Common stock represents the ultimate ownership (and risk) position in the corporation.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesCommon Stock Valuation(1) Future dividends(2) Future sale of the common stock sharesWhat cash flows will a shareholder receive when owning shares of common stock?4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesCommon Stock ValuationIt is the expectation of future dividends and a future selling price that gives value to the stock.Cash dividends are all that stockholders, as a whole, receive from the issuing company.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Dividend Discount ModelDividend discount models are designed to compute the intrinsic value of the common stock under specific assumptions:1) The expected growth pattern of future dividend.2) The appropriate discount rate.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Dividend Valuation ModelBasic dividend valuation model accounts for the PV of all future dividends.(1 + ke)1(1 + ke)2(1 + ke)V =++ ... +Div1DivDiv2= St=1(1 + ke)tDivtDivt:Cash Dividend at time t

ke: Equity investors required return4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesAdjusted Dividend Valuation ModelThe basic dividend valuation model adjusted for the future stock sale.(1 + ke)1(1 + ke)2(1 + ke)nV =++ ... +Div1Divn + PricenDiv2n:The year in which the firms shares are expected to be sold.Pricen:The expected share price in year n. 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesDividend Growth Pattern AssumptionsThe dividend valuation model requires the forecast of all future dividends. The following dividend growth rate assumptions simplify the valuation process.Constant GrowthNo GrowthGrowth Phases4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesConstant Growth ModelThe constant growth model assumes that dividends will grow forever at the rate g.(1 + ke)1(1 + ke)2(1 + ke)V =++ ... +D0(1+g)D0(1+g)=(ke - g)D1D1:Dividend paid at time 1.

g : The constant growth rate.

ke: Investors required return.D0(1+g)24.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesConstant Growth Model ExampleStock CG has an expected dividend growth rate of 8%. Each share of stock just received an annual $3.24 dividend. The appropriate discount rate is 15%. What is the value of the common stock?D1 = $3.24 ( 1 + 0.08 ) = $3.50

VCG = D1 / ( ke - g ) = $3.50 / (0.15 - 0.08 ) = $504.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesZero Growth ModelThe zero growth model assumes that dividends will grow forever at the rate g = 0.(1 + ke)1(1 + ke)2(1 + ke)VZG =++ ... +D1D=keD1D1:Dividend paid at time 1.

ke: Investors required return.D24.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesZero Growth Model ExampleStock ZG has an expected growth rate of 0%. Each share of stock just received an annual $3.24 dividend per share. The appropriate discount rate is 15%. What is the value of the common stock?D1 = $3.24 ( 1 + 0 ) = $3.24

VZG = D1 / ( ke - 0 ) = $3.24 / (0.15 - 0 ) = $21.604.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesThe growth phases model assumes that dividends for each share will grow at two or more different growth rates.(1 + ke)t(1 + ke)tV =St=1nSt=n+1+D0(1 + g1)tDn(1 + g2)tGrowth Phases Model4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesD0(1 + g1)tDn+1Growth Phases ModelNote that the second phase of the growth phases model assumes that dividends will grow at a constant rate g2. We can rewrite the formula as:(1 + ke)t(ke g2)V =St=1n+1(1 + ke)n4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesGrowth Phases Model ExampleStock GP has an expected growth rate of 16% for the first 3 years and 8% thereafter. Each share of stock just received an annual $3.24 dividend per share. The appropriate discount rate is 15%. What is the value of the common stock under this scenario?4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesGrowth Phases Model ExampleStock GP has two phases of growth. The first, 16%, starts at time t=0 for 3 years and is followed by 8% thereafter starting at time t=3. We should view the time line as two separate time lines in the valuation.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6Growth of 16% for 3 yearsGrowth of 8% to infinity!4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesGrowth Phases Model ExampleNote that we can value Phase #2 using the Constant Growth Model0 1 2 3 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D60 1 2 3 4 5 6Growth Phase #1 plus the infinitely long Phase #24.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesGrowth Phases Model ExampleNote that we can now replace all dividends from year 4 to infinity with the value at time t=3, V3! Simpler!! V3 = D4 D5 D60 1 2 3 4 5 6 D4k-gWe can use this model because dividends grow at a constant 8% rate beginning at the end of Year 3.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesGrowth Phases Model ExampleNow we only need to find the first four dividends to calculate the necessary cash flows.0 1 2 3 D1 D2 D3 V30 1 2 3New Time Line D4k-g Where V3 = 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesGrowth Phases Model ExampleDetermine the annual dividends. D0 = $3.24 (this has been paid already) D1 = D0(1 + g1)1 = $3.24(1.16)1 =$3.76 D2 = D0(1 + g1)2 = $3.24(1.16)2 =$4.36 D3 = D0(1 + g1)3 = $3.24(1.16)3 =$5.06 D4 = D3(1 + g2)1 = $5.06(1.08)1 =$5.464.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesGrowth Phases Model ExampleNow we need to find the present value of the cash flows.0 1 2 3 3.76 4.36 5.06 780 1 2 3ActualValues 5.460.150.08 Where $78 = 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesGrowth Phases Model ExampleWe determine the PV of cash flows.PV(D1) = D1(PVIF15%, 1) = $3.76 (0.870) = $3.27

PV(D2) = D2(PVIF15%, 2) = $4.36 (0.756) = $3.30

PV(D3) = D3(PVIF15%, 3) = $5.06 (0.658) = $3.33

P3 = $5.46 / (0.15 - 0.08) = $78 [CG Model]

PV(P3) = P3(PVIF15%, 3) = $78 (0.658) = $51.324.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesD0(1 +0.16)tD4Growth Phases Model ExampleFinally, we calculate the intrinsic value by summing all of cash flow present values.(1 +0.15)t(0.150.08)V = St=13+1(1+0.15)nV = $3.27 + $3.30 + $3.33 + $51.32V = $61.224.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesRates of Return(or Yields)Rates of return is the profit on a securities or capital investment, usually expressed as an annual percentage rate.Return is usually called yield.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Yield to Maturity(YTM) on Bonds4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Calculating Rates of Return (or Yields)1. Determine the expected cash flows.2. Replace the intrinsic value (V) with the market price (P0).3. Solve for the market required rate of return that equates the discounted cash flows to the market price. Steps to calculate the rate of return (or Yield).4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesDetermining Bond YTMDetermine the Yield-to-Maturity (YTM) for the annual coupon paying bond with a finite life.P0 =Snt=1(1 + kd )tI= I (PVIFA kd , n) + MV (PVIF kd , n) (1 + kd )n+MVkd = YTM4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesDetermining the YTMJulie Miller want to determine the YTM for an issue of outstanding bonds at Basket Wonders (BW). BW has an issue of 10% annual coupon bonds with 15 years left to maturity. The bonds have a par value of $1,000 and a current market value of $1,250.What is the YTM?4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesYTM Solution (Try 9%)$1,250 = $100(PVIFA9%,15) + $1,000(PVIF9%, 15)$1,250 = $100(8.061) + $1,000(0.275)$1,250 = $806.10 + $275.00=$1,081.10[Rate is too high!]4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesYTM Solution (Try 7%)$1,250 = $100(PVIFA7%,15) + $1,000(PVIF7%, 15)$1,250 = $100(9.108) + $1,000(0.362)$1,250 = $910.80 + $362.00= $1,272.80 [Rate is too low!]4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term Securities0.07$1,2730.02IRR$1,250 $1920.09$1,0810.02 = 0.09 0.07, 23=1273-1250, 192=1273-1081 X $230.02$192YTM Solution (Interpolate)$23X=4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term Securities0.07$1,2730.02IRR$1,250 $1920.09$1,081

X $230.02$192YTM Solution (Interpolate)$23X=4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term Securities0.07$12730.02YTM$1250 $1920.09$1081

($23)(0.02) $192YTM Solution (Interpolate)$23XX =X = 0.0024YTM =0.07 + 0.0024 = 0.0724 or 7.24%4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesDetermining Semiannual Coupon Bond YTMP0 =S2nt=1(1 + kd /2 )tI / 2= (I/2)(PVIFAkd /2, 2n) + MV(PVIFkd /2 , 2n) +MV[ 1 + (kd / 2)2 ] 1 = YTMDetermine the Yield-to-Maturity (YTM) for the semiannual coupon paying bond with a finite life.(1 + kd /2 )2n4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesDetermining the Semiannual Coupon Bond YTMJulie Miller want to determine the YTM for another issue of outstanding bonds. The firm has an issue of 8% semiannual coupon bonds with 20 years left to maturity. The bonds have a current market value of $950.What is the YTM?4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesDetermining Semiannual Coupon Bond YTM[ (1 + kd / 2)2 ] 1 = YTMYTM=effective annual interest rateDetermine the Yield-to-Maturity (YTM) for the semiannual coupon paying bond with a finite life.[ (1 + 0.042626)2 ] 1 = 0.0871 or 8.71%Note: make sure you utilize the calculator answer in its DECIMAL form.4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesBond Price - Yield RelationshipDiscount Bond The market required rate of return is more than the coupon rate, the price of the bond will be less than its face value (Par > P0 ). Such a bond is said to be selling at a discount from face value.

4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesBond Price - Yield RelationshipPremium Bond The market required rate of return is less than the stated coupon rate, the price of the bond will be more than its face value (P0 > Par). Such a bond is said to be selling at a premium over face value.

4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Bond Price - Yield RelationshipPar Bond The market required rate of return equals the stated coupon rate, the price will equal the face value (P0 = Par). Such a bond is said to be selling at par.

4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Behavior of Bond PricesIf interest rates rise so that the market required rate of return increases, the bond price will fall.If interest rates fall, the bond price will increase. In short, interest rates and bond prices move in opposite direction.

4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Behavior of Bond PricesThe more bond price will change, the longer its maturity.The more bond price will change, the lower the coupon rate. In short, bond price volatility is inversely related to coupon rate. 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Determining the Yield on Preferred StockDetermine the yield for preferred stock with an infinite life.P0 = DivP / kP

Solving for kP such thatkP = DivP / P0 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesPreferred Stock Yield ExamplekP = $10 / $100.kP = 10%.Assume that the annual dividend on each share of preferred stock is $10. Each share of preferred stock is currently trading at $100. What is the yield on preferred stock?4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesDetermining the Yield on Common StockAssume the constant growth model is appropriate. Determine the yield on the common stock.P0 = D1 / ( ke g )

Solving for ke such thatke = ( D1 / P0 ) + g 4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesCommon Stock Yield Exampleke = ( $3 / $30 ) + 5%ke = 10% + 5% = 15%Assume that the expected dividend (D1) on each share of common stock is $3. Each share of common stock is currently trading at $30 and has an expected growth rate of 5%. What is the yield on common stock?4.#Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.Van Horne & Wachowicz, Pearson Education Limited 2009IV - #by Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.,Carroll UniversityFundamentals of Financial Management, 13eChapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term Securities