van reybrouck 2012 - from primitives to primates

7/23/2019 Van Reybrouck 2012 - From Primitives to Primates

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/van-reybrouck-2012-from-primitives-to-primates 1/387

I mastnry ne dtmjnlripmao ijh

prakitncnlaoic ijicnlads aj tmd

stuhy ne prdmastnry

Ernk Vrakatavds

tn Vrakitds

Hivah Uij Rdybrnuo`



_ahdstnjd Vrdss I jdw ldjdritanj ne Vubcasmajl

Qnu ird rdihajl i eucc vdrsanj ne tmas bnn`, enr erdd!Xmas bnn` as pirt ne tmd _ahdstnjd d -cabriry wmdrd knst ne nurpubcaoitanjs ird euccy ioodssabcd enr erdd. Enr ioodss tn knrderdd bnn`s vasat7 www.sahdstnjd.onk/cabriry

Hnwjcnih Eucc VHEUasat tmd _ahdstnjd d -cabriry tn brnwsd nur d -bnn`s. Enr i kajakicedd ynu oij puromisd i euccy eujotanjic VHE ijh by hnajl sn, ynumdcp tn `ddp nur cabriry rujjajl.

www.sahdstnjd.onk/cabriry



_ahdstnjd Vrdss

Ernk Vrakatavds

tn Vrakitds



I mastnry ne dtmjnlripmao ijh

prakitncnlaoic ijicnlads aj tmd

stuhy ne prdmastnry

Ernk Vrakatavds

tn Vrakitds

Hivah Uij Rdybrnuo`



© 2666, 2692 H. Uij Rdybrnuo`

Vubcasmdh by _ahdstnjd Vrdss, Cdahdjwww.sahdstnjd.onk_ahdstnjd rdlastritanj jukbdr7 __V92?<96669

A_BJ 1<=-16-==16-614-2

Vmntnlripms onvdr7 Busmkij mujtdr7 Ijtnjdcci=54/Hrdikstakd.onk0 Omakpijzdd7 Gdj</Hrdikstakd.onk0 Bio`lrnujh7 _nutm Ieraoi - Gisnj Vrajod/Hrdikstakd.onk

Onvdr hdsalj7 @. \djtaj`, _ahdstnjd VrdssCiy-nut7 E. _tdvdjs & V.O. vij \ndrhd`nk, _ahdstnjd Vrdss

Xas VmH rdsdirom wis onjhuotdh watmaj tmd VANJADR prngdot ”Omijlajl Uadws njAod Ild Enrildrs‑, jijodh by Xd Jdtmdrcijhs Nrlijasitanj enr _oadjta o Rdsdirom(J\N) (prngdot jukbdr 6?6-2=-?<4).

Unnr Bd`ad, Mihdwaom, _tdeiij, Rnsd-Kirad dj _dbbd,had stadrvdj aj hd sjdduw.



Onjtdjts

Vrdeiod 1

Ajtrnhuotanj 99 Ijicnlads 9?

Ijicnlads aj soadjod 9? Ijicnlads aj iromidncnly 98Knhdcs ijh ijicnlads 95 Ijicnly is i prnodss 9=

md struoturd ne ijicnly 91rutm ijh vicahaty 29

Djtatads ijh rdcitanjs 2? Ij ahdic oisd 25_trdjltmdjajl tmd ijicnly 2<

md priotaod ne ijicnly ?2md ijicnlaoic iclnratmk ??

I rdihajl lrah ?5 I onrpus ne tdxts ?= I omnaod ne enous 89

Onjocusanj 82

2 Xmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh 8?Dircy dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs 88

md akpiot ne tmd tmrdd-ild systdk 8= I rdvncutanj aj ijtaquiraij tmnulmt> 8=

md huicask ne _vdj Jacssnj ijh Hijadc \acsnj 49Onkpiritavd dtmjnlripmy, enc`cnrd ijh ”tmd piriccix ne kij‑ 48 Ij akpnrtijt hdvaod 4=

md ijtaquaty ne kij ijh dircy snoaic dvncutanjask 41md earst ldjdritanj ne snoaic dvncutanjasts 56md eujotanj ne onjtdkpnriry sivildry 5?

Dtmjnlripmao djtmusaisk 51Hdldjdritanjask ijh ocissaoic dvncutanjask <9

Hdldjdritanjast hnubts <2 I sdonjh rnujh <8Knrlij‑s somdkd <1 I zdjatm ne sakaciraty =6



Dvncutanjast erilkdjtitanj =2 Iromidncnly ijh ijtmrnpncnly havdrld =2

ycnr ijh tmd iskijaijs =8md onkpiritavd kdtmnh‑s swij-snjl7 _nccis =1

Havdrldjod ne npajanj 19Onjocusanj 12

? Dtmjniromidncnly 14md hnrkijoy ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly 14

Ajjnvitanjs aj tmd Ajtdrbdccuk 1<Kirxask ijh enc`cnrd 969Vnstwir pdssakask aj Bratiaj 964

md satuitanj aj tmd Tjatdh _titds 992Oucturic onjtajuaty 998

md hacdkki ne tmd Jdw Iromidncnly 994md jdw ijicnly ijh tmd Jdw Iromidncnly 994

Eadchwnr` ijh oiutanjiry ticds 926Mypntmdtaon-hdhuotavd rdisnjajl nr tmd bdjdeats ne tdstajl 928Bdtwddj orataqud ijh ajsparitanj 92=

md mdyhiy ne dtmjniromidncnly 921md akpnssabacaty ne ajhdpdjhdjt tdstajl 9?6

I tmravajl subhasoapcajd 9?4

Bdynjh ijicnly> 9?=Vciod ijh pnpucitanj7 i oisd stuhy 984_nurod ijh subgdot-sahd stritdlads 948

Hdocajd ijh eicc ne dtmjniromidncnly 94<md asncitanj ne mujtdr-litmdrdr dtmjniromidncnly 94=

Ijtmrnpncnlaoic hnubts ibnut mujtdr-litmdrdrs 95?Onjtdxtuic dtmjniromidncnly 954Vnst-prnodssuic iromidncnly 9<4 Ij ild ne dxtrdkds 9=4

Onjocusanj 9=5md strdjltm ne dtmjniromidncnlaoic ijicnlads 9==

Nptakask, pdssakask ijh tmd rdhujhijoy ne ijicnly 9128 Vrakitd knhdcs 914

md ahdi ne i prakitd knhdc 914Earst dpasnhd7 ernk prakitd ijitnky tn mukij ijitnky 91<_donjh dpasnhd7 ernk cavajl tn enssac ijitnky 266



marh dpasnhd7 ernk prakitd bdmivanur tn mukij bdmivanur 262Enurtm dpasnhd7 ernk prakitd bdmivanur tn dircy mukij bdmivanur 264Onjvdrlajl oaroukstijods 296

Bibnnjs 292

\ismburj‑s bibnnjs7 ernk typaoic prakitds tn tdrrdstraic spdoaicasts 29?md oijnjazitanj ne tmd bibnnj knhdc 22<

\my bibnnjs> 2?9_noaic oirjavnrds ijh ldcihis 2?8

Ernk subsastdjod tn snoadty7 tmd snoaic oirjavnrd ijicnly 2?4Ernk hdjtatanj tn hadt7 tmd ldcihi ijicnly 286Rdkntd snurods ijh cnlaoic onjsastdjoy 284

Omakpijzdds 28<md edkajast orataqud 28=

I pdredot ijicnly 24?md sdhuotavdjdss ne sakaciraty 24=

Bnjnbns 241md hasputdh bnjnbn knhdc 241

Bnjnbn bdmivanur 254Djtrippdh by rdsdkbcijod 25<

md orasas ne trihatanjic knhdccajl 25=md wdi`jdssds ne rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl 251

Vmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj nr ocihastaos ne bdmivanur 2<8Bdmivanuric doncnly 2<=Dtmniromidncnly 2=9

md njlnajl curd ne rdedrdjtaic knhdcs 2=8Bdynjh sajlcd-spdoads knhdcs 2=5

Onjocusanjs 2==md strdjltm ne prakitd knhdcs 2==

I omijld aj ipprniom 219Vrakitd knhdccajl, prakitncnly ijh iromidncnly 21?

4 I onkpiritavd mastnry ne hdbitds 21<md onkpiritavd kdtmnh ijh dtmjniromidncnly 21<

Vrngdotanjs ijh prnodssds 21<Dtmjniromidncnly ijh prakitd knhdccajl ?66

md akpiot ne eujotanjicask ?66 Iromidncnlasts ijh prakitd knhdcs ?69Vrakitncnlasts ijh dtmjnlripmao knhdcs ?6?Havdrldjt hdbitds ?61



Vrakitd knhdccajl ijh tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh ?92Vrnxakaty, pravacdld, prngdotanj ijh pirihnxds ?92Haeedrdjods ?95_akaciraty but jn onjtajuaty ?9<

Onjocusanj ?29

Dpacnlud ?21

Rdedrdjods ??9

Ourraoucuk Uatid ?<?



1

Vrdeiod

” mnulm ijicnly as netdj kascdihajl, at as tmd cdist kascdihajl tmajl wd mivd,‑ siatmd dalmtddjtm-odjtury knricast _ikudc Gnmjsnj. mas kiy bd scalmtcy erustrita

enr tmnsd wmn wijt tn usd ijicnly, enr mastnraijs ne soadjod at ki`ds ijicnlaoicrdisnjajl ij ajtdrdstajl tnpao enr rdsdirom. Ajhddh, ae ijicnly rdiccy nsoaccitds bdtwddj bdajl mdcpeuc ijh bdajl trao`y0 i mastnry ne ijicnly usd aj i spdoaeao hasopcajd smnuch bdonkd ij dxoatajl dxdroasd.

Dxoatajl tmas wnr` mis odrtiajcy bddj. Hurajl tmd ydirs A mivd bddj wnr`ajl njtmas tnpao, ky eisoajitanj enr tmd wiys by wmaom jdw ajsalmts ird orietdh tmrnupiriccdcs watm ntmdr hnkiajs mis rirdcy hdordisdh. Aj i sdjsd, ijicnlaoic rdisnj-ajl smnws soadjod ernk ats knst orditavd ijh irtastao sahd. mas as dspdoaiccy tenr hasoapcajds ca`d prdmastnrao iromidncnly, prakitncnly ijh mukij nralaj stuhadwmdrd at as netdj ajhaspdjsibcd tn ki`d ajjnvitavd ociaks ibnut tmd rdkntd pist.

A, tmdrdenrd, mnpd tmit snkd ne ky pdrsnjic djtmusaisk ibnut tmas tnpao ijh tmpcdisurd A mivd dxpdradjodh wmacd stuhyajl at kiy trijspard tmrnulm tmd pildstmd prdsdjt stuhy.

I tdxt wmaom ittrabutds sn kuom akpnrtijod tn tmd rncd ne dxtdrjic snurods atmd onjstruotanj ne soadjtaeao jnwcdhld oijjnt ociak kuom iutnjnky ne ats nwj.Jnr hn A wasm tn hn sn. Ajstdih, hurajl tmd pist ydirs A mivd mih tmd pcdisurd wnr` watm i jukbdr ne pdnpcd wmn mivd mdcpdh kd aj njd wiy nr ijntmdr. \acRndbrnd`s‑ netdj akpucsavd orataoask wis onujtdrbicijodh by mas akpucsavd djtmsaisk0 A mivd cdirjt ernk bntm. Riyknjh Onrbdy hrdw ky ittdjtanj tn hdbitds ajtmd eadch ne prakitncnly. A lnt ajtdrdstdh aj tmdk, kuom knrd tmij A wnuch miv

tmnulmt pnssabcd. md pirtaoapijts aj tmd Cdahdj Vanjddr Vrngdot ”Omijlajl Uadnj Aod Ild Enrildrs‑ onjstijtcy rdkajhdh kd ne tmd haeeaoucty ne ornss-hasoapcajirdsdirom, ij ajvicuibcd ajsalmt wmdj hasoussajl tmd mastnry ne mukij nralaj stuhads. Ncli Qitds, tmd prngdot‑s sdordtiry, wis i onjstijt snurod ne wdcc-haspnsdh mdeucjdss wmnsd ioutd sdjsd ne wat kihd tmd prnedssanj quatd djgnyibcd ajhddh.

Kijy somncirs aj tmd Jdtmdrcijhs ijh ibrnih mivd lrijtdh kd tmd nppnrtu-jaty tn hasouss ijh dxomijld ahdis, datmdr ”cavd‑ nr vai d-kiac. mas mis rdiccyprnvdh ky ujhdrstijhajl ne eadchs ca`d mastnry ne soadjod ijh prakitncnly ijh Amivd dxprdssdh ky sajodrd lritatuhd enr tmdar ldjdrnsaty tn diom ne tmdk. Hurajky rdsdirom, A wis quatd enrtujitd tn ldt aj onjtiot watm i lrnup ne prakitncnlastsrdcitdh tn tmd Tjavdrsaty ne Ijtwdrp ijh tmd Ijtwdrp ijh Vcijo`djhidc znns.Cajhi Uij Dcsio`dr, Gde Hupiaj, Machd Udrvido`d, Dccdj Uij @ruj`dcsvdj ijh sdv-dric ntmdrs prnvdh ajsparajl hasoussanj pirtjdrs wmnsd ajtdrdst mis jnt odisdh tnsurprasd kd. n Machd, aj pirtaoucir, A ik kuom ajhdbtdh enr nrlijazajl i wajtrywdd`djh aj mdr onujtry mnusd aj tmd Bdclaij Irhdjjds wmdrd, djtrippdh by sjnwijh surrnujhdh by basnjs, i hnzdj ne prakitncnlasts tnn` tmd deenrt tn hasouss kyomiptdr 8. At wis njd ne tmd knst stakucitajl knkdjts ne tmas rdsdirom prngdot.

Rdodavajl onkkdjts nj hriet vdrsanjs ne tmd omiptdrs mis bddj ij ajvicuibcdmdcp tn akprnvd ky tdxt. Omiptdr 9 wis rdih ijh onkkdjtdh upnj by Gij @ncdjijh Vdtdr vij Hnkkdcdj. nj Cdkiard ijh \a`tnr _tnoz`nws`a livd usdeuc eddh-bio` nj omiptdr 2, wmdrdis Gnmj Bajtcaee, Vdtdr vij Hnkkdcdj ijh Icdxijhdr



96

Lriksom ihvasdh kd nj mnw tn akprnvd omiptdr ? nr pirts ne at. Omiptdr 8 rd-odavdh jnt njcy vicuibcd orataoask ernk tmd ”Vcijo`djhidc lijl‑0 @irdj _tradr icsnprnvahdh vdry onjstruotavd onkkdjts nj tmd sdotanj rdcitdh tn tmd bibnnj knhdcijh watm Gdijjd _dpt A mih tmd nppnrtujaty tn hasouss tmd pirt nj dtmniromidnc-

nly ijh tmd orasas ne trihatanjic knhdccajl. Jitmij _omcijldr wis brivd djnulmtn wnr` mas wiy tmrnulm tmd djtard kijusorapt ijh tn spdjh ij ietdrjnnj aj tmd Girhaj hu Cuxdkbnurl hasoussajl kijy ispdots‘A ik kuom nbcaldh tn mak enrtmit. Ky Djlcasm, eajiccy, wis omdo`dh by @irdj \iulm.

Nj sdvdric nooisanjs A wis lavdj tmd nppnrtujaty tn dxomijld ky ahdis watmstuhdjts hurajl cdoturds nr sdkajirs. Aj pirtaoucir A wnuch ca`d tn tmij` tmd pir-taoapijts ijh nrlijasdrs ne tmd kistdr‑s onursd nj prakitncnly aj Ijtwdrp ijh tmdhnotnric onursd ”Iromdncnlad dj Ijtrnpncnlad‑ aj Cdahdj. Cdoturajl lavds njd tmdpcdisijt accusanj tmit njd‑s ahdis eajiccy bdcnjl tn @jnwcdhld0 enrtujitdcy, stu-hdjts ird tmdrd tn qudstanj tmit.

A ik icsn ajhdbtdh tn ky enrkdr onccdiluds aj IRDI, tmd Durnpdij rdsdiromjdtwnr` nj tmd iromavds ne iromidncnly, enr iccnwajl kd tn nooisanjiccy dsoipdtmd hutads ne soadjtaeao onnrhajitanj aj nrhdr tn eajasm ky VmH. Iciaj _omjippijh _ijhdr vij hdr Cdduw wdrd jnt gust ujhdrstijhajl but dvdj djonurilajl ajtmit rdspdot. Kiraijjd Hd Bidrd itHd Knrldj icsn cdirjt tn cavd watm i erdd-cijodwratdr wmn wis ”jdircy rdihy‑ watm mas tmdsas ”but jnt quatd ydt.‑

md earst cdttdr A rdodavdh aj ky paldnj-mncd ietdr knvajl ernk Oikbrahld tnCdahdj wis ij ajvatitanj tn gnaj tmd dhatnraic bnirh ne Iromidncnlaoic Haicnluds.

mas wis sax ydirs iln ijh A ik stacc i kdkbdr ne at. At as mirh tn dxprdss ky sdjsdne dcitanj ibnut mivajl bddj ibcd tn wnr` ijh tn onjtajud tn wnr` watm suom ijajsparajl ijh trucy ldjdrnus lrnup ne pdnpcd. Ky hnotnric rdsdirom ijh ajhddh kydjtard stiy aj tmd Jdtmdrcijhs wnuch mivd bddj vdry haeedrdjt watmnut tmd njln-ajl hasoussanjs ijh pdrsnjic suppnrt ne ky edccnw-dhatnrs7 Vdtdr vij Hnkkdcdj, Gij @ncdj, Gns Bizdckijs, Gij _cnestri, ijh sajod rdodjtcy, Hivah Enjtagj ijhEn``d Ldrratsdj. Ipirt ernk ajtdccdotuic dxomijlds, tmdy mivd icsn issurdh kd nei jukbdr ne ilrddibcd dxoursanjs ijh kdknribcd jalmts.

_nkd pdnpcd hn jnt ocdircy eat ijy ne tmd ibnvd oitdlnrads ijh mivd jnjdtmd-cdss onjtrabutdh, njd wiy nr ijntmdr, tn ky wnr`. A ik ajhdbtdh enr djraomajlonjvdrsitanjs tn Har` Gionbs, Kiro Hd Bad, Viuc rdmdrjd, Omrastnpmd Ibdll, Icdxijhdr Udrpnnrtd, Hivah Enjtagj, @iit \acs, ijh Ernu`gd _cnestri. Ky pirdjtsijh ky brntmdr mivd enccnwdh tmas hnotnric rdsdirom ernk i hasordtd hastijod, ne-tdj wnjhdrajl wmit at wis icc ibnut ijh wmy at mih tn ti`d sn cnjl. A edct jnjd-tmdcdss suppnrtdh by tmdar sacdjt trust. Ky eradjhs aj Bdclauk ijh bdynjh iccnwdhkd tn dsoipd tmd wnrchs ne rdihajl ijh wratajl enr i hiy ne oyocajl, ij dvdjajl enroirhs nr i jalmt ne tic`ajl‘tmdy hnj‑t rdicazd mnw kuom A ipprdoaitdh tmas. Had`d \dssdcajlm wis tmdrd icc icnjl, ijh stacc as, dvdj jnw tmit tmd smio`cds ird smdh.

Eajiccy, knst ne tmas tdxt wis wrattdj ietdr ky earst s`aajl mncahiy wmdrd A cnsteavd vdry hdir eradjhs aj tmd Oivicdsd lnjhnci iooahdjt. A wnuch ca`d tn tmij` kyeradjhs, hdih nr icavd, enr pdrkijdjtcy rdkajhajl kd ne tmd vicud ne eradjhsmap.

md pick lrnws ujhdr prdssurd.

Brussdcs-Cdahdj, Notnbdr 2666



9

Ajtrnhuotanj

At wis i pcdisijt knrjajl wmdj tmd Icbdrtvaccd knnrdh aj tmd pnrt ne Ijtwdrp nj tmd

2<tm ne Gujd 9=1<. md jalmt bdenrd tmdrd mih bddj dxodssavd riajeicc ijh i tmujhdrstnrk it enur n‑ocno` aj tmd knrjajl wis hdsorabdh is ”ujenrldttibcd‑. Cirld pirts netmd prnvajod ne Ijtwdrp wdrd ajujhitdh ijh aj tmd knrjajl tmd tdkpdriturd rnsd tn94 hdlrdds Odcsaus. Ibnirh tmd nodij stdikdr, jdircy tmrdd mujhrdh Onjlncdsd wdrdwrippdh aj wnnccdj ocntms, tmdar mdihs djvdcnpdh watm smiwcs. mdy mih onkd iccwiy ernk tmd Erdd _titd ne Onjln, tmd pravitd prnpdrty ne tmd Bdclaij àjl CdnpnchAA. md knjirom wijtdh tmdk tn bd haspciydh it mas oncnjaic dxmabatanj aj drvurdj,jdir Brussdcs. mdrd wdrd wdcc nvdr i mujhrdh snchadrs ijh kusaoaijs, 1? Bijlici, 2< Kiynkbd, 92 Bisn`n ijh twn pylkads. Enr twn knjtms tmdy nooupadh tmd bikbnnmuts jdir tmd pnjh aj tmd pir`, pihhcdh aj tmdar oijnds ijh brnacdh tmdar ennh. Is

aonjs ne Ieraoi‑s sivildry ijh dxousds enr tmd àjl‑s rdcdjtcdss dxpcnatitanj ijh kassanj-iry onjvdrsanj, tmdy pciydh it bdajl tmdksdcvds bdenrd tmd ouranus ijh bdwachdrdh dyne Bdclaij oatazdjs.

md drvurdj oncnjaic dxmabatanj wdconkdh knrd tmij njd kaccanj vasatnrs, ij is-trnjnkaoic ealurd dvdj by knhdrj stijhirhs. md Onjlncdsd vaccilds sdrvdh is tmd eiar‑s prajoapic ittriotanj. \mdrdis Gucy mih dvdjtuiccy bdonkd wirk ijh pcdisijt, Iulustwis wdt ijh onch. _dvdj ne tmd dxmabatdh jitavds hadh ne ajecudjzi0 tmdar snbdr lrivdird stacc tn bd sddj it tmd drvurdj omuromyirh tnhiy. Hud tn tmd ujusuic riajeicc, tmd pitm wmaom cdh tmd vasatnrs icnjl tmd vaccilds‘tmdy wdrd jnt iccnwdh tn djtdr tmd stcdkdjts‘mih bdonkd sn kuhhy tmit i rikp mih tn bd onjstruotdh. md onujtry‑sErijonpmnjd jnbcdkdj, tmdar dcdlijt but ippiccdh wavds, tmd jnuvdiux raomds ernktmd urbij ijh ajhustraic dcatd, tmd lijls ne knoàjl omachrdj, tmd kukbcajl pradsts,tmd eirkdrs ijh tmd wnr`kdj watm tmdar riw Ecdkasm ciulmtdr, icc tmdsd vasatnrs onuccatdriccy cnn` hnwj nj tmd kasdribcd orditurds ernk tmd mdirt ne Ieraoi. Icc sukkdrcnjl, irtaocds aj tmd jitanjic prdss nj tmd Onjlncdsd strdssdh tmdar ibsdjod ne oavacaztanj, tmdar cio` ne rdcalanj, ijh tmdar ajocajitanj tnwirhs oijjabicask. mdar skacdswdrd oiccdh ”sakaij‑, tmdar ispdots ”mahdnus‑, tmdar bcnnh ”bnacajl‑. ” mas as tmd –oavacazitanj‛ ne tmd jdlrnds! Ijh tmdsd mdrd wdrd dvdj sdcdotdh!Dm badj, kdroa...‑ Ijntmdr rdpnrtdr wnjhdrdh mnw at wis pnssabcd tmit pdnpcd wmn mih bddj brnulmt bOmrastaijs tn i Omrastaij onujtry stacc cavdh ”aj tmd hir`jdss ne tmd ruhdst edtasmaskNjd gnurjicast dvdj wirjdh iliajst tmd eritdrjic dxomijld ne bcnnh watm bcio`s wmaomkalmt ajvn`d oijjabicask7 njd ajhavahuic wmn wis siah tn mivd hnjd sn, mih icrdihybattdj mas kntmdr-aj-ciw wmdj smd ocakbdh tmd stiars ijh md mih hdvnurdh tmd ecd” onkkd uj nritdur snoaicastd‑.

Ajtdrdstajlcy, tmd dpatmdts usdh tn stalkitazd tmd Onjlncdsd jitavds‘cio` ne rdisnj,ulcajdss, bruticaty‘wdrd tmd vdry sikd ippcadh tn prdmastnrao sivilds wmaom iromidncnlasts mih bdluj tn ujdirtm. md pylky ijh tmd Jdijhdrtmic bntm dvn`dh tmd sikdstrijld kaxturd ne ouransaty ijh rdpucsanj. Aj ij dxmabatanj wmdrd tmd traukpm ne\dstdrj prnlrdss ijh tmd prnpilijhi enr wmatd suprdkioy wis sn ujibismdh, tmd rdp-rdsdjtitanjs ne tmd prakatavd Onjlncdsd domndh tmd hasonursd nj nur prakdvic ijodstnr\drd tmnsd dxntao dxdkpcirs ne tmd mukij riod jnt onkpiribcd tn tmd sivilds wmaom



2

mih njod rnikdh tmd Bdclaij Irhdjjds> Mih tmd oivd satd ne _py jnt eurjasmdh us, cdsstmij tdj ydirs iln, watm twn enssac mukij s`dcdtnjs watm dquiccy prntruhajl eiods> Mihtmd viccdys ne tmd ravdrs Kdusd ijh Cdssd jnt yadchdh jukdrnus sakpcd akpcdkdjts ne prdmastnrao oivd-hwdccdrs> Vdrmips tmd issnoaitanj wis jnt catdriccy kihd, but tmd sur-

rnujhajl hasonursds nj prakatavaty ijh tmd rdprdsdjtitanjs ne tmd ntmdrs‑ wachjdss wdrdonjvdrldjt. Cnnàjl hnwj ernk tmd rikp nj tmd prakatavd tnncs tmd ”Bisn`n‑ ijh tmd”Bijlici‑ usdh, nj tmdar prnljitmnus eiods ijh tmdar tmao`, ourcy miar, nj tmd sillajlbrdists ne tmd mice-ji`dh wnkdj, mdirajl tmd onirsd ijh hir` snujhs ne tmd orads tmdymnwcdh it diom ntmdr, skdccajl tmd kuh, tmd rnttdj rddh, tmd eards ijh tmd sonromdhkdit, knrd tmij njd vasatnr ne tmas dxntao oarous onuch mivd issdjtdh tn Hirwaj‑s wnrhswmdj md earst djonujtdrdh tmd Eudlaijs7 ”_uom wdrd nur ijodstnrs.‑

Ietdr tmd dxmabatanj wis nvdr, tmd satd issukdh iliaj ats ruric Bribijt ispdot‘butjnt enr cnjl. @ajl Cdnpnch hdoahdh tn drdot i pdrkijdjt kusduk nj tmd spnt ijhOmircds Lariuct, iromatdot ne tmd Vdtat Vicias aj Viras, hdsaljdh i kiljaeaodjt, ae snkd-

wmit pnkpnus, jdn-ocissaoast buachajl watm i lirhdj ajspardh by Udrsiaccds. md onkpcdx wis ajiuluritdh aj 9196, smnrtcy ietdr tmd àjl‑s hditm ijh smnrtcy ietdr Onjlnmih bdonkd i Bdclaij oncnjy. Njod tmd stild ne dxntao sodjds, drvurdj jnw bdoikdmnkd tn i pnjhdrnus bistanj ne oncnjaic cdirjajl7 tmd Onjln kusduk. Aj tmd earst micene tmd odjtury, ujtac Onjln‑s ajhdpdjhdjod aj 9156, tmd kusduk kihd lalijtao ioqua-satanjs, rdjhdrajl at njd ne tmd wnrch‑s raomdst onccdotanjs nj Ieraoi tn hitd. mnusijhsijh tmnusijhs ne bddtcds, stueedh kikkics, rno` sikpcds ijh dxntao sddhs djtdrdh tmdkusduk litds, icnjl watm i tatijao hul-nut oijnd, supdrb kis`s, wnnhdj soucpturds,ijh ratuic lirkdjts. Jituric mastnry ijh oucturic mastnry, tixahdrky ijh dtmjnlripmy,wachcaed ijh prakatavd caed wdjt mijh aj mijh aj tmas dpatnkd ne oncnjaic nrhdrajl ijhkistdry.

md onccdotanjs wdrd sn ibujhijt tmit sdvdric jdw znncnlaoic spdoads wdrd hdsorabdhnj tmd bisas ne tmdk. mdsd wdrd jnt tmd cdist ne ijakics but akprdssavd orditurds ca`dtmd bralmt Onjln pdiono` ijh tmd dcusavd nìpa. Nj i citd ietdrjnnj aj 912=, tmd Ikdraoij prakitd ijitnkast Mirnch Onncahld, tnurajl icnjl Durnpdij kusduk onc-cdotanjs, pao`dh up ernk i stnrild triy aj drvurdj i sùcc wmaom cnn`dh ca`d i guvdjacdomakpijzdd. Md jntdh, mnwdvdr, tmit tmd dpapmysds wdrd eusdh, sn tmit tmd ijakic kustmivd bddj ihuct. Rdkdkbdrajl tmd lrdit haeedrdjods md mih sddj bdtwddj tmd twn cavajl pdt omakps aj tmd mnusd ne Ikdraoij psyomncnlast Rnbdrt Qdr`ds, md stirtdh tn wnjhdrwmdtmdr tmdrd wis rdiccy gust njd spdoads ne omakpijzdd. mit vdry ietdrjnnj, gust bdenrd ocnsajl takd, Onncahld dxprdssdh mas hnubts tn Mdjra _omnutdhdj, tmd tmdj kusdukhardotnr, wmn twn wdd`s citdr spn`d ibnut at watm Drjst _omwirz, i Ldrkij ijitn-kast. _omwirz wis knst ajtraludh, tnn` snkd kdisurdkdjts nj njd sùcc ijh ripahcyhrietdh tnldtmdr i pipdr, ociakajl tmit wd wdrd eiodh watm i hastajot subspdoads neomakpijzdds, tmd pylky omakpijzdd nr Vij sityrus pijasous. Aj 91??, Onncahld tnn`rdvdjld enr tmas soadjtaeao tmdet ijh pubcasmdh i euccdr hdsoraptanj ne tmd ijakic, wmaommd riasdh tn tmd spdoads cdvdc,Vij pijasous, tmd ijakic wd jnw rdedr tn is tmd bnjnbn.Eriuhucdjod ijh ravicry ciah tmus it tmd hasonvdry ne tmd spdoads wmaom dvdjtuiccy ippdirdh tn bd tmd knst pdiodeuc ne icc lrdit ipds.



?

Ictmnulm tmd hasonvdry ne tmd bnjnbn wis njd ne tmd cist ijh knst spdotioucirittiajkdjts aj kikkicaij znncnly, tmd s`dcdtnjs ijh typd spdoakdjs aj drvurdjrdkiajdh vartuiccy ujtnuomdh enr jdircy mice i odjtury. Aj tmd sukkdr ne 91<?, Ihradjjd Wamckij ijh Hnulcis Orikdr, twn Ikdraoij pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnlasts watm

i strnjl ajtdrdst aj mukij dvncutanj, oikd tn drvurdj tn stuhy tmd bnjnbn bnjdsiliaj. Dalmtddj s`dcdtnjs wdrd rdtradvdh ernk tmd smdcvds ijh tmdy wdrd kdisurdh ajicc pnssabcd wiys. Wamckij, wmn strnjlcy tnn` pirt aj tmd 91<6s edkajast knvdkdjt,snulmt tn rdpciod tmd ijhrnodjtrao, bibnnj-ajspardh, Kij tmd Mujtdr sodjiran ne mu-kij dvncutanj watm i jirritavd tmit ioonrhdh i knrd iotavd rncd tn edkicds. Cnjl-takd hdedjhajl tmd onkknj omakpijzdd is tmd bdst ictdrjitavd ijodstric prntntypd, smdstirtdh tn rdpciod at by tmd bnjnbn ietdr smd rdicazdh tmit sdxuic haknrpmask wis kuomskiccdr iknjl bnjnbns tmij iknjl omakps. Edkicd ijh kicd bnjnbns wdrd diom ntm-dr‑s dquics, it cdist aj ijitnkaoic rdspdot. md s`uccs ijh s`dcdtnjs `dpt aj drvurdjwdrd tmdrdenrd jnt gust ajtdrdstajl aj tmdar nwj ralmt but domndh, smd urldh, iustricnp

atmdoajd ijitnky ne sdvdric kaccanj ydirs iln.But jnt dvdrynjd ilrddh. Ijntmdr Ikdraoij ijitnkast, Mdjry KoMdjry ruj mas

oiccapdrs ijh tipd kdisurd icnjl tmd sikd knrpmncnlaoic dvahdjod wmdj md wis i vasat-ajl somncir aj drvurdj snkd ydirs citdr. i`ajl nvdr 26,666 kdisurdkdjts, md strnjl-cy nbgdotdh tn tmd ahdi tmit tmd bnjnbn wis knrd tmij ijy ntmdr prakitd pravacdldh ajociraeyajl nur dvncutanjiry pist. Nj tnp ne tmit, cdss tmij twdjty-eavd acnkdtrds jnrtmne drvurdj, aj tmd Vcijo`djhidc Wnn jdir Kdomdcdj, bdmivanuric stuhads nj oiptavdbnjnbns stirtdh tn bd ujhdrti`dj ernk tmd citd 91=6s njwirhs. \mdrdis tmd spioanuscymnusdh Vcijo`djhidc onkkujaty lrdw ajtn tmd wnrch‑s cirldst snoaic lrnup ne bnjnbnsaj oiptavaty, prakitncnlasts wmn stuhadh tmdk rderiajdh ernk hriwajl icc tnn disy ajedrdjods nj mukij dvncutanj. Bnjnbns wdrd jn cavajl enssacs.

Bio` aj drvurdj, Erijoas Uij Jntdj, ouritnr ne tmd prdmastnry ijh iromidncnlysdotanj ne tmd kusduk ijh prnedssnr it tmd Oitmncao Tjavdrsaty ne Cduvdj wnr`dh nj Ieraoij ijh Durnpdij prdmastnry. Md rdodavdh ajtdrjitanjic ioociak tmrnulm mas dx-oivitanjs ne tmd Dpapicidncatmao sdttcdkdjt ne Kddr aj Jnrtmdrj Bdclauk wmaom sdi jdw stijhirh enr ijicysajl ijh ajtdrprdtajl sddkajlcy pnnr satds ernk tmd sijhyrdlanjs. mnulm njcy stnjd omaps ijh eci`ds wdrd rdonvdrdh (icc nrlijao kitdraic mihhasippdirdh), tmd orditavd ajtdlritanj ne kaorn-tnpnlripmao stuhads, rdeattajl ijh usd-wdir ijicysas iccnwdh tn nbtiaj i euccdr paoturd ne tmd pdnpcd it tmd vdry djh ne tmd A Ild. mit paoturd wis ca`d ij dtmjnlripmao sjipsmnt ne tmd pist‘Uij Jntdj catdriccyjikdh at ”picidndtmjnlripmy‑. Mnwdvdr, dxpcaoat dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs wdrd ivnahdtmrnulmnut, hdspatd Uij Jntdj‑s prnedssanj aj ij dtmjnlripmao kusduk, mas pnsatanjaj tmd hdpirtkdjt ne ijtmrnpncnly aj Cduvdj, mas trivdcs aj tmd @icimira, ijh masiromidncnlaoic eadchwnr` aj Bijtu Ieraoi. Dvdj ae tmd dxoivitdh dvahdjod wis soijt,dtmjnlripmy wis jnt dxpcaoatcy ajvn`dh is i snurod ne ajenrkitanj. mnulm tmd dxpd-radjod watm tmd !@ujl kalmt mivd oncnurdh Uij Jntdj‑s vasanj, md nstdjsabcy ivnahdhtmd orietajl ne suom ijicnlads7 ”Dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs oij njcy bd hriwj wmdj tmdrd asmastnraoic onjtajuaty bdtwddj wmit ynu dxoivitd ijh wmit as stacc icavd0 onjtdkpnriryBusmkdj oij njcy tdcc ynu ibnut dircadr Busmkdj but tmit‑s at,‑ md tnch mas stuhdjts aj



8

Cduvdj‘kysdce bdajl njd ne tmdk. Aj tmd citd twdjtadtm odjtury, dtmjnlripmao ijicnlads mih tn bd ippcadh watm kuom knrd ralnur tmij knst vasatnrs tn tmd oncnjaic dxmaba-tanj dvdr issukdh. 9

Cdt us rdtrdit ernk tmas jirritavd. mas as jnt i mastnry ne tmd drvurdj kusdukietdr icc, jn kittdr mnw kuom suom i stuhy hdsdrvds tn bd wrattdj (but sdd Cuwdc91560 \yjijts 911<).2 md mastnry ne Bdclaij ajstatutanjs, ijh dvdj ne Bdclaijsoadjod aj ldjdric, as jnt tmd sonpd ne tmas bnn`. Ae A prdsdjt suom s`dtomds ernk tmdkusduk‑s odjtdjjaic dxastdjod, at as bdoiusd, knrd tmij ijy ntmdr pciod A `jnw, atmis bddj ij dxdkpciry cnous ne tmd omijlajl hasonursds nj prakatavds ijh prakitdstmit A wasm tn stuhy.? md citd jajdtddjtm-odjtury bdcade aj onjtdkpnriry sivildsis cavajl ijodstnrs, tmd lrnwajl ajtdrdst enr lrdit ipds hurajl tmd Ajtdrbdccuk, tmdqudst aj pnstwir prakitncnly enr tmd dxtijt spdoads wmaom livd tmd bdst mnkajahknhdc, tmd rdodjt orataqud ne suom knhdccajl dxdroasd, ijh tmd hastrust ne strialmt-enrwirh dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs aj knhdrj iromidncnly, icc tmdsd ahdis, it snkdpnajt, wdrd irtaoucitdh aj drvurdj. Ernk tmd spdotiocd ne Onjlncdsd sivildry tntmd sacdjt kdisurdkdjt ne husty bnjds, tmdsd ahdis odjtrd nj njd tmdkd7 wmit irdcdlatakitd snurods enr djmijoajl nur akild ne prdmastnrao mukijaty>

Iromidncnlaoic ijh picidnijtmrnpncnlaoic hiti ird icknst by hdeajatanj ak-pdredot. Dvdj ae hdpnsatanjic onjhatanjs wdrd icwiys kajt, dxoivitanjs dxmiustavd,ijh mnkajah enssacs ibujhijt, aj suom dkparaoic \icmicci tmd hiti wnuch stacc bdajsueeaoadjt tn ijswdr icc nur qudstanjs. Iromidncnlasts ijh picidnijtmrnpncnlastswasm tn rdonjstruot pist bdmivanur‘aj tmd wahdst sdjsd ne tmd tdrk7 ernk dircymnkajah cnonkntanj tn Tppdr Vicidncatmao ratuics‘ijh at as i truask tn stitd tmitbdmivanur atsdce hnds jnt enssacazd. mdrd as, tmdrdenrd, ij akpnrtijt dpastdkncnla-oic lip bdtwddj tmd enrkic nbgdot ne tmd hasoapcajds (rdonjstruotanj ne bdmivanur)ijh tmdar kitdraic nbgdot (kitdraic oucturd, enssacs). Is i onrncciry, iromidncnla-

9 Knrd hdtiacs tn tmas mastnraoic s`dtom oij bd enujh aj i rijld ne pubcaoitanjs. Nj drvurdj ijhtmd oncnjaic dxmabatanj, sdd Cuwdc (9156), Uij Rdybrnuo` (911<i) ijh dspdoaiccy \yjijts (911<7991-92=, 94<-959). Xd accustritanjs aj tmd cittdr ird pirtaoucircy dvnoitavd7 ky hdsoraptanj ne tmdirravic ne tmd Onjlncdsd aj Ijtwdrp as bisdh nj i prdss hriwajl by Liaccairh (\yjijts 911<7 929)0tmd pnrtriyic ne caed hurajl tmd dxmabatanj usdh mastnraoic pmntnlripms (\yjijts 911<7 922-4)0 ijhtmd quntds oikd ernk prdss irtaocds pubcasmdh ajCd Jitanjic (< ijh 92 Gujd 9=1<) ijhCi Lizdttd(1 Gujd 9=1<), onpads ne wmaom wdrd ldjdrnuscy lavdj by Kiurats \yjijts wmnk A wijt tn tmij`enr sdvdric hasoussanjs ijh ujcakatdh dxomijld ne ajenrkitanj. Xd wditmdr rdpnrt it tmd hiy ne tmdirravic wis prnvahdh by tmd ocakitncnlaoic sdrvaod ne tmd Rnyic Kdtdnrncnlaoic Ajstatutd ne Toocdaj Bdclauk (cdttdr 28 Jnvdkbdr 91110 rde. Ocak/Eix/11?<<)0 i hdsoraptanj ne tmd tmujhdrstnrkijh ajujhitanjs ippdirdh ajOadc dt drrd(9=1<7 244). Hirwaj‑s eiknus cajd ibnut tmd Eudlaijsonkds ernk tmdHdsodjt ne Kij (9=<97 AA, 868). Nj tmd hasonvdry ne tmd bnjnbn, sdd Onncahld(91=8) ijh Uij hdj Iuhdjidrhd (91=8), ijh ne onursd tmd nralajic pubcaoitanjs (_omwirz 9121 ijhOnncahld 91??). Knrd rdodjt stuhads nj tmd drvurdj onccdotanj ne bnjnbns ajocuhd Wamckij ijhOrikdr (91<=) ijh KoMdjry (91=8), sdd icsn Miriwiy (91=17 ?86). Nj bnjnbns aj oiptavaty ijhbdmivanuric stuhads nj tmdk, sdd Hd Bnas ijh Uij Vuagdjbrndo` (911?). Xd dxoivitanjs ne Kddrwdrd pubcasmdh by Uij Jntdj (91<=) ijh ird hdsorabdh by Rdjerdw ijh Bimj (91197 2=6-9).

2 Rdedrdjods aj tmd tdxt icwiys lavd tmd nralajic hitd ne pubcaoitanj. Yuntds ird ldjdriccy ernk rstdhatanjs nr nralajic pubcaoitanjs, ujcdss ntmdrwasd stitdh bdtwddj brio`dts aj tmd cast ne rdedrdjods.

? n ivnah tmd pnjhdrnus tdrk ”jnjmukij prakitds‑, knj`dys ijh ipds wacc netdj bd hdsaljitdh sakpcy is”prakitds‑ is nppnsdh tn ”mukijs‑. Ne onursd, tmas as jnt tn hdjy tmit mukijs ird icsn prakitds, but i suo-oajot tdrkajncnly wmaom as disacy ujhdrstnnh sddks eir knrd prdedribcd tmij i oukbdrsnkd tixnjnkaoiccyijh pncataoiccy onrrdot girlnj.



4

oic ijh picidnijtmrnpncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanjs ird icwiys ujhdrhdtdrkajdh by tmdhiti0 i cdip kust bd kihd tn ornss tmd lip bdtwddj wmit wd sdd ijh wmit wdsiy. At as mdrd tmit tmd usd ne dxtdrjic snurods bdonkds ne piriknujt akpnrtijod. Ijicnlads, piriccdcs, onkpirasnjs, knhdcs, ijh kdtipmnrs ird icc hdvaods wmaom

purpnrt tn brahld tmd lip. Aj ldjdric, tmd prnodhurd as tn ajvn`d i knrd eikac-air ajstijod tn ociraey njd wmaom as cdss eikacair tn us. Aj mastnraoic soadjodiromidncnly, picidnijtmrnpncnly ijh icsn ldncnly, tmas onkds knstcy hnwj tncnn`ajl it tmd prdsdjt wmdrd prnodssds ird stacc it wnr` tn dxpciaj tmd pist wmdwd eajh njcy kutd pittdrjs, tmd rdsuct ne suom prnodssds. Ijicnlads tmus dxpciatmd uj`jnwj aj tdrks ne tmd `jnwj, tmd pist pittdrjs aj tdrks ne tmd prdsdjtprnodssds. Ijicnlads ird pnwdreuc ajstrukdjts tn hasdjtijlcd onkpcdx prnbcdks,but ras` tn nbeusoitd tmd nralajic assud wmdj at as substatutdh by tmd knrd eikacajstijod. \mdrdis i odrtiaj iknujt ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl as usdeuc, tnn kuomrdcaijod nj at oij bcur tmd assud.

wn dxtdrjic snurods mivd bddj ne oruoaic akpnrtijod aj tmd stuhy ne prdmatnrao bdmivanur7 onjtdkpnriry ”prakatavds‑ ijh dxtijt prakitds. md enrkdr wdrdajtdjsavdcy tippdh aj tmd Uaotnraij ijtmrnpncnly ne tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd jajtddjtm odjtury ijh onjtajud tn bd sn, tmnulm aj i vdry knhaeadh enrk, aj knhdrj Ijlcn-Ikdraoij dtmjniromidncnly0 tmd cittdr bdoikd knrd prnkajdjt aj Jnrtm- Ikdraoij prakitncnly ietdr tmd _donjh \nrch \ir. md onjtrabutanjs ne praka-tavds ijh prakitds tn tmd akild ne mukij prdmastnry ijh dvncutanj ird sn dssdjtaictmit at as surprasajl jn njd mis ujhdrti`dj i sdranus stuhy ne tmdk. Ajhddh, tmd aj-ecudjtaic Ikdraoij prakitncnlast Cajhi K. Edhalij njod rdkir`dh tmit ”i hasous-sanj ne tmd prnpdr usd ne ijicnly aj jituric ijh snoaic soadjod kalmt bd usdeuc ajtmd onjtdxt ne mukij dvncutanj tmdnrads‑ (91=57 84) but rdlrdttdh tmit at wis jnydt hnjd. Bdynjh tmas wdi` stitdkdjt, jntmajl ne tmd snrt mis bddj enrkucitdh.

md prdsdjt wnr` ittdkpts tn eacc tmit vnah.By ijicysajl `dy tdxts ernk tmd mastnry ne ijtmrnpncnly, iromidncnly, ijh

prakitncnly ijh subgdotajl tmdk tn i cnlaoic rdihajl lrah, tmas wnr` sdd`s tnstuhy tmd wiy ijicnlads ernk prakatavds ijh prakitds mivd bddj usdh hurajl tmdcist twn odjturads tn dcuoahitd mukij prdmastnry. Knrd prdoasdcy, A wijt tn ajvdtalitd wmaom snurods wdrd sdcdotdh, mnw tmd ijicnlads wdrd kihd, mnw tmdy hdedjhdh ijh mnw tmdy wdrd strdjltmdjdh. Ky ajtdrdst as earst ijh enrdknst aj tmdstruoturd ne ijicnlads, cdss aj tmdar nutonkd. By hriwajl nj rdodjt ajsalmts ernkajhuotavd cnlao, pmacnsnpmy ne soadjod ijh onljatavd psyomncnly, A smicc ittdkijicysd tmd irlukdjtitavd kdomijasks ujhdrcyajl bntm prakitd knhdcs ijh dtm-jnlripmao piriccdcs. A enous nj tmrdd hdbitds7 tmd njd surrnujhajl tmd onkpiritavkdtmnh ne Uaotnraij ijtmrnpncnly, tmd njd hdicajl watm knhdrj dtmjniromidnc-nly ijh tmd njd nj tmd pnstwir usd ne bdmivanuric prakitd knhdcs. md dkpmisasas nj Ijlcn-Ikdraoij soadjod wmdrd tmdsd assuds mivd bddj dcibnritdcy hdbitdh

mas as jnt tn bdcattcd tmd akpnrtijod ne tmd onjtajdjtic trihatanj0 but ats netdj iutnjnknus ijh haeedrdjt hdvdcnpkdjt sakpcy eiccs bdynjh tmd rijld ne tmas wnr`.

Vdrmips A smnuch spdoaey eurtmdr wmit tmas wnr` wacc jnt dkbir` upnNbvanuscy, ky iak as jnt tn eajh ”onrrdot ijicnlads‑ enr hdhuoajl mnw dircy mn-kajahs bdmivdh, mnw Jdijhdrtmics cnn`dh ca`d ijh wmit Kilhicdjaij rno` irt



5

kdijt. mnulm jnt djtardcy hdtiomdh ernk ourrdjt hdbitds aj iromidncnly ijhpicidnijtmrnpncnly, suom substijtaic tmdkds ird bdynjh tmd sonpd ne tmas stuhy.Aj i sdjsd, ky ajtdrdst mis bddj knrd aj prdmastnraijs ijh prakitncnlasts tmijaj prdmastnry ijh prakitds. Mnwdvdr, ae A tnn` snkd hastijod tnwirhs ”rdic‑ ir-

omidncnly aj nrhdr tn stuhy ats mastnry, tmd prdsdjt wnr` hnds jnt bdcnjl tn ”ocis-saoic‑ mastnry ne soadjod datmdr. \mdrdis prnpdr mastnraijs ne soadjod, ldjdriccyspdi`ajl, stuhy soadjtaeao ahdis by onjtdxtuicazajl tmdk aj tmdar pirtaoucir snoaic,ajstatutanjic, banlripmaoic, pncataoic ijh ahdncnlaoic sdttajls, A mivd netdj bddjonjsoanuscy hdonjtdxtuicazajl mastnraoic stitdkdjts aj nrhdr tn ki`d tmdar cnlaoicstruoturd onkpiribcd iornss tmd ilds. mnulm A mivd satuitdh mastnraoic hdbitdswatmaj tmdar rdspdotavd pncdkaoic onjtdxts (wmaom as i sajd qui jnj enr ijy ujhdr-stijhajl), uctakitdcy ky iak wis tn onkpird tmdar irlukdjtitavd s`dcdtnj watmhdbitds ernk ntmdr pdranhs. md erikd ne rdedrdjod rdcadh upnj mdrd wis tmus jntnjd ne straot syjomrnjnus onjtdxts but ne haiomrnjao struoturds7 ritmdr tmij stuhy-

ajl tmaj takd-scaods ne tmd mastnry ne soadjod, ky tdkpnric mnraznj wis brnihdr(ijh, by hdeajatanj, onirsdr) tmij kijy mastnraijs wnuch pdrkat. Knrd i onjodp-tuic tmij i onjtdxtuic mastnranlripmy, ky wnr` as snkdmnw rdcitdh tn tmd hasoa-pcajd ne mastnry ne ahdis aj tmd sdjsd at wis ajiuluritdh by Irtmur N. Cnvdgny ajtmd 91?6s (Cnvdgny 91?50 91?=). Ajhddh, tmd cnjl-tdrk pdrspdotavd ijh tmd sdiromenr trijsmastnraoic rdourrdjods domn tmd ipprniom Cnvdgny o.s. enccnwdh (\acsnj91=<0 Ni`cdy 91=<0 @dccdy 9116). Qdt kajd as stacc jnt i oisd-stuhy aj tmd mastnryne ahdis. Ats trihatanjic strdss nj rdcitavdcy akkutibcd ujat-ahdis wmaom ird trijs-kattdh ernk ldjdritanj tn ldjdritanj onjtrists watm ky enous nj tmd braoncildne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl wmdrd takd ijh iliaj ajedrdjods mivd tn bd ajvdjtdh ijhhdedjhdh. mas, tmdj, is wacc bdonkd ocdir, as i mastnry ne irlukdjts. Aj tnuomwatm (but hastajot ernk) tmd soadjods at stuhads, ernk mastnry ne soadjod ijh ernkmastnry ne ahdis, at ittdkpts tn ujrivdc tmd prnodhurds by wmaom ajedrdjods ijhahdis ird orietdh.8

md pdrspdotavd ti`dj smnuch bd eurtmdr hdcajditdh. Ky ujdisy rdcitanj watmtrihatanjic mastnry ne soadjod stdks ernk i hdbitd wmaom mis bddj lnajl nj aj tmdmastnry ne mukij dvncutanj stuhads nvdr tmd cist hdoihd (Uij Rdybrnuo` 2666, ajprdss). Ipirt ernk stuhads ujhdrti`dj by ocissaoic mastnraijs ne soadjod (oe. Bnwcdr91=50 mdujassdj 91=1), tmd 9116s mivd watjdssdh tmd dkdrldjod ne ij ictdrji-tavd enrk ne mastnranlripmy wrattdj by somncirs wmn ird knrd ajvncvdh watm our-rdjt hdbitds aj iromidncnly ijh picidnijtmrnpncnly (Cijhiu 91190 _tnoz`nws`a9118). md haeedrdjods bdtwddj tmdsd mastnrads ird ritmdr akprdssavd. \mdrdis tmdenrkdr enous nj tmd hdtiomdh stuhy ne smnrt-tdrk soadjtaeao onjtdxts, tmd cittdrird netdj onkkattdh tn hdknjstritajl mnw prd-soadjtaeao, kytmaoic ijh jirritavdenrks ernk tmd pist stacc ieedot onjtdkpnriry soadjod. At as i kittdr ne syjomrn-jnus onjtdxts iliajst haiomrnjao struoturds, ne mastnraoast kdtmnhncnly iliajststruoturicast njtncnly, ne jdutric mastnry ne soadjod iliajst orataoic mastnry ne

8 Kirlirdt Mnhldj wmn stuhadh ycnr‑s hnotrajd ne survavics (91?<) onajdh tmd tdrk ”mastnry ne soadj-ta o kdtmnh‑, i tdrk A eddc sykpitmy watm.



<

iromidncnly ijh ijtmrnpncnly.4 md wmncd hdbitd pavnts irnujh tmd jntanj neonjtajuaty. Enr ”struoturicast‑ mastnraijs ne soadjod, onjtajuaty as tmd rucd ritmtmij tmd dxodptanj0 netdj sakaciraty bdtwddj twn mastnraoic stitdkdjts as djnultn ajedr onjtajuaty. Ioonrhajl tn tmdk, soadjtaeao ahdis kust bd sddj is nutornps

ne ujhdrcyajl, eiarcy akkutibcd, cnjl-tdrk struoturds. Enr ”ocissaoic‑ mastnraijsne soadjod, diom mastnraoic onjtdxt as ujaqud ijh kust bd ujhdrstnnh aj ats nwjtdrks0 onjtajuaty watm enrkdr pdranhs wacc njcy bd ioodptdh ae tmdrd as sueeadvahdjod enr hardot trijskassanj by ajtdccdotuic bnrrnwajl, pdrsnjic tutnrsmap, ajstatutanjic ieeajaty ijh dhuoitanjic bio`lrnujh. md onjernjtitanj nj tmas ajtdr-dstajl tmdkd rdiomdh i tdjtitavd ipdx hurajl tmdHnds mastnry kittdr>onjedrdjodmdch aj Cdahdj aj Gijuiry 911< (Onrbdy ijh Rndbrnd`s 2666, aj prdss0 Bnwcdr2666, aj prdss0 _tnoz`nwsà 2666, aj prdss0 mdujassdj 2666, aj prdss). md kutuic orataoasks wdrd eir ernk kach7 ocissaoic mastnraijs rdprniomdh tmd struoturipprniom ne ujhud odjtury-mnppajl, ne rappajl snurods nut ne tmdar onjtdxt, ne

rdihajl knhdrj kdijajl ajtn ijoadjt tdxts0 ”struoturicast‑ mastnraijs hdoradh tmdtdkpnric kynpai, tmd smnrt-tdrk balntry ijh onjtdxtuic hnlkitask ne trihatanjicmastnry ne soadjod. Ritmdr tmij omnnsajl sahds enr njd ne tmd oikps, A bdcadvdtmdrd as snkd trutm aj bntm orataquds. _tuhyajl cnjl-tdrk struoturds hnds ajhddhrdquard knrd kdtmnhncnlaoic ralnur tmij knst struoturicast mastnraijs mivd bddjwaccajl tn ihkat, but tmas smnuch jnt akpcy, is ocissaoic mastnraijs urld, tmit tmprngdot kust bd ibijhnjdh is i wmncd aj eivnur ne njcy smnrt-tdrk pdrspdotavds.

md mastnraoast kdtmnh ijh struoturicast qudstanj oij bd onkbajdh0 aj i rdodjt pi-pdr nj tmd kdijajl ne bapdhicask, \a`tnr _tnoz`nwsà (9114) mis smnwj mnw ijajtdrdst enr onjtajuaty oij bd eruateuccy rdonjoacdh watm ij ajtdrdst enr hasonjtajaty. Ky nwj pnsatanj, tmdrdenrd, stijhs kahwiy bdtwddj bntm pirihalks. \mdrdisky ajtdrdst as aj cnjl-tdrk struoturds, aj onjtajuaty ijh aj orataoic mastnry, A mivdjnt rdcadh upnj struoturicast kdtmnh bdoiusd at rujs tnn disacy aj tmd trip nesdcdotavd rdihajl ijh bdoiusd at netdj sdds onjtajuaty wmdj tmdrd as gust sakacaty. Ajstdih, ky stuhy ne tmrdd hdbitds (Uaotnraij onkpiritavd kdtmnh, knhdrjdtmjniromidncnly, ijh pnstwir prakitd knhdcs) prnoddhs by i eiarcy trihatanjicmastnraoast kdtmnh ne hdtiacajl tmd rdspdotavd pncdkaoic onjtdxts, ietdr wmaknvd bdynjh tmd ajtraoioads ne tmd smnrt tdrk, tn ajhaoitd ijh dxpciaj snkd ne tmsakaciratads ijh haeedrdjods bdtwddj tmd hdbitds is cnjl-tdrk onjtajuatads, rdourrdjods nr hasonjtajuatads.

Ijntmdr ixas icnjl wmaom A smnuch pnsatanj kysdce onjodrjs tmd assud ne psdjtask vdrsus mastnraoask. Knrd nbsncdtd tmij tmd onjtajuaty-hasonjtajuaty hdbitd, at stacc ealurds prnkajdjtcy aj tmd mastnry ne iromidncnly (Eimjdstno` 91=KoUaoir 91=80 Vajs`y 91=10 Uij Rdybrnuo` 91140 Lustiessnj 911=0 91110 Gdjsdj911=). Aj 915=, Ldnrld _tnoàjl onajdh ijh hdedjhdh tmd jntanj ne mastnraoask

4 At oijjnt bd ajoahdjtic tmit jdircy icc prnpnjdjts ne tmd onjtajuaty tmdsas smird i bio`lrnujh ajstruoturicast ijtmrnpncnly. \a`tnr _tnoz`nwsà oikd ernk Vncasm dtmjnlripmy ijh prdmastnry ijhusdh Cáva-_triussaij kdtmnhs aj mas ijicysds ne mnkajazitanj sodjirans0 Kasai Cijhiu, i picidnij-tmrnpncnlast by triajajl, hrdw nj Russaij enrkicask (dspdoaiccy Vrnpp‑s kdtmnh ne stuhyajl enc`ticds) ijh tn i cdssdr dxtdjt nj Erdjom struoturicask (ca`d Lrdakis‑ jirritncnly0 oe. Cdwaj 911<7?6-85). Ntmdrs ca`d Vdrpdr ijh _omrard (91<<), Citnur ijh _truk (91=5) ijh _imcajs (9115) mivdajtdccdotuic i jatads watm struoturicast ijtmrnpncnly.



=

is tmd hdtiomdh stuhy ne tmd hasoapcajiry pist, tmd stuhy ne tmd pist enr tmd si`dne tmd pist tmit as typaoiccy ujhdrti`dj by prnedssanjic mastnraijs ne soadjod. Mdirludh tmit aj tmd cnjl ruj, suom jdutric ittatuhd kalmt bd knrd bdjdeaoaic tnonjtdkpnriry assuds aj tmd eadch tmij ij nvdrtcy prdsdjtast ildjhi ne stuhyajl tmd

pist enr tmd si`d ne tmd prdsdjt, i \mal mastnranlripmy wmaom as netdj omiriotdr-astao enr priotasajl soadjtasts-turjdh-mastnraijs (_tnoàjl 915=i0 Ha Brazan 9114).Dvdr sajod, prdsdjtask mis bdonkd snkdwmit ne ij ajsuct enr priotasajl somncirswatm ij ajtdrdst aj tmdar hasoapcajd‑s pist. At smnuch jnt bd enrlnttdj, mnwdvdr, tmitit tmd takd _tnoàjl wrntd mas mastnraoast hdedjod, ijtmrnpncnly watjdssdh snkd netmd dxodssds ne prdsdjtast mastnranlripmy (Mirras 915=).5 Jdn-dvncutanjast somncirswdrd rd-dstibcasmajl caj`s watm tmd enujhajl eitmdrs ne ijtmrnpncnly ernk tmd sdo-njh mice ne tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury aj wiys wmaom, aj rdtrnspdot, sddkdh eir knrdrmdtnraoic tmij mastnranlripmaoic. _tnoàjl wis ralmt tn rdpuhaitd tmd ujibismdh guhlkdjtic ittatuhd ne tmdar mastnrads, tmdar tdjhdjoy tn havahd tmd pist aj wajjdrs

ijh cnsdrs, tmdar wasm tn hdoahd wmn wis ralmt ijh wmn wis wrnjl. Qdt tmd mastnra-oast ictdrjitavd, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, turjdh nut tn bd snkdtmajl ne i pnsatavast oma-kidri7 i rdspdotibcd ahdic ne ajtdccdotuic jdutricaty wmaom onuch jdvdr bd rdiomdhbdoiusd ne tmd tmdnry-cihdjjdss ne nbsdrvitanj. But smnuch at bd rdiomdh> Vdrmipsjnt jdodssiracy. At mis bddj tmd lrdit ajsalmt ne mdrkdjdutao pmacnsnpmy ijh pma-cnsnpmy ne soadjod tmit bdajl tadh tn ynur nwj takd as jnt jdodssiracy ij ajmabatanjtn ujhdrstijhajl tmd pist but icsn i onjhatanj ne pnssabacaty. Lihikdr strdssdh tmdonjstatutavd rncd ne prdguhaods ijh @umj irludh tmit i pirihalk prnvahdh i vasanjne tmd wnrch. Vrdsdjt suppnsatanjs ird netdj ca`djdh tn i piar ne spdotiocds wmaomoncnur ijh hdenrk njd‑s vasanj‘ij ujenrtujitd kdtipmnr wmaom ippirdjtcy enr-ldts tmit lcissds ki`d tmd wnrch vasabcd, icbdat at aj spdoaeao wiys. Aj rdodjt ydirs,tmdrdenrd, pdnpcd mivd urldh enr i orataoic mastnry ne soadjod, i mastnry wmaom hndsjnt hdjy ats caj`s watm tmd prdsdjt, wmaom mnpds tn onjtrabutd tn onjtdkpnriryhdbitds jnt by ippciuhajl tmd prdsdjt stitd ne `jnwcdhld (ca`d aj tmd \mallasmmastnry) but by qudstanjajl ijh hdonjstruotajl at, by smnwajl tmd onjtajldjoadsne wmit wd jnw `jnw, by ajhaoitajl tmit nur prdsdjt ujhdrstijhajl as is kuomajecudjodh by ajtdccdotuic cdlioy is at as by dkparaoic ihdquioy (Vajs`y ijh \ycad91=10 Udat 911=). _uom prdsdjtask as jnt mastnry enr tmd prdsdjt but mastnryne tmdprdsdjt, ijh snkdtakds dvdjiliajst at.<

A eddc sykpitmy watm suom i prnlrikkd is at jivalitds bdtwddj ujittiajibcdnbgdotavast prdtdjsanjs ijh icc tnn disy subgdotavast ildjhis. Knrdnvdr, tmas ”orata-oic prdsdjtask‑ icsn djibcdh kd tn eajh i pciod aj tmd ajstatutanjic onjtdxt A mivdbddj wnràjl aj. Is tmas Vm.H. rdsdirom enrkdh pirt ne i cirldr prngdot wmdrdldncnlasts, picidnjtncnlasts ijh ”rdic‑ iromidncnlasts enousdh nj tmd Vicidncatmao

5 Aj iromidncnly it tmit takd, tmd wnr` ne Lcyj Hijadc (915<) wis jnt erdd ernk prdsdjtast ujhdrpaj-jajls datmdr. At hdsorabdh tmd mastnry ne iromidncnly is i cihhdr tmit mih bddj isodjhdh tmrnulm takd,is i sdrads ne stdps wmaom oukucitdh aj tmd prdsdjt stitd ne ujhdrstijhajl (oe. ralldr 91=40 Raomirh911?0 Udat 911=). Md tmus usdh knhdrj tmdnrads is i yirhstao` watm wmaom tn issdss tmd rdcitavdkdrats ne prdvanus ajtdrprdtitanjs.

< Aj bancnly suom i rncd enr mastnry mis bddj icrdihy cnjl-takd io`jnwcdhldh. @dy pirtaoapijts aj tmdhdbitd ird netdj rdspdotdh mastnraijs ne tmdar nwj hasoapcajd. Xd mastnranlripmaoic ijh bancnlaoicwnr` ne iutmnrs ca`d D. Kiyr ijh _.G. Lnuch ird trucy ajtdlritdh.



1

nooupitanj ne Durnpd, A wis onjstijtcy rdkajhdh ne tmd rdcdvijod hasoapcajirymastnry onuch ijh smnuch mivd nj ourrdjt tmdkds.= Is ij iromidncnlast wnràjlnj tmd mastnry ne mas hasoapcajd, A mih tn sitasey kysdce watm i snkdwmit ikbnus pnsatanj7 wmdrdis A tmnulmt (ijh stacc tmaj`) tmit ij iwirdjdss ne tmd eadc

pist as dssdjtaic tn ijy pirtaoapitanj aj onjtdkpnriry hdbitds, A hah jnt rdlirhat tmd mastnraij‑s tis` tn suppcy rdihy-kihd ijswdrs tn tmd priotasajl soadjtast. Airomidncnly as ca`d i likd ne enntbicc, A hn jnt sdd kysdce is njd ne tmd pciydrs tmd eadch, jnr hn A cnjl tn bd tmd triajdr wmn smnuts ernk tmd sahdcajd. md rnjdutric rdedrdd nr eijitao suppnrtdr ippdic dvdj cdss tn kd. Ae tmdrd as njd pdrsnA eddc ieeajaty watm, at kust bd tmd onkkdjtitnr hurajl ij ajtdrjitanjic kitomwmn trads tn bd nbgdotavd, wmacd birdcy mahajl mas sykpitmads. Jdatmdr tmd tmd sahdcajd, jnr tmd hulnut nr tmd stijhs but tmd prdss bnntm as tmd pciod enr orataoic prdsdjtast.

mnulm tmd prdsdjt wnr` hasoussds tmdkds is havdrsd is Eirndr nac cikps, bibnnhdjtatanj ijh pnstknhdrjask aj iromidncnly, tmas viradty as bnujh tnldtmdr by ionkprdmdjsavd tmdkd A oikd upnj hurajl ky rdsdirom. Mivajl wnr`dh nj dtm-jnlripmao ijicnly aj jajdtddjtm-odjtury Jdijhdrtmic rdsdirom (Uij Rdybrnuo`9118i) ijh bdajl ioquiajtdh watm snkd ne tmd hdbitds aj dtmjniromidncnly, irdpditdh pittdrj struo` kd is A wnr`dh ky wiy tmrnulm tmd prakitncnlaoic cat-driturd.Vrakitd knhdcs is tmdy hdvdcnpdh aj tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd twdjtadtm odjtursddkdh netdj knrd ocnsdcy iàj tn dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs aj Uaotnraij ijtmrnpncnly tmijtn knhdrj dtmjniromidncnlaoic ijicnlads wmaom dxpcaoatcy knvdh bdynjh tmd onjeajdne tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury onkpiritavd kdtmnh.Ajhddh, omakpijzdds snkdtakds ip-pdirdh tn bd tnhiy‑s iskijaijs. Bntm wdrd usdh is cavajl stijh-ajs enr tmd rdkntdmukij pist, is ecdsm ijh bcnnh vdrsanjs ne tmd enssacs dxoivitdh. Ky wnràjl mypntmdsas wis tmit ietdr tmd _donjh \nrch \ir, tmd hasonursd nj prakatavds wnuchmivd bddj haspciodh tn tmd jnjmukij prakitds sn tmit knhdrj prakitd knhdcsoikd tn domn tmd prdsuppnsatanjs ne ij dircadr, ijtmrnpncnlaoic trihatanj, wmdrddtmjniromidncnly wis prdoasdcy sddàjl prnodhurds tn oaroukvdjt tmd strialmtenwirh prngdotanjs ne tmas nchdr ijtmrnpncnly.

mas vdry sakpcd mypntmdsas mis rirdcy bddj majtdh it bdenrd kd, ijh dvdj tmnjcy aj i oursnry wiy. Hnjji Miriwiy‑s knjukdjticVrakitd Uasanjskdjtanjstmd ”9146s rdcnoitanj ne hasonursd ibnut prakatavaty njtn knj`dys ijh ipds‑ but

rdkiajs sacdjt ibnut tmd akpiot nj ijicnlaoic irlukdjts (91=17 221). Aj 911?,_irim Cynj rdih i pipdr it tmd ijjuic kddtajl ne tmd Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Issnoaitanj nj tmd mastnraoic smaet ernk ij dtmjnlripmao ntmdr tn i prakitd ntmdirluajl tmit ”tmd dtmjnlripmao ntmdr jdvdr hads bdoiusd icc tmd ntmdr onjodpts `dpt akpcaoatcy icavd aj tmd prakitd ntmdr‑ (911?7 ?=4). md pipdr, mnwdvdr, wjdvdr pubcasmdh. Aj mdr nutstijhajl rdvadw ne bibnnj stuhads, _usij _pdrcajl(91197 99) wrntd tmit ”knj`dys ijh ipds wdrd usdh dxpcaoatcy is dxdkpcirs nedircadr stilds ne mukij dvncutanj. md ubaquatnus prakitd ijodstric lrnup jnwnooupadh i pnsatanj ca`d tmit ne –trabic snoadtads‛ aj tmd dvncutanjiry somdki

= Xas wis tmd Vicidncatmao Vanjddr Vrngdot ”Omijlajl Uadws ne Aod Ild Enrildrs‑ it Cdahdj Tjavdrwmaom rdodavdh eujhajl ernk tmd Jdtmdrcijhs Nrlijazitanj enr _oadjta o Rdsdirom.



96

jajdtddjtm-odjtury ijtmrnpncnlasts.‑ At as tmd knst dxpcaoat rdedrdjod A mivd enujhtn tmd wnràjl mypntmdsas A mih onajdh. md prdsdjt wnr`, tmdj, oij bd sddj isnjd cnjl irlukdjt dcibnritajl tmas pnajt.

Omakpijzdds ird tnhiy‑s iskijaijs. mas as tmd odjtric tmdkd ne tmd prdsdjt

wnr` ijh wd kalmt is wdcc stnp mdrd, wdrd at jnt tmit ”mastnry as tmit akpnssabcdtmajl7 tmd ittdkpt tn lavd ij ioonujt, watm ajonkpcdtd `jnwcdhld, ne iotanjstmdksdcvds ujhdrti`dj watm ajonkpcdtd `jnwcdhld‑ (Lrimik _waet, aj mas jnvdc\itdrcijh ). _akpcd ijh ittriotavd tmnulm ky wnràjl mypntmdsas sddkdh it earst,at hiwjdh nj kd tmit mastnraoic rdicaty wis eir knrd onkpcdx dvdry takd A lnt stuoàj snkd tdxt wmaom hah jnt rdspnjh tn ky dxpdotitanjs. Ajataiccy A mih tmd ahdi neprdsdjtajl ij ahdic-typaoic somdkd ne tmd ijicnlads pdr hdbitd (sakaciraty-bisdh,enrkic ijicnly enr tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury onkpiritavd kdtmnh0 oiusicaty-bisdh,rdcitanjic ijicnly enr tmd twdjtadtm-odjtury dtmjniromidncnly0 ijh sakaciraty-bisdh, enrkic ijicnly enr knhdrj prakitd knhdcs hdvnah ne tmd jajdtddjtm-odj-

tury madriromy), but takd ijh iliaj A mih tn ihkat tmit mice i odjtury ne hasous-sanj oijjnt bd rdsukdh ujhdr njd suom ldjdricazajl hdsoraptanj. Aj pirtaoucir, Alrdw iwird ne tmd hijldr ne stdrdntypajl ij djtard onjtrnvdrsy nj tmd bisas ne atsknst dxtrdkd uttdrijods. Knrlij ijh _nccis ird ajhddh dpatnkds ne dvncutanjastrdisnjajl, but tmd paoturd as kuom knrd subtcd. Bajenrh ijh \matdciw hn ajhddhpajjiocd dtmjniromidncnly‑s sdirom enr ictdrjitavds, but ntmdrs wdrd cdss nutspn-`dj. ijjdr ijh Wamckij hn dxdkpcaey tmd pnstwir qudst enr i prakitd knhdc,but jnt dvdrybnhy mis bddj sn eijitaoic. Enr tmas rdisnj A hdoahdh tn hdsorabd diomhdbitd earst ne icc aj ats onjordtd pncdkaoic onjtdxt ritmdr tmij aj ibstriot, ahdic-typaoic tdrks0 njcy tmdj onuch ornss-hasoapcajiry onkpirasnjs bd kihd. Cnlaoicsakpcaoaty tmus kihd pciod enr mastnraoic subtcdty, wmaom as i jaod wiy ne siyajltmit ky irlukdjt bdoikd knrd kuhhcdh. I wnràjl mypntmdsas as jn knrd tmijtmas, snkdtmajl tn wnr` watm. md knkdjts A mih tn juijod ky mypntmdsas, A edctonkenrtdh by wmit Erijz Bnis njod siah nj jdw ahdis7 ” md ajvdjtanj as jnt hae-eaouct. Haeeaouct as tmd rdtdjtanj ijh eurtmdr hdvdcnpkdjt‑ (9===7 5?=).

\mit hnds tmd eurtmdr hdvdcnpkdjt ne tmd irlukdjt cnn` ca`d> Omiptdr 9prnvahds tmd rdcdvijt tmdnrdtaoic ijh kdtmnhncnlaoic ajstrukdjts. Hriwajl upnjajsalmts ernk ajhuotavd cnlao, pmacnsnpmy ne soadjod ijh onljatavd psyomncnly, atprdsdjts ij ahank tn tic` ibnut ijicnlads is wdcc is i kdtmnh enr stuhyajl tmdk. Atirluds tmit ijicnlads ird odjtric tn tmd priotaod ne soadjod, tmit tmdy ird jnt ralmtnr wrnjl but knrd nr cdss vicah, ijh tmit tmdrd dxast hdvaods enr strdjltmdjajltmdk. _nkdwmit tdomjaoic aj tnjd, tmd omiptdr ajtrnhuods onjodpts ijh prajoapcdswmaom wacc bd usdh tmrnulmnut tmd subsdqudjt omiptdrs.

Omiptdr 2 ti`ds us tn Uaotnraij ijtmrnpncnly ijh ats usd ne dtmjnlripmaopiriccdcs. md omiptdr pciods tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne ats eiknus onkpiritavd kdtmnhiliajst tmd bio`lrnujh ne tmd omijlajl pncdkaoic onjtdxts (suom is tmd tmrdd-ildsystdk, tmd ijtaquaty ne kij, tmd hdldjdritanjast orataqud ijh tmd citd-dvncutanj-ast erilkdjtitanj) ijh jntds mnw tmd ijicnlads wdrd ajordisajlcy bisdh nj i jir-rnw hdeajatanj ne sakaciraty ijh bdoikd prngdotanjs.



99

Omiptdr ? smnws mnw ietdr i rdcitavd sacdjod aj tmd earst mice ne tmd twdjodjtury, dtmjnlripmao ijicnly dkdrldh iliaj is pirt ne tmd Jdw Iromidncnly. Atajvdstalitds mnw tmd rdsuctijt dtmjniromidncnly ittdkptdh tn knvd bdynjh tmdonkpiritavd kdtmnh ijh mnw tmd jntanj ne ijicnly wis tmnrnulmcy hasoussdh.

md omiptdr icsn hdics watm dtmjniromidncnly‑s eicc ernk lriod aj rdodjt tmdnroic iromidncnly.Omiptdr 8 as i stuhy ne tmd hdbitd nj prakitd knhdccajl is at hdvdcnpdh aj

pnstwir prakitncnly. At hdtiacs wmy knj`dys ijh ipds wdrd njcy rdodjtcy hriwjnj is snurods enr mukij bdmivanuric dvncutanj ijh mnw, ernk tmd 9156s nj-wirhs, somncirs mivd bddj eivnurajl bibnnjs, snoaic oirjavnrds, ldcihis, omakps,ijh bnjnbns is ”bdst knhdcs‑ enr stuhyajl dircy mnkajahs. Ijicysajl tmd irlu-kdjts put enrwirh, at icsn dxpciajs tmd orasas ne suom rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl ijh tmictdrjitavds at mis lavdj rasd tn rdodjtcy.

\mdrdis tmd tmrdd prdodhajl omiptdrs oij bd rdih aj tmdar nwj ralmt, Omiptdr 4

onjernjts tmdk watm diom ntmdr. At hdknjstritds mnw dtmjniromidncnlaoic ijicnlads ijh prakitd knhdcs, ictmnulm onjtdkpnrijdnus, haeedr prnenujhcy. At eurtmdrajvdstalitds tmd struoturic rdsdkbcijod bdtwddj tmd ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl ne pnst-wir prakitncnly ijh Uaotnraij ijtmrnpncnly.

md onjocusanj irluds tmit tmd cnlaoic rdsdkbcijod bdtwddj tmd onkpiritavdkdtmnh ijh prakitd knhdccajl as jnt sn kuom hud tn i hardot trijsedr ne kdtm-nhs ijh prnodhurds, but tmd rdsuct ne i hasoursavd onjtajuaty aj tmd rdprdsdjtitanne trabic snoadtads ijh prakitd lrnups bdtwddj tmd jajdtddjtm ijh tmd twdjtadtmodjtury. Is i onrncciry, prakatavds mivd bddj rdpciodh by prakitds is djtatads enrakkdhaitd ijh wmncdsicd prngdotanjs tnwirhs tmd hastijt mukij pist.



9?

Omiptdr 9

Ijicnlads

Ijicnlads aj soadjodJdircy ijynjd wmn mis dvdr stuhadh pmysaos wacc rdkdkbdr mnw tmd bdmivanulisds wis prdsdjtdh watm tmd dxikpcd ne pdrkijdjtcy knvajl baccairh biccs. Gustca`d tmd rdh ijh wmatd biccs nj i ocntm, lis kncdoucds wdrd siah tn knvd rijhnkcytmrnulm i eajatd spiod ijh tmd skiccdr tmas spiod wis, tmd knrd erdqudjt tmd oncsanjs bdoikd, rdsuctajl aj malmdr prdssurd. Visoic‑s ciw wis jntmajl dcsd but i likdne pnnc. Dxikpcds ca`d tmas pdrkditd tmd priotaod ne soadjod ijh tmdar vasuicapnwdr ki`ds tmdk pnwdreuc hdvaods aj tmd trijsedr ne ntmdrwasd ibstriot enrks n`jnwcdhld. md eiot tmit kijy pdnpcd stacc rdkdkbdr ispdots ne tmd àjdtao tmdnrne lisds, dvdj cnjl ietdr tmdy mivd lavdj up stuhyajl pmysaos, as pdrmips tmd bdaccustritanj ne tmd pdrvisavd jiturd ne suom knhdcs.

Ipirt ernk tmdar hahiotao ijh kjdknjao pntdjtaic, knhdcs, kdtipmnrs ijhijicnlads icsn sdrvd is akpnrtijt mdurastao hdvaods aj tmd hasonvdry ijh dcibnritanj ne soadjtaeao tmdnrads.9 md mastnry ne soadjod ikpcy prnvahds us watm dxikpcdssuom is @dùcá‑s wdcc-wnrj ioonujt ne tmd hasonvdry ne tmd oaroucir struotubdjzdjd ietdr mas hrdik ne i sji`d batajl ats tiac, Bnmr‑s hasonvdry ne tmd itnkaostruoturd by ijicnly watm tmd sncir systdk, ijh Hirwaj‑s hasonvdry ne jituricsdcdotanj ajspardh by Kictmus‑ tmdnry nj mukij pnpucitanj lrnwtm (Mncyniìjh milirh 91147 261). Mdrd, tmd rncd ne knhdcs as jnt kdrdcy onjeajdh tn tmdtrijsedr ijh rdprnhuotanj ne soadjtaeao `jnwcdhld but pciys ij ajtdlric pirt aj tmdprnhuotanj ne at. Onljatavd psyomncnlasts mivd dxpdrakdjticcy smnwj tmit pdnpwacc knrd disacy sncvd ij ibstriot prnbcdk ae tmdy oij ajvn`d ij dxtdrjic ijicnlnusknhdc. Aj i ocissaoic dxpdrakdjt, stuhdjts wdrd is`dh tn sncvd i kdhaoic prnbcdkne mnw njd oij ippcy rihaitanj tn i kicdvncdjt tuknur ajsahd snkdnjd‑s stnkiomwatmnut tmd bujhcd ne riys hdstrnyajl tmd stnkiom tassud bdynjh rdpiar. Njcy tdjpdrodjt ne tmd stuhdjts oikd up watm tmd ralmt sncutanj7 spcat up tmd riys ijh itio` tmd tuknur ernk haeedrdjt ijlcds. Aj i jdxt stild ne tmd dxpdrakdjt, rdspnjh-

9 Xdrd ird is kijy hd jatanjs ne ijicnly, knhdc, ijh kdtipmnr is tmdrd ird stuhdjts ne tmdk (Mdssd91550 Cditmdrhicd 91<80 _ipar 91<<0 Ci`nst ijh Gnmjsnj 91=60 Mncyni` ijh Xilirh 9114).Xdnrads rdlirhajl kdtipmnr mivd dvdj bddj oiccdh ”tmd Bicìj ne catdriry tmdnry‑ (Hriiaski 9114791). Xas havdrsaty mis it cdist tmd ihvijtild tmit njd as erdd tn hdvdcnp i pdrsnjic vnoibuciry. Xdtdrks knhdc ijh ijicnly ird hd jdh aj tmd subsdqudjt sdotanj watm tmit tatcd0 tmd tdrk kdtipmnrwnj‑t lurd prnkajdjtcy aj tmd prdsdjt wnr` (jnt bdoiusd at mis cattcd rdcdvijod, but bdoiusd atwis rirdcy usdh aj tmd mastnraoic hdbitds A wijt tn hdsorabd) ictmnulm tmd pmacnsnpmaoic hasobdtwddj iutmnrs ca`d Raondur ijh Hdrrahi nj ats onjstruotavd nr hdonjstruotavd rncd as ocnsdcy issnitdh watm tmd hdbitd nj ijicnly.



98

djts wdrd is`dh tn rdih i stnry ibnut i ldjdric wmn wijtdh mas irky tn ittio` itnwj tmit wis surrnujhdh by vist kajdeadchs. md ldjdric hdoahdh tn havahd masirky ajtn skiccdr onjtajldjts wmaom onuch ornss tmd kajdeadchs ijh ittio` tmdtnwj ernk ats haeedrdjt ioodss rnihs. \mdj stuhdjts wdrd tnch tn usd tmas stnry tn

sncvd tmd tuknur trditkdjt prnbcdk, <4 pdrodjt suooddhdh aj eajhajl tmd ralmtsncutanj. Ocdircy, tmd kacatiry ijicnlud mih mdcpdh tmdk tn sncvd tmd kdhaoicprnbcdk (Mnccijh dt ic. 91=57 2=1-150 Mncyni` ijh milirh 91147 996-5).

Njod tmd akpnrtijod ne ijicnlads aj rdisnjajl as rdicazdh, tmd qudstanj smaets ernkwmdtmdr nr jnt ijicnlads ird dssdjtaic, tmit as, ajdxtraoibcy bnujh up watm tmd prnodssne soadjta o lrnwtm. \mdrdis kijy wnuch irlud tmit knhdcs ijh ijicnlads ird njcytdkpnriracy usdeuc hdvaods wmaom oij bd rdgdotdh njod tmd tmdnry as enrkucitdh, ntmdrsmnch tmit tmdy ird pdrkijdjtcy rdquardh aj tmd priotaod ne soadjod (\acsnj 91580 Mdssd91557 9-450 Cditmdrhicd 91<87 ?1-160 _tdpij 91=5). Erduh dcibnritdh ij ajtdrdstajl aj-tdrkdhaitd pnsatanj by siyajl tmit wmdrdis pirtaoucir kdtipmnrs kalmt bdonkd rdhuj-

hijt, diom stild ne soadjta o hdvdcnpkdjt stacc rdquards tmd ajvdjtanj ne jdw kdtipmnrs(Hriiaski 91147 95). Ae kdtipmnrs, knhdcs ijh ijicnlads oij bd sddj is tnncs, ird tmdytnncs ne onjstruotanj nr tnncs ne kiajtdjijod> Ird tmdy haspnsibcd tnncs nr huribcd ak-pcdkdjts> Nr as at stacc pnssabcd, is snkd wnuch irlud, tn pdrenrk odrtiaj tis`s watm birdmijhs> Xdsd qudstanjs ird eir ernk bdajl rdsncvdh pmacnsnpmaoiccy, but ernk tmd mastnryne soadjod at as ujhdjaibcd tmit knhdcs ijh ijicnlads mivd bddj ubaquatnus tmrnulmnutvdry kijy soadjta o hasoapcajds it i cdvdc eir bdynjh tmdar hahiotao purpnsds. ”Riasnjjdr pir ijicnlad o‑dst onjstruard ci pdjsád ,‑ is tmd Erdjom cnlaoaij Kiuraod Hnrnccd wrntdknrd tmij mice i odjtury iln (91817 9<=).

Ijicnlads aj iromidncnl y Iromidncnly enrks jn dxodptanj. Bisao onjodpts ernk tmd hasoapcajiry pist ca`d ”tmdcihhdr ne ajedrdjod‑, ”tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh‑, ijh ”kitdraic oucturd is tdxt‑ ird aj eiotkdtipmnraoic onjstruots. n spdi` ibnut tmd pist ijh tmd stuhy ne at ajdvatibcy rdquardstmd akilajitavd usd ne dxtdrjic hdvaods. I rdodjt bnn` ca`d _tdvdj Katmdj‑sXd Vrdmastnryne tmd Kajh (9115) ki`ds ikpcd usd ne ijicnlads, knhdcs, ijh kdtipmnrs. Hdicajl watmij ibstriot jntanj ca`d ”tmd mukij kajh‑ tmd iutmnr hrdw nj sdvdric kdtipmnrs tn vasu-icazd mas ahdis tn tmd rdihdr. Is suom, tmd kajh wis ca`djdh tn i spnjld, i onkputdr, ijhdvdj i _wass irky `jaed (tn accustritd ats prdsukdh knhucir buach-up).2 Qdt bdynjh tmas

tutnraic vicud, kuom sddks tn ajhaoitd tmit kdtipmnraoic rdisnjajl wis ajstrukdjtic ajtmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne Katmdj‑s tmdnry. Xas as dspdoaiccy trud ne mas `dy onkpirasnj bd-twddj tmd dvncutanj ne tmd mukij kajh ijh tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne tmd lntmao oitmdhric. Ioonrhajl tn Katmdj, tmd kajh mih nralajiccy stirtdh ca`d i Jnrkij omurom watm i jivdne ldjdric ajtdccaldjod. Citdr, kuctapcd omipdcs ne spdoaicazdh ajtdccaldjods wdrd ihhdh,ijh jiccy tmdsd knhucir ajtdccaldjods wdrd ajtdlritdh ijh onjjdotdh ca`d tmd omipdcsne i lntmao oitmdhric. Kuom sddks tn ajhaoitd tmit tmas iromatdoturic mastnry ne tmd kd-hadvic omurom wis knrd tmij gust ij accustritanj ne tmd dvncutanjiry hdvdcnpkdjt ne mu-kij onljatanj. Katmdj maksdce ihkattdh tmit wmdj md stirtdh rdihajl nj dvncutanjiry

2 Xdrd as i cnjl-stijhajl mastnry ne vasuicazajl tmd mukij kajh, ijh aj pirtaoucir kdknry, by kdijsne kdtipmnraoic issnoaitanjs. _dd Hriiaski (9114) enr ij dxodccdjt stuhy.



94

psyomncnly md wis rdkajhdh ne tmd dxoivitanjs ne ij Aticaij omurom aj wmaom mpirtaoapitdh is i stuhdjt. At as tmdrdenrd ujca`dcy tmit mas wmncd tmdnry wis aj pcienrd tmd iromatdoturic kdtipmnr wis hriwj. Nj tmd onjtriry, tmd pdrodptanj ne tmd kajhis i oitmdhric kust mivd mdcpdh mak tn hdvdcnp mas ahdis aj ij ntmdrwasd eiarcy ibs

rdsdirom hnkiaj. Xd iromatdoturic ijicnly kalmt bd ujusuic aj iromidncnly, tmd usd neijicnlads is suom as odrtiajcy jnt. Guhlajl ernk tmd wdictm ne pubcaoitanjs, tmd knst io`jnwcdhldh enrk ne iji-

cnlaoic rdisnjajl aj iromidncnly as watmnut hnubt tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnlymd tdjnr ne hdbitd ibnut at snujhs kuom ca`d tmd njd hdsorabdh ibnvd. \macd

knst iromidncnlasts wnuch ripahcy ilrdd nj tmd mastnraoic rncd ijicnly mis pciydaj tmd enrkitavd stilds ne tmd hasoapcajd, dspdoaiccy aj tmd rdonljatanj ne stntnncs (Nrkd 91=97 2-29), tmd npajanjs ird kuom knrd havahdh wmdj at onkds tnij ipprdoaitanj ne tnhiy‑s ippcaoitanj ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnlads. Raomirh Lnuch‑somiriotdrazitanj ne at is ”ij ahdi wmnsd takd mis lnjd ‑ (Lnuch 91=67 x, nralajic

aticaos) as haikdtraoiccy nppnsdh, nstdjsabcy nj tmd eiod ne at, tn Aij Mnhhdr‑s istanj tmit ”icc iromidncnly as bisdh nj ijicnly‑ (Mnhhdr 91=2i7 1). _akacircy, wmdCdrna-Lnurmij bdcadvdh tmit ijicnlads kalmt mivd bddj usdeuc enr jajdtddjtm odjtury somncirs, md strnjlcy urldh knhdrj iromidncnlasts tn ibijhnj ”od enc`cnrdsoadjtaeaqud ‑ (Cdrna-Lnurmij 91587 949). Ocdircy, wmit as it sti`d mdrd as tmd sikdqudstanj wmdtmdr ijicnlads ird prnvasanjic nr pdrkijdjt aj soadjod. Ernk i mas-tnraoic pdrspdotavd, mnwdvdr, tmdrd as jn jddh tn sdttcd tmas tdjioanus hasputdnbsdrvajl tmd pdrvisavdjdss ne ijicnlaoic irlukdjts tmrnulmnut tmd mastnry netmd hasoapcajd, dvdj akpcaoatcy aj tmd wnr`s ne orataos suom is Cdrna-LnurmiLnuch (\ycad 91=2), lavds ordhat tn tmd tmdnry ne i odjtric akpnrtijod ne ijicn-lads. Ae icc iromidncnly as snkdmnw ijicnlaoic aj priotaod, ae jnt aj prajoapcd, tstrnjlcy oiccs enr i hdtiacdh mastnraoic stuhy ne tmd usd ne ijicnlads aj rdonjstruajl tmd pist.

md rncd ne prakitd knhdcs aj tmd onjstruotanj ne nur akild ne tmd pist misbddj kuom cdss ipprdoaitdh by iromidncnlasts. mas as hud tn i jukbdr ne eiotnrs. Aj tmd earst pciod, ijicnlads bisdh nj prakitncnlaoic nbsdrvitanjs ird i rdci-tavdcy rdodjt pmdjnkdjnj. \mdrdis dtmjnlripmao ”sivilds‑ wdrd icrdihy sajod tmdRdjiassijod ajtdrprdtdh is cavajl rdcaos rdprdsdjtitavd ne tmd Durnpdij pist, substijtaic prakitd knhdcs njcy bdlij tn bd enrkucitdh ietdr tmd _donjh \nrch \ir(sdd tmd ajtrnhuotanjs ne Omiptdrs 2 ijh 8). _donjhcy, ijicnlads bisdh nj praki-tncnlaoic nbsdrvitanjs mivd icknst dxocusavdcy bddj ippcadh tn tmd spdoaeao eadircy mnkajah stuhads aj Ieraoi0 i knrd ldjdric iromidncnlaoic ipprdoaitanj bd-ynjh tmdsd spitaic ijh tdkpnric onjeajds wis tmus prdvdjtdh. Onkpird tmas watmtmd wnrch-wahd ippcaoitanj ne dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs enr pdranhs rijlajl ernktmd Tppdr Vicidncatmao tn pnstkdhadvic takds. marhcy, stuhdjts ne dircy mnkahs ijh tmdar kitdraic rdkiajs mivd netdj enccnwdh i haeedrdjt tmdnrdtaoic onurrdcitdh tn tmd pmacnsnpmy ne tmd jituric soadjods tmij tmd knrd mdrkdjdutao tnetdj stddrdh jnwihiys by iromidncnlasts wnr`ajl nj knrd rdodjt pdranhs. Bisdhnj ij drrnjdnus dquitanj ne prakitncnly watm snoanbancnly, i ldjdric ”oucturicast‑rdcuotijod tn onjsahdr ispdots ne tmd bancnly ne euccy knhdrj mukijs, mis njcy ajordisdh tmas pncirazitanj bdtwddj Vicidncatmao ijh knrd rdodjt iromidncnlads (C



95

ijh Vdtdrs 9119). Enurtmcy, tmd kignraty ne tmdsd knhdcs mivd bddj onjstruotdh byprakitncnlasts ijh picidnijtmrnpncnlasts, jnt by iromidncnlasts. Aj eiot, tmd hdsardtn smdh calmt nj mukij jiturd ijh ats nralajs wis i kiaj ajodjtavd tn tmd rasd neprakitncnly, ijh ictmnulm jnwihiys tmas ijtmrnpnodjtrao qudstanj as jn cnjldr

tmd njcy kntavitanj, tmdrd as mirhcy i lrijt prnpnsic nr i tdxtbnn` aj prakitncnlywmaom hnds jnt try tn hriw akpcaoitanjs ibnut mukijs, knhdrj ijh enssac njdsica`d, by onkpirajl tmdk watm prakitds. Ijh eaetmcy, prakitncnlasts ijh picidnij-tmrnpncnlasts tic` ibnut prakitdknhdcs 0 iromidncnlasts ibnut dtmjnlripmaoijicnlads . mas haeedrdjt tdrkajncnly mis icsn onjtrabutdh tn tmd ibsdjod ne prakitdknhdcs aj iromidncnlaoic hasoussanjs nj ijicnly. Ipirt ernk i smnrt irtaocd byEncdy (9112), prakitd knhdcs ijh enrildr ijicnlads mivd tmus eir jnt bddj trditdhaj tmd sikd onjodptuic tdrks. Ne onursd, tmas as jnt tn hdjy tmd vist njtncnlaoichaeedrdjods bdtwddj mukijs ijh prakitds, but kdtmnhncnlaoiccy bntm prakitdknhdcs ijh dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs rdcy nj sakacir irlukdjts by ijicnly.

Hdspatd tmas hasoapcajiry lip bdtwddj tmd dtmjnlripmao ijicnly ijh tmd pra-kitd knhdc, bntm iromidncnlasts ijh prakitncnlasts ki`d ociaks ibnut tmd pisthdravdh ernk nbsdrvitanjs ne ourrdjtcy cavajl systdks. mdrd as jn eajic rdisnj enrdxocuhajl prakitd knhdcs ernk i mastnraoic stuhy ne ijicnly, is cnjl is wd ki`docdir wmit wd ujhdrstijh by ”knhdc‑ ijh ”ijicnly‑.

Knhdcs ijh ijicnlads

md tdrkajncnlaoic hasordpijoy bdtwddj prakitd knhdcs ijh dtmjnlripmao ijicn-lads as ajtdrdstajl ijh jddhs eurtmdr ociraeaoitanj. Ritmdr tmij tryajl tn hdeajd tmd

onjodpts aj straotcy cnlaoic tdrks (i pnajt wmaom, knrdnvdr, mis jdvdr bddj ih-dquitdcy sdttcdh), at as knrd ajtdrdstajl tn cnn` it wmit tmdy mivd kdijt aj iromid-ncnly ijh prakitncnly atsdce. md tdrks smnuch bd ujhdrstnnh by tmdar struoturicnppnsatanj aj bntm hasoapcajds, jnt by ijyaj vatrn hdeajatanj ne tmdar sdkijtaosaljaeadhs.

Aj iromidncnly, tmd tdrk ijicnly oikd aj usd hurajl tmd 9156s, pirtaoucircy watm Isomdr‑s cijhkir ”Ijicnly aj iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj‑ (Isomdr 9159) ijh Bajenrh‑s”_kuhld pats ijh mahd skn`ajl7 tmd usd ne ijicnly aj iromidncnlaoic rdisnjajl‑ (Bajenrh915<). Ne onursd, kijy dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs mih bddj hriwj bdenrd, but at wis njcyaj tmd vnoibuciry ne tmd dircy prnodssuic iromidncnly tmit ”ijicnly‑ bdoikd tmd tdrk tn

ajhaoitd tmas priotaod ijh at mis rdkiajdh sn dvdr sajod. Xd onjodpt ne ”knhdc‑, nj tmdntmdr mijh, sureiodh i bat citdr aj tmd dircy 91<6s watm tmd aj ctritanj ne prnodssuictmnulmt ijh systdkao ldnlripmy aj Bratasm iromidncnly.? wn malmcy ajudjtaic vncukdsne tmd takd mih tmd wnrh aj tmdar tatcd, Knhdcs aj Iromidncnly (Ocir`d 91<2i) ijhXdDxpcijitanj ne Oucturd Omijld7 Knhdcs aj Vrdmastnry (Rdjerdw 91<?i). Ernk tmd vdrybdlajjajl, knhdc mih i brnihdr kdijajl tmij ijicnly. Ocir`d (91<2b, 9) stitdh tmit”knhdcs ird padods ne kiomajdry tmit rdcitd nbsdrvitanjs tn tmdnrdtaoic ahdis.‑ \mdj mdhasoussdh ”tmd knriss ne hdbitd ibnut tmd prnpdr ijh akprnpdr usd ne mastnraoic ijh

? Bratasm iromidncnlasts bnrrnwdh tmd jntanj ne knhdc ernk tmd Jdw Ldnlripmy. Is ij ajhuotavd ip-prniom (oe. ajeri) at wis quatd hastdrdjt ernk tmd mypntmdtaon-hdhuotavd ijh hdhuotavd-jnkncnlaoicnbsdssanjs aj Ikdraoij iromidncnly it tmd takd.



9<

dtmjnlripmao –piriccdcs‛ aj iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj‑ md oiccdh at ”kdrdcy i pirtasdttajl ne tmd ujavdrsic hdbitd ibnut tmd prnpdr ijh akprnpdr usd ne knhdcs aj ldjdric‑(Ocir`d 91<2b7 86). Ne onursd, tmdrd ird vdry kijy eujotanjs ijh hd jatanjs ne knh-dcs (oe. Ipnstdc 9159), but aj iromidncnly tmd tdrk ldjdriccy hdsaljitdh snkd enrk ne

enrkicazdh dxpcijitnry erikdwnr` enr i sdt ne pmdjnkdji, wmaom onuch bd dstibcasmby kdijs ne ij dtmjnlripmao ijicnly, but icsn tmrnulm i rdpcaoitavd dxpdrakdjt, i onk-putdr sakucitanj, i ciwca`d ldjdricazitanj, i stitastaoic prdhaotanj nr ijy ntmdr ”knhdc(Ocir`d 91<2b). ”Knhdc‑ wis snkdtmajl tmit stnnh bdtwddj i spdoa o ajtdrprdtitanj ijhi ldjdric tmdnry nr i ciw0 at netdj onjsastdh ne kitmdkitaoic dquitanjs, nw omirts ijheddhbio` kdomijasks. At rdedrrdh bntm tn tmd dxpcijitanj is tn tmd snurod nj wmaom dxpcijitanj wis buact.

Bntm tdrks tmus nralajitdh aj tmd onjtdxt ne prnodssuic iromidncnly ijh sajod tmamis bddj dxpnsdh tn viranus enrks ne orataoasks, at smnuch bd jn surprasd tmit tmd pnciraty ne tmd tdrks mis viradh ioonrhajlcy. Enr ajstijod, aj rdodjt ydirs onjtdxtuic ijh

pnst-prnodssuic iromidncnlasts haspdccdh tmd jntanj ne ”knhdc‑ ictnldtmdr is at wistn bd tnn mdivacy cihdj watm onjjntitanjs ne enrkic, kdomijastao, pnsatavast, systdkdxpcijitanj‘wmaom onjaotdh watm tmdar vadw nj ajtdrprdtitanj ijh tmdar hd jatanne mukijaty. Xd tdrk ”ijicnly‑, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, wis icrdihy orataoazdh aj tmd citd91<6s by odrtiaj prnodssuic iutmnrs. Lnuch rdpditdhcy urldh tn knvd ”bdynjh ijic-nly‑ (91<=b0 91=60 Lnuch ijh \itsnj 91=2) ijh _omaeedr (91<=7 2?8) wijtdh ”tnhaspdjsd djtardcy watm tmd wnrhijicnly ‑, bdcadvajl tmit ”knhdc nr mypntmdsas waccusuiccy prnvahd i bdttdr eat‑ (nralajic dkpmisds). Jdvdrtmdcdss, tmdsd wdrd njcytdkpts tn rdgdot njd pirtaoucir enrk ne ijicnly, a.d. prngdotavd ijicnly, aj eivnur neijntmdr, knrd snpmastaoitdh njd. ” md rdiotanj iliajst ijicnly‑ (\ycad 91=4) mistmdrdenrd jdvdr deeiodh tmd pnpuciraty ne tmd tdrk aj iromidncnly. Nj tmd onjtritnhiy tmd vdry wnrh ”ijicnly‑ stacc eujotanjs is i smnrtmijh enr ”dtmjnlripmao ijicnly‑dvdj ae vdry rdodjtcy odrtiaj pnst-prnodssuicasts prdedr tn tic` ibnut kdtipmnraoic issoaitanjs tmij ijicnlaoic caj`s ( accdy 91110 Mnctnre 2666).

Aj bancnly, tmd tdrk ijicnly hitds it cdist bio` tn tmd jajdtddjtm-odjturyonkpiritavd ijitnky ne Raomirh Nwdj wmn hastajluasmdh at ernk mnkncnly. mdmukij mijh ijh tmd wajls ne i bit wdrd siah tn bd mnkncnlnus bdoiusd ne tmdarsakaciraty ne struoturd 0 but tmd wajls ne tmd bit ijh tmd wajls ne i ecy wdrd oiccdhijicnlnus bdoiusd ne tmdarsakaciraty ne eujotanj. Citdr, ietdr tmd dvncutanjiry turj,mnkncnlads wdrd trijscitdh is ”tmd rdspnjsd ne tmd sikd nrlij, ajmdratdh ernk ionkknj ijodstnr, tn haeedrdjt sdcdotavd prdssurds‑ ijh ijicnlads is ”tmd rdspnjsd byhaeedrdjt nrlijs tn tmd sikd sdcdotavd prdssurds‑ (Oiaj 91<57 25). mas vnoibuciwis jnt rdstraotdh tn ijitnky njcy. \atm tmd rasd ne dtmncnly aj tmd 9126s, at stirt-dh tn bd ippcadh tn ijakic bdmivanur wmdj eadch bancnlasts ca`d Ja`n ajbdrldijh @njrih Cnrdjz bdlij tn trdit eaxdh pittdrjs ne bdmivanur aj tmd sikd tdrksis nrlijs (Itz 91<6). Ioonrhajl tn tmdk, bdmivanuric pittdrjs suom is tmd stao`-cdbio`‑s onurtsmap haspciy onuch bd stuhadh ca`d tmd wajls ne tmd bit ijh wtmus trditdh is datmdr mnkncnlnus nr ijicnlnus. Vnpucirazajl tmd rdsucts ne tmdtmncnly, iutmnrs ca`d Cnrdjz ijh Hdsknjh Knrras wdrd dildr tn dstibcasm eurtmdijicnlads bdtwddj ijakic ijh mukij bdmivanur. Cnrdjz‑Nj Illrdssanj (9155)dxpciajdh mukij vancdjod by rdedrdjod tn wnce bdmivanur, Knrras‑md Ji`dh



9=

Ipd (915<i) dxpciajdh mukij sdxuicaty by rdedrdjod tn omakpijzdd bdmivanur. Qdt tmdar netdj akprdssanjastao kdtmnh bdoikd sn kuom orataoazdh tmit tmd vdry jn-tanj ne ijicnly oikd tn oirry i vdry jdlitavd stalki. _.I. Birjdtt‑s rdvadw neNj Illrdssanj wis oiccdh ”Nj tmd mizirhs ne ijicnlads‑ (915=). Birjdtt rdlrdttdh tmit

”sn kuom ticdjt smnuch mivd bddj kasippcadh‑ ijh enujh tmd ijicnlaoic kdtmnh”dssdjtaiccy ijta-ritanjic‑7 ” mas kdtmnh smnuch bd rdpuhaitdh by icc somncirs‘aj-hddh, by icc rdspnjsabcd pdnpcd‑ (=?). md cdihajl prakitncnlast Wuo`drkij (91=97?=<-1<) wirjdh tmit tmdsd snrts ne ijicnlads njcy cdh tn ijtmrnpnknrpmask ijhtmas wis prnbibcy tmd cist tmajl i ynujl hasoapcajd ca`d prakitncnly wijtdh. Mdwrntd7 ”A smicc bd surprasdh ae ijicnlaoic wratajl hnds jnt aj tmd djh brajl has-ordhat nj tmd eadch ne stuhy jnw oiccdh prakitncnly‑ (Wuo`drkij 91=97 ?12). Ajtmd dircy 91<6s, tmd tdrk ”knhdc‑ stirtdh tn bd prdedrrdh tn ajhaoitd tmd ajedrdjodstmit wdrd hriwj ernk bibnnjs, omakps ijh bnjnbns0 wmacd tmd tdrk ”ijicnly‑ wisibijhnjdh nr njcy ippcadh tn i rdkntd snurod ca`d tmd ldcihi bibnnj wmdrd tmdrd

wis jn hijldr ne ijtmrnpnknrpmask. n kijy prakitncnlasts, tmd dkntavd vicudne ”knhdc‑ wis tmit ne soadjtaeao, snujh, rdcaibcd0 tmit ne ”ijicnly‑ akprdssanjastao,vilud, ijh spdoucitavd.

mas pirtaoucir tdrkajncnlaoic mastnry dxpciajs wmy prakitncnlasts prdedr tntic` ibnut ”bibnnj knhdcs‑ ijh ”omakpijzdd knhdcs‑. Ca`d aj iromidncnly, ”knhdc‑ajhaoitds bntm tmd snurod aj tmd prdsdjt wnrch is wdcc is tmd dxpcijitanj rdsuctajlernk tmit snurod.

Ijicnly is i prnodss

I mastnry ne tdrks as jnt i mastnry ne onjodpts. md tdrkajncnlaoic hasordpijoy bd-twddj iromidncnlasts ijh prakitncnlasts oij bd disacy nvdronkd ijh rdonjoacdh. Ajeiot, tmas wis icrdihy hnjd by snkd ne tmd priotasajl soadjtasts tmdksdcvds. Nj njdne tmd rird nooisanjs aj wmaom ij iromidncnlast hdbitdh tmd usd ne dxtdrjic snurodswatm prakitncnlasts, Raomirh Vntts onuch bd mdirh tn spdi` ne ”ijicnlads, nr spd-oads-spdoaeao knhdcs‑ (91=<7 ?8). Ioonrhajl tn mak tmd struoturic dquavicdjod bd-twddj bntm wis dvahdjt. Gdijjd _dpt, ij iromidncnlast wmn stuhadh omakpijzddjdstajl, dquiccy jntdh tmit prakitncnlasts wmn wnr`dh it ”knhdcajl‑ wdrd onk-piribcd tn iromidncnlasts wmn ”mivd cnjl hdbitdh tmd ipprnpraitd usd ne ijicnlyaj prdmastnrao rdonjstruotanj‑ (91127 268). Ajhddh, bntm tdrks ird ocnsdcy rdcitdh.

\mdrdis aj prakitncnly tmd prdedrdjod enr tmd wnrh ”knhdc‑ rdedrs tn tmd stirt-ajl pnajt (tmd knhdc is snurod) ijh tmd djh pnajt (tmd knhdc is dxpcijitanj) netmd irlukdjt, tmd jntanj ne ijicnly wmaom prdviacs aj iromidncnly rdcitds tn tmdajedrdjtaic prnodss bdtwddj tmdsd twn dxtrdkds. ” md rdcitanj bdtwddj tmd knhdcijh tmd nbsdrvitanjs knhdccdh,‑ Hivah Ocir`d (91<2b7 2) wrntd, ”kiy aj ldjdricbd siah tn bd njd ne ijicnly.‑

Aj tmas wnr`, A wacc onjsahdrijicnly is tmd prnodss by wmaom tmd knhdc as put tnwnr`. Aj cnlaoic tdrks, tmd ijicnly as tmd ”irlukdjt‑ caj`ajl tmd twn sdjsds ne tmdwnrh knhdc, a.d. ernk ”prdkasds‑ tn ”onjocusanj‑. md knhdc (is snurod) ernk tmdprdsdjt wnrch‘jn kittdr wmdtmdr wd tic` ibnut ij Ibnralajic stnjd-`jippdr nr i

trnnp ne sivijjim bibnnjs‘oij njcy yadch stitdkdjts ibnut tmd pist (tmd knhdc isdxpcijitanj) tmrnulm ij irlukdjt by ijicnly. Ijicnly as tmd brahld bdtwddj bntm.



91

Is tmd kiaj qudstanj ne tmas wnr` onjodrjs tmd ajedrdjtaic struoturd ne irlukdjtsritmdr tmij tmdar ajedrdjtaic dxtrdkds, A prdedr tn usd tmd tdrkijicnly .

Ijicnly mis knrdnvdr rdodavdh wahdsprdih ittdjtanj ernk somncirs aj ajhuotavdcnlao, pmacnsnpmy ne soadjod ijh onljatavd psyomncnly. Irastntcd icrdihy hasou

ijicnly is i catdriry trnpd, G._. Kacc ciah tmd enujhitanjs ne ajhuotavd cnlao aj tmjajdtddjtm odjtury (ietdr tmd cnjl-stijhajl hnkajijod ne Bionjaij hdhuotavdcnlao), but at wis njcy aj tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd twdjtadtm odjtury tmit pmacnpmdrs ijh cnlaoaijs sdranuscy ihhrdssdh tmd assud ne soadjtaeao ijicnly. Kiry Mds Knhdcs ijh Ijicnlads aj _oadjod (9155) wis i cijhkir` wmaom ajecudjodh icc ntmdrwratajls nj tmd tnpao. At spdoaeadh tmd rdcitanjs watmaj tmd ijicnly ijh strdssdh akpnrtijod ne oiusicaty. Cditmdrhicd (91<8) ajtrnhuodh tmd jntanj ne kijaedstijh akpnrtdh ijicnluds. md wnr` ne _icknj (915?), Onpa (91<2), Birry ijh_nooan (91==) ijh Erddkij (91==) hdtiacdh tmd oratdrai enr ippriasajl ijicnlads. \mdrdis icc tmdsd iutmnrs trditdh ijicnly is i eajasmdh kdjtic prnhuot, aj rdodjt

ydirs onljatavd psyomncnlasts mivd stirtdh tn ajvdstalitd tmd prnodss ne ijicnlaordisnjajl. By kdijs ne cirld-soicd dxpdrakdjts, tmdy stuhy mnw mukij rdisnjajliotuiccy noours wmdj ijicnlads ird hriwj. Ajspardh by _omõj‑s (915?) stakucitajlwnr` nj tmd haspciodkdjt ne onjodpts ijh Ci`nee ijh Gnmjsnj‑s (91=6) eiknusdssiy nj kdtipmnr, iutmnrs ca`d Mnccijh, Jasbdtt, Ldjtjdr, Mnestihtdr ijh ds-pdoaiccy Mncyni` ijh milirh mivd lrditcy djmijodh nur ujhdrstijhajl ne ijic-nly (Mncyni` ijh milirh 91140 911<). Mncyni` ijh milirh‑s Kdjtic Cdips7 Ijicnly aj Orditavd mnulmt (9114) enrks tmd putitavd ipdx ne tmas ajjnvitavdrdsdirom eadch. Ij dxoursanj ajtn tmd hasoapcajds ne ajhuotavd cnlao, pmacnsne soadjod ijh onljatavd psyomncnly as tmdrdenrd rdquardh ae wd wijt tn hdvdcprdoasd onjodptuic cijluild enr tic`ajl ibnut ijicnlads.

Xmd struoturd ne ijicnly Ijicnlaoic ajedrdjods ird pdrmips tmd knst onkknjcy usdh enrk ne rdisnjajl ijhnoour is kuom aj hiy-tn-hiy caed is aj soadjtaeao priotaod (Mncyni` ijh milirh9114). Ae A ln tn i spdoaeao pub nj Erahiy jalmt bdoiusd A rdkdkbdr tmit tmd prdnus takds A wis tmdrd tmd itknspmdrd wis quatd jaod, tmd bddr ritmdr lnnh ijh tmpdnpcd eradjhcy, A ik bisaoiccy rdcyajl nj ij ijicnlaoic irlukdjt wmaom as jnt vdryhaeedrdjt ernk tmd baccairh bicc knhdc enr lisds. Ajhddh, hdspatd tmdar djnrkn

ajtdrjic haeedrdjods, ”icc ijicnlaoic irlukdjts mivd tmd sikd ldjdric struoturd nrpittdrj‑ (Onpa 91<27 ?4?).Ky dxpdotitanj tmit A wacc mivd ijntmdr lnnh takd aj tmas pub as bisdh nj i

jukbdr ne sakaciratads watm ky enrkdr vasats7 at as iliaj Erahiy dvdjajl, tmd ajtdranr as tmd sikd, tmd sikd eradjhs ird prdsdjt, tmd cijhcnrh misj‑t omijldh, ijhtmd bddr as suppcadh by tmd sikd brdwdry. Tjhdr tmdsd onjhatanjs, A mih i jadvdjajl cist takd0 tmdrdenrd, icc tmajls bdajl dquic, A kalmt mivd i lnnh takd jnw.

md sikd mnchs trud watm tmd baccairh biccs. Bdoiusd ne tmd nbsdrvdh sakacbdtwddj lis kncdoucds ijh baccairh biccs (spmdraoic vncukds, dcistaoaty, kntanj ijakpiot aj bnujhdh spiod, dto.) ijh bdoiusd baccairh biccs ird `jnwj tn onccahd



26

knrd erdqudjtcy wmdj spiod as rdhuodh, tmdrdenrd, tmd lis kncdoucds wacc mivd imalmdr akpiot ritd ae tmd rdsdrvnar as skiccdr.

A ik iwird ne tmd eiot tmit tmdrd as quatd i hastajotanj bdtwddj pub vasats ijhlis kncdoucds. Aj tmd njd oisd, wd spdi` ibnut twn spdoaeao ajstijods ernk tmd

sikd hnkiaj0 aj tmd ntmdr ibnut twn hastajot hnkiajs tmit ird kippdh njtn diomntmdr. Cditmdrhicd (91<8) mis ajtrnhuodh tmd hastajotanj bdtwddj ”kijaedst iji-cnlud‑ ijh ”akpnrtdh ijicnlud‑, wmdrdby tmd enrkdr rdcitds tn prnxakitd snurodsne ajsparitanj ernk tmd sikd hnkiaj ijh tmd cittdr tn rdkntd snurods ne ajspari-tanj ernk vdry haeedrdjt hnkiajs. md hastijod bdtwddj tmd ijicnluds as kuomcirldr aj tmd lis oisd tmij at as aj tmd pub oisd0 ijh tmd rdluciraty as ciwca`d enr tmdnjd ijh stitastaoic enr tmd ntmdr. Mnwdvdr, tmdsd haeedrdjods hn jnt ieedot tmd struo-turd ne tmd irlukdjt (Onpa 91<20 Mncyni` ijh milirh 9114). mas bdonkdsocdir ae wd somdkitazd bntm dxikpcds. md pub oisd oij bd trijscitdh is enccnws7

mas takd ijh cist takd A wdjt ajtn tmas pub, tmd cijhcnrh, tmd brdwdry ijh tmdajtdranr wdrd tmd sikd0

Cist takd A wis mdrd A mih i lnnh takd0tmdrdenrd, tmas takd A wacc prnbibcy mivd ijntmdr lnnh takd.

_akacircy, tmd baccairh bicc dxikpcd bdonkds7Lis kncdoucds ijh baccairh biccs mivd tmd sikd akpiot ijh kntanj0Baccairh biccs onccahd knrd erdqudjtcy aj i rdhuodh spiod0

mdrdenrd, lis kncdoucds wacc prnbibcy onccahd knrd erdqudjtcy aj i rdhuodhspiod.

Aj bntm dxikpcds, wd prdhaot jdw sakaciratads nj tmd bisas ne nbsdrvdh sakaciratads.Ae I ijh B ird ajstijods watm prnpdrtads x, y ijh z, tmdj tmd ibnvd dxikpcds oij bdenrkucitdh somdkitaoiccy (oe. \. _icknj 915?7 <60 Onpa 91<27 ?4?0 @njhi`nw91<=7 2=0 K. _icknj 91=27 59)7 I ijh B mivd prnpdrtads x ijh y0B mis icsn prnpdrty z0tmdrdenrd, I mis prnbibcy icsn prnpdrty z.

Ealurd 9. I hailrik enrvasuicazajl tmd cnlaoicstruoturd ne ijicnlaoicirlukdjts



29

mas sakpcd somdkd enrks tmd onrd ne ijy enrk ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl. At oij icsnbd vasuicazdh aj i hailrik (ealurd 9). Cdt tmd ralmt sahd ne tmd ealurd bd tmd keikacair piar ne tmd ijicnly ijh tmd cdet sahd tmd cdss `jnwj djtaty ijh cdt tmdnbsdrvdh rdsdkbcijods sdrvd is tmd bnttnk cajd nj wmaom tmd prdhaotdh sakaci

rdsts, tmdj wd disacy rdonljazd tmd cnlaoic struoturd ne dvdry ijicnly.md knst djalkitao wnrh aj tmd somdkd ibnvd as tmd wnrh ”prnbibcy‑. Aj ihasoussanj ne ijicnly tmd assuds ne trutm ijh odrtiajty oijjnt bd pissdh nvdr ajsacdjod.

Xrutm ijh vicahaty

\mdjdvdr stuhyajl ijicnlads, tmd cnlaoic hastajotanj bdtwddj trutm ijh vicahaty asdssdjtaic. mas as i tmdkd wmdrd cnlaoaijs mivd bddj vdry eark7 ae ijicnlads irdlukdjts, at enccnws tmitijicnlads oij jdvdr bd trud nr eicsd . rutm as ij ittrabutd nei onjocusanj nr i prdkasd ijh rdedrs tn tmd kitdraic onjtdjt0 vicahaty as ij ittrabutdne ij irlukdjt ijh rdedrs tn ats enrkic struoturd. mus, onjocusanj ijh prdkasdsoij bd trud nr eicsd, but irlukdjts ird siah tn bd vicah nr ajvicah (Mnhlds 91<<74?-56). n siy tmit ”tmas nr tmit ijicnly as trud‑ onkds hnwj tn i cnlaoic ibsurhaty.

md rdisnj wmy A strdss tmas as bdoiusd icc tnn netdj onjeusanj mis irasdj by octmit i trud ijicnly nr i bdst knhdc mivd bddj enujh. Ij ijicnly as jdatmdr trudjnr eicsd, at as it bdst vicah ijh ajsparajl.

md rdcitanj bdtwddj trutm ijh vicahaty as i eiarcy onkpcdx njd. Aj straot cnloic tdrks, i vicah irlukdjt hnds jnt jdodssiracy djtiac i trud onjocusanj ijh, aj-vdrsdcy, ij ajvicah irlukdjt kiy onjtiaj trud prdkasds ijh onjocusanjs (Uij Hd

Vuttd 91=27 5-=). Onjsahdr tmd enccnwajl wdcc-`jnwj dxikpcds.A eat ajtn ky pygikis0Ky pygikis eat ajtn ky suatoisd0

mdrdenrd A eat ajtn ky suatoisd.Enrkiccy, tmas irlukdjt as vicah but ats onjocusanj as eicsd (bdoiusd tmd omiriotdastao ne pmysaoic vncukd wmaom as dssdjtaic tn tmd pygikis wmdj wd spdi` ne ”ajtn‑ as haeedrdjt aj tmd earst ijh sdonjh prdkasd). Qdt wmdj A stitd tmit7

Icc mukijs ird knrtic0_noritds as knrtic0

tmdrdenrd, _noritds as i mukij.tmd prdkasds ijh tmd onjocusanj ird trud, but tmd irlukdjt as ajvicah bdoiusdtmdrd ird pnssabcd satuitanjs aj wmaom tmd prdkasds ird icc trud but jnt tmd oocusanj. mas wnuch enr dxikpcd bd tmd oisd ae _noritds wis tmd jikd ne ky hn(Jntd tmit ictmnulm trutm ijh vicahaty ird twn hastajot quicatads, tmd vicahaty ne irlukdjt onuch njcy bd isodrtiajdh by cnn`ajl enr trud nr eicsd onujtdrdxikpcds.)

md ibnvd irlukdjt wnuch bdonkd vicah ae wd ajtdromijld tmd sdonjh prdkasdijh tmd onjocusanj7

Icc mukijs ird knrtic0

_noritds as i mukij0tmdrdenrd, _noritds as knrtic.



22

mas as tmd ocissaoic dxikpcd ne i cnlaoic syccnlask wmaom rdspdots tmd enrkic ciwsne vicahaty. md irlukdjt as vicah bdoiusd jnt njd oisd oij bd akilajdh aj wmaomicc tmd prdkasds ird trud ijh tmd onjocusanj eicsd. mdrdenrd, i vicah irlukdjt asca`d ”i kdomijask‑ wmaom trijsedrs tmd trutm ne tmd prdkasds tn tmd onjocusanj

(Uij Hd Vuttd 91=27 =). Jdatmdr tmd kitdraic trutm ne tmd prdkasds jnr tmd enrkicvicahaty ne tmd irlukdjt hnds nj ats nwj luirijtdd tmd trutm ne tmd onjocusanj. Aebntm prdkasds ird trud ijh tmd irlukdjt as vicah, tmd onjocusanj wacc bd dquiccytrud. Bntm ird is akpnrtijt.

But tn rdturj tn ijicnlads. Aj nrhdr tn guhld wmdtmdr odrtiaj ijicnlaoic onjocu-sanjs ird trud, njd hnds jnt njcy jddh tn ajvdstalitd wmdtmdr tmd prdkasds ird trud(a.d. wmdtmdr tmd ralmt dtmjnlripmao oisd nr prakitd spdoads as ajvn`dh), but icsnwmdtmdr tmd irlukdjt by ijicnly as vicah. Icc tnn netdj, hasoussanjs nj ijicnlaoicrdisnjajl rdkiaj onjeajdh tn i hasoussanj ne tmd prdkasds, watmnut onjsahdrajltmd irlukdjt atsdce. n usd ij iromatdoturic kdtipmnr, kuom ittdjtanj mis bddj

spdjt tn tmd eurjaturd, but eir cdss tn tmd onjstruotanj ne tmd buachajl atsdce. \mit as tmas vicahaty> Icc tmd dxikpcds A mivd usdh tmus eir hdravd ernk hdhuotavdcnlao wmaom as tmd strnjldst brijom ne cnlao, bdoiusd tmd trutm ne tmd prdkasds as trijs-edrrdh by jdodssaty ijh watm ibsncutd odrtiajty tn tmd onjocusanj. Mnwdvdr, icc cnlaoaijsilrdd tmit tmd irlukdjt by ijicnly as ij ajhuotavd enrk ne rdisnjajl ijh tmdrdenrd cdssstrnjl tmij tmd pdredot syccnlask (Hnrnccd 91817 9<6-20 \. _icknj 915?7 <6-?0 Onpa91<27 ?49-5=).8 Ietdr icc, tmd trutm ne ij ijicnlaoic onjocusanj hnds jnt hdravd ernk ildjdric rucd suom is aj hdhuotavd rdisnjajl, but ernk i piriccdc oisd. Ijicnlaoic irlu-kdjts mivd ralmtcy bddj oiccdh ”ikpcaitavd‑ bdoiusd tmdar onjocusanjs tdcc knrd tmij tmdprdkasds, a.d. tmdy dxpijh ritmdr tmij hdhuod tmd trutm ernk tmd prdkasds (\ycad 91=4). Ijicnlads ird ldjdriccy cdss strnjl tmij hdhuotavd irlukdjts, but tmas hnds jnt kdijtmit icc irlukdjts by ijicnly ird dquiccy ioodptibcd. Mnhlds siys tmit ”irlukdjts oijbd lnnh watmnut bdajl vicah. \d kiy oicc ij irlukdjtritanjic ae ats prdkasds prnvahdlnnh rdisnj enr bdcadvajl tmd onjocusanj, dvdj ae tmd rdisnj as jnt ibsncutdcy hdoasavd‑(Mnhlds 91<<7 41, nralajic aticaos).

\mdj at onkds tn tmd trutm ociak ne ajhuotavd onjocusanjs, i rdcitavd prnbibac-aty oij bd issdssdh. md cnlaoaij Onpa (91<27 ?=) as ocdir ibnut tmas7

Ictmnulm jn irlukdjt by ijicnly as dvdr vicah, aj tmd sdjsd ne mivajl ats onjocu-sanj enccnw ernk ats prdkassds watm cnlaoic jdodssaty, snkd ird knrd onldjt tmij

ntmdrs. Ijicnlaoic irlukdjts kiy bd ippriasdh is dstibcasmajl tmdar onjocusanjsis knrd nr cdss prnbibcd.

Aj i sakacir sparat, tmd Erdjom pmacnsnpmdr Hnrnccd spdi`s ne ”cds hdlrás hd vi-cdur h‑ujd onjocusanj ijicnlaqud ‑ ijh ”uj ondeeaoadjt ippráoaibcd h‑ieearkitanj‑(Hnrnccd 91817 95=, 9<2) wmdrdis tmd Russaij cnlaoaij @njhi`nw usds tmd ahdine ”\imrsomdajcaom`datslrih vnj Ijicnladsomcóssdj‑ (@njhi`nw 91<=7 2=). Mncyni`

8 Ij ijicnlaoic onjocusanj kiy bd is snujh is njd rdiomdh by hdhuotanj but tmd prnbcdk cads aj tmdha oucty ne hdtdrkajajl ats trutm.



2?

ijh milirh, twn onljatavd psyomncnlasts wmn mivd pubcasmdh dxtdjsavdcy nj ijinly, rdlirh at is ”i snurod ne pciusabcd onjgdoturds, jnt luirijtddh onjocusanjs‑(Mncyni` ijh milirh 91147 ?6).

Aj suk, aj ajhuotavd irlukdjts trutm ijh vicahaty ird trijsenrkdh ajtn prnb-

ibacaty ijh pciusabacaty. Ae wd wijt tn ajvdstalitd ijicnlads, wd smicc mivd tn hdwatm rdcitavd pciusabacaty ritmdr tmij ibsncutd vicahaty. Enr cnlaoaijs, tmd cionptakic strdjltm kiy bd hasippnajtajl0 enr mastnraijs, mnwdvdr, tmas ki`ds ijicn-lads icc tmd knrd ajtdrdstajl. Ajhddh, suom ajhuotavd omiccdjlds mivd prnvn`dhwahd-rijlajl havdrsaty ne sncutanjs tmrnulm takd (is wacc bd ocdir ernk tmd enccajl omiptdrs). Ae ajhuotanj as snkdtakds oiccdh ”tmd soijhic ne pmacnsnpmy‑, mraijs wrajl tmdar mijhs ibnut suom soijhic.

Djtatads ijh rdcitanjs

_oijhics ijh dxoatdkdjt jntwatmstijhajl, wd rst jddh tn dcibnritd i prdoasd vnoibu-ciry enr tic`ajl ibnut ijicnlads aj tmd stuhy ne prdmastnry. Ky ittdkpt tn ippcy onjodptsernk cnlao tn iromidncnlaoic ijicnlads as eir ernk nralajic0 tmas rdodavdh onjsahdrittdjtanj hurajl tmd dircy 91=6s (oe. Mnhhdr 91=2i7 95-280 K. _icknj 91=27 4<-=?0 \ycad 91=20 91=4). Dspdoaiccy Icasnj \ycad‑s 91=4 pipdr ”Xd rdiotanj iliajst ijicnly‑stacc rdkiajs, ietdr jdircy etddj ydirs, tmd bdst trditkdjt ne tmd prnbcdk. Qdt wmit hatajluasmds ky ipprniom ernk prdvanus njds, as ky ajsastdjod nj tmd hastajotanj bdtwddtrutm ijh vicahaty ijh ky rdcaijod nj ajsalmts ernk onljatavd psyomncnly. Tjca`d enrkdrwnr`drs aj tmas dch, A icsn usd tmas cnlaoic erikdwnr` prakiracy is i tnnc enr mastijicysas ritmdr tmij is i hdvaod enr kdtmnhncnlaoic akprnvdkdjt.4 Ijh ky ajtdjtanj tn

trdit prakitd knhdcs aj sakacir tdrks is dtmjnlripmao ijicnlads sdts at ipirt ernk tmdmatmdrtn dxocusavd ittdjtanj tn dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs.Cdt us stirt watm i mastnraoic dxikpcd. \mdj dircy knhdrj ijtaquiraijs aj-

vn`dh hdsoraptanjs ne tmd usd ne stnjd tnncs iknjlst jnj-Durnpdij jitavds aj nr-hdr tn dxpciaj tmd eujotanj ne wmit mih prdvanuscy bddj onjsahdrdh ”tmujhdrbncdtmjnlripmy sdrvdh tmd sikd eujotanj is tmd baccairh biccs ijh tmd prdvanus pudxpdradjods hdsorabdh ibnvd, a.d. is snurods ne eikacair jnwcdhld enr dxpciajajl ujeikacair nbsdrvitanj. _ajod tmd uj`jnwj as ajtdrprdtdh aj tdrks ne tmd `jnwj,icc ijicnlads oij bd havahdh aj twn pirts nr ijicnluds, watm tmdsnurod bdajl tmdknrd eikacair sahd ernk wmaom prdhaotanjs ird kihd ijh tmdtirldt is tmd pirt ne

tmd ijicnly wmaom as ujhdr stuhy (Mncyni` ijh milirh 91147 2). mdsd tdrksird tn bd usdh aj tmd wahdst sdjsd. md snurod oij bd ijytmajl ernk i spdoaeao tnntypd aj Vipui Jdw Luajdi tn i ornss-spdoads onrrdcitanj bdtwddj bnhy sazd ijhrijld ne tdrratnry aj knj`dys ijh ipds0 tmd tirldt kiy rijld ernk i eujotanjicittrabutanj ne i tnnc tn ij djtard sodjiran ne mnkajah dvncutanj. _yjnjyks enrtmas twaj onjodpts ajocuhd ictdrjitavds ca`d ”knhdc ijh rdedrdjt‑, ”bisd ijh tirldt‑,”snurod ijh subgdot‑, ”vdmaocd ijh tdjnr‑, ijh ”hasonjtajunus ijh onjtajunus tdrk‑(Mdssd 91550 Cditmdrhicd 91<80 _ipar 91<<0 Knnrd 9115).

4 _dd icsn Rivj (911?) wmn ippcadh \ycad‑s cnlaoic erikdwnr` tn tmd mastnry ne ijicnly aj Hijasmprdmastnrao stuhads.



28

Ijntmdr hastajotanj smnuch bd kihd. Xd ijtaquiraijs stirtdh ernk ij nbsdrvdhsakaciraty bdtwddj tmd enrk ne prdsdjt ijh prdmastnrao stnjd tnncs, ijh enrkucitdh iprdhaotdh sakaciraty aj tdrks ne eujotanj. Ae ynu mivd njcy pmysaoic rdkiajs, tmdsd nb-sdrvdh sakaciratads icwiys onjodrj kitdraic ispdots nj tmd bisas ne wmaom jnj-kitdraic

ispdots ird ajedrrdh (_tnoz`nws`a 9112). Xd enrk ne i stnjd tnnc as ikitdraic ispdot,ats eujotanj asjnj-kitdraic . Xdsd onjodpts ird rdcitdh tn tmd Bajenrhaij tdrks ”stitaos‑ijh ”hyjikaos‑ wmaom ird, mnwdvdr, tnn spdoa oiccy iromidncnlaoic tn bd usdeuc enr nurpurpnsd.5 ”Kitdraic‑ ijh ”jnj-kitdraic‑ ird tn bd prdedrrdh nvdr stitaos ijh hyjikaos,ictmnulm netdj tmd ahdi ne nbsdrvdh ijh prdhaotdh sakaciraty wacc su od.

md cist piar ne onjodpts as cdss prnbcdkitao tn hdeajd. Ijtaquiraijs haspnsdhne tmrdd oitdlnrads ne nbsdrvitanj7 tmd enrk ne tmd prdmastnrao tnnc, tmd enrk netmd dtmjnlripmao tnnc, ijh tmd eujotanj ne tmd dtmjnlripmao tnnc. \mit wis tnbd dxpciajdh wis tmd enurtm oitdlnry7 tmd eujotanj ne tmd prdmastnrao tnnc. Aj ijiromidncnlaoic ijicnly ij ajedrdjod as icwiys hriwj ernk i sdt nenbsdrvibcdpmd-

jnkdji aj tmd prdsdjt ibnut ijnj-nbsdrvibcd ispdot ne tmd pist (Laeenrh-Lnjzicdz9119). md snurod sahd ne tmd ijicnly dvahdjtcy bdcnjls tn tmd rdick ne onjtdk-pnriry nbsdrvitanjs, but at mis bddj ralmtcy stitdh tmit ”icc tmd nbsdrvitanjic stitd-kdjts ldjdritdh by tmd iromidncnlast Pird[ onjtdkpnriry eiots‑ (Bajenrh 91=9722). mdrdenrd, wmit wd wacc tdrknbsdrvibcds hnds jnt njcy djonkpiss tmd ki-tdraic ijh jnj-kitdraic djtatads ne tmd snurod, but icsn tmd kitdraic djtaty ne tmdtirldt, a.d. tmd iromidncnlaoic ijh enssac rdonrh. Aj priotaod, mnwdvdr, Vicidncatmaoiromidncnlasts ijh picidnijtmrnpncnlasts wacc netdj strdss tmd nbsdrvibcds ne tmdrdonrh, wmacd prakitncnlasts ijh dtmjniromidncnlasts wacc wnr` knrd onjeahdjtcynj tmd nbsdrvibcd snurod sahd.

md sax djtatads ne ij iromidncnlaoic ijicnly, (snurod ijh tirldt, kitdraics ijhjnj-kitdraics, nbsdrvibcds ijh jnj-nbsdrvibcds) oij bd disacy sukkirazdh aj isomdkd (ealurd 2). Nj tmdar nwj, tmdsd djtatads hn jnt onjstatutd ij ijicnly iscnjl is tmd rdcitanjs bdtwddj tmdk rdkiaj ujonjsahdrdh. Enccnwajl Kiry Mdssd(91557 41), twn snrts ne rdcitanjs oij bd hasodrjdh aj nur hailrik7mnraznjtic rdci-tanjs ne sakaciraty ijh vdrtaoic rdcitanjs ne oiusicaty . md enrkdr rdedr tn tmd rdsdk-bcijods bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt aj tdrks ne ahdjtatads nr haeedrdjods0 tmd cittdrtn tmd rdcitanjs bdtwddj tmd kitdraic ijh jnj-kitdraic djtatads. Mdssd (91557 =)hastajluasmds bdtwddj tmrdd enrks ne sakaciraty rdcitanjs7 ”pnsatavd ijicnly‑ enr tmdnbsdrvdh sakaciraty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt, ”jdlitavd ijicnly‑ enr tmd nbsdrvdh

5 _ajod Bajenrh (91=9), wd ird wdcc iooustnkdh watm tmd tdrks ”stitaos‑ ijh ”hyjikaos‑ wmdrdby tmdenrkdr rdedr tn kitdraic triods ijh tmd cittdr tn bdmivanuric onrrdcitds, onkpiribcd tn tmd enntprajtijh tmd bdir. Hdspatd bdajl ittriotavdcy suooajot, tmdsd tdrks mivd tmd hasihvijtild ne onjjntajlsnkd enrk ne oiusicaty, stitaos wdrd tmnulmt tn bd oiusdh by hyjikaos. \macd tmas as trud aj dchssuom is znniromidncnly wmdrd nbsdrvdh pittdrjs suom is out-kir`s jddh tn bd ajtdrprdtdh aj tdrks neajedrrdh prnodssds, tmd hastajotanj as tnn spdoa o enr tmd rdst ne iromidncnly. Aj rdiotanj tn Bajenrh‑svadw ne kitdraic oucturd is i stitao rddotanj ne i hyjikao cavajl systdk, sdvdric iutmnrs mivd strdssdhtmd iotavd ijh hyjikao quicatads ne kitdraic oucturd. ic`ajl ibnut ”stitaos‑ ijh ”hyjikaos‑ as icsnajihdquitd wmdj wd wijt tn ajocuhd tmd dch ne picidnijtmrnpncnly. Ae wd jh ij ajordisd aj briajsazd hurajl tmd dircy Vcdastnodjd, tmd nbsdrvitanj as surdcy kitdraic but jnt stitao7 ritmdr tmij bdajlujahardotanjiccy oiusdh by ij akkitdraic, hyjikao prnodss, tmas pittdrj as atsdce oiusitavd enr ijukbdr ne akkitdraic dstdots suom is onljatanj ijh cijluild. Xd kitdraic djtaty as mdrd tmd oiusajlbdir ijh tmd orditdh enntprajt as iromidncnlaoiccy cnst.



24

has sakaciraty, ijh ”jdutric ijicnly‑ enr prnpdrtads wmnsd sakaciraty as uj`jnwj.md cittdr oitdlnry as tmd knst ajtdrdstajl njd, bdoiusd at djibcds us tn prdhaot

eurtmdr, ujnbsdrvdh sakaciratads. Mdssd‑s hastajotanj as i usdeuc njd bdoiusd akajhs us tmit ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl icwiys prnoddhs ernk nbsdrvdh sakaciratads tnprdhaotdh sakaciratadsaj tmd calmt ne kijaedst haeedrdjods . A wacc rdturj tn tmas assudcitdr nj.

_akaciratads oij bd satuitdh it haeedrdjt cdvdcs7 bdtwddj ittrabutds, bdtwddprnpnsatanjs, ijh bdtwddj systdks (Mncyni` ijh milirh 91147 969-?<)._akaciraty ne ittrabutds onjsast ne njd-tn-njd stitdkdjts ne tmd snrt ”i as b‑ nr ”i7b‑ (enr ajstijod, ”tmd sknntm outtajl dhld ne i prdmastnrao ixd as ca`d tmd njd enunj i Vipuij ixd‑). _akaciraty ne prnpnsatanjs hdtiac rdcitanjs bdtwddj ittrabutds.

mas as tmd ocissaoic prnpnrtanjic ijicnly wmaom mis tmd enrk ”i as tn b, is o ah‑ nr ”i7b77o7h‑ (enr ajstijod, ”tmd pncasm nj tmd prdmastnrao tnnc rdcitds tn oaeao eujotanj, ca`d tmd pncasm nj tmd Vipuij tnnc tn outtajl trdds‑). _akaciratysystdks hdtiac rdcitanjs bdtwddj prnpnsatanjs sn tmit njd oij siy ”I as tn B, is Oas tn H‑ nr ”I7B77O7H‑ (enr ajstijod, ”tmd nvdricc omiriotdrastaos ne tmd prdmtnnc suom is pncasm, enrk, wdalmt, riw kitdraic sulldsts i eujotanj ne ij ixd, gustca`d icc omiriotdrastaos ne tmd Vipuij tnnc wdrd rdcitdh tn tmit ne outtajl trdds \mdrdis sakaciratads bdtwddj ittrabutds ird tmd njds tmit ird knst ripahcy jntdh,sakaciratads bdtwddj rdcitanjs ijh systdks ird netdj knrd ajtdrdstajl. Enr dxik-pcd, tmd enrkic rdsdkbcijod bdtwddj i prdmastnrao ijh i Vipui Jdw Luajdij ixdkiy bd ippirdjt, but tmd prajoapcd tmit ij ixd rdquards tmas nr tmit spdoaeao enrk akuom knrd ajtdrdstajl tn rdisnj ernk. I lnnh ijicnly spdoaeads aj tmd earst pciodrdsdkbcijod ne rdcitanj (bdtwddj ittrabutds, bdtwddj prnpnsatanjs), ritmdr tmijenrk (ne tmd ittrabutds).

md sdonjh sdt ne rdcitanjs onjodrj tmd oiusicaty bdtwddj tmd kitdraic ijh jnj-kitdraic djtatads. Nbsdrvajl tmd sakaciratads ijh hassakaciratads bdtwddj snurod ijtirldt wacc nbvanuscy jnt yadch ajtdrdstajl prdhaotanjs ae tmd nbsdrvdh ijh prdha

dh sakaciraty ird oiusiccy ujrdcitdh. Enr dxikpcd, ae A wnuch ajedr tmit tmd itknpmdrd aj tmd pub wacc bd is onjvavaic is at wis cist wdd` bdoiusd A ik wdirajl t

Ealurd 2. Xmd djtatads ijh rdcitanjs aj ij iromidncnlaoic ijicnly



25

sikd piar ne smnds is cist Erahiy, tmd irlukdjt wacc jnt bd vdry strnjl is tmdrd as jnoiusic caj` bdtwddj ky smnds ijh tmd pub‑s ikbaijod. _akacircy, ae ij ijtaquiraijwnuch rdisnj tmit i prdmastnrao tnnc mih tmas nr tmit eujotanj bdoiusd ats oncnuras tmd sikd tn tmit ne dtmjnlripmao spdoakdjs, mas onjocusanj wacc bd hnubteuc.

Mdssd wis tmd earst tn strdss tmit tmd nbsdrvdh ijh prdhaotdh sakaciraty jddh tn bdoiusiccy rdcitdh ijh tmas as njcy pnssabcd ae tmd sakaciraty as njd ne rdcitanjs ritmdrtmij ittrabutds. Oiusicaty, mnwdvdr, mis i hubanus kdijajl wmdj stuhyajl prdmas-tnry is at as ldjdriccy io`jnwcdhldh tmit njcy snkd pittdrjs ne tmd pist ird oiusiccydxpcaoibcd, wmdrdis kijy enrks ne onkpcdx mukij bdmivanur hdey ijy suom ajtdr-prdtitanj. Ritmdr tmij rdpditajl i cnjl hasoussanj nj wmdrd tn hriw tmd dxtdjt neoiusiccy dxpcaoibcd pmdjnkdji aj tmd pist, at as akpnrtijt tn ujhdrcajd tmit Mdssdusds tmd tdrk oiusicaty aj ats straot cnlaoic sdjsd. Mnw stuhdjts ne prdmastnry mivdhdict watm tmas jntanj ne oiusicaty wacc bd hasoussdh aj subsdqudjt omiptdrs. Ij ijicnly aj tmd stuhy ne prdmastnry oij tmus bd hdeajdh is ij irlukdjt wmdrdby i prdhaotanj as kihd ibnut ij ujnbsdrvdh, jnjkitdraic ispdot ne tmd tirldt nj tmd bisasne nbsdrvdh sakaciraty (aj tmd calmt ne nbsdrvdh hassakaciraty) bdtwddj kitdraic ispdotsne tmd snurod ijh tirldt wmaom ird tn snkd hdlrdd oiusiccy rdcitdh tn tmdar jnjkitdraicispdots.

Ij ahdic oisd

Lrijtdh tmit jn ijicnly as dvdr ibsncutdcy vicah, ujhdr wmit onjhatanjs hn wdrdiom kixakuk pciusabacaty> Ae tmd dkparaoic onjtdjt ne tmd djtatads as trud, tmdpciusabacaty ne ij ijicnly majlds upnj tmd quicaty ne ats vdrtaoic rdcitanj ne oiusic-

aty. Ahdiccy, tmas rdcitanj smnuch bd ujikbalunus aj tmd prdsdjt ijh ujaenrkatiraijtn dxpijh at tn tmd pist. ”Ae I tmdj B‑ smnuch bd ”ae ijh njcy ae I tmdj icwiys B‑.Aj nrhdr tn bdujikbalunus , tmd rdcitanj bdtwddj kitdraic ijh jnj-kitdraic

djtatads aj tmd prdsdjt snurod wacc jddh tn bd oiusic jnt njcy aj Mdssd‑s cnlaoicsdjsd but icsn aj priotaod. mas oiusicaty rdquards tn bd dxocusavd7 ”ae ijh njcy ae ‑. Aewd wijt tn ajedr tmd eujotanj ne i prdmastnrao stnjd tnnc by ijicnly, wd wacc mivdtn bd surd tmit tmd ixd-ca`d tnnc wd nbsdrvd aj dtmjnlripmao onjtdxts onuch jntmivd bddj ijytmajl dcsd but ij ixd. Enrk ijh eujotanj jddh tn bd ujikbalunuscycaj`dh. Ae wd eajh tmit snkd ixds mivd djtardcy haeedrdjt enrks nr tmit snkd ixd-ca`d tnncs hn jnt sdrvd is ixds it icc, nur irlukdjt wacc bd sdranuscy eciwdh. maserdqudjt snurod ne onjeusanj as rdonljazdh is tmd prnbcdk ne dquaeajicaty‘tmdsikd deedot oij bd oiusdh by i jukbdr ne haeedrdjt prnodssds‘ijh as ijtatmdtaoictn tmd hdsardh ujikbaluaty.

Rdcitdh tn tmd prnbcdk ne dquaeajicaty as tmd eiccioy ne ieearkajl tmd onjsd-qudjt. At lnds ca`d tmas7 ”i tnnc enr outtajl trdds mis tmd enrk ne ij ixd0 wd enujhij ixd-ca`d tnnc0 sn at wis usdh tn out trdds.‑ md struoturd ne at as ”ae I tmdj B, wdmivd B, tmdrdenrd I‑. \my as tmas wrnjl> I strialmtenrwirh dxikpcd ki`ds tmasocdir7 icc bcio` ijakics ird rivdj, A mivd enujh i bcio` ijakic, tmdrdenrd at as irivdj. \rnjl ne onursd, bdoiusd at onuch bd i bit, i ecy nr i pijtmdr. md eiccioy neieearkajl tmd onjsdqudjt as i ocissaoic drrnr iliajst tmd syccnlask7 ats prdkasds kiybd ralmt, but sajod tmdrd ird oisds wmdrd tmd onjocusanj as wrnjl, tmd irlukdjt as



2<

ajvicah. md prnbcdk as tmit at bisds ats onjocusanj nj tmd onjsdqudjt (tmd kajntdrk) ritmdr tmij tmd ijtdodhdjt (tmd kignr tdrk). Aj iromidncnly, tmd hijldr neonkkattajl tmas eiccioy as vdry rdic7 sajod wd mivd njcy kitdraic rdkiajs ernk tmpist, ijh sajod tmdsd ird netdj tmd stitao rdsuct ne ij uj`jnwj ijtdodhdjt, wd ie-

eark tmd wrnjl djtaty. Ij ixd-ca`d enrk> At kust bd ij ixd, wd rdisnj, enrldttajltmit ij ixd-ca`d enrk kiy mivd vdry haeedrdjt eujotanjs.Dstibcasmajl i oiusic, ujikbalunus caj` aj tmd prdsdjt as jnt djnulm ae wd

wijt tn ki`d rdcaibcd prdhaotanjs ibnut tmd pist. md caj` wacc icsn rdquard tn bujaenrkatiraij, a.d. wd jddh tn `jnw wmdtmdr tmd prnodssds wd nbsdrvd tnhiy irdsakacir tn tmd njds aj tmd pist7 ”tmdj icwiys B‑. \d kalmt eajh tmit tmd enrk ne ijixd tnhiy as oiusiccy ijh ujikbalunuscy hdtdrkajdh by ats eujotanj, tmd eujotanj-ic ajtdrprdtitanj ne i prdmastnrao tnnc wacc bd kuom strnjldr ae tmas caj` mnchs iotakd. Enccnwajl Cydcc‑s nralajic usd ne tmd tdrk, ujaenrkatiraijask mis prnvn`dhij dxtdjsavd but ujrdsncvdh hasoussanj aj iromidncnly. Gust is watm tmd onjod

ne oiusicaty, ujaenrkatiraijask bdoikd ijntmdr prnodssuic pdt jntanj (Bajenrh91<=b7 920 91=97 2<0 Lnuch ijh \itsnj 91=2) wmaom wis ldjdriccy tmnulmt tn bdquatd rdcaibcd aj kdomijastao rdicks suom is tipmnjnky ijh znniromidncnly butkuom knrd prnbcdkitao wmdj at onkds tn onkpcdx enrks ne mukij bdmivanur.

n spdi` ne ujaenrkatiraij issukptanj prdsuppnsds tmit njd `jnws mnw oiusdsbdmivd tmrnulm takd, ijh tmas as vdry netdj tmd qudstanj it sti`d.

Ae oiusic ujikbaluaty ijh ujaenrkatiraijask oij bd earkcy dstibcasmdh, at asdisy tn sdd mnw tmd ijicnlaoic snurod ijh tirldt mivd bdonkd twn hastajot dxprdssanjs ne ij ujhdrcyajl ciwca`d rdluciraty. mas as wmdrd tmd prdhaotavd pnwdr nijicnly turjs ajtn i kdrd accustritavd eujotanj, bdoiusd wmdj icc oiusic caj`s ajtmd pist ijh prdsdjt ird `jnwj, tmd ijicnly mis bddj rdpciodh by i tmdnry. Aj tmasonjtdxt Kiry Mdssd spdi`s ne enrkic nr pnsttmdnrdtao ijicnlads wmaom ird ”haeedjt ajtdrprdtitanjs ne tmd sikd enrkic tmdnry‑ is nppnsdh tn kitdraic ijicnlads nr”prdtmdnrdtao ijicnlads bdtwddj nbsdrvibcds P...[ wmaom djibcd prdhaotanjs tnkihd‑ (Mdssd7 91557 5=). Aj tmd ahdic oisd, tmd ijicnly as sn strnjl ijh sn ajhd-pdjhdjt ernk ats spdoaeao snurod, tmit wd mivd rdiomdh ij dxpcijitnry tmdnry.

Ocdircy, tmas as njcy vdry rirdcy tmd oisd. Bntm oiusic ijh ujaenrkatiraij is-sukptanjs mivd njcy i cakatdh eadch ne ippcaoitanj wmaom as rdstraotdh tn tmd kdomijastao rdicks wmdrd ajedrdjtaic onjeahdjod oij bd malm (Laeenrh-Lnjzicd9119). Njod wd knvd bdynjh tmdsd rdicks, mnwdvdr, ijh try tn ki`d wahdr, bd-mivanuric ajedrdjods, oiusic cdt icnjd ujikbalunus ijh ujaenrkatiraij rdcitanjsbdonkd netdj mirh tn dstibcasm. Is i onrncciry, kijy, ae jnt knst, ijicnlads ird eirrdknvdh ernk tmas ahdic oisd. Ird tmdrd ntmdr oratdrai wd oij usd tn dvicuitd tmstrdjltm ne tmdsd ijicnlads> Mnw ird wd tn hastajluasm bdtwddj wdi` ijh strnjlijicnlads> Ae tmd atdk ujhdr stuhy as tnn onkpcdx enr i kdomijast ijicnly, mnwoij wd eurtmdr akprnvd tmd ijicnly>

_trdjltmdjajl tmd ijicnly _ajod tmd irlukdjt by ijicnly as i enrk ne ajhuotavd rdisnjajl, tmd vicahaty ijh

trutm oij jdvdr bd is ibsncutdcy wirrijtdh is aj hdhuotanj. Njd ne tmd knstonkknjcy mdch npajanjs siys tmit tmd bdst wiy tn issdss ij ijicnly as bytdstajl



2=

(Mncyni` ijh milirh 91147 ?6). Iliaj, wd jddh tn strdss tmit jnt tmd ijicnly asbdajl tdstdh mdrd, but tmd prdhaotanj bisdh nj tmit ijicnly. dstajl as jnt i prn-odhurd enr dstibcasmajl tmd vicahaty ne ij irlukdjti pranra but enr hdtdrkajajltmd trutm ne tmd onjocusanji pnstdranra . Is tmd dkpmisas mdrd as nj tmd enrk ritmdr

tmij tmd onjtdjt ne ijicnlads, A wacc njcy bradecy lcijod it tmd prnbcdk ne tdstajliromidncnlaoic ijicnlads0 tmd wiys tn akprnvd tmd vicahaty ne tmd irlukdjt wacc bdhasoussdh jdxt.

Jn kittdr mnw smi`y tmd enujhitanjs ne ij ijicnly ird, tmrnulm ralnrnus tdst-ajl, sn tmd pnpucir irlukdjt lnds, njd oij dsoipd tmd onjeajds sdt by tmd snurod.Rdcdlitajl tmd ijicnly tn tmd aj pnsatavast‑s dyds ajedranr onjtdxt ne hasonvdry, tdst-ajl as suppnsdh tn bdcnjl tn tmd knrd sdourd onjtdxt ne gustaeaoitanj. At as tmrnulmi pnstdranra tdstajl tmit tmd spdoucitavd prdhaotanj ne tmd ijicnly oij bd turjdhajtn rdcaibcd `jnwcdhld (nr dcsd rdgdotdh). md prnbcdks watm tmas mypntmdtaon-hdhuotavd ipprniom ird kijaench sajod tdstajl as ”eir ernk bdajl ij nbgdotavd onj-

ernjtitanj ne –ahdis‛ watm –eiots‛, at as i onkpcdx, tmnrnulmcy ajhuotavd prnodss neonjtajuic ihgustkdjt bdtwddj tmd tmdnrdtaoic erikdwnr`s... ijh tmd eiots‑ (\ycad91=47 ==). \atm rdlirh tn ijicnly, snkd spdoaeao prnbcdks dkdrld. Earstcy, tmdrdas jdvdr i tntic ajhdpdjhdjod ne tmd onjtdxt ne ijicnly. Bdoiusd ”pranr prnbibaca-tads‑ (K. _icknj 91=27 <=) ird ittiomdh tn odrtiaj ijicnlads (jnt dvdry ijicnly asonjsahdrdh), at enccnws tmit wmit eajiccy lnds tmrnulm tdstajl as icwiys i sdcdotdhsdt ne mypntmdsds. _donjhcy, njcy rirdcy hn tmd tdst akpcaoitanjs enccnw watm cnla-oic jdodssaty ernk tmd prdhaotanjs ijh vdry netdj tmdy njcy iknujt tn ajhaoitajleurtmdr sakaciratads bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt ritmdr tmij tn ajhdpdjhdjtcy tdstajltmd prdhaotanj (Mnhhdr 91=2i7 29-2). marhcy, dvdj ae wd oij enrkucitd ij ajhd-pdjhdjt ijh oiusic sdt ne tdst akpcaoitanjs, wd wacc njcy bd ibcd tn hn sn by kdijsne ijntmdr ijicnly watm tmd prdsdjt wnrch ernk wmdrd wd dxtriot ijntmdr caj`bdtwddj ij nbsdrvibcd ijh jnj-nbsdrvibcd djtaty (_tnoz`nws`a 9112). Arnjaoiccy,tmdj, at sddks tmit tn dsoipd tmd usd ne ijicnlads tmrnulm tdstajl, wd uctakitdcyird hdstajdh tn eicc bio` nj tmdk.

md tdstajl ne ijicnlaoic prdhaotanjs wacc pciy i prnenujh rncd aj nur ijicysasne prakitd ijh enrildr knhdcs, but wd earst jddh tn ajvdstalitd tmd oratdrai enr is-sdssajl tmd pciusabacaty ne ijicnlads (ealurd ?). mas smaets tmd dkpmisas ernk trutmtn vicahaty, ernk onjtdjt tn enrk, ijh ernki pnstdranra tn i pranra . Mdrd, tmd stijh-irh cnlaoic catdriturd nj ijicnly prnvahds us watm i usdeuc onjodptuic ippiritustmit iccnws us tn hastajluasm i jukbdr ne oratdrai (\. _icknj 915?7 <6-?0 Onpa91<27 ?4=-520 K. _icknj 91=87 54-50 Birry ijh _nooan 91==7 9==-140 Erddkij91==7 ?22-8). Onljatavd psyomncnly prnvahds vdry usdeuc ihhatanjic ajenrkitanj.

(9) I earst yirhstao` onjodrjs tmdjukbdr ne sakaciratads irludh ernk. md knrdrdsdkbcijods bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt, tmd lrditdr tmd strdjltm ne tmd irlu-kdjt. Ae tmd nbsdrvdh sakaciraty as wdi`, tmd prdhaotdh sakaciraty wacc bd wdi`is wdcc. \mdj onkpirajl prdmastnrao nbgdots watm dtmjnlripmaoiccy `jnwj stnjdtnncs, tmd jukbdr ne rdsdkbcijods aj kitdraic, enrk, eibraoitanj ijh usd-wdir wacchdtdrkajd tmd pciusabacaty ne tmd ajedrdjod. Ihhajl sakaciratads tn tmd prdkasdsodrtiajcy strdjltmdjs tmd irlukdjt but at wnuch bd drrnjdnus tn tmaj` tmit ae iccispdots aj ij ijicnly ird sakacir i ”pdredot ijicnly‑ as enujh (\ycad 91=27 ?1?0



21

Easomdr 91<67 28<-=). Onpa (91<27 ?4=) mis ralmtcy siah tmit ”at smnuch jntmnulmt tmit tmdrd as ijy sakpcd jukdraoic ritan bdtwddj tmd jukbdr ne pnajts nerdsdkbcijod issdrtdh aj tmd prdkasds ijh tmd prnbibacaty ne tmd onjocusanj‑. Ennjd tmajl, ij irlukdjt by ijicnly as icwiys bisdh nj tmd rdonljatanj ne sakacira-

tads aj tmd calmt ne dxastajl haeedrdjods. Ae tmdrd wdrd jn hassakaciraty, tmd rne ijicnly wnuch bdonkd i rdcitanj ne ahdjtaty.(2) _ajod icc ijicnlads onjtiaj hassakaciratads, tmd dxtdjt ne tmas ”jdlitavd ijicnly

smnuch bd rdicazdh. Ocdircy, tmdiknujt ne hassakaciraty wacc mivd ij akpiot nj tmd irlu-kdjt‑s onldjoy. Xas prajoapcd as jn knrd tmij tmd ajvdrsd ne tmd rst, but aj nrhdr tneuccy ipprdoaitd ij ijicnly, tmd hassakaciratads smnuch bd kihd dxpcaoat. Onjtajuajl tcatmao dxikpcd, wd kiy mivd tn jntd tmit tmd oncnur, tmd wdalmt, ijh tmd riw kitdrane nur prdmastnrao stnjd tnnc as hastdrdjt ernk tmd dtmjnlripmao njd. Mnwdvdr, suomedrdjods ird jnt by hd jatanj tn bd ivnahdh. Nj tmd onjtriry, tn mivd i trucy ajtdrdst-ajl ijicnly, i odrtiaj iknujt ne hassakaciraty as jddhdh. Xd baccairh biccs knhdc njcy

wnr`sbdoiusdne tmd hastijod, jnthdspatdat. Ijicnlads rd-enrkit i cdss eikacair hnkiajwatm tmd struoturd ne i knrd eikacair hnkiaj, sn tmd cittdr smnuch it cdist bd snkdmnhastdrdjt tn prnhuod jdw ajsalmts0 ae jnt tmd ijicnly bdonkds i tiutncnly ijh cnnsds icats mdurastao pntdjtaic. Onkpird at watm tmd usd ne kdtipmnr aj pndtry. Ae tmd pnd”Jnvdkbdr as i jajdtddjtm-odjtury‑< tmd sakaciratads ne kdcijomncy, hir`jdss, jnsticlaiird akkdhaitdcy ocdir, but tmd dvnoitavd pnwdr ne tmd akild njcy wnr`sbdoiusd ne tmdhastdrdjod, bdoiusd i knjtm oijjnt bd odjtury. Nr onkpird at watm rmykajl vdrsds7i kdcnhanus rmykd noours wmdj twn vdrsds djh nj sakacir snujhs0 ydt ae tmd snujhwnuch bd dxiotcy tmd sikd, tmd rmykd wnuch bd i hucc rdpdtatanj. I lnnh rmykd tmrdquards i lnnh bicijod bdtwddj sakacir snujhs ijh hastdrdjt snujhs. Ne onursd, soadjodas jn pndtry ijh irlukdjts jnt rmykds. Qdt tmd cyraoic dxikpcds ird ajstruotavd7 tmdysmnw tmit tmd knrd rdkntd tmd snurod ijicnlud as, tmd knrd ajjnvitavd ats onjtrabutantn tmd prnbcdk oij bd. (Gust ca`d tmd rdick ne pndtry atsdce, is i rdkntd snurod, oij bajstruotavd tn tmaj` ibnut soadjod.) Onljatavd psyomncnlasts enujh tmit ”tmd knst ajtddstajl dxikpcds ne rdtradvdh snurod ijicnls ird tmnsd aj wmaom i usdeuc snurod as enaj i hnkiaj tmit sddks eir rdknvdh ernk tmit ne tmd tirldt‑ (Mnccijh dt ic. 91=57 ?61).Mncyni` ijh Xilirh ilrdd7

I onkpcdtd asnknrpmask mis jntmajl tn bd ccdh aj, cdivajl jn pnssabacaty enr ordi-tavd cdips. Ajonkpcdtdjdss kiy wdcc wdi`dj tmd onj hdjod aj tmd nvdricc kippajl,

but at icsn prnvahds tmd nppnrtujaty enr usajl tmd snurod tn ldjdritd i pciusabcd(but eiccabcd) ajedrdjod ibnut tmd tirldt‑(Mncyni` ijh Xilirh 91147 ?6).

Hassakaciraty hnds jnt njcy enrk i prnbcdk ne ijicnly but icsn i pnssabacaty.(?) Irluajl ernk sakaciratads ijh hassakaciratads bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt wacc

bd sdranuscy akprnvdh wmdj tmdrdcdvijod ne diom ne tmdsd as onjsahdrdh. Aj tmdienrdkdjtanjdh pub dxikpcd, tmd nbsdrvitanj tmit A ik wdirajl tmd sikd smnds asajhddh i pnajt ne sakaciraty but jnt i vdry rdcdvijt njd wmdj at onkds tn prdhaot-ajl tmd ikbaijod ajsahd. Aj tmd oisd ne nur prdmastnrao stnjd tnnc, rdsdkbcijodaj enrk, eibraoitanj, ijh dspdoaiccy usd-wdir watm tmd dtmjnlripmao dxikpcd ir

< ”Jnvdkbdr as ddj jdldjtadjhd dduw ‑ as i cajd ne tmd Hutom pndt Luacciukd vij hdr Lriet.



?6

icc dxtrdkdcy rdcdvijt bdoiusd tmdy ird oiusiccy rdcitdh tn tmdar eujotanj aj tmdprdsdjt. Nj tmd ntmdr mijh, tmd sakaciraty aj riw kitdraic wnuch bd cdss ae at ip-pdirdh tmit ntmdr typds ne stnjd ca`d ecajt nr sdrpdjtajd onuch pdrenrk dquiccywdcc. \mdj at onkds tn hassakaciratads, mdrd icsn snkd ird rdcdvijt ijh ntmdrs

ird jnt‘tmas as wmit tmd hastajotanj bdtwddj struoturd-prdsdrvajl ijh struoturd-vancitajl onkds hnwj tn. md haeedrdjod aj oncnur as prdsukibcy jnt i vdry oru-oaic njd wmdj at onkds tn eujotanjic ittrabutanj ydt i onjsahdribcd haeedrdjod ajwdalmt as i hassakaciraty wmaom kalmt wdi`dj tmd irlukdjt. Aj nrhdr tn ajtdrprdttmd eujotanj ne tmd tnnc, tmdj, wd wacc jddh tn wdalm tmd rdcdvijod ne tmd nbsdrvdhsakaciratads ijh hassakaciratads.

Is i onjsdqudjod, djukdritajl sakaciratads as jn cnjldr djnulm tn ki`d ionkpdccajl ijicnly. ”Cd jnkbrd hds rdssdkbcijods jd sueeat hnjo pis ,‑ nbsdrvdsHnrnccd (91817 981), ”Nj dst tnugnurs rikdjá iu kçkd prnbcíkd7 h‑nñ vadjt cdur sal-jaeaoitanj> ‑ Md tmdj lnds nj tn hastajluasm bdtwddjrdssdkbcijods saljaeaoitavds ijhrdssdkbcijods trnkpdusds (94=). Icnjl watm Hnrnccd, jdircy icc ntmdr cnlaoaijs mivdstrdssdh tmd akpnrtijod ne rdcdvijod. @njhi`nw (91<=7 2<) urldh enr ”wdsdjtcaom ldkdajsikd Kdr`kicd ‑, wmdrdis Onpa (91<27 ?56) as vdry dxpcaoat ibnut tmd vicudne rdcdvijt sakaciratads7

Xd qudstanj ne rdcdvijod as icc akpnrtijt. Ij irlukdjt bisdh nj i sajlcdrdcdvijt ijicnly onjjdotdh watm i sajlcd ajstijod wacc bd knrd onldjt tmij njdwmaom pnajts nut i hnzdjarrdcdvijt pnajts ne rdsdkbcijod bdtwddj ats onjocu-sanj‑s ajstijod ijh nvdr i sonrd ne ajstijods djukdritdh aj ats prdkassds.(nralajicdkpmisds)

Onljatavd psyomncnlasts, tnn, strdssdh tmit tmd rdcdvijod ne sakaciraty wis knrd akpnr-tijt tmij tmd iknujt ne at. Mnccijh, Mncyni`, Jasbdtt ijh Xilirh wrntd7 ”Dvdj aj tmdahdic oisd jnt icc dcdkdjts ne tmd snurod satuitanj jddh tn bd kippdh. Xd knst orataoicdcdkdjts ird tmnsd tmit wdrd oiusiccy rdcdvijt tn tmd iomadvdh sncutanj‑ (Mnccijh dt ic.91=57 21<). Onjsahdritanjs ne rdcdvijod tmus knvd tmd hasoussanj ernk straotcy enrkicijicnlads= tnwirhs knrd rdcitanjic ijicnlads (\ycad 91=4). Xd enrkdr ird bisdh nj sak-aciraty ne ittrabutds, tmd cittdr nj sakaciraty ne prnpnsatanjs (rdcitanjs bdtwddj ittrabutds)ijh systdks (rdcitanjs bdtwddj prnpnsatanjs). Ictmnulm tmd hastajotanj bdtwddj bntmtypds as i lrihuic njd ijh i onjtajuuk oij bd nutcajdh bdtwddj tmdar dxtrdkds, rdci-tanjic ijicnlads enous knrd dkpmitaoiccy nj tmd prajoapcds ne onjjdotanj bdtwddj tmdkitdraic ijh jnj-kitdraic djtatads ne bntm snurod ijh tirldt. _ajod aj priotaod tmd jnj-kitdraic djtaty ne tmd tirldt as rirdcy `jnwj (aj eiot, tmas as prdoasdcy wmit as it sti`d),wd try tn hdtdot prajoapcds lnvdrjajl tmd snurod sahd suom is tmd rdquardh enrk ne onj-tdkpnriry stnjd ixds ijh prngdot tmdsd prajoapcds njtn tmd pist. Aj i rdcitanjic ijicnly,tmd irlukdjt smaets ernk tmd mnraznjtic rdcitanjs ne sakaciraty tn tmd vdrtaoic rdcitanjsne oiusicaty, brajlajl tmd prajoapcds ne onrrdcitanj ocnsd tn Mdssd‑s cnlaoic oiusicaty. Onpa(91<27 ?59) dxpijhs upnj tmas7

= Enrkic ijicnly aj \ycad‑s sdjsd (91=4) as quatd hastajot ernk tmd sikd tdrk watm Mdssd (9155). Enr \ycad, enrkic ijicnlads, nppnsdh tn rdcitanjic ijicnlads, ird tmd njds tmit hn jnt onjsahdr rdcdvijodbut sakpcy djukdritd sakaciratads. Mdssd hastajluasmds enrkic ernk kitdraic ijicnlads0 tmd enrkdrird pnsttmdnrdtaoic ijh njcy accustritavd, tmd cittdr ird prd-tmdnrdtaoic ijh mdurastao.



?9

Njd prnpdrty nr oaroukstijod as rdcdvijt tn ijntmdr, enr purpnsds ne ijicnlaoicirlukdjt, ae tmd rst istdots tmd sdonjh, tmit as, ae at mis ioiusic nr hdtdrkajajldstdot nj tmd ntmdr.Xd eiotnr ne rdcdvijod as tn bd dxpciajdh aj tdrks ne oiusicaty. Aj ij irlukdjt by

ijicnly, tmd rdcdvijt ijicnlads ird tmnsd wmaom hdic watm oiusiccy rdcitdh prnpdr-tads nr oaroukstijods.(nralajic aticaos)

md twn enccnwajl oratdrai akkdhaitdcy majld upnj tmd jntanj ne rdcdvijod.(8) md lrditdr tmdjukbdr ne snurod onjtdxts aj tmd prdkasds, tmd strnjldr tmd

irlukdjt. Ae i odrtiaj pittdrj bdtwddj kitdraic ijh jnj-kitdraic djtatads as nb-sdrvdh aj i lrdit jukbdr ne ajstijods, tmd onrrdcitanj ippdirs tn bd trucy ldjuajdajstdih ne ajoahdjtic. Ae jnt njd Erahiy jalmt aj tmd pub wis eajd, but i hnzdj netmdk, tmas lavds kd knrd onjeahdjod ibnut tmd dxpdotdh ikbaijod. _akacircy, aeky onrrdcitanj aj tmd prdsdjt wnrch bdtwddj enrk ijh eujotanj ne i stnjd tnnc

mnchs jnt njcy enr njd lrnup ne Vipui Jdw Luajdij ecajt`jippdrs, but ajstdihenr i lrdit jukbdr ne tmdk, ky irlukdjt wacc bd akprnvdh. Dxpijhajl tmd snurodne tmd ijicnly, tmdrdenrd, riasds tmd ajedrdjtaic onjeahdjod.

(4) md cirldr tmdviradty ne snurod onjtdxts , tmd knrd onldjt tmd ijicnly wacc bd.Mdrd wd ird jnt njcy ajordisajl tmd quijtaty ne tmd ajstijods but icsn tmdar quicaty I Erahiy jalmt as ca`dcy tn bd jaod ae icsn udshiy knrjajls, murshiy ietdrjnnjsijh _iturhiy dvdjajls ird `jnwj enr tmdar lnnh ikbaijod. md eujotanjic ajtdr-prdtitanj ne i prdmastnrao stnjd tnnc wacc bd mdalmtdjdh ae tmd onrrdcitanj bdtwenrk ijh eujotanj jnt njcy noours iknjl Vipui Jdw Luajdij trabds, but icsniknjl Iustricaij ibnralajics, !@ujl busmkdj, ijh Ded pylkads. mas viradty ne

snurod onjtdxts sulldsts tmit tmd pittdrj as ca`dcy tn bd knrd tmij ajoahdjtic, butsnkdmnw ldjdric. Brnihdjajl tmd snurod tn ajocuhd i lrdit viradty ne onjtdxtshnds akprnvd tmd quicaty ne tmd ajedrdjod bdoiusd ”tmd knrd hassakacir tmd ajstds kdjtanjdh aj ats prdkasds, tmd strnjldr as tmd irlukdjt‑ (Onpa 91<27 ?41).

(5) I eajic oratdranj onjsahdrs tmdwdalmt ne tmd onjocusanj watm rdlirh tn tmdprdkasds. mdrd smnuch bd i bicijod bdtwddj tmd ajataic prdkasds ijh tmd dvdjtuonjocusanj. Ae wd onjocuhd ernk i mijheuc ne enrkic sakaciratads bdtwddj nur tnntmit tmd prdmastnrao nbgdot wis usdh is ij ixd aj i kitracajdic, mnrtaoucturic ijh tntdkao prdmastnrao snoadty, ocdircy tmd onjocusanjs nutwdalm tmd prdkasds. _akae A ajedrrdh ernk tmd lavdj oaroukstijods tmit ky jalmt aj tmd pub wacc onjsa

ne sax pajts ne bddr, enur lnnh gn`ds ijh njd prnpdr onjvdrsitanj watm i eradjh,ky ijicnlaoic ajedrdjod wacc bd knrd disacy rdgdotdh. Erddkij (91==7 ?22) mioiccdh tmas tmd ”ajvdrsd viraitanj prajoapcd‑, wmaom onkds hnwj tn tmd stitdk”tmd strnjldr tmd onjocusanj, tmd wdi`dr tmd irlukdjt‑. Ijh, Vnppdraijs wnuchihh, tmd disadr tmd eicsaeaoitanj. Ioonrhajl tn eicsaeaoitanjask, njd‑s onjocusansmnuch bd is prdoasd is pnssabcd sn tmit eicsaeaoitanj kalmt bd disadr. mas as jonjtrihaotanj tn tmd ajvdrsd viraitanj prajoapcd sajod bntm oicc enr ioouritd, prdoajedrdjods ritmdr tmij vilud ldjdricazitanjs nj tmd bisas ne onjstriajdh prdkasds. Ittrabutds smnuch bd oirdeuccy trijsedrrdh ritmdr tmij mncastaoiccy prngdotdhwirhs tmd tirldt.



?2

mdsd sax oratdrai mdcp tn dvicuitd tmd rdcitavd vicahaty ne ijy ijicnly ijh oijicsn bd usdh tn akprnvd tmd strdjltm ne dxastajl ijicnlads. Aj tmd enccnwajl omip-tdrs A smicc jnt bd onjodrjdh watm akprnvajl pirtaoucir ijicnlads, jnr hn A wasm tnsncvd i spdoaeao dkparaoic qudstanj. Jdvdrtmdcdss, tmd ibnvd tixnjnky ne strdjltmoratdrai wacc prnvd dxtrdkdcy mdcpeuc aj hassdotajl tmd usd ne ijicnlads aj tmd pist.

Aj suk, A mivd hasoussdh twn eujhikdjticcy haeedrdjt wiys ne strdjltmdjajl ijijicnly. dstajl , tmnulm malmcy prnbcdkitao, sdrvds tn issdss tmd trutm ociak ne tmdijicnlaoic onjocusanj.Akprnvajl tmd ajtdrjic struoturd ne tmd ijicnly by kdijsne i jukbdr ne ippriasic oratdrai, djmijods tmd rdcitavd vicahaty ne tmd irlukdjt. \atm tmas, wd mivd spdoaeadh tmd djtatads, rdcitanjs ijh strdjltm oratdrai ne ijicnly. \d jnw jddh tn stuhy tmd hastajot stilds ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl.

Xmd priotaod ne ijicnly Ijicnlads mivd tmus eir bddj hdsorabdh is dxastajl, sdce-onjtiajdh, onkpcdtd, eaj-asmdh irlukdjts wmacd jdlcdotajl tmit tmdsd irlukdjts ird tmd rdsuct ne i prnodssne onjstruotanj. Ae wd wijt tn stuhy tmd mastnry ne ijicnlaoic irlukdjts, at as ak-pdritavd tn ti`d njd stdp bio`wirhs tn sdd mnw ijicnlads ird iotuiccy issdkbcdh,eibraoitdh ijh put tn wnr`. md qudstanj smaets tmdj ernk ”mnw hnds ij ijicnlywnr`>‑ tn ”mnw as ij ijicnly orditdh>‑ Hnjich _omõj, wmn wis njd ne tmd earst tnstuhy tmd iotuic kijueioturajl ne ijicnlads ijh kdtipmnrs, spdi`s aj tmas onjtdxtne tmdar ”hdvdcnpkdjtic prnodss‑ nr ”caed oyocd‑ (_omõj 91<17 256) ijh ajhddh, at aspnssabcd tn enrkucitd ij ahdic-typaoic sdqudjod ne stdps ti`dj aj tmd onjstruotanjne ij ijicnlaoic irlukdjt. mas oij bd oiccdh tmdijicnlaoic iclnratmk.

Ealurd ?. _trdjltmdjajl tmd ijicnly. Aj tmd ahdic oisd (mdrd aj aticaos) tmd oiusic rdcitanj as

ujikbalunus watmaj tmd snurod ijh ujaenrkatiraij watm tmd tirldt. Knstcy, mnwdvdr, akprnv-ajl tmd ijicnly wacc onjsast ne ajordisajl tmd jukbdr ijh viradty ne snurods, akprnvajl tmdiknujt ne sakaciraty, onjsahdrajl oiusic rdcdvijod ijh `ddpajl tmd bicijod bdtwddj tmd wdalmtne tmd onjocusanj ijh tmd prdkasds.



??

Xmd ijicnlaoic iclnratmk

Ae i edkicd omakpijzdd ernk tmd iî enrdst aj Avnry Onist wijts tn orio` iVijhi ncdnsi jut, wmaom mis njd ne tmd mirhdst smdccs ne icc Ieraoij juts, smd omnnsds rst i rstnjd mikkdr ijh ij ihdquitd ijvac. \mdj smd stirts tn pnujh tmd jut, tmd d oadjoyne mdr tnncs as put tn tmd tdst ijh smd kalmt omnnsd tn omijld tmdk. Xd uctakitdiak, ne onursd, as tn npdj tmd jut ijh dit at. Aj tmas sakpcd dxikpcd, i tdomjncnla-oic sdqudjod oij bd nbsdrvdh ajvncvajl tmd hd jatanj ne i prnbcdk (mnw tn npdj tmjut), tmd omnaod ne i kdtmnh (sdcdotanj ne mikkdr ijh ijvac), tmd akpcdkdjtitanj netmd kdtmnh (pnujhajl), tmd dvicuitanj ne tmd kdtmnh (`ddpajl nr rdgdotajl tmd mik-kdr), ijh uctakitdcy tmd hdsardh sncutanj (npdjajl tmd jut). Aj eiot, wmdj iromidncnlastonjstruot ij ijicnly, tmdy ird lnajl tmrnulm sakacir onjodptuic stilds. Dircadr aj tmasomiptdr, ijicnlads mivd icrdihy bddj hdsorabdh is onljatavd tnncs. At smnuch jnt onkdi surprasd, tmdrdenrd, tmit tmd vd stdps aj tmd tdomjncnlaoic iclnratmk ird dssdjtaicsikd aj ij ijicnlaoic iclnratmk7 prnbcdk ahdjta oitanj, snurod sdcdotanj, snurod akpcd-kdjtitanj, dvicuitanj, ijh onjocusanj. Diom ne tmdsd stdps djtiac i jukbdr ne qudstanjs.Ajtdrdstajlcy, onljatavd psyomncnlasts mivd sulldstdh i vdry sakacir vdench havasanjbdcadvd tmit tmrdd kignr onjstriajts nj ijicnly (sakaciraty, struoturd ijh purpnsd) irdnpdritavd aj diom ne tmdsd stdps, tmnulm watm hastdrajl dkpmisds.1

(9) Ahdjta oitanj ne i prnbcdk as ocnsdcy rdcitdh watm tmd purpnsd ne tmd ijicnly.96 Aj tmd rst stdp ne ij ijicnlaoic iclnratmk, tmd iromidncnlaoic nr picidnijtmrnpncnlaoprnbcdk it sti`d as hd jdh. Xas stild ne tmd iclnratmk as djtardcy satuitdh it tmd cdesahd (tirldt sahd) ne tmd ijicnly ijh is`s wmit wd wijt tn `jnw ibnut tmd pist nj tmdbisas ne tmd lavdj dvahdjod. Onljatavd psyomncnlasts jikd tmas stild ”djonhajl tmd tirl

nr ”trijsenrkajl tmd tirldt prnbcdk‑ (Mnccijh dt ic. 91=57 ?6<). Ictmnulm jnt icwiysrdjhdrdh dxpcaoat, prnpnsatanjs it tmas stild oij bd sddj is ijswdrs tn tmd enccnwajl qudtanjs7 \mit as tmd tirldt, wmaom spitan-tdkpnric sdlkdjt ne tmd pist hn wd stuhy> \mitas tmd nbsdrvibcd ijh kitdraic pirt ne tmd tirldt, wmaom dvahdjod hn wd mivd> \mittmd jnj-nbsdrvibcd ijh jnj-kitdraic pirt ne tmd tirldt, wmit hn wd wijt tn `jnw> Ajnrhdr tn sncvd tmas ahdjta dh prnbcdk, i wmncd irsdjic ne iromidncnlaoic kdtmnhs wajvn`dh. Xnsd wmn suppnrt tmd usd ne ijicnlaoic irlukdjts wacc mivd tn ajhaoitd tmdadtmjnlripmao nr prakitncnlaoic snurods.

(2) \atm tmdsdcdotanj ne i snurod ijicnlud ‘psyomncnlasts usd tmd sikd tdrknr spdi` ne ”rdtradvic ne i snurod ijicnl‑ (Mnccijh dt ic. 91=57 ?610 Mncyni` ijh

milirh 91147 994)‘wd knvd tn tmd ralmt sahd ne tmd ijicnly. Yudstanjs ujhdr-cyajl tmas stdp ird7 \mit as tmd snurod ne tmd ijicnly> Hn wd bisd nursdcvds njsajlcd snurod nr nj i jukbdr ne snurod ajstijods> Mnw as tmd omnaod ne tmd snurcdlatakazdh> \maom irlukdjts hn wd ajvn`d tn gustaey tmd omnaod ne tmd snurod

1 At oikd is i surprasd tn sdd tmit onljatavd psyomncnlasts mih bddj wnr`ajl watm i sakacir ijicnlaoiciclnratmk is tmd njd sulldstdh mdrd. Xdar ahdis mivd odrtiajcy mdcpdh tn rd jd ky somdkd, tmnulmat wis hdvdcnpdh ajhdpdjhdjtcy.

96 Onljatavd psyomncnlasts hasilrdd is tn tmd akpnrtijod ne purpnsd. Mncyni` ijh Xilirh ti`d i knrdprilkitao pdrspdotavd aj tmit tmdy strdss tmd onjstriajt ne purpnsd, dspdoaiccy aj prnbcdk hd jatanjsnurod sdcdotanj ijh dvicuitanj. Ntmdrs, mnwdvdr, knst jntibcy Ldjtjdr, tmaj` tmit ijicnly smnuchbd ujhdrstnnh aj purdcy syjtiotao rdisnjs. Xd assud as eir ernk ocdir ijh hitds bio`, aj eiot, tnVdarod‑s hastajotanj bdtwddj sdkijtaos, syjtix ijh prilkitaos (sdd Ldjtjdr 91=?0 _pdcckij ijhMncyni` 91150 Mncyni` ijh Xilirh 911< ijh Ldjtjdr ijh Kir`kij 911<).



?8

pdrmips tn rdgdot ntmdr pntdjtaic snurod ajstijods> mas as njd ne tmd knst oruoaicstdps aj tmd irlukdjt ijh, onjsahdrajl nur enous nj prakatavds ijh prakitds,kuom ittdjtanj wacc bd lavdj tn at.

_ajod psyomncnlasts ird knstcy onjodrjdh watm mnw ij ajhavahuic rdisnjs,

tmdy mivd netdj strdssdh tmd rncd ne kdknry aj snurod rdtradvic7 ” md sdcdotanj nesnurod ijicnls malmcalmts njd ne tmd knst ajtraluajl quicatads ne mukij kdknry,‑Mncyni` ijh milirh wrntd (91147 995). ”Enr ij iutnjnknus prnbcdk sncvdr tmdknst haeeaouct stdp aj tmd usd ne ijicnly as ca`dcy tn bd tmd rdtradvic ne i pciusabcdsnurod‑ (Mnccijh dt ic. 91=57 ?92). mrnulm ij ajldjanus dxpdrakdjt, tmdy mivdhdknjstritdh tmit tmd knst typaoic oratdranj enr snurod sdcdotanj hurajl tmd rd-tradvic pmisd as sureiod sakaciraty, arrdspdotavd ne ats struoturic prnpdrtads (Mncyni`ijh milirh 91147 96<-=). \mdj is`dh enr ihvaod ibnut Ikdraoij kacatiry aj-tdrvdjtanj aj i eaotatanus wir satuitanj, pirtaoapijts tn tmd dxpdrakdjt (wmn wdrdujhdrlrihuitd stuhdjts aj pncataoic soadjod) cdt tmdar hdoasanj-ki`ajl hdpdjh nj

tnticcy arrdcdvijt piriccdcs tn `jnwj wirs (snurod ijicnluds). Ae tmd satuitanj hd-sorabdh smnwdh snkd supdreaoaic rdsdkbcijods tn \nrch \ir AA (rdeuldds, enr dx-ikpcd, wdrd siah tn mivd ecdh aj bnxoirs ne triajs), rdspnjhdjts eivnurdh ajtdr-vdjtanj. Ae tmd ahdjtaoic satuitanj smnwdh kajnr ca`djdssds tn tmd Uadtjik \ir(rdeuldds wdrd jnw siah tn mivd ecdh aj skicc bnits, enr ajstijod), rdspnjhdjtsihvasdh iliajst ajtdrvdjtanj. _ureiod sakaciraty tmus onjstriajdh tn i cirld dxtdjttmd sdcdotanj ne i snurod ijicnlud7 ”_icadjt prnpdrtads, dvdj tmnsd tmit ird eujo-tanjiccy arrdcdvijt tn i sncutanj tn tmd tirldt prnbcdk, kiy ieedot tmd sncutanj pcijajhardotcy by ajecudjoajl tmd sdcdotanj ne i snurod ijicnl‑ (Mnccijh dt ic. 91=57?9?). mas djtiacs i hijldr7

Xd hijldr, ne onursd, as tmit supdr oaic ouds wacc eivnr tmd rdtradvic ne pirtaoucirsnurod ijicnls nvdr ntmdrs tmit wnuch bd dquiccy usdeuc ijh wnuch sulldst ictdr-jitavd onursds ne iotanj. Ijicnly, ca`d icc enrks ne ajhuotanj, oijjnt bd havnrodh ernk ras`.(Mnccijh dt ic. 91=57 ?98)

Jnw, tmas ras`y ispdot wacc ne onursd bd kajakazdh wmdj wd onjsahdr ijicnlaoicrdisnjajl jnt gust aj tdrks ne ajhavahuic, iutnjnknus tmnulmt, but ne onccdotavd,hasoapcajiry djhdivnurs. But dvdj tmdj, tmd ittriotanj ne sureiod sakaciraty wacc jnticwiys eihd iwiy.

(?) mdakpcdkdjtitanj ne tmd snurod onkds hnwj tn tmd cnlaoic struoturd neijicnlads is hdeajdh ibnvd. Onljatavd psyomncnlasts spdi` ne ”kippajl‑ ijh ”trijs-edr‑ (Mnccijh dt ic. 91=57 ?6<0 Mncyni` ijh milirh 91147 929-?6). Ae ijicnlaoicajedrdjods prnoddh ernk tmd rdonljatanj ne sakaciraty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt(kippajl) ijh ittrabutd eurtmdr prnpdrtads tn tmd tirldt nj tmd bisas ne tmdar prds-djod aj tmd snurod (trijsedr), tmdj wd smnuch bd ibcd tn ahdjtaey tmd enccnwajltmrdd qudstanjs7 \mit as tmd nbsdrvdh sakaciraty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt> \maomihhatanjic prnpdrtads ird enujh aj tmd snurod njcy> Ijh wmit as tmd prdhaotdhsakaciraty>

Dxpdrakdjts mivd smnwj tmit aj tmas kippajl ijh trijsedr tmd rncd ne sureiod

sakaciraty as ajedranr tn tmit ne struoturic sakaciraty. Njod i snurod ijicnlud as`jnwj, ”pdnpcd ird dxtrdkdcy lnnh it eajhajl sdjsabcd kippajls dvdj wmdj tmd



?4

ijicnls ird eir ernk asnknrpmao‑ (Mncyni` ijh milirh 91147 921). Mnwdvdr,tmdrd ird icsn ”cakatitanjs nj mukij kippajl ibacaty‑ (9?6), dspdoaiccy wmdj bntmijicnluds mivd vdry haeedrdjt ajtdrjic struoturds nr wmdj pdnpcd cio` dxpdrtasd tknvd bdynjh hdtiacs ne i spdoaeao eadch aj nrhdr tn sdd ats hddpdr, knrd ibstri

struoturds.(8) md dvicuitanj ne tmd ijicnly as tmd pciod wmdrd tmd ajataic purpnsd onkdbio` ajtn tmd paoturd. Mncyni` ijh milirh irlud, mnwdvdr, tmit tmas stdp tmit asnetdj pissdh aj sacdjod7

Njod twn satuitanjs mivd bddj kippdh ijh tmd snurod mis bddj usdh tn ldjdritdajedrdjods ibnut tmd tirldt, njd kalmt suppnsd tmit tmd gnb as hnjd. Aj eiot, tmas astmd stild it wmaom ijicnlads bdonkd knst hijldrnus. Ae tmd kippajl sddks onmdr-djt ijh tmd ajedrdjods ird jnt nbvanuscy akpciusabcd, tmdj pdnpcd ird ca`dcy tn eddctmit tmdy trucy ujhdrstijh tmd tirldt hnkiaj. But tmdrd as ij dvdr-prdsdjt tmrdit7hdspatd wmit tmd ijicnly sulldsts, tmd tirldt hnkiaj sakpcy kiy jnt bdmivd aji wiy tmit piriccdcs tmd snurod hnkiaj. Aj ntmdr wnrhs, hdspatd ats ajtuatavd ippdic, tmd ajedrdjods ldjdritdh by ij ijicnly oij turj nut tn bd wrnjl nr sdranuscyajonkpcdtd.(Mncyni` ijh Xilirh 91147 9?9)

mdy sulldst, tmdrdenrd, tn lavd knrd onjsahdritanj tn tmd assud ne tdstajl, tmnultmdy ihkat tmit tmas as jnt icwiys disy. Ajhddh, at as akpnrtijt tn onjsahdr quds-tanjs ca`d7 As tmd onjocusanj tdstibcd (vdraeaibcd)> Ae sn, as at tdstdh> Ijh hntdst onjeark tmd prdhaotanj> As tmd onjocusanj eicsaeaibcd> Ae sn, as at eicsaehnds tmd eicsaeaoitanj rdeutd tmd prdhaotanj>

Mnwdvdr, tmas oijjnt bd djnulm. \mit Mncyni` ijh milirh sddk tn kassas tmit suom tdstajl njcy issdssds tmd trutm ociak (prnbibacaty) ne ij ajedrdjojnt ats vicahaty (pciusabacaty). mas as wmdrd ajhuotavd cnlao stacc mis knrd

md pciusabacaty ne tmd ijicnly oij bd ippriasdh by kdijs ne tmd sax strdjltmoratdrai hdtiacdh ibnvd7 \mit as tmd jukbdr ne sakaciratads irludh ernk> \mitas tmd jukbdr ne hassakaciratads> \mit as tmd rdcdvijod lavdj tn diom ne tmd(has)sakaciratads> \mit as tmd jukbdr ne snurod onjtdxts onjsahdrdh> \mit as tmviradty ne snurod onjtdxts> Ijh wmit as tmd wdalmt ne tmd onjocusanj rdcitavd tnprdkasds> Dvicuitajl ij ijicnly as knrd tmij tdstajl ats prnpnsatanjs, at onjsastsne omdo`ajl ats strdjltms.

(4)Onjocusanj. Eajiccy, wmit oij bd siah ibnut tmd prnbcdk wmaom wis sdt ajtmd earst stdp> Mis tmd prnbcdk bddj sncvdh> Mis tmd ijicnly prnvdj suoodsseAe jn sncutanj mis bddj enujh, wmit ird tmd rdsuctajl onjsdqudjods enr tmd snuroijh tmd struoturd ne tmd ijicnly> Mncyni` ijh milirh cast tmd njcy tmrdd pnssabcvdrhaots7 ”tmd snurod oij bd ippcadh tn tmd tirldt, at smnuch jnt bd ippcadh tn tirldt, nr at oij bd ippcadh tn tmd tirldt watm knhaeaoitanjs‑ (91147 9??). Aj knstoisds, tmd tmarh vdrhaot wacc ippcy. mdy eurtmdr sulldst tmit ijicnlads oijjnt njsncvd tmd pirtaoucir tirldt prnbcdk, but icsn cdih tn hddpdr ijh knrd ldjdric praj-oapcds ne dxpcijitanj (sn-oiccdh somdki ajhuotanj)7

Xd kdssild, tmdj, as sakpcd. Ijicnly as jnt i surd rd smnrtout tn dxpdrtasd, eir cdss

i substatutd enr oirdeuc tmaj`ajl ijh hdtiacdh stuhy ne i jdw hnkiaj. But wmdjat as usdh oirdeuccy‘wmdj i pciusabcd ijicnl as sdcdotdh ijh kippdh, wmdj ajedr-



?5

djods ird orataoiccy dvicuitdh ijh ihiptdh is jddhdh, ijh wmdj tmd hddp struoturdne tmd ijicnly as dxtriotdh tn enrk i somdki‘ijicnly oij bd i pnwdreuc kdjtictnnc.(Mncyni` ijh Xilirh 91147 9?<)

I rdihajl lrah Aj tmd enccnwajl omiptdrs, tmd ibnvd iclnratmk wacc bd usdh is i rdihajl lrah enrstuhyajl mastnraoic noourrdjods ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl. Mnwdvdr, at as akpnrtijttn `ddp aj kajh tmit tmas iclnratmk hnds jnt jdodssiracy prnvahd tmd hdsoraptanjne i omrnjncnlaoic sdqudjod, but ritmdr i ritanjic rdonjstruotanj ne wmit mippdjswmdj ij ijicnly as kihd. Enr dxikpcd, i prakitncnlast stuhyajl omakps wacc knstca`dcy stirt ernk mas snurod (stdp 2) ijh tmdj sdd wmdtmdr at oij smdh ijy calmt nji picidnijtmrnpncnlaoic prnbcdk (stdp 9). Nj tnp ne tmit, jnt icc stdps wacc bd isjditcy hasodrjabcd0 snurod rdtradvic netdj onajoahds watm kippajl, dvicuitanj ijh

onjocusanj ird jnt icwiys sdpiribcd. _nkd stdps ird tmus s`appdh wmacd ntmdrskdrld. Ocdircy, tmas iclnratmk njcy sdrvds is ij ahdic-typaoic sdqudjod. Qdt hdspatdtmd hasordpijoy bdtwddj iotuic omrnjncnly ijh cnlaoic ahdic, tmd mdurastao vicud netmas iclnratmk rdkiajs ujtnuomdh is at rdjhdrs dxpcaoat tmd priotaod ne ijicnlaoicrdisnjajl. md qudstanjs issnoaitdh watm diom ne tmdsd stdps ird tmd njds icc mas-tnraoic tdxts wacc bd subgdotdh tn aj tmd enccnwajl omiptdr. md ijicnlaoic iclnratmkas i qudstanj smddt tn bd usdh hurajl tmd mastnranlripmaoic ajtdrrnlitanj ne iromid-ncnly ijh prakitncnly aj nrhdr tn rdonjstruot prnodssds ne rdisnjajl.

mrdd nbgdotanjs oij bd kihd iliajst tmas iclnratmkao rdihajl lrah. Earst,at oij bd qudstanjdh wmdtmdr cnlao as i lnnh ioodss tn ujhdrstijhajl soadjtaeaopriotaod. md ijiromastao pmacnsnpmdr ne soadjod Viuc Edydribdjh, icwiys wiry nekdtmnhncnlaoic ralahaty, enrkucitdh at is enccnws7

Xd ahdis wmaom soadjtasts usd tn prdsdjt tmd `jnwj ijh ihvijod ajtn tmd uj-`jnwj ird njcy rirdcy aj ilrddkdjt watm tmd straot ajgujotanjs ne cnlao nr purdkitmdkitaos ijh tmd ittdkpts tn ki`d tmdk onjenrk wnuch rnb soadjod ne tmddcistaoaty watmnut wmaom prnlrdss oijjnt bd iomadvdh.(Edydribdjh 91<47 ?6?)

mas as i vicah pnajt7 orditavd tmnulmt aj soadjod netdj lnds bdynjh tmd wdcc-trnh-hdj pitms ne cnlao. Mnwdvdr, tmas orataqud njcy ippcads wmdj cnlao as sddj is jnr-

kitavd erikdwnr`, jnt is i hdsoraptavd hdvaod. At kalmt jnt icwiys bd pnssabcd,jnr hdsaribcd tn enrod njlnajl rdisnjajl ajtn tmd striatgio`dt ne cnlao0 ydt at asodrtiajcy pnssabcd tn usd snkd ne tmit cnlao is i ecdxabcd ajstrukdjt enr hdsorabajlirlukdjts. Ky usd ne cnlao onkds hnwj tn i mdalmtdjdh iwirdjdss ne onljatavdprnodssds, jnt is ij nrtmnhnxy tn bd akpnsdh upnj soadjod. A hn jnt wijt tn rnbsoadjod ne ats dcistaoaty but ki`d tmas vdry dcistaoaty vasabcd.

I sdonjh orataoask as snkdwmit knrd tdjioanus. Mnw oij suom knhdrj icln-ratmk ivnah tmd nch prnbcdk ne ijiomrnjask> Aj nrhdr tn ciy bird tmd s`dcdtnj neijicnlaoic rdisnjajl aj iromidncnly ijh prakitncnly, A substijtaiccy rdcy nj ahdisijh prajoapcds ernk ajhuotavd cnlao, pmacnsnpmy ne soadjod ijh onljatavd psyomnc-

nly. Ae wd jnw wijt tn stuhy mastnraoic noourrdjods ne ijicnly ernk tmd earst micene tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury njwirhs, mnw oij wd onjeahdjtcy usd ij ijicytaoic



?<

erikdwnr` wmaom wis njcy enrkucitdh hurajl tmd cist eaety ydirs watmnut enroanur mastnraoic tdxts aj i onjtdkpnriry striatgio`dt> md ikbatanj tn usd knhdrjcnlao enr stuhyajl nch tdxts cnn`s suspaoanuscy ca`d tmd mastnraij‑s wnrst ijidki‘tmit ne ijiomrnjask, wmdrdby pist dvdjts ird stuhadh ijh pdrmips dvdj

guhldh aj tdrks ne citdr ajsalmts. mdrd ird i jukbdr ne rdbuttics tn tmas nbgdotanj. Earstcy, ictmnulm tmd cnlaoic catdriturd A mivd bddj hriwajl upnj as rdcitavrdodjt, tmd stijhirh ocissaoic trditkdjt ne ijicnly lnds is eir bio` is Irastntcd(Ccnyh 9155) ijh tmd ldjdric prajoapcds ne ajhuotavd cnlao wdrd ciah hnwj by GKacc, i onjtdkpnriry ne tmd Uaotnraij snoaic dvncutanjasts (Gdvnjs 9=<6). _n, astraot omrnjncnlaoic tdrks, tmd mastnraoic kijaedstitanjs ne iromidncnlaoic ijinly hn jnt prdodhd tmd cnlaoic ajsparitanj ne nur trditkdjt. _donjhcy ijh knrdakpnrtijtcy, tmd iccdlitanj ne ijiomrnjask wnuch bd gustaeadh ae tmd prdsdjt iakwis tn wratd i trihatanjic mastnry ne soadjod wmaom pciods soadjtaeao ahdis ajmastnraoic ”onjtdxts‑. Rdcyajl nj rdodjt cnlao wnuch aj tmas vadw sdranuscy has

ldjuajd ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd pist. Qdt, is siah aj tmd ajtrnhuotnry omiptdr, ritmdrtmij iakajl it i onjtdxtuic mastnranlripmy, ky ipprniom as aj earst ajstijod ionj-odptuic njd wmaom trads tn hasdjtijlcd snkd ne nur ajedrdjtaic struoturds. mas aodrtiajcy cdss ikbatanus tmij tmd onjtdxtuic, mastnraoast prnlrikkd bdoiusd tmdujhdrcyajl qudstanj as jnt ”wmy hah snkd ahdis ippdir aj tmas nr tmit onjtdxt>‑but sakpcy ”wmit wdrd tmnsd ahdis prdoasdcy ca`d>‑. I tmnrnulm ujhdrstijhajl ahdis sddks aj ijy oisd oruoaic enr ijy eurtmdr ajtdrprdtitanj. Ritmdr tmij bcur-rajl tmd mastnraoic ujaqudjdss ne pist irlukdjts, ij ijicysas ernk ajhuotavd cnlaordjhdrs at knrd vasabcd. marhcy, tmd usd ne cnlao wnuch bd ujhucy prdsdjtast akiaj iak wis tn orataoazd odrtiaj enrks ne ijicnly. Ictmnulm orataoask wacc jnt bddjtardcy ibsdjt ernk tmas wnr`, at earst ne icc ittdkpts tndcuoahitd mastnraoic kija-edstitanjs ne iromidncnlaoic ijicnly. Gust is ij Dlyptncnlast wacc jddh tn trijscitdmas madrnlcypms ajtn i knrd eikacair cijluild, tmd mastnraij ne ijicnly kust ki`di trijscitanj ne pist irlukdjts ajtn i onkprdmdjsavd ahank. Ajhuotavd cnlao, tmdj,sdrvds is ij ajtdrprdtitavd lrah enr ujhdrstijhajl suom ijicnlads.

I tmarh nbgdotanj onuch bd7 sajod ijicnly mis bddj cirldcy hasoussdh aj dtmjniromidncnly, ky trditkdjt ne Uaotnraij ijtmrnpncnly nr pnstwir prakitncnlywacc ajdvatibcy smnw ij dtmjniromidncnlaoic bais. mdrd as i odrtiaj hdlrdd ne psabacaty aj tmit rdkir`. Ky ajtdrdst aj tmd cnlao ne ijicnly wis ajhddh spir`dh byky rdihajls aj dtmjniromidncnly, dspdoaiccy by wmit Icasnj \ycad mih wrattdj,ijh it tmd nutsdt A wis knrd eikacair watm tmd ijicnly hdbitd aj iromidncnly tmijdcsdwmdrd‘njd oijjnt hdjy njd‑s nwj haspcajiry rnnts. Mnwdvdr, ntmdr, knrdjdutric strijhs ne tmnulmt mivd dquiccy oncnurdh ky vasanj. Ky ajsparitanj ajonljatavd psyomncnly, enr ajstijod, wis ujrdcitdh tn ijy ne tmd hasoapcajds A wijtdtn stuhy. Dtmjniromidncnlasts mivd hriwj upnj tmd cnlao ne ijicnly‘sn mivd A,but watm haeedrdjt purpnsds. At as jnt bdoiusd njd hasoapcajd mis ti`dj tmd deetn hdcvd ajtn tmd ijicnly hdbitd aj pmacnsnpmy, tmit at smnuch bd enrbahhdj tn hsn enr i mastnraij ne soadjod. Dvdj ae dtmjniromidncnly mih jnt kihd tmas cnlaodxoursanj, A wnuch mivd bddj rdedrrajl tn at. _n ae ky ittatuhd tnwirhs ijicnlysnujhs snkdwmit dtmjniromidncnlaoic, at as bdoiusd ne tmas smirdh rdcaijod nj huotavd cnlao, cdss bdoiusd ne ky hasoapcajiry bais.



?=

mdsd pntdjtaic nbgdotanjs wirj iliajst tmd hijldr ne enroajl tdxts ajtn i striatgio`dt, jn kittdr wmdtmdr at as cnlaoic, ijiomrnjastao nr hasoapcajiry. md ijicnla-oic iclnratmk, A bdcadvd, nvdronkds tmdsd orataoasks. Ae usdh oiutanuscy ijh ecdxabcy,at iccnws tn stuhy i lrdit viradty ne tdxts watmnut hnajl ajgustaod tn tmdar ajhavahuic

onkpcdxaty ijh mastnraoic ahdjtaty. Ajhddh, tmd qudstanj smddt A hdvasdh njcy tradstn irtaoucitd mastnraoic irlukdjts. Aj tmas sdjsd, ky rdcaijod nj ajhuotavd cnlao,pmacnsnpmy ne soadjod ijh onljatavd psyomncnly as ocnsdr tn mdrkdjdutaos tmij tn ijirrnw cnlaoic pnsatavask. Lihikdr, wmnsd mdrkdjdutao pmacnsnpmy hah jnt prn-vahd i smnrtout tn bdttdr ujhdrstijhajl but sakpcy i ociraeaoitanj ne tmd prnodss neujhdrstijhajl, siah7 ”Dvdry stitdkdjt mis tn bd sddj is i rdspnjsd tn i qudstanjijh P...[ tmd njcy wiy tn ujhdrstijh i stitdkdjt as tn ldt mnch ne tmd qudstanjtn wmaom tmd stitdkdjt as ij ijswdr‑ (Lihikdr 91197 ??2). Nr bradecy, ”icc stitd-kdjts ird ijswdrs‑ (???).

_ajod knst ippcaoitanjs ne cnlao aj iromidncnly dkdrldh hurajl tmd strnjl-

dst pnsatavast knkdjts ne prnodssuic tmnulmt (d.l. \itsnj, CdBcijo ijh Rdhkij91<9), at kiy onkd is i surprasd tn eajh cnlao mdrd hdsorabdh is i mdrkdjdutaoajstrukdjt. Qdt cnlao mis kijy eiods. \mdrdis prnodssuic ajtdrdsts znnkdh aj njhdhuotavd cnlao, ky onjodptuic mastnranlripmy rdcads nj ajhuotavd cnlao sn tmiternk i wiy tn rdiom ibsncutd trutm, tmd prdsdjt usd ne cnlao as rdstraotdh tn tmit nei mastnraoic hdvaod. Aj i mdrkdjdutao wiy, ajhuotavd cnlao mdcps tn ujhdrstijh mas-tnraoic tdxts, tmit as, at mdcps tn eajh tmd qudstanjs tn wmaom dvdry stitdkdjt as ijijswdr. Mdrkdjdutao pmacnsnpmdrs mivd strdssdh tmit tmdsd qudstanjs hnj‑t jddhtn bd tmd nralajic njds tmd mastnraoic iutmnrs mih aj kajh, but sakpcy tmd njds tmdajtdrprdtdr enrkucitds aj nrhdr tn ki`d i tdxt ujhdrstijhibcd ijh onkpiribcd.

md qudstanjs hdeajdh aj tmd ijicnlaoic iclnratmk ibnvd sdrvd tmit purpnsd.Ajhuotavd cnlao mis i eurtmdr mdrkdjdutao quicaty. Gust is mdrkdjdutaos onkds

hnwj tn tmd rdecdxavd, tmdnrdtaoiccy-mdalmtdjdh iwirdjdss ne wmit spnjtijdnuscymippdjs wmdj wd ajtdrprdt, ajhuotavd cnlao ki`ds dxpcaoat wmit noours tioatcy ajhiy-tn-hiy rdisnjajl. Nur cavds ird eaccdh watm icc snrts ne ajhuotavd irlukdjts ijhijicnly kalmt bd tmd knst onkknj njd. Ij ijicysas ernk ajhuotavd cnlao, suomis aj tmd ritmdr lrituatnus dxikpcds A mivd usdh aj tmas omiptdr, icwiys irtaoucitdsij ajtuatavd `jnwcdhld. md kiaj vicud ne ajhuotavd cnlao rdsahds aj ats oipioatytn ciy bird tmd ujhdrcyajl but pdrvisavd rdisnjajls suom is tmdy noour aj mastnraoictdxts. Qdt wmaom ird tmdsd tdxts>

I onrpus ne tdxts

Enr tmd ijicysas ne ijicnlads aj tmd mastnry ne prdmastnry, A mivd sdcdotdhknrd nr cdssdcibnritd irlukdjts ernk tmd Ijlcn-Ikdraoij wnrch wmaom onjsoanuscy usd onjtdkpn-riry snurod onjtdxts tn ki`d onjstruotavd ajedrdjods ibnut prdmastnrao bdmivanur . masmis tn bd eurtmdr spdoaeadh. \atmknrd nr cdss dcibnritd A sulldst tmit tmd irlukdjtsmnuch bd knrd tmij i pissajl rdedrdjod tn dtmjnlripmy nr prakitncnly but i sub-stijtaic tdxt, onjsastajl ne it cdist i pirilripm, but prdedribcy ij irtaocd, i omip-tdr nr i bnn`. Mnwdvdr, tmdsd pubcaoitanjs ird jnt dvdjcy sprdih. Ky trditkdjt

ne jajdtddjtm-odjtury ijicnlads wacc bd mdivacy hnkajitdh by bnn`s, tmd njd netwdjtadtm-odjtury ijicnlads by irtaocds ijh omiptdrs. Bdsahds tmd disadr iviacibacaty



?1

ne jajdtddjtm-odjtury bnn`s tmij irtaocds, tmas akbicijod as icsn hud tn i knrdsubstijtaic eiotnr7 tmd pdrodavdh jiturd ne soadjtaeao `jnwcdhld ijh tmd ipprnpraitd pubcaoitanj enr somncircy hasoussanj. At wnuch cdih us tnn eir tn hasouss tmijy hdptm, but at sddks is ae jajdtddjtm-odjtury soadjod, hdspatd ats ioraknjanus

hdbitds, wis knrd lavdj tn ij nbgdotavast jntanj ne trutm wmdrdby `jnwcdhld wisstibcd ijh prnlrdssdh by iooukucitanj. Knjnlripms, netdj kucta-vncukd tnkds,wdrd tmd buachajl brao`s ne tmd soadjtaeao dhaeaod. md ldjrd ne tmd soadjtaeocd bdoikd knrd akpnrtijt aj tmd earst mice ne tmd twdjtadtm odjtury (ictmnulm enujh ats nralajs aj tmd dircadr prnoddhajls ne cdirjdh snoadtads), ijh `jnwcdhldwis ajordisajlcy bdajl dxpdradjodh is ujstibcd, jdlntaitdh, ijh npdj tn rdvasanj.Eaxaty tmus bdoikd ecuahaty. Ae A hasouss knrd bnn`s enr tmd jajdtddjtm odjturas bdoiusd tmdy wdrd prnpnrtanjiccy knrd jukdrnus ijh knrd akpnrtijt aj tmdartakd, ijh knrd disacy ioodssdh aj kajd.

\atm Ijlcn-Ikdraoij , A rdstraot kysdce tn ijicnlaoic irlukdjts wmaom mivd bddj

enrkucitdh aj Bratiaj ijh Jnrtm-Ikdraoi, nr wmaom it cdist mivd bddj ajecudjtaictmdrd. Hdbitds ernk ntmdr jitanjic trihatanjs wacc njcy bd trditdh tn tmd dxtdjttmit tmdy mih i hdknjstribcd akpiot nj tmd Ijlcn-Ikdraoij wnrch. Enr ajstijod,at as akpnssabcd tn spdi` ibnut dircy jajdtddjtm-odjtury iromidncnly aj _ontcijhwatmnut kdjtanjajl tmd rncd ne _oijhajivaij somncirs ca`d mnksdj ijh \nrsiid0nr tn hdic watm citd jajdtddjtm-odjtury Vicidncatmao iromidncnly aj Bratiaj watmonjsahdrajl tmd omrnjncnlaoic erikdwnr` sdt nut by tmd Erdjomkij Hd Knrtaccdt.A rdicazd tmit tmas hdoasanj kassds nut i jukbdr ne pntdjtaiccy vdry ajtdrdstardsdirom trihatanjs, but eddc onjeahdjt aj hnajl sn lavdj tmd rdcitavd iutnjnky,jnw ijh tmdj, ne tmd hdbitds hasoussdh (Uij Rdybrnuo` 9118i0 9118b). Uaotnraijsnoanoucturic dvncutanjask wis, watm tmd dxodptanj ne Knrlij, rdiccy vdry Brataijh dvdj Cnjhnj-bisdh, ocnsdcy icaljdh tn tmd Dtmjncnlaoic _noadty ijh tmd jn-tnranus ] Ocub. Aj Bdrcaj ijh Viras, ijtmrnpncnly‑s twn ntmdr oipatics it tmd takdtmd tdjnr ne hdbitd wis vdry haeedrdjt, ictmnulm tmd caed-mastnrads ne ajhaics ca`d \dstdrkiro` ijh Bnis caj`dh at watm tmd Djlcasm-spdi`ajl wnrch. mdsikd mnchs trud enr dtmjniromidncnly wmaom wis enr jdircy eaetddj ydirs strao Ikdraoij0 njcy aj tmd dircy 91=6s hah at irnusd i odrtiaj but vdry haeedrdjt ajtdr-dst aj Bratiaj, ijh citdr icsn aj onujtrads ca`d Erijod, Ldrkijy, Bdclauk, ijh tmdJdtmdrcijhs. Vrakitd knhdccajl, tnn, wis cirldcy i Jnrtm-Ikdraoij djhdivnur0ntmdr dtmncnlaoic trihatanjs ca`d tmd Bratasm ijh tmd Hutom ittatuhds wdrd ldiccy knrd sodptaoic. Lrijtdh tmas rdcitavd asncitanj ne diom hdbitd is jitanjic trihatanjs, ky rdstraotanj tn tmd Ijlcn-Ikdraoij wnrch, tmdrdenrd, wis knrd tmij ijirbatriry hdoasanj.

md oratdranj enronjsoanus usd ne snurod onjtdxts hdkijhs tmit tmd irlukdjt dx-pcaoatcy rdedrs tn nbsdrvitanjs ernk tmd prdsdjt wnrch aj nrhdr tn hriw ajedrdjoibnut tmd pist, akpcyajl i onjsahdribcd dkparaoic onjtdjt. \mdtmdr tmd irlukdjtas oiccdh ”knhdc‑, ”ijicnly‑ nr wmitdvdr dcsd mis jn akpnrtijod. _traotcy tmdnrdoic stuhads ne ijicnly wacc njcy bd trditdh sdonjhiry. dxts mivd icsn tn kddt tmdenccnwajl oratdranjs tn bd quicaeadh. mdar usd smnuch bdonjstruotavd , a.d. ijicnladsird bdcadvdh tn onjtrabutd pnsatavdcy tn nur ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd pist, aj onjtristwatm knrd rdstraotavd usds ne ijicnly is oiutanjiry ticds (ictmnulm suom orataoa



86

oij bd ajhardotcy onjstruotavd). md irlukdjt smnuch siy snkdtmajl ibnutbdmiv-anur , aj tmd wahdst sdjsd ne tmd wnrh7 snoaic, tdomjaoic, doncnlaoic, oucturic, ahdn-cnlaoic. mas akpcads tmit ijicnlads wmaom ird njcy ajvn`dh tn dxpciaj ispdots neijitnky, suom is onkknjcy hnjd aj onkpiritavd znncnly, wacc jnt bd onjsahdrdh.

( md hastajotanj wacc snkdtakds ippdir irtaeaoaic0 stuhads ne dircy mnkajah cnon-kntanj, enr dxikpcd, vdrld bntm nj bdmivanuric ijh ijitnkaoic ispdots0 stuhadsne prakitd hdjtatanj akpcadh i bdmivanuric onkpnjdjt.) Ocdircy, ij dkpmisas njbdmivanur lnds tn tmd mdirt ne tmd ajhuotavd omiccdjld bdoiusd, ujca`d tmd lritua-tnus dxikpcd ne tmd pncasmdh ecajt ixd, mdrd tmd jntanjs ne ujaenrkatiraijask ijhujikbaluaty ird kuom knrd prnbcdkitao is tmdy rdcitd tn mukij ujaqudjdss vdr-sus tmd pnssabacaty tn dxtripncitd iornss oucturds nr dvdj spdoads. At as njd tmajl tnonkpird tnncs, but quatd ijntmdr tmajl tn onkpird snoadtads.

Eajiccy, tmd irlukdjt ki`ds i stitdkdjt ibnut bdmivanur aj prdmastnry . A usdtmd tdrk prdmastnry tn ajhaoitd bntm tmd eadch ne Cnwdr ijh Kahhcd Vicidncatmao ir-

omidncnly wmdrd mujtdr-litmdrdr dtmjniromidncnly mis pciydh ij akpnrtijt rncd,is wdcc is tmd picidnijtmrnpncnly ne tmd Vcan-Vcdastnodjd wmdrd prakitd knhdccajlkihd ats cirldst onjtrabutanj. md dkpmisas as tmus nj tmd nchdst pdranhs ne mu-kij prdmastnry0 wmdrd jdodssiry, mnwdvdr, ky hasoussanj wacc icsn ajocuhd knrdrdodjt pdranhs. At as, enr ajstijod, mirh tn tic` ibnut tmd rncd ne ijicnly aj eujo-tanjicast iromidncnly ne tmd 9186 ijh 46s watmnut tic`ajl ibnut Kdsncatmao ijhJdncatmao stuhads, gust is njd oijjnt turj i bcajh dyd tn tmd rncd ne dtmjniromidnc-nly aj onjtdxtuic iromidncnly bdoiusd at enousdh nj knrd rdodjt prdmastnry. Kycnnsd hdeajatanj ne prdmastnry as tmus haotitdh by tmd omnaod ne stuhyajl i kdtmnhritmdr tmij i pdranh.

Nj tmd bisas ne tmdsd oratdrai, i onrpus ne tdxts wis issdkbcdh tmit rdcitds tntmd tmrdd cirld hdbitds ne ijicnly usd aj tmd stuhy ne prdmastnry7 pnstwir prakitdknhdccajl, tmd Uaotnraij onkpiritavd kdtmnh ijh dtmjniromidncnly. md akpnr-tijod ne tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury oijjnt bd disacy haskassdh, jntsakpcy bdoiusd at kir`dh tmd bartm hitd ne bntm oucturic ijtmrnpncnly ijh prd-mastnrao iromidncnly, but icsn bdoiusd tmit bartm wis njd ne _aikdsd twajs7 bntmhasoapcajds onjstatutdh diom ntmdr ijh tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh wis tmd bio`bnjdtmdy smirdh. mnulm snoanoucturic dvncutanjask as ldjdriccy hdcajditdh bdtwddjtmd dstibcasmkdjt ne mukij ijtaquaty irnujh 9=56 tn _nccis‑ syjtmdsas ne 9199,A hdoahdh tn ti`d njd stdp bio` tn stuhy tmd akpiot ne tmd tmrdd-ild systdk ajtmd sdonjh quirtdr ne tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury. Ietdr i pdranh ne rdcitavd sacdjodbdtwddj 9196 ijh 9156, dtmjniromidncnly kdijt ij djtmusaistao rdturj tn iji-cnlaoic rdisnjajl aj iromidncnly, dvdj ae at wis icrdihy ajataitdh bdenrd tmd Jdw Iromidncnly ijh mis eiccdj ernk lriod sajod. _akuctijdnuscy, tmd hasoussanj njprakitd knhdcs dkdrldh ernk ij akpcaoat picidnijtmrnpncnlaoic ildjhi aj tmdkah-9146s, nvdr i cnjl pdranh ne rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl, tn i rijld ne ictdrjitavdipprniomds prdsdjtdh jnwihiys. Diom ne tmdsd hdbitds wacc rdodavd sdpiritd trdit-kdjt aj tmd subsdqudjt omiptdrs. mnulm tmdy icc jdw tmdar mdyhiy ijh ocissaoicenrkucitanjs, tmdar cdss lcnranus knkdjts ne lrnwtm, hnubt ijh orataoask wacc bdstuhadh watm dquic ittdjtanj, ae njcy tn ivnah tmd hijldr ne typaeyajl i pdranh byats knst dxtrdkd dpasnhds ijh oijnjaoic enrkucitanjs.



89

md quicaty ne tmd onrpus ne tdxts A hdoahdh tn wnr` watm hdpdjhdh enr i lnhdic nj ats sazd. Aj diom ne tmd oisds, ij ittdkpt wis kihd tn stuhy is kuom ki-tdraic is wis priotaoiccy pnssabcd. md hdbitd nj pnstwir prakitd knhdcs onvdrknst ne tmd rdcdvijt pubcaoitanjs0 tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh as rdprdsdjtdh by wm

wdrd, ijh stacc ird, icc tmd ocissaoic tdxts0 tmd hasoussanj nj ijicnly aj tmd twdjdtm odjtury ijh aj pirtaoucir dtmjniromidncnly ki`ds usd ne i cirld sikpcd ne tmdvist catdriturd. \mdj jnt icc tdxts onuch bd onjsahdrdh, oird wis ti`dj tn stuhy tmdknst rdcdvijt ijh ajecudjtaic njds. Enr ajstijod, tmd 91=6s siw tmd pubcaoitanjne mujhrdhs ne tipmnjnkao ijh dtmjniromidncnlaoic stuhads aj iromidncnly. Butsajod knst ne tmdk wnr`dh watmaj tmd sikd cnlao sdt enrwirh by Bajenrh, tmd citdr‑s wnr` ijh ij ihdquitd sikpcd sueeaodh. Ae tmd rdprdsdjtitanj ne diom hdbitd atmus snkdwmit s`dwdh, at as icsn bdoiusd tmd hdbitds tmdksdcvds ird s`dwdh7 tmird sakpcy kuom knrd irtaocds nj dtmjniromidncnly tmij nj prakitd knhdccajl. Ij dvdj rdprdsdjtitanj wnuch mivd bddj rdquardh ae A wdrd tn pdrenrk stitastaoi

ijicysds, but tmas wis jnt tmd oisd. md ajtdrdst wis aj irlukdjts, jnt aj tmdarrdcitavd hdlrdds ne ibujhijod.

I omnaod ne enous

Aj priotaod A usdh tmd rdihajl lrah hdeajdh ibnvd is ky luahd tmrnulm tmd onrpne tdxts. md qudstanjs issnoaitdh watm diom stdp ne tmd ijicnlaoic iclnratmk wput nj i eacc-aj smddt ijh enr diom pubcaoitanj tmas qudstanjjiard wis eaccdh watm ipprnpraitd pissilds ijh quntds ernk tmd tdxt, icnjlsahd ky nwj pdrsnjicrdkir`s ijh ornss-rdedrdjods. md vasuic hailrik (ealurd 2 ijh ?) wis netdj mdcp-

euc wmdj mirhdr juts jddhdh tn bd orio`dh. \mdj rdisnjajl wis onkpcdx, bihcypmrisdh nr sakpcy pnnr, tmas hailrik wis vdry usdeuc tn ociraey tmd irlukdjts.Dvdjtuiccy, tmas rdihajl lrah stakucitdh jntmajl dcsd but ocissaoic ”ocnsd rdih

ajl‑ ne i onrpus ne tdxts, icbdat aj i snkdmnw knrd systdkitao wiy. \drd at jnt snvilud, ocnsd rdihajl kalmt bd tmd ipprnpraitd jikd ne wmit A hah. Lnajl tmrnulmi tdxt, oitomajl ats struoturd, is`ajl qudstanjs ne at, eaccajl aj tmd qudry cast, hassdajl ats irlukdjts, lnajl iliaj tmrnulm at, hriwajl i cnlaoic hailrik, omdo`ajl atssnurods, onkpirajl at watm onjtdkpnriry tdxts, onkpirajl at watm tdxts tmit prd-odhdh ijh enccnwdh at, cdivajl at enr i wmacd, lnajl bio` tn at sdvdric knjtms citdrrdihajl at iliaj, wnjhdrajl wmdtmdr A mih bddj ralmt, rdvasajl ky npajanj‘tmas

as wmit A ujhdrstijh by ocnsd rdihajl, tryajl tn ldt it wmit tmd iutmnr ajtdjhdh tnsiy. Ae tmas snujhs ca`d i kajakic hdeajatanj ne rdihajl, njd as surprasdh tn sdd mnnetdj suom kajakuk as disacy bypissdh. Rdihajl i tdxt as odrtiajcy, is mdrkdjdutaotmaj`drs siy, tmd iot ne ioquarajl ij ujhdrstijhajl pir dxodccdjod .

Aj ky nwj wratajl ibnut diom ne tmdsd pdranhs, A mivd rdkiajdh eiarcy ocnstn tmd nralajic tdxts. md pdjhijt ne ocnsd rdihajl as mdivacy quntajl. At as vddisy tn rdhuod djtard hdbitds tn i sajlcd oiraoiturd (ijh tmas mis netdj bddj hnjd,dspdoaiccy aj tmd oisd ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh) bisdh nj i onupcd ne dxtrdkuttdrijods. Mnwdvdr, ocnsd rdihajl tmrnulm i hdbitd‑s onjstatudjt tdxts ajviraibcytdiomds tmit tmdrd as kuom knrd onkpcdxaty, havdrsaty, ijh eajdssd tmij nralajiccy

issukdh. Ipirt ernk tmd nooisanjic hdspnjhdjoy, tmd iwirdjdss ne tmas raomjdssldjdriccy cdihs tn juijod. mas oij icsn brajl i jdw hijldr watm at, a.d. tmit njd



82

stirts tn cnnsd njdsdce aj tmd kajutaid ne i tdxt. Njod ynu ird eikacair watm i hd-bitd ijh ln tmrnulm i pubcaoitanj enr tmd tmarh nr enurtm takd, at bdonkds pnssabcdtn onkkdjt nj dvdry pissild, sdjtdjod nr dvdj wnrh aj at. md iutmnr‑s snurodsne ajsparitanj, tmd enrkit ne irlukdjtitanj, tmd pirtaoucir vnoibuciry stirt tn

bdonkd sn wdcc `jnwj tmit njd onuch wratd enntjntds tn dvdry cajd. \mdrdis tmaskalmt bd lritaeyajl, at icsn ras`s tmit mastnraoic hasoussanj ne i pubcaoitanj sakpcyturjs ajtn ij ijjntitdh tdxt dhatanj.

Aj ldjdric, tmdj, A mivd tradh tn eajh i bicijod bdtwddj kaornsonpao sorutajyijh swddpajl ldjdricazitanj. \mdrdis tmd ajhavahuic sdotanjs netdj ln ajtn onj-sahdribcd hdtiac, tmd onjocusanjs tn diom ne tmdk ijh tn tmd omiptdrs aj ldjdrictdjh tn ti`d i wahdr pdrspdotavd. n usd i pmntnlripmao kdtipmnr7 A mivd kiajcyusdh tmd tdcdpmntn cdjs, wmacd netdj omijlajl tn tmd wahd-ijlcd wmdj ipprnpra-itd. A mnpd tmit ky enous wis sueeaoadjtcy viraibcd ioonrhajl tn tmd oaroukstijods,tmit at wis, sn tn spdi`, i pnwdreuc znnk cdjs ritmdr tmij i sdt ne stitao cdjsds.

Dvdjtuiccy, mnwdvdr, tmd pranr `jnwcdhld ne tmd rdihdr hdoahds wmdtmdr ijytmajlas trditdh watm tnn kuom hdtiac nr tnn kuom hismajl. I prakitncnlast kalmt wnj-hdr ibnut tmd purpnsd ne hassdotajl ycnr‑s cist irtaocds, ij iromidncnlast kalmt djgny tmas hasoussanj, wmdrdis i mastnraij ne ijtmrnpncnly wnuch pdrmips ca`d tn sddknrd oaroukstijtaic dvahdjod. Ky trditkdjt ne tdxts ivnahs bdonkajl ujjdodssir-acy tdomjaoic nr ujodrdknjanuscy supdreaoaic, euccy rdicazajl, mnwdvdr, tmit wratajlibnut sdvdric hasoapcajds ijh tmd wiy tmdy hdvdcnpdh nvdr twn odjturads ajdvatibcydjtiacs ibstriotanj. \mit kiy mivd bddj cnst aj hdptm as mnpdeuccy rdliajdh ajwahtm. md pijnriki as vist, but ocnsd-ups ird rdquardh tn ipprdoaitd at.

Onjocusanj Ijicnlaoic irlukdjts pdrkditd icc mastnraoic soadjods ajocuhajl picidnjtncnlyijh ldncnly. \mdj at onkds tn tmd rdonjstruotanj ne dircy mnkajah bdmivanur,Vicidncatmao iromidncnlasts, dtmjniromidncnlasts, picidnijtmrnpncnlasts ijh pra-kitncnlasts mivd hdvdcnpdh ijicnlads nj tmd bisas ne tmd iviacibcd dtmjnlripmaoijh prakitncnlaoic dvahdjod. mas omiptdr mis earst ne icc ittdkptdh tn prnvahdij ahank tn tic` ibnut ijicnlads. Ijicnlads mivd bddj hdeajdh is ajhuotavd irlu-kdjts wmaom nj tmd bisas ne lavdj sakaciratads bdtwddj twn djtatads prdhaot eurtmdrsakaciraty bdtwddj tmdsd djtatads. Bdajl ajhuotavd, ijicnlads ird tn bd sddj is knrd

nr cdss pciusabcd ajstdih ne vicah nr eicsd ijh ijicnlaoic onjocusanjs is prnbiba-castao ajstdih ne trud. _tacc, tmdrd ird i jukbdr ne oratdrai wmaom mdcp issdrt tmdstrdjltm ne ij ijicnly, dspdoaiccy wmdj assuds ne rdcdvijod ird onjsahdrdh. Rdcyajlnj tmas cnlaoic hasoussanj, ij ijicnlaoic iclnratmk onjsastajl ne eavd hastajot ajedr-djtaic stdps sdrvds is ij akpnrtijt mdurastao ijh mdrkdjdutao hdvaod aj tmd ijicy-sas ne ijicnlads ernk tmrdd haeedrdjt takd-scaods aj tmd mastnry ne iromidncnly7 tmdUaotnraij onkpiritavd kdtmnh, knhdrj dtmjniromidncnly ijh pnst-wir prakitdknhdccajl. At as tn tmdsd tmit wd jnw kust turj.



8?

Omiptdr 2

md onkpiritavd kdtmnh

md onkpiritavd kdtmnh ne tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury dvncutanjasts as watmnuhnubt tmd bdst jnwj ijh bdst stuhadh dxikpcd ne i hdbitd nj dtmjnlripmao ijic-nly (Burrnw 91550 _tnoàjl 91=<0 ralldr 91=10 911=). Hurajl tmd pist enrtyydirs tmd mastnranlripmaoic ajtdrdst enr at wis havdrsd ijh ajtdjsd. Is pirt ne tmdvncutanjast rdjiassijod aj ijtmrnpncnly, tmd 9156s watjdssdh jukdrnus rd-dha-tanjs ne ocissaoic jajdtddjtm-odjtury tdxts ijh ij ivahaty tn stuhy tmnsd wmn wdrd

rdvdrdh is tmd enujhajl eitmdrs ne knhdrj ijtmrnpncnly (Oirjdarn 915<0 Mirras915=0 Ijhrdsà 91510 Jasbdt 9151). \mdj tmd lrijh jirritavd ne dvncutanjaskwis subgdotdh tn i knrd hastijodh ipprniom aj tmd citd 91=6s, rd-ippriasic kihdpciod enr orataoic mastnranlripmy ijh dvdj hdonjstruotanj wmaom turjdh tmd enuajl eitmdrs ajtn i eisoajitajl but ikbavicdjt cdlioy (Ajlnch 91=50 _tnoàjl 91=<0

riutkijj 91=<0 @updr 91==0 Bnwcdr 91=10 KoLrijd 91=1). \my tmdj wratd ijntmdr stuhy ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh ae iutmnrs ca`d

Burrnw (9155) ijh dspdoaiccy _tnoàjl (91=<) mivd hnjd tmas sn dcnqudjtcy> mrdisnj as tmit ky enous as haeedrdjt. \mdrdis tmd ienrdkdjtanjdh iutmnrs rdkiajnj tmd pncdkaoic onjtdxt ne tmd hdbitd, ky ipprniom icsn wijts tn hdtiac tmd

cnlaoic struoturd ne tmd irlukdjts ijh tmd hdbitds. mdrd mis, ne onursd, bddj ijajtdrdst aj tmd cnlao ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh (pirtaoucircy Jasbdt 9151), buttmas tdjhs tn trdit icc viradty tnldtmdr ujhdr tmd sikd, ujaeadh bijjdr ne ” mdOnkpiritavd Kdtmnh‑. md ipprniom enccnwdh mdrd jivalitds bdtwddj i straotcmastnraoic ijh i straotcy cnlaoic trditkdjt. Buachajl nj prdvanus somncirsmap, at pi cnt ne ittdjtanj tn tmd viryajl pncdkaoic onjtdxts, but at icsn trads tn trdit tmdviranus enrks ne rdisnjajl is ijicnlaoic iclnratmks.

Tjhdrstijhajl tmd viryajl pncdkaoic onjtdxts as akpnrtijt sajod icc tnn netdjtmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh as trditdh is i pioìld wmaom irravdh snkdwmdrd aj tmddircy 9=56s ijh hah jnt omijld ujtac tmd hdkasd ne dvncutanjask it tmd turj ne

tmd odjtury. md onkpiritavd kdtmnh, mnwdvdr, mih i mastnry ne ats nwj‘bntmbdenrd ijh ietdr 9=56. At dkdrldh ernk ij Djcalmtdjkdjt cdlioy ijh eurtmdrhdvdcnpdh hurajl tmd dvncutanjast hdoihds ne tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd jajdtddodjtury. _tnoàjl, enr ajstijod, mis hriwj ittdjtanj tn tmd caj` watm kah-odj-tury Vraomirhaij dtmjncnly. Ijntmdr ajtdccdotuic trihatanj wmaom ajecudjodh tmsnoanoucturic dvncutanjasts ijh wmaom A wnuch ca`d tn strdss as tmd _oijhajiprdnooupitanj watm tmd omrnjncnly ne irtdeiot issdkbcilds wmaom rdsuctdh aj eiknus tmrdd-ild systdk. At wis bdoiusd tmd earst ne tmd tmrdd ilds, tmd _tn Ild, wis bdcadvdh tn bd i ujavdrsic pmdjnkdjnj tmit dtmjnlripmao piriccdcswatm onjtdkpnriry _tnjd Ild snoadtads onuch bd hriwj‘ij ahdi put aj prio-taod by iutmnrs ca`d Jacssnj ijh \acsnj ijh wmaom ajecudjodh citdr dvncutanjasts



88

Enr tmd pdranh ietdr 9=56, tmd rncd ne tmd hdldjdritanjast orataqud mis bddj sdra-nuscy ujhdrdstakitdh aj tmd mastnry ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh. I stuhy ne dvncu-tanjask tmdrdenrd icsn rdquards i knrd bicijodh ippriasic ne ats onkpdtajl triha-tanj, a.d. hdldjdritanjask.

md jdxt stdp onjsasts ne knvajl ernk i onjtdxtuic tn i onjodptuic ijicysas. Ajpirtaoucir, A wijt tn smnw mnw tmd oratdranj ne sakaciraty wis malmcy vicudh, ijhmnw at dvdj turjdh ajtn tmd sajlcd-knst akpnrtijt yirhstao` enr ippriasajl ijicn-lads is tmd odjtury knvdh nj. md viranus hdbitds nj tmd tmrdd-ild systdk, tmdijtaquaty ne kij, ijh tmd hdldjdritanjast orataqud onjtrabutdh tn tmd wahdsprdihbdcade iknjl dvncutanjasts tmit rdsdkbcijods bdtwddj prdmastnrao ijh dxntao siv-ilds wdrd ti`dj-enr-lrijtdh. Viriccdc tn tmit hdvdcnpkdjt, tmd ajedrdjods hriwjdvncvdh ernk padodkdic tn wmncdsicd. Enr mnksdj ijh Jacssnj, dtmjnlripmaoijicnly earst sdrvdh tn dxpciaj strijld-cnn`ajl tnncs0 enr Knrlij ijh _nccis, atsdrvdh tn dxpciaj djtard stilds ne mukij oavacazitanj. Jajdtddjtm-odjtury ijtmrn-

pncnly tmus smnws mnw tmd ajordisdh onjvaotanj ne rdsdkbcijod rdsuctdh aj dvdrknrd hirajl prngdotanjs. mas cnlaon-mastnraoic hdvdcnpkdjt, A bdcadvd, mis bddjmatmdrtn ujhdrstuhadh aj tmd somncirsmap nj snoanoucturic dvncutanjask.

I eajic rdisnj enr tmas omiptdr as tmit at prnvahds tmd jdodssiry bio`lrnujh tnspdi` ibnut tmd usd ne ijicnly aj tmd twdjtadtm odjtury. Vrakitd knhdccajl ijhodrtiajcy dtmjniromidncnly oijjnt bd prnpdrcy ujhdrstnnh watmnut pranr `jnwc-dhld ibnut tmd Uaotnraij hdbitd. Dtmjniromidncnly hdvdcnpdh dxpcaoatcy aj rdio-tanj tn tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh, prakitd knhdccajl wis akpcaoatcy ajhdbtdh tnat. I rd-ijicysas ne tmas jajdtddjtm-odjtury hdbitd as tmdrdenrd jddhdh. Ijh tn hnsn rdquards i brade cnn` it tmd prd-jajdtddjtm odjtury ajtdrdst aj jnj-Durnpdijprakatavds.

Dircy dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs I eiajt iwirdjdss ne rdsdkbcijods bdtwddj tmd prdsdjt-hiy kijjdrs ne jdalmbnurajlsnoadtads ijh tmd issukdh mastnry ne njd‑s nwj snoadty mis bddj ij ajtdlric pirt ne \dstdrj tmnulmt sajod Ijtaquaty (Burrnw 91557 990 Jasbdt 91517 912-8).9 Irastntcdijh Xuoyhahds enujh aj onjtdkpnriry birbirao pdnpcds rdkjijts ne wmit tmd Lrdd`snjod mih bddj, ijh ioatus tmnulmt tmd Ldrkijs rdprdsdjtdh tmd Rnkijs ne cnjl iln. Qdt suom rdisnjajl rdodavdh snkd oruoaic akpucsds hurajl tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd etddjtm

odjtury. Xd eicc ne Onjstijtajnpcd aj 984? ijh tmd hasonvdry ne tmd Jdw \nrch aj 9812prnvahdh \dstdrj Durnpd watm twn orataoic rdsnurods tn spdoucitd ibnut mukij ijods-try7 Byzijtajd somncirs dh tn tmd \dst ijh akpnrtdh i lrdit jukbdr ne ocissaoic tdxts,tmus onjtrabutajl tn tmd Rdjiassijod ajtdrdst aj Ijtaquaty0 dxpcnrdrs smappdh it cdist i

9 Enr tmas sdotanj A mivd pirtaoucircy rdcadh upnj Vallntt‑s wnr` nj tmd ijtaquiraij trihatanj (9145091<50 ijh dspdoaiccy 91=1), Hijadc (915<) ijh Cyjom ijh Cyjom (915=). Nrkd (91<?0 91=9),@cajht-Gdjsdj (91=9), ijh Mnhhdr (91=2i) prnvahd snkd ihhatanjic ajenrkitanj nj tmd mastnry nedtmjnlripmao ijicnly, wmdrdis Lriysnj‑s (91=?) trditkdjt ne tmd nchdr pmisds ne tmd dstibcasmkdjtne mukij ijtaquaty as stacc ujsurpissdh by knrd rdodjt somncirsmap (ca`d Uij Rapdr 911?). Burrnw(9155), Cdkiard (91=5) ijh _tno`ajl (91=<) lavd suooajot but usdeuc bio`lrnujh nj tmd _onttasmDjcalmtdjkdjt, Cikajl-Dkpdriard (9158) stacc stijhs nut is i ocissao stuhy nj tmd nralajs ne prdmas-tnrao iromidncnly aj Erijod, njcy tn bd rdodjtcy sahdh by _omjipp‑s akprdssavd knjnlripm (911?).



84

tmnusijh Ajhaijs tn Durnpd aj tmd hdoihds ietdr Oncukbus (Vallntt 91=17 <?). Aj isdjsd, ernk tmd Dist oikd bnn`s ijh ernk tmd \dst sivilds‘bntm prnvdh tn bd tmd `dyonkpnjdjts nut ne wmaom ijtaquiraij spdoucitanj nj tmd nralaj ne mukij jiturd wdrdorietdh (Cdkiard 91=57 26-2).2

_axtddjtm-odjtury irtasts wdrd iknjl tmd earst tn hriw akpcaoitanjs nut ne tmasjdw onjtdxt. Ijoadjt Bratnjs ijh Ikdraoij ”sivilds‑ wdrd ajhrdh aonjnlripmao tmdkdsijh tmd hdpaotanj ne Bratiaj‑s ijodstnrs is prakatavd jitavds wis i eivnuratd tmdkd aj tmcist quirtdr ne tmd saxtddjtm odjtury. Aj 94<4, tmd Ecdkasm irtast Cuois hd Mddrd, pnriracy rdsahdjt aj Cnjhnj, prnhuodh i eajd witdroncnur hdpaotajl twn ijoadjtBratnjs. Virtcy ajspardh by ocissaoic tdxts, tmd piajtdr mih icsn smnwj i `ddj ajtdrdaj nvdrsdis jitavds suom is Dsàkns (Vallntt 91=17 <4, pcitd 950 _omjipp 911?7 946)Aj 94=5, tmd piajtdr Gnmj \matd tnn` pirt aj tmd Uarlajaij dxpdhatanj wmdrd md kihdioouritd witdroncnurs ne tmd ibnralajic ajmibatijts. \matd dvdjtuiccy bdoikd Lnvdrjnrne Uarlajai ijh aj 9416 mas accustritanjs wdrd djlrivdh by tmd prajtdr Gnmij-Xdnhnrn h

Bry, i jitavd ne Caíld cavajl aj Erijèurt-ik-Kiaj, wmn pubcasmdh tmdk tnldtmdr watmXnkis Mirrant‑sBraded ijh trud rdpnrt ne tmd jdw enujh cijh ne Uarlajai is tmd rst pirt nemas Ikdraoi (wmaom icsn ajonrpnritdh djlrivajls bisdh nj Gioquds cd Knyjd‑s hriwajls neEcnrahi jitavds). Xd djonujtdr bdtwddj Djlcasmkdj ijh Ajhaijs aj Uarlajai rdhd jdhtmd jntanjs ne sivildjdss ijh oavacaty (_mddmij 91=6)0 dtmjnlripmao s`dtombnn`s bdoiis akpnrtijt is ocissaoic tdxts tn hdpaot tmd ijoadjt Bratnj.

md akpiot ne tmdsd accustritanjs wis onjsahdribcd (Vallntt 91=17 =4-50 Kns911=). Aj tmd sdvdjtddjtm odjtury Hd Bry‑s djlrivajls wdrd wahdcy rdprnhuodh ijhhastajluasmdh ajtdccdotuics hrdw upnj tmd piriccdc bdtwddj prakatavd ijh prakdvcaed. Rnbdrt Burtnj, tmd iutmnr nemd Ijitnky ne Kdcijomncy ernk 9529, rdonk-kdjhdh tmd cdoturd ne rdpnrts nj Ikdraoij jitavds is i ourd iliajst lcnnkajdss.Md mdch tmit tmd Ldrkijs hdsorabdh by Oidsir ijh ioatus wdrd is ujoavacazdh itmd jitavds ne Uarlajai. mnkis Mnbbds onjtdjhdh aj 9549 tmit tmd brutasm caene prakatavd kij onuch stacc bd sddj it wnr` it tmd ntmdr sahd ne tmd Itcijtao. Ijhernk Cno`d oikd aj 9516 tmd eiknus haotuk7 ”Aj tmd bdlajjajl icc tmd wnrch wis Ikdraoi .‑ Akilds ne Jnrtm-Ikdraoij, dspdoaiccy Uarlajaij, sivildjdss wdrd tmusajonrpnritdh aj pmacnsnpmaoic hasonursds nj kij‑s prakdvic onjhatanj tmrnulmnutmd sdvdjtddjtm odjtury.

Ocissaoic iutmnrs rdkiajdh akpnrtijt ijh prnvahdh tmd knst akkdhaitd rd-snurod enr rdonjstruotajl tmd takd pdranh pranr tn tmd Rnkij Onjqudst. Enr aj-stijod, tmd pnpucir ahdi tmit tmd ijoadjt Bratnjs piajtdh tmdar bnhads wis njdne tmnsd tdxtuic ajedrdjods. Qdt rdcaijod nj tmd wrattdj wnrh hah jnt prdocuhd iajtdrdst aj tmd dtmjnlripmao prdsdjt. Ijtaquirads wdrd it piajs tn prnvd tmit tmdsàj-onvdrdh bnits kdjtanjdh by Oidsir ijh Vcajy wdrd dssdjtaiccy tmd sikd istmdourrilms stacc sddj aj Ardcijh (Vallntt 91=17 5?-8). It tmd takd, ”Ardcijh ijh Ikdraoi ajvncvdh, enr tmd Djlcasm, sakacir dxpdradjods‑ ne tdomjncnlaoic ijh oturic ajedranraty (_mddmij 91=67 44). md ijtaquiraij rdonjstruotanj ne tmd ij-oadjt Bratnj wis i onkpnsatd paoturd hriwajl upnj dtmjnlripmaoic akilds ernk

2 Vdrmips tmas ipmnrask kddts knrd tmd Vcitnjao vartud ne bdiuty tmij trutm7 bnn`s ernk Ijtaquaty wdricsn mijhdh hnwj by Knnrasm somncirsmap, by kdhadvic cabrirads, dtodtdri. Xd eicc ne Onjstijtajnpcwis but njd ne tmd akpucsds enr tmd Rdjiassijod, tmnulm ij akpnrtijt njd it tmit.



85

tmd Ikdraois, hdtiacdh hdsoraptanjs ne kitdraic oucturd lavdj by ocissaoic wratdrs,ijh onrrnbnritanj ne tmdsd by survavics watmaj tmd Bratasm Ascds.

By tmd djh ne tmd sdvdjtddjtm odjtury, `jnwcdhld nj onjtdkpnriry prakatavdcaed bdoikd ajecudjtaic aj tmd sncutanj ne i cnjl-stijhajl prnbcdk7 tmd rdonlja-

tanj ne tmujhdrbncts is stnjd tnncs. Aj 9545 _ar \accaik Hulhicd ajtdrprdtdhtmd sn-oiccdh odriujai enujh aj \irwao`smard is wdipnjs usdh by tmd ijoadjtBratnjs bdenrd tmdy mih kdticcurlaoic `jnwcdhld. Aj 95=5 mas snj-aj-ciw Hr Vcntsulldstdh tmit prdmastnrao stnjd tnncs wdrd mietdh ca`d tmd Ajhaij dxikpcds. Istmd earst @ddpdr ne tmd Ismkncdij Kusduk aj Nxenrh, Vcnt mih rdihy ioodss tnprdmastnrao ijh dxntao dxikpcds ne catmao akpcdkdjts. Aj i cdttdr ernk 9511 (pub-casmdh ajVmacnsnpmaoic rijsiotanjs ne tmd Rnyic _noadty ne 9<9?0 oe. Hijadc 915<7?1), tmd \dcsm ijtaquiry Dhwirh Cmwyh wmn wis Vcnt‑s issastijt ijh suoodssnr ittmd Ismkncdij, onjeahdjtcy guxtipnsdh Bratasm ijh rdodjt Jnrtm-Ikdraoij stnjdtnncs tn smnw tmdy mih bddj usdh is irrnwmdihs.

mas ijtaquiraij somncirsmap aj Bratiaj edcc snnj ajtn nbcavanj. Vallntt (91=17?9-2) mis pdrsuisavdcy irludh mnw ietdr tmd pubcaoitanj ne Jdwtnj‑sVrajoapai Kitmdkitaoi aj 95=<, tmd jnj-kitmdkitaoic hasoapcajds cnst snoaic prdstald ijhsoadjtaeao ordhabacaty wmacd knrd ittdjtanj wis lavdj tn ibstriot ldjdricazitanjs (oe.Vallntt 91450 91<50 Cyjom ijh Cyjom 915=). Vcnt mih njod bddj tmd sdordtiry netmd Rnyic _noadty (aj 95=2), but ietdr Jdwtnj wis dcdotdh prdsahdjt aj 9<6?, tmdijtaquiraij ajtdrdsts wdrd picdh. It tmd sikd takd aj Viras tmd Ioihákad rnyicd hds_oadjods hrdw knrd ittdjtanj tn tmd kittdr. md ippdirijod ne Kaomdc Kdroita‑s Kdticcntmdoi Uitaoiji aj 9<9<, i wnr` icrdihy wrattdj aj tmd citd saxtddjtm odjturywmaom ajhaoitdh tmujhdrbncts is prakatavd akpcdkdjts, prnvdh ajecudjtaic. Edwydirs citdr, aj 9<2?, Ijtnajd hd Gussadu prdsdjtdh i pipdr tn tmd Ioihákad aj wmaommd onkpirdh prdmastnrao stnjd tnncs watm snkd rdodjt dxikpcds ernk Ikdraoi ijhOijihi tn ajedr tmit ”cds padrrds hd enuhrd ‑ mih bddj kij-kihd ajstrukdjts.

Qdt dtmjnlripmy onuch hn knrd tmij ociraey stnjd tnncs. Aj tmd earst mice ne tmddalmtddjtm odjtury at bdoikd ocdir tmit at mdch brnihdr rdcdvijod. Gnsdpm-ErijìnasCieatiu, i Erdjom Gdsuat wmn mih spdjt eavd ydirs watm tmd Ajhaijs aj Oijihi, pub-casmdh aj 9<28 Kşurs hds siuvilds ikáraoiajs7 onkpiráds iux kşurs hds prdkadrstdkps , i tdccajl tatcd. Dtmjnlripmao dvahdjod wis ioonrhajl tn Cieatiu i kdijs tneajh tmd prakatavd triats ne mukijaty, pirtaoucircy aj rdcitanj tn rdcalanj. md dpat-nkd ne Gdsuat somncirsmap, md onjstijtcy knvdh bdtwddj mas `jnwcdhld ne ocissaoiccatdriturd ijh mas nwj dtmjnlripmao nbsdrvitanjs. Nj knst nooisanjs tmd Ijoadjtsdcuoahitdh tmd sivilds, snkdtakds tmd sivilds dcuoahitdh tmd Ijoadjts, but tmd iakwis tn eajh tmd omiriotdrastaos ne prakatavd rdcalanj. Cieatiu‑s wnr` as ajtdrdstajl isat kir`dh i jdw tdjhdjoy tn ajonrpnritd ajenrkitanj nj sivildry aj tmdncnlaon-pmacnsnpmaoic spdoucitanj nj mukij hdvdcnpkdjt.

Ci tiu wis jnt icnjd. Knjtdsquadu wrntdHd c‑dsprat hds cnasaj 9<8=. Lnludt pub-casmdh mas netdj rdprajtdhHd c‑nralajd hds cnas, hds irts dt hds soadjods, dt hd cdurs prnlrísomdz cds ijoadjs pdupcds aj 9<4=.? Xd Hijasm somncir Gdjs @riet wrntd i wnr` aj 9<56

? Ij Djlcasm trijscitanj ippdirdh tmrdd ydirs citdr7Xd nralaj ne ciws, irts, ijh soadjods, ijh tmdar prnlrdss iknjl tmd knst ijoadjt jitanjs (9<59).



8<

wmaom wis trijscitdh aj Ldrkij ujhdr tmd tatcd7Had _attd hdr \achdj, zur Iue`cèrujl hdsTrsprujls ijh Iuejimkd hdr Kdjsommdat . Aj icc tmdsd wnr`s, onkprdmdjsavd mastnrads nekijàjh wdrd eurjasmdh watm dvahdjod ernk onjtdkpnriry sivilds. Xnulm Ci tiu wisdxodptanjic aj mivajl nbsdrvdh Jnrtm-Ikdraoij Ajhaijs maksdce, Lnludt hdsdrvds ordha

enr mas ocdir hdedjod ne onkpiritavd dtmjnlripmy (9<4=7 xxxaa-xxxaaa)7 G‑ia orð qud ci onjhuatd hd ods Jitanjs Psiuvilds[ pnuvnat jnus enurjar hds cu-kaírds trís-sðrds & trís-gustds sur c‑átit hijs cdqudc sd sdrnjt trnuváds cds prdkaírds pdupcihds akkáhaitdkdjt iprís ci onjeusanj hds cijluds & ci haspdrsanj hds ei-kaccds. P...[ Nj hnat guldr hd c‑átit nñ i átá c‑Ijoadj Knjhd qudcquds tdkps ipríscd háculd, pir odcua qua subsastnat djonrd hijs ci pcus lrijhd pirtad hu Jnuvdiu Knjhd, cnrsqu‑nj dj i eiat ci háonuvdrtd.

Babcaoic jntanjs ca`d tmd Ecnnh, tmd onjeusanj ne tnjluds ijh tmd haspdrsanj neikacads wdrd stacc iutmnratitavd, but tmd onjernjtitanj watm dtmjnlripmao dvahdrnhdh tmd _orapturd‑s knjnpncy (Cdkiard 91=57 919-40 KoLrijd 91=17 59-8).Lnludt‑s usd ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh wis pirt ne i kuom brnihdr mastnry neoavacazitanj cirldcy buact nj babcaoic dvahdjod. Ca`d Cieatiu, md snulmt tn rdon”cds Rdcitanjs hds Unyildurs knhdrjds ‑ watm tmd ”Doraviajs hd c‑ijtaquatá ‑ (xxxav).

Xd trihatanj ne onkpnsajl ujavdrsic mastnrads ne kijàjh watm nvdrsdis dvahdjodrdiomdh i tdjtitavd ipdx aj tmd Erdjom ijh _onttasm Djcalmtdjkdjt ne tmd sdonjh micne tmd dalmtddjtm odjtury (Brysnj 91840 Kdd` 91<50 Cdkiard 91=57 91=-2650 _tno`91=<7 96-1).8 Dhajburlm-bisdh tmaj`drs ca`d Rnbdrtsnj, Edrlusnj, @ikds, _katm ijhKaccir smirdh i lrdit hdic ne tmdar bisao issukptanjs ijh ikbatanjs watm tmd VirasaijCukaírds ca`d urlnt, Rnussdiu, Onjhnrodt ijh Mdcvátaus7 ij ajtdrdst aj tmd mastnry neoavacazitanj0 tmd onjvaotanj tmit tmas mastnry wis by ijh cirld prnlrdssavd0 tmd bdcacaoic aj nralaj, aj tmd psyomao ujaty ne kijàjh0 tmd nbsdrvitanj ne hastdrdjtaic prnlriknjl tmd jitanjs ne tmd dirtm0 ijh tmd rdsuctijt prajoapcd tmit wmit wis sddj aj prdsdjt-hiy prakatavd riods wis dssdjtaiccy sakacir tn wmit mih omiriotdrazdh tmd prdmastnraaj Durnpd. Hdspatd nbvanus pmysaoic haeedrdjods, mukijs wdrd bdcadvdh tn bdtn i ujaqud spdoads djhnwdh watm kdjtic eiouctads, wmaom wdrd, mnwdvdr, jnt drywmdrd iotuicazdh tn tmd sikd hdlrdd (_tnoàjl 91=<7 91, 49). urlnt ijh _katmajhdpdjhdjtcy oikd up watm i ”enur stilds tmdnry‑ (Kdd` 91<5) wmaom hassdotdh tmdtnry ne oavacazitanj ajtn enur onjsdoutavd stilds ne snoan-donjnkao lrnwtm7 mujtajl, pturild, ilraoucturd ijh onkkdrod. Xd knhdc prnvdh ajudjtaic tmrnulmnut tmd sdonjhmice ne tmd dalmtddjtm odjtury, pirtaoucircy aj _ontcijh (Cdkiard 91=57 91=0 _tno`91=<7 95). Xnulm tmd ajtdrdst wis knrd aj ”tmd prnlrdss ne oavacazitanj aj Durnpd‑ tmaj ”tmd nralaj ne oavacazitanj aj sivildry‑ (_tnoàjl 91=<7 91), dtmjnlripmao onkpirasnwis njd ne tmd paccirs nj wmaom tmd dha od ne tmd pmacnsnpmds rdstdh.

Aj suk, tmd ahdi ne i onkpiritavd kdtmnh dkdrldh aj sdvdric hastajot onjtdxtswatm quatd hastajot purpnsds0 at djtiacdh tmd akild ne ijoadjt Bratnjs by citd-satddjtm odjtury, knstcy Cnjhnj-bisdh irtasts0 tmd ahdjtaeaoitanj ne ecajt irtdeiots

8 Xdsd mastnrads ird netdj rdedrrdh tn is ”onjgdoturic‑, wmaom as i ritmdr ujenrtujitd tdrk onjsahdajl tmd dkparaoic, eiotuic prnlrikkd it sti`d (Brysnj 91847 420 Kdd` 91<57 2?1). Lnludt, enrajstijod, stitdh7 ”Nj i trnp hnjjá æ ci onjgdoturd ‑ (9<4=7 v-va).



8=

is prdmastnrao tnncs by ouritnrs ne tmd Ismkncdij kusduk ijh by Erdjomioihákaoadjs irnujh 9<660 ijh tmd rdonjstruotanj neujd mastnard riasnjjád hdc‑mnkkd by Erdjom ijh _onttasm Djcalmtdjkdjt pmacnsnpmdrs. Aj dssdjod, tmd ak-ild ne prakatavd ijh prakdvic sivildjdss wis bisdh nj tmd Ikdraoij Ajhaij, but

hurajl tmd dalmtddjtm odjtury tmd dxpcnritanj ne tmd _nutm _dis by Onn` ijh tmdscnw pdjdtritanj ne Ieraoi prnvahdh jdw rdpnrts nj jnj-wdstdrj ntmdrs (Ldnrld914=).

md usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly onjtajunuscy nsoaccitdh bdtwddj twn dx-trdkds7 datmdr i lcnbic akild nr i cnoic ajedrdjod. Irtasts ca`d Hd Mddrd, \matd,ijh Hd Bry wijtdh tn pnrtriy i brnih vasuicazitanj ne tmd ijoadjt Bratnj0 ijta-quiraijs ca`d Vcnt, Cmwyh ijh Gussadu wnr`dh nj tmd kuom knrd oarouksorabdhtmujhdrbnct-prnbcdk0 tmd pmacnsnpmds wdrd ajtdrdstdh aj tmd knrd ldjdric stildwmaom i sivild snoadty dkbnhadh. Ernk Rdjiassijod tn Djcalmtdjkdjt, ijicnladsstnnh bdtwddj accustritanj ijh ajtdrprdtitanj, bdtwddj prngdotanj ijh prnbcdk-

sncvajl, bdtwddj akild ijh irlukdjt‘i tdjsanj wmaom mih akpnrtijt rdpdrous-sanjs aj tmd odjturads tn onkd.Mnw tmas mdtdrnldjdnus trihatanj ne dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs aj irtastao, ijta-

quiraij, tmdncnlaoic ijh pmacnsnpmaoic onjtdxts, watm ats ikiclik ne ahdis njprnlrdss, psyomao ujaty ijh onkpirasnj, ats sorapturic ijh ocissaoic ujhdrpajjajlsijh ats accustritavd, ajtdrprdtitavd ijh rdonjstruotavd kntavitanjs wis trijscitdhajtn i onjsastdjt rdsdirom prnlrikkd it tmd bartm ne iromidncnly aj tmd dircy jajd-tddjtm-odjtury smicc jnw bd ajvdstalitdh.

Xmd akpiot ne tmd tmrdd-ild systdkmd bartm ne soadjtaeao iromidncnly, trihatanjiccy issnoaitdh watm tmd Hijasm tmrdd-

ild systdk, as sddj is i lrdit cdip enrwirh onkpirdh tn tmd onjgdoturic somdkdsne tmd dalmtddjtm odjtury. mas sdotanj iaks tn strdss tmd bisao onjtajuaty bd-twddj Djcalmtdjkdjt pmacnsnpmy ijh _oijhajivaij typnomrnjncnly. At io`jnwc-dhlds eujhikdjtic ajjnvitanjs aj tmd dxpcijitanj ne tmd Brnjzd ijh Arnj Ild, butsmnws mnw tmas mis rdsuctdh aj i huicast vasanj ne prdmastnry. md tmrdd-ild systdkrdsuctdh aj i twn-stild ioonujt ne mukij oavacazitanj wmdrd i jituric, ujavdrsic,lcnbic _tnjd Ild wis aj odrtiaj pciods djhdh by i sdrads ne cnoic kalritanjs hurajltmd kdtic ilds. md akpiot ne tmas huicask nj tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly wis

prnenujh, is tmd wnr` ne _vdj Jacssnj ijh Hijadc \acsnj smnws. At wis cakatdh tntmd _tnjd Ild ijh cakatdh tn tdomjncnlaoic onkpirasnj.

I rdvncutanj aj ijtaquiraij tmnulmt> Hdspatd tmd Erdjom ijh _onttasm somdkds, at wis aj _oijhajivai tmit suom sdqudj-taic tmaj`ajl wis earst ippcadh tn ij dcibnritd iromidncnlaoic hiti sdt. md stnry misnetdj bddj tnch ne mnw aj 9=95 O.G. mnksdj rdirrijldh tmd raom kitdraics ne tmdJitanjic Kusduk ne Hijasm Ijtaquatads aj Onpdjmildj by havahajl tmdk ajtn i_tnjd, Brnjzd ijh Arnj Ild, i kdtmnh dxpciajdh by mak aj tmd eiknusCdhdtriih



81

(9=?5) ijh onrrnbnritdh by tmd stritalripmao dxoivitanjs aj Hijasm pdit bnlsujhdrti`dj by mas suoodssnr G.I.I. \nrsiid (Hijadc 918?0 915<7 16-9610 91<47?=-440 ralldr 91=17 <?-1).

Xd panjddrajl rncd mastnraijs ne iromidncnly ldjdriccy ittrabutd tn Xnksdj mis tdjh-

dh tn nbsourd tmd cnjl-stijhajl trihatanj nj wmaom md maksdce buact.4

Aticaij Rdjiassijodsomncirs ca`d Ilraonci, Ichrnvijha ijh Kdroita mih icrdihy nj tmd bisas ne tmdar rdihajlaj Mnkdr, Mdsanh ijh dspdoaiccy Cuordtaus onkd up watm tmd ahdi tmit tmdrd mih btakd aj mukij mastnry wmdrd stnjd wis usdh bdenrd kdtic‘ij ahdi tmdy ippcadh tn tmdtmujhdrbncts. Kdroita dvdj wdjt sn eir is tn sulldst tmd dxastdjod ne suoodssavd drisstnjd, brnjzd ijh arnj tnncs.

md Aticao itknspmdrd wmaom pdrvihdh sdvdjtddjtm-odjtury Erijod ijh tmdhatanj ne Kdroita‑s wnr` aj tmd dircy dalmtddjtm odjtury djsurdh i onjtajuatybdtwddj Rdjiassijod somncirsmap ijh Erdjom Gdsuat ijh Djcalmtdjkdjt soadjod.Jdxt tn Gussadu‑s rdonljatanj ne stnjd tnncs, Kimuhdc rdih i pipdr tn tmd Ioihákad

hds Ajsoraptanjs aj 9<?6 wmdrd md ioodptdh Kdroita‑s tmrdd suoodssavd pdranhs. ijntmdr pipdr rdih tn tmit ioihdky aj 9<?8 tmd Gdsuat Knjteiuonj, wmnsd dxoi-vitanjs ne tmd kdlicatmao tnkb ne Onomdrdc aj Jnrkijhy mih hdknjstritdh tmddxastdjod ne i _tnjd Ild, ilrddh wmncdmdirtdhcy watm tmas tmrdd-ild systdk. Ijhsn hah Lnludt, tmd iutmnr neC‑nralajd hds cnas, hds irts dt hds soadjods (9<4=) wmnirludh tmit mukijs mih earst bddj usajl tnncs kihd ernk stnjd, citdr ernk snetkdtics ca`d lnch, sacvdr ijh onppdr, ijh eajiccy ernk arnj (Lriysnj 91=?7 9?). Bytmd kahhcd ne tmd dalmtddjtm odjtury aj Erijod, kijy somncirs wdrd prdpirdh tnioodpt i prdmastnrao dri aj wmaom stnjd wis usdh is tmd prakd rdsnurod bdenrdihvdjt ne kdtic ijh sdvdric ne tmdk bdcadvdh aj i sdqudjod ne _tnjd, Brnjzd ijhArnj Ilds.

Erijod prnvahdh tmd oucturic ahdic nj wmaom tmd Hijasm onurt ijh irastnorioknhdccdh atsdce ijh citd-dalmtddjtm ijh dircy-jajdtddjtm odjtury _oijhajivaijsomncirsmap wis kir`dh by i onjsahdribcd Erdjom soadjtaeao akpnrt (Ocir`d 915

ralldr 91=17 <8). @riet‑sHad _attd hdr \achdj, enr ajstijod, wis mdivacy ajspardhby Cieatiu‑s Kşurs hds siuvilds ikáraoiajs . md dxtdjt tn wmaom mnksdj wisioquiajtdh watm tmdsd Erdjom somncirs as jnt ocdir but at kiy mivd bddj onjsahdibcd. Aj i cdttdr tn i Ldrkij somncir aj 9=24, md spn`d ne ”tmd vicahaty ne tmdnch jntanj ne earst stnjd, tmdj onppdr, ijh eajiccy arnj‑ (aj @cajht-Gdjsdj 91<47 42,dkpmisas ihhdh). mnksdj‑s tmrdd-ild systdk oikd hnwj tn tmd systdkitao ak-pcdkdjtitanj ne tmas nch hdvdcnpkdjtic somdkd tn ij akpnrtijt but ujnrhdrdhonccdotanj ne ijoadjt rdcaos. Lrèscujh (91=<7 9?-5) mis ajhaoitdh mnw Hdjkir`ijh _wdhdj wdrd tmd earst onujtrads tn mivd substijtaic jitanjic onccdotanjs ne ij-taquatads wmaom wdrd odjtricazdh aj njd pciod, ajstdih ne haspdrsdh nvdr prnva

4 Xd trihatanjic hdedjhijt ne tmd _oijhajivaij nralajicaty mis bddj Lcyj Hijadc (918?0 915<). HivahOcir`d, mnwdvdr, aj tmd dxodccdjt but snkdwmit enrlnttdj mastnraoic ajtrnhuotanj tn mas Ijicytaoic Iromidncnly (915=7 8-99), mis omiccdjldh tmas vadw by ajhaoitajl tmd akpnrtijod ne Xnksdj‑sonjodptuic enrdbdirs, i vadw wmaom mis ajordisajlcy wnj suppnrtdrs (Lrèscujh 91=90 91=<7 9<-Lriysnj 91=?7 99-980 ralldr 91=17 <4 ijh pirtaoucircy Rnhhdj 91=9). Xnulm Hijadc ioodptdhtmd dxastdjod ne snkd prd-jajdtddjtm odjtury prdhdodssnrs, aj citdr pubcaoitanjs (91<40 91<5) md stpriasds tmd jnrtmdrj ijtaquirads is tmd enujhdrs ne prdmastnrao iromidncnly ijh Xnksdj is tmd njd”wmn prnhuodh tmd rdvncutanj aj ijtaquiraij tmnulmt‑ (91<57 89).



46

\ujhdr`ikkdr . Ritmdr tmij hdravajl ernk ”tmd ldjaus ne tmas njd pdrsnj‑ (Hijadc91<57 89), at wis knrd ne i ”mastnraoic iooahdjt‑ (Ocir`d 915=7 96). md suoodss netmas ”bujhcd ne ahdis‑ ciah ”aj ats ioodptibacaty‘at wis tmd ralmt tmajl it tmd ralmttakd‑ (Rnhhdj 91=97 54).

Qdt tmdrd wdrd haeedrdjods. md wnr` ne mnksdj ijh \nrsiid mih eir cdss uja-vdrsicast prdtdjsanjs tmij tmit ne tmd dalmtddjtm-odjtury pmacnsnpmdrs. Ajspardh bytmd Rnkijtao qudst enr i jitanjic pist, Hijasm ijtaquiraij ajtdrdst wis cirldcy edhby i pitrantao kntavitanj, dspdoaiccy sajod ajtdrjitanjic pncataos mih omiccdjldh tmdvdry onjodpt ne Hijasm ahdjtaty (@cajht-Gdjsdj 91<47 4=-590 @rastaijsdj 91=90

ralldr 91=17 <8). Vrnvahajl ij ajtdccalabcd erikdwnr` enr tmd Jnrtmdrj pist wistmd prakd ikbatanj, jnt tmd eibraoitanj ne i jirritavd nj tmd nralaj ijh hdvdcnp-kdjt ne mukij oavacazitanj. mnksdj hah jdvdr irlud tmit icc rdlanjs ne tmd wnrchmih lnjd tmrnulm i sakacir suoodssanj ne _tnjd, Brnjzd ijh Arnj Ilds. md tmrdd-ild systdk sakpcy sdrvdh is i cnoic ocissaeaoitanj enr _oijhajivaij prdmastnry, ijh

at wis njcy it i citdr stild ijh tmrnulm tmd wnr` ne ntmdr somncirs tmit at bdoikdi lcnbic sdqudjod.Viriccdc tn tmas prdedrdjod ne tmd cnoic nvdr tmd lcnbic, tmdrd wis i prdedrdjod ne

kalritanj nvdr dvncutanj. \mdrdis dalmtddjtm-odjtury spdoucitanjs dxpciajdh tmdhaeedrdjt stilds ne mukijaty‑s hdvdcnpkdjt is i jituric suoodssanj, mnksdj ijh \nrsiid rdlirhdh tmd Brnjzd ijh Arnj Ild is tmd rdsuct ne iooahdjtic ajvisanjs(Hijadc 91<47 840 _tno`ajl 91=<7 <2). md ujavdrsic strituk ne tmd _tnjd Ildmih djhdh ibruptcy watm tmd ajvisanj ne i jdw riod watm kuom malmdr tdomjncnla-oic stijhirhs0 ijh tmas riod wis dvdjtuiccy tn bd rdpciodh by ijntmdr pdnpcd wmnpnssdssdh tmd `jnwcdhld ne arnj kdticcurly. drks ernk mnksdj‑s sdkajic pipdr(9=?50 trijscitdh 9=8=) suom is ”akatitanj‑, ”ajtdrjitanjic onjjdxanjs‑, ”trieeao‑,”dkalritanj tn tmd Jnrtm‑ ki`d ocdir tmit mas onjodrj wis watm rdlanjic haeeusanjijh kalritanj ritmdr tmij ujavdrsic dvncutanj.

Aj suk, tmd sdqudjod stnjd-brnjzd-arnj wis nch, but tmd dxpcijitanj ne atwis jdw. Enr mnksdj tmd tmrddilds hah jnt rdprdsdjt tmrddstilds ne suoodssavdlrnwtm. Jnjdtmdcdss, ij akpcaoat hastajotanj wis hriwj bdtwddj tmd _tnjd Ild njtmd njd mijh ijh tmd Brnjzd ijh Arnj Ild nj tmd ntmdr. _ajod pncasmdh stnjd ixdsernk Hdjkir` wdrd onkpiribcd watm spdoakdjs ernk iornss Durnpd ijh sajodtmdy onuch stacc bd enujh iknjl prdsdjt-hiy nvdrsdis sivilds, tmd _tnjd Ild wisbdcadvdh tn rdprdsdjt i ujavdrsic prakdvic stild. But lnchdjcujucid , brnjzdcurid ijh arnj ripadrs wdrd eajhs watm vdry edw onujtdrpirts bdynjh tmd Hijasm pditbnls ijh wdrd tmus ittrabutdh tn cnoic prnodssds. md huicask bdtwddj tmd _tnjdijh tmd kdtic ilds wis njd ne ujavdrsic jiturd vdrsus cnoic oucturd, ne scnw prnodssvdrsus ripah omijld, ijh ne dvncutanj vdrsus kalritanj ijh haeeusanj. md tmrdd-ild systdk tmus oikd hnwj tn i twn-stild vadw ne mukij hdvdcnpkdjt.

Ocdircy, suom huicask mdivacy ajecudjodh tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly7 enrtmd _tnjd Ild at onuch bd usdeuc, enr tmd kdtic ilds at wis tn jn iviac. mnksdjjntdh tmit tmd dircadst ajmibatijts ne Hdjkir` wmaom mih bdcnjldh tn tmd Ild ne_tnjd ”kust mivd bnrjd i rdsdkbcijod tn sivilds‑ (9=8=7 58). Onkpirasnjs onuchbd hriwj enr tmd _tnjd Ild is tmas wis i ujavdrsic pmdjnkdjnj. Aj cdttdr tn iVncasm onccdilud, md wrntd tmit aj tmd dircadst pdranh lrdit pirts ne Durnpd wdrd ”aj-



49

mibatdh by iotuiccy vdry sakacir ijh vdry prakatavd riods‑ wmaom ”onrrdspnjhPdtmd wach Jnrtm Ikdraoijs aj kijy rdspdots‑ (aj Rnhhdj 91=97 4=). \nrsiid pnajt-dh tn tmd pdnpcds ne tmd _nutm _dis tn accustritd tmit stnjd tnncs onuch bd usdh is dakpcdkdjts (Hijadc 915<7 11). Md icsn usdh onjtdkpnriry hdsoraptanjs ne Brizacaij

Ajhaijs edccajl i trdd is ajhaoitanjs enr prdmastnrao wnnh-outtajl (@cajht-Gdjsdj 91=Xas ti`dj-enr-lrijtdh piriccdc bdtwddj _tnjd Ild pdnpcd aj tmd pist ijh aj tmd prdsdjtwis icsn rddotdh aj bntm Xnksdj‑s ijh \nrsiid‑s kusduk ciynuts. Xnksdj pciodhHijasm ajt ixds sahd by sahd tn _nutm Vioa o mietdh stnjd ixds. \nrsiid, tnn, ietdr mippnajtkdjt is kusduk hardotnr aj 9=54, irrijldh tmd dtmjnlripmao irtdeiots sn is tnbd ne vicud is onkpiritavd kitdraic enr tmd _oijhajivaij prdmastnrao irtdeiots (@cajht Gdjsdj 91<5). But onkpirdh tn Ci tiu, Lnludt ijh @riet wmn mih diom buact ij djtardmastnard ujavdrsdccd hd c‑mnkkd nj tmd bisas ne dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs, tmd _oijhajivaijijtaquirads wdrd eir knrd pirsaknjanus aj tmd usd ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh (Rivj911?0 @cajht-Gdjsdj 91<50 91=9). At njcy sdrvdh tn dxpciaj tmd eujotanj, d oadjoy,

mietajl ne stnjd tnncs.Hdspatd ats cnoic dkpmisas, tmd tmrdd-ild systdk stirtdh tn bd ippcadh iornDurnpd aj tmd subsdqudjt hdoihds. Bruzdcaus ajtrnhuodh at tn _wdhdj, CasomLdrkijy, \acsnj tn _ontcijh ijh @dccdr tn _watzdrcijh. At bdoikd tmd ujatiryerikdwnr` enr ujhdrstijhajl sakaciratads ijh haeedrdjods aj Durnpdij prdmastnry.

n ujhdrstijh ats rncd aj tmd Ijlcn-_ixnj wnrch ijh tmd akpiot at kihd nj tmdusd ne dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs, wd mivd tn stuhy tmd wnr` ne _vdj Jacssnj ijhHijadc \acsnj.

Xmd huicask ne _vdj Jacssnj ijh Hijadc \acsnj

Edw iutmnrs ird it rst salmt sn havdrldjt is _vdj Jacssnj ijh Hijadc \acsnj. Xd njdwis i _wdhasm bancnlast, hddpcy rnntdh aj tmd Djcalmtdjkdjt stuhy ne jituric mastnrtmd ntmdr i _onttasm ijtaquiraij ajvncvdh watm tmd Rnkijtaoast stuhy ne tmd jitanjpist. Ijh ydt i onkpirasnj ne tmdar ajtdccdotuic wnr`s as prnkasajl, is bntm djraomdh tmHijasm tmrdd-ild systdk watm dtmjnlripmao rdisnjajl. Nj tnp ne tmit, bntm wdrd rdihby tmd ynujldr ldjdritanj ne snoaic dvncutanjasts ijh ajudjodh tmdk tn i onjsahdribcddxtdjt. Jacssnj wis trijscitdh ajtn Djlcasm by jn njd cdss tmij Gnmj Cubbno` maksdce \acsnj wis it cdist stuhadh by tmd dvncutanjasts, ijh mas akpiot kiy mivd bddj cirldrtmij trihatanjiccy issukdh (@dmnd 911=). 5 Aj i sdjsd, at as eiar tn siy tmit tmd wnr` ne

Jacssnj ijh \acsnj eujotanjdh is i brahld, bntm aj takd ijh by tmdkd, bdtwddj tmdHijasm ijtaquiraijs ijh tmd Bratasm dvncutanjasts. Aj takd, sajod tmdar wnr` spijs tmsdonjh quirtdr ne tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury. Aj tmdkd, sajod at knvdh ernk irtaeiot ocissaoitanj tn oucturic rdonjstruotanj.

5 \acsnj‑s onjtrabutanj tn tmd dkdrldjod ne prdmastnrao iromidncnly as stacc i kittdr ne hdbitd.Ldjdriccy enrlnttdj aj brade mastnraoic rdvadws, Icaod @dmnd (91190 911=) mis rdodjtcy brnulmt nut ernk bdmajh Cubbno`‑s smihnw wmn as ldjdriccy ioordhatdh tmd rncd ne ajvdjtnr ne tmd hasoapMdr irlukdjt as tmit \acsnj hah jnt mivd tmd snoaic ijh ioihdkao ordhdjtaics tn bdcnjl tn tmdCnjhnj oarocds wmdrd Cubbno`‑s stir smnjd, tmit md, mnwdvdr, pciydh i enujhitanjic rncd, tmit monajdh tmd tdrk prdmastnry, but tmit md wis enrodh ajtn nvdrsdis dxacd sajod jn ioihdkao pnsts wdriviacibcd tn mak aj Bratiaj. Aj mdr vadw, Cubbno` wnuch dvdj mivd pcilairazdh snkd ne mas wnr` (bsdd ralldr 9118 enr i smirp rdpcy).



42

_vdj Jacssnj as njd ne tmd knst ajtraluajl ijh it tmd sikd takd knst pnnrcy ujhdr-stnnh pdrsnjicatads aj tmd mastnry ne iromidncnly, pdrmips sakpcy bdoiusd md wis jnt ijiromidncnlast aj tmd straot sdjsd ca`d Xnksdj ijh \nrsiid wdrd.< Is i znncnlast wmnmih stuhadh ujhdr Ouvadr, md bdoikd prnedssnr ne znncnly ijh hardotnr ne tmd znncnla-

oic kusduk aj Cujh ijh hnkajitdh _wdhasm bancnly hurajl tmd rst mice ne tmd odj-tury. Dvdr sajod Cajjidus, _wdhdj mih bdonkd ij akpnrtijt onujtry enr jituric mastnryijh tixnjnky ijh Jacssnj mih wnj mas spurs watm sdvdric vncukds nj _oijhajivaijeiuji, pirtaoucircy barhs, knccusos ijh smds. Is ij ajtrnhuotanj tn i jdw dhatanj ne masstijhirh wnr` nj tmd eiuji ne _oijhajivai aj 9=?8, md wrntd ij dssiy wmaom hdict watmtmd caed ne prdmastnrao mujtdrs ijh smdrs. Md dxpijhdh tmdsd ahdis ijh ajsdrtdh i cnjltrdity nj tmd nralaj ne tmd Jnrhao Brnjzd Ild aj mas_`ijhajivas`i Jnrhdjs Tr-ajväjird ,pubcasmdh bdtwddj 9=?= ijh 9=8?. Aj 9=5? tmd sdotanj nj tmd Brnjzd Ild wis trijs-citdh ajtn Ldrkij0 aj 9=5= tmd sdotanj nj tmd _tnjd Ild ippdirdh aj Djlcasm, is wdcc isi Erdjom trijscitanj ne tmd djtard wnr`. Cubbno`‑s Djlcasm trijscitanj ippdirdh ujhdr

tmd tatcdXd Vrakatavd Ajmibatijts ne _oijhajivai7 Ij Dssiy nj Onkpiritavd Dtmjnlripmy (Jacssnj 9=5=).Hijadc \acsnj, ij ijtaquiry wmnsd dircy ajtdrdsts mih bddj aj tmd urbij mas-

tnry ne mas mnkdtnwj Dhajburlm, pubcasmdhVrdmastnrao Ijjics ne _ontcijh (9=49)ijh, ietdr mas knvd tn Jnrtm-Ikdraoi,Vrdmastnrao Kij (9=52), wnr`s wmaombrnulmt tnldtmdr icc iviacibcd eiots nj prdmastnry aj _ontcijh ijh Jnrtm-Ikdraoi. \rattdj i odjtury ietdr Rnbdrtsnj‑sMastnry ne _ontcijh ernk 9<49 ijhMastnryne Ikdraoi ernk 9<<<, \acsnj‑s bnn`s onuch bd rdlirhdh is tmd iromidncnlaoicpdjhijts tn tmdsd. Qdt \acsnj wis jn prnhuot ne tmd _onttasm Djcalmtdjkdjt.At as tdccajl tmit nj tmd rird nooisanjs md rdedrs tn njd ne mas onkpitrants, at as tntmd dpatnkd ne _onttasm rnkijtaoask, _ar \ictdr _ontt, ritmdr tmij tn ijy ne tmdDjcalmtdjkdjt tmaj`drs. \acsnj bdcnjldh tn tmas earst ldjdritanj ne iromidncnlastswmn, tmnulm mdars tn tmd Djcalmtdjkdjt, wdrd knrd hardotcy hravdj by tmd sparatne rnkijtaoask ijh pitrantask wmaom mih icsn omiriotdrazdh Hijasm ijtaquirads(@dmnd 911=7 8-26). Md wis i hdvntdh somncir wmn wijtdh tn brajl iromidncnlybdynjh tmd stild ne i ”eravncnus pistakd‑, ”sncdkj traecajl‑ ijh ”pnpucir trikkdcs‑(9=497 A, xxav) aj nrhdr tn dstibcasm ats vicud is ”tmd ajhaspdjsibcd bisas ne icc wrat-tdj mastnry‑ (A, xx).

Mnw hah bntm iutmnrs rdcitd tn tmd tmrdd-ild systdk> Jacssnj wis ioquiajtdhwatm tmd systdk ijh usdh onjodpts ca`d _tnjd, Brnjzd ijh Arnj Ild, tmnulm mdieearkdh mas rdcitavd ajhdpdjhdjod ernk mnksdj (9=5=7 xcvaa). Mas ocissaeaoitanjne irtdeiots wis earst ne icc eujotanjic, jnt typnomrnjncnlaoic, issaljajl tnncs tnoitdlnrads suom is ”akpcdkdjts enr mujtajl ijh easmajl‑, ”oirpdjtdr‑s nr kdomijao‑stnncs‑ ijh ”nrjikdjts‑. Jacssnj strdssdh tmit ijtaquatads rdprdsdjtdh ”tmd erilkdjtsne i prnlrdssavd sdrads ne oavacazitanj, ijh tmit tmd mukij riod mis icwiys bddj,ijh stacc as, stdihacy ihvijoajl aj oavacazitanj‑ (cvaa). ”I prnlrdssavd sdrads ne oavacazi-tanj‑, ”tmd mukij riod‑, ”stdihacy ihvijoajl‑, mnw haeedrdjt hnds tmas snujh ietdrrdihajl mnksdj! Jacssnj wis kuom knrd ajhdbtdh tn tmd dalmtddjtm-odjturyhdvdcnpkdjticasts tmij mas Hijasm onccdiluds. Md earkcy bdcadvdh aj tmd ujaty ne

< Xd bdst wnr` nj Jacssnj mis rdlrdttibcy rdkiajdh ujtrijscitdh ernk _wdhasm (Rdljácc 91=?).



4?

tmd mukij riod ijh tmd supdranraty ne oavacazitanj7 ”Jitanjs sprajl ajtn dxastdjodijh aj tmdar turj, hdocajd ijh eicc0 but oavacasitanj ijh mukijaty ird stdihacy prn-lrdssajl‑ (cax). Ihnptajl tmd lrihuicast tmdnry ne snoan-donjnkao lrnwtm sdt enrtmby urlnt, _katm ijh Edrlusnj, md siah tmit ”dvdry jitanj mis mih, nr mis, enur

stilds tn piss tmrnulm‑ (cxav) ijh hdsorabdh tmd mujtajl ijh easmajl, pistnric, il-raoucturic ijh onkkdroaic stilds ne oavacazitanj (@updr 91==7 58). Is oij bd dxpdotdh, \acsnj‑s ajtdccdotuic onjjdotanj wis earst ne icc watm

mnksdj ijh \nrsiid. Aj mas earst knjnlripm, md siah tmit tmd ”Hijasm ijtaquir-ads mivd surpissdh icc ntmdrs aj tmd vicud ijh dxtdjt ne tmdar rdsdiromds‑ (9=496). \nrsiid wis oiccdh ”tmd dkajdjt Hijasm ijtaquiry‑ (A, 29) ijh mnksdj‑skdtmnh prnvahdh ”tmd enujhitanj enr Iromidncnly is i soadjod‑ (A, 2?). \acsnjocdircy bdcadvdh tmit tmd systdk ne irrijlajl Jnrhao ijtaquatads wis ”icsn ippcaoibcd tn tmnsd ne Bratiaj‑ (A, 2?). Ijh ietdr \nrsiid vasatdh Dhajburlm ijh rdnrlij-azdh tmd onccdotanjs ne tmd _noadty ne Ijtaquirads (@dmnd 911=7 95), at as jn

prasd tmit tmd struoturd ne \acsnj‑sVrdmastnrao Ijjics ne _ontcijh ocnsdcy rdecdotdhtmd tmrdd-ild systdk‘wmaom md ihhdh watm i enurtm pirt enr tmd Omrastaij pdramd tmrdd-ild systdk tmus suppcadh \acsnj watm i somdkd ajtdccalabcd djnu

tn ocissaey rdcaos ernk prdmastnrao mijhixds tn kdhadvic tnrturd ajstrukdjts. Meivnuribcy oatdh Jacssnj‑s wnr` nj tmd Jnrhao Brnjzd Ild, but hah jnt onjsahdrmas brnihdr dvncutanjast ijh dtmjnlripmao prdkasds. At wis tmd dircy _oijhajivaiiromidncnlasts wmn suppcadh tmd snac aj wmaom \acsnj pcijtdh mas nwj rdsdiro

Hdspatd tmd haeedrdjt usd ne tmd tmrdd-ild systdk, Jacssnj ijh \acsnj onj-ourrdh aj rdprnhuoajl ats ajmdrdjt huicask wmaom sdt tmd _tnjd Ild ipirt ernk tmdkdtic ilds. Jacssnj ilrddh watm mnksdj ijh \nrsiid nj tmd ujavdrsicaty ne tmd_tnjd Ild7 ”Dvdry jitanj, dvdj tmnsd knst ijoadjtcy oavacasdh, mis mih ats _tnjd Ild‑ (9=5=7 919). Ijh \acsnj catdriccy jikdh tmd _tnjd Ild i ”prakdvic pdranh‑tmrnulm wmaom ”knst, pdrmips icc jitanjs mivd pissdh‑ (9=497 A, 89). \acsnj enreuccy hdedjhdh tmas huicask. Ioonrhajl tn mak, tmd subgdot kittdr ne tmd _tnj Ild wis ”tmd mastnry, jnt ne kdj, but ne kij0 jnt ne jitanjs but ne tmd riod‑ (A,9). Citdr ilds, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, wdrd omiriotdrazdh by suoodssavd kalritanjsijh smnwdh tmd rdsuct ne ”mirhy oncnjasts‑ (A, 99). Aj tmas stild, prnlrdss wiscnjldr ij ajhdpdjhdjt hdvdcnpkdjt, but brnulmt ibnut by dxtdrjic ajecudjodsne ”prakatavd oncnjasts ne Durnpd onrrdspnjhajl tn suoodssavd stilds ne ihvijodkdjt aj oavacasitanj‑ (A, 9?). Jacssnj‑s wnr` smnws tmd sikd hasordpijoy. Ietdrmas hdvdcnpkdjticast wnr` nj tmd prdmastnrao mujtdrs ijh easmdrs aj _oijhajiva(9=?=-9=8?), mas dssiy nj tmd nralaj ne tmd Jnrhao Brnjzd Ild tnn` i vdry hae-edrdjt pdrspdotavd (9=5?). _tuhyajl tmd pdtrnlripms ernk @ava` aj _nutm _wdhdmd irludh tmit tmdsd rdsuctdh ernk ij ijoadjt suj ouct wmaom mih bddj akpnrtdhby Vmndjaoaij kdromijts trihajl brnjzd enr Bictao ikbdr. Jnw tmit Jacssnj wishdicajl watm tmd kdtic ilds, dvncutanjask wis rdpciodh by haeeusanjask0 oucturomijld wis jn cnjldr dxpciajdh aj tdrks ne lrihuic prnlrdss but kalritajl kdr-omijts0 ijh ujavdrsic lrnwtm mih bddj substatutdh by mastnraoic onjjdotanj. mahuicask wnuch ajdvatibcy ieedot tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnlads.



48

Onkpiritavd dtmjnlripmy, enc`cnrd ijh ”tmd piriccix ne kij‑

Onkpirdh tn tmd Hijasm ijtaquirads, bntm Jacssnj ijh \acsnj wdrd aj eivnur ne i lrdit-dr onjtrabutanj ne dtmjnlripmy, tmnulm enr hastdrdjt rdisnjs. Aj tmd oisd ne Jacssnj,mas bancnlaoic bio`lrnujh prnvdh hdoasavd. Xnulm kuom ne mas cijluild rdsnjitdsDjcalmtdjkdjt pmacnsnpmy, md wis knrd hardotcy ajudjodh by tmd znncnly ne LdnrldsOuvadr, tmd enujhajl eitmdr ne picidnjtncnly. Ouvadr mih hdvdcnpdh tmd kdtmnh ne onk-piritavd ijitnky nj tmd kixak tmit ujhdrstijhajl ij dxtajot spdoads rdquardh onkpira-snj ne ats s`dcdtic knrpmncnly watm tmit ne prdsdjt ijakics. Ouvadr wis i kistdr aj suomrdisnjajl0 md onuch rdonjstruot tmd djtard s`dcdtnj ne ij ”ijtdhacuvaic‑ spdoads nj tmdbisas ne i sajlcd bnjd icnjd. Jacssnj‑s ”onkpiritavd dtmjnlripmy‑‘tmd tdrk wis lavdjaj tmd tatcd ne mas wnr` (9=?=-9=?8)‘wis ij dxpijsanj ne tmas onkpiritavd ijitnky tntmd oucturic rdick.= Md catdriccy siah tmit aj mas iromidncnlaoic wnr` md mih it mijh ”tmdonkpiritavd kdtmnh ne ajstruotanj, wmaom, ujhdr tmd luahijod ne tmd accustranus BirnjOuvadr, mih bddj ihnptdh aj wnr`s nj znncnly‑ (9=5=7 xcvaaa)7

Ae jituric pmacnsnpmy mis bddj ibcd tn sdd` nut aj tmd dirtm ijh tn hasonvdr tmd erilkdjts ne ij ijakic `ajlhnk, wmaom pdrasmdh cnjl bdenrd kij‑s ippdirijodaj tmd wnrch, ijh, by onkpirajl tmd sikd watm dxastajl nrlijasks, tn pciod tmdkbdenrd us icknst aj i cavajl stitd, tmdj icsn nulmt tmas soadjod tn bd ibcd, by iviac-ajl atsdce ne tmd sikd onkpiritavd kdtmnh, tn onccdot tmd rdkiajs ne mukij riodscnjl sajod pissdh iwiy, ijh ne tmd wnr`s wmaom tmdy mivd cdet bdmajh, tn hriw i piriccdc bdtwddj tmdk ijh sakacir njds, wmaom stacc dxast nj dirtm, ijh tmus outnut i wiy tn tmd `jnwcdhld ne oaroukstijods wmaommivd bddj, by onkpirajltmdk watm tmnsd wmaom stacc dxast. At as by enccnwajl tmas kdtmnh tmit wd smicc bdlajtn ajvdstalitd tmas subgdot.(cx-cxa)

md pnajt onuch jnt bd ocdirdr7 ca`d aj onkpiritavd ijitnky, tmd onkpiritavddtmjnlripmdr wis tn guxtipnsd mas _tnjd Ild irtdeiots ”watm sakacir nbgdots staccdxastajl ijh stacc aj usd‑ (cxa).

\acsnj‑s djtmusaisk enr dtmjnlripmy dkdrldh aj i haeedrdjt onjtdxt. Ajataiccy,tmd rncd ne ijicnly wis is jirrnw is at mih bddj watm mnksdj ijh \nrsiid, a.d.tmit ne accustritajl _tnjd Ild tnncs. Aj mas earst wnr`, mas ihvaod enr rdhdsaljajl tmdBratasm Kusduk domndh tmd haspciys ne tmd Onpdjmildj kusduk7

\drd ij djtard quihrijlucir rijld ne ipirtkdjts aj tmd Bratasm Kusduk hdvntdhtn i onjtajunus systdkitao irrijldkdjt, tmd vasatnr smnuch piss ernk tmd dtmjnlripmao rnnks, smnwajl kij is md as stacc enujh aj tmd prakatavd sivild stitd,ijh hdstatutd ne tmd kdticcurlao irts0 tmdjod tn tmd rdcaos ne tmd _tnjd Vdranh, jntne Bratiaj nr Durnpd njcy, but icsn ne Isai, Ieraoi, ijh Ikdraoi, ajocuhajl tmdrdkir`ibcd prakatavd triods wmaom dvdj Dlypt hasocnsds.(9=497 A, xxv)

Qdt ietdr mas knvd tn Jnrtm Ikdraoi‘\acsnj wis ippnajtdh prnedssnr ne mas-tnry aj nrnjtn aj 9=4? (@dmnd 9119)‘dtmjnlripmy bdoikd tmd cnuhcy mdrichdhonrjdrstnjd ne mas ajvdstalitanjs. mas knvd tn tmd Jdw \nrch, tmnulm snkd-

= Yuatd ajhdpdjhdjtcy, Mdlirht (9115) mis rdiomdh i sakacir onjocusanj0 sdd icsn tmd wnr` ne Rdljácc(91=?).



44

takds dxpdradjodh is ij ajtdccdotuic dxacd, wahdjdh mas iromidncnlaoic vasanjVrdmastnrao Kij ernk 9=52, \acsnj rdecdotdh nj tmas jdw onjtdxt aj i snkdwmitiw`wirh tmarh pdrsnj ioonujt7

Xd iutmnr mih icrdihy eikacairazdh maksdce watm tmd ujwrattdj omrnjaocds neDurnpd‑s ajeijoy ijh ynutm, wmdj ujdxpdotdhcy trijspcijtdh iknjl tmd oncnjastsne ijntmdr onjtajdjt, ijh watmaj rdiom ne ibnralajic trabds ne tmd Ikdraoij enr-dsts. –Xd dyd sdds wmit at brajls tmd pnwdr tn sdd0‛ ijh aj tmdsd md hasonvdrdh nbgdots ne ajtdrdst nj kijy lrnujhs, but omady ernk tmd eiot tmit md snnj pdrodavdhmd mih icrdihy rdicazdh kuom aj rdcitanj tn i cnjl nbcatdritdh pist ne Bratiaj‑sijh Durnpd‑s ajeijoy, wmaom wis mdrd rdprnhuodh aj cavajl rdicaty bdenrd mas dyds.(9=527 xxaaa).

\acsnj wis pdrmips tmd earst sajod Cieatiu wmn sn dxpcaoatcy ociakdh tmit i stune Ikdraoij jitavds onuch djmijod tmd ujhdrstijhajl ne Durnpd‑s pist, bdoiusdca`d tmd Erdjom Gdsuat md mih ioodss tn earst-mijh dtmjnlripmao dvahdjod. akiliaj md strdssdh mnw ”Ikdraoi mis kuom tn hasocnsd aj accustritanj ne prakatamastnry‑ (98), i stitdkdjt wmaom rdvdrbdritds Cno`d‑s ihild, ”Aj tmd bdlajjajl ictmd wnrch wis Ikdraoi ‑.

md onjtrabutanj ne dtmjnlripmy, mnwdvdr, rdkiajdh ldjdriccy cakatdh tn_tnjd Ild stuhads. mas as vdry ocdir ernk onkpirajl Jacssnj‑s dssiy nj mujtdrsijh easmdrs watm mas wnr` nj tmd Brnjzd Ild. Aj tmd earst, md djhdivnurdh ”bjdw kdtmnh, tn liaj i `jnwcdhld nj tmd earst ajmibatijts ne tmd _oijhajivaijVdjajsuci‑ (9=5=7 cvaa) ijh tmas onjsastdh ne djquarajl ”wmdtmdr sakacir akpkdjts ird stacc aj usd iknjlst sivild trabds jnw cavajl‑ (2). But aj tmd cittdr, mdibijhnjdh onkpiritavd dtmjnlripmy ijh turjdh tn i stuhy ne Durnpdij enc`cnrd.Enr knrd rdodjt pdranhs, md rdisnjdh, kuom knrd onuch bd cdirjt ernk tmd triha-tanjs stacc prdvicdjt nj tmd Durnpdij onujtrysahd tmij ernk dxntao oustnks. Mdtmus ajtdrprdtdh tmd suj wnrsmap ne tmd Vmndjaoaijs by rdedrdjod tn odrtiaj earuics aj onjtdkpnriry Ardcijh, bdcadvajl tmit tmdsd wdrd rdkjijts ne pilij takds.Jacssnj wrntd7 ” Ius hadsdk Ldsaomtspuj`t ast had Tjtdrsuomujl hds Unc`sibdrlciubdjs eór hdj Dtmjnlripmdj vnj \aomtal`dat, uk had èctdstd Ldsomaomtd hds _tikkds zu dj-twarrdj‑ (Jacssnj 9=5?7 ?2). md ajtdrdst enr knhdrj supdrstatanjs ijh arritanjictrihatanjs is ocuds enr Durnpdij prdmastnry as ij dircy dxikpcd ne wmit ycnr dvdtuiccy oiccdh ”tmd stuhy ne survavics‑.

md huicask bdtwddj tmd _tnjd Ild ijh tmd kdtic ilds oikd hnwj tn Jacssnj‑skdtmnhncnlaoic onjtrist bdtwddj onkpiritavd dtmjnlripmy ijh enc`cnrd stuhads.Dtmjnlripmy onuch bd ajvn`dh is cnjl is tmd _tnjd Ild wis onjsahdrdh i pdranh”nut ne takd‑ wmdrd mastnraoic pmdjnkdji mih jn mnch. md _tnjd Ild tmus rdsdkbcdh tmd prakdvicátit hd ci jiturd pnstucitdh by dalmtddjtm-odjtury somncirsca`d Rnussdiu. At smnwdh mukijaty aj ats knst jituric onjhatanj, wmacd tmd citdpmisds ne prdmastnry dxdkpcaeadh kij`ajh aj haeedrdjt oucturic trihatanjs. \acsnjilrddh wmncdmdirtdhcy7 dtmjnlripmy wis dspdoaiccy mdcpeuc enr tmd nchdstjituric pdranhs. _ajod mas prakd iak wis ”tn vadw Kij, is eir is pnssabcd ujieedot-dh by tmnsd knhaeyajl ajecudjods wmaom ioonkpijy tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne jitanjs‑



45

md turjdh watmnut mdsatijod tn ”tmd Rdh-Kij, ajhaldjnus, sddkajlcy ibnralajic,ijh stacc aj wmit as oustnkiry tn oicc i stitd ne jiturd‑ (9=527 xax, 8).

Qdt wmit wis tmd purpnsd ne tmdsd dtmjnlripmao ijicnlads> Aj eiot, ij ajtdr-dstajl hdvdcnpkdjt oij bd sddj. Nralajiccy, dtmjnlripmy wis sakpcy ajvn`dh tn

accustritd _tnjd Ild akpcdkdjts. mas wis tmd oisd watm \acsnj‑s sulldstanjs enrtmd Bratasm Kusduk, at wis tmd kdtmnh eivnurdh by mnksdj ijh \nrsiid, ijhat wis icsn suppnrtdh by Jacssnj‑s onkpiritavd dtmjnlripmy. Aj mas oiticnlud ne_oijhajivaij irtdeiots, Jacssnj livd earst hdsoraptanjs (hastaccdh ernk rdpnrts bytrivdccdrs ijh kassanjirads) ne tmd tnncs usdh by sivilds, enccnwdh by prdsdjti-tanjs ne iromidncnlaoic spdoakdjs. \acsnj hrdw sakacir dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs enrprdmastnrao stnjd tnncs, oijnds, qudrjs ijh kdlicatms. _onttasm ecajt `javds wdrdonkpirdh watm tmd njds enujh aj tmd Kassassappa viccdy knujhs0 stnjd ixds watmspdoakdjs enrk tmd _nutm _di ascijhs ijh tmd Ikdraoij jnrtm-wdst onist0 pdr-enritdh stnjd tnncs watm tmd njds eibraoitdh by tmd _mnsmnjd Ajhaijs0 ijh wnnh

onkbs watm tmdar Ajuat dquavicdjts. Knstcy tmdsd piriccdcs wdrd sakpcy kdjtanjdh. Guxtipnsajl prdmastnrao ijh prdsdjt tnncs wis bdcadvdh tn dcuoahitd snkdmnwtmdar eibraoitanj ijh eujotanj. _nkdtakds i knrd dxpcaoat ajedrdjod wis hriwj.

mas wis tmd oisd enr tmd skicc, djalkitao stnjd oups \acsnj mih djonujtdrdh aj_onttasm onccdotanjs wmaom prdsdjtdh i ”stra`ajl ijicnly‑ tn i ociss ne stnjd vds-sdcs stacc aj usd aj tmd Eirnd Ascijhs is nac cikps (9=497 A, 26=). \acsnj bdcadvdhtmit, onjsahdrajl tmd sakaciraty ne enrk ijh hdonritanj ijh tmd prnxakaty ne tmdEirnd Ascijhs tn _ontcijh, tmd prdmastnrao spdoakdj kust icsn mivd bddj usdh isnac cikps, ictmnulm pdrmips knrd aj ”kystdranus ratds ne tmd sn-oiccdh Hruahaoictdkpcds‑ (A, 261) tmij aj kujhijd hnkdstao onjtdxts (ealurd 8).

Citdr, mnwdvdr, dtmjnlripmao ijicnly stirtdh tn ihhrdss kuom brnihdr assuds, suomis tmd dxtdjt ne prakatavd oucturd nr tmd hdlrdd ne oavacazitanj. Jacssnj rdlrdttdh tmit ”jntdvdj njd ne tmd sivild jitanjs jnw cavajl mis ydt bddj stuhadh nr hdsorabdh ernk i trucysoadjta o, tmit as tn siy, ernk i onkpiritavd dtmjncnlaoic pnajt ne vadw‑ (9=5=7 ?) sn tmitmas stuhy wis cakatdh tn tnncs. \acsnj, mnwdvdr, njod aj Jnrtm-Ikdraoi, onuch nbsdrvd”ij ajtdrdstajl pmisd ne prakatavd snoaic caed‑ (9=527 29). Ioonrhajl tn mak, tmd Ikdraoijjitavds wdrd ”i piriccix ne kij, icrdihy vadwdh aj Durnpd‑s prdmastnrao hiwj‑ (xxaaa) ijhrdprdsdjtdh ”kij aj tmd ajataic stilds ne sivild caed‑ (9). I euccdr ujhdrstijhajl ne onjtdk-pnriry sivildry mdch kijy prnkasds enr prdmastnrao rdonjstruotanj bdynjh tdomjncnly,but tn hriw tmd akpcaoitanjs ne suom iwirdjdss wis quatd i stdp eurtmdr tmij ajtdrprdtajlnac cikps. \acsnj stirtdh mas omiptdr nj tmd Durnpdij Vicidncatmao watm tmd rdkir` tmit Ikdraoij Ajhaijs suppcadh ”vdry salja oijt ijicnlads tn rdodjtcy hasonvdrdh wnr s ne irtne tmd oivd-brdooais ijh tmd hraet‑ (22), but rderiajdh ernk hriwajl ijy prdoasd ajedr-djods. Hdspatd tmd djtmusaisk, \acsnj‑sVrdmastnrao Kijas tmdrdenrd ritmdr hasippnajtajlaj tdrks ne dcibnritd dtmjnlripmaoic piriccdcs.1 Xnulm \acsnj hah jnt quatd rdicazd masikbatanj, tmd ahdi tmit dtmjnlripmao ijicnly onuch hn knrd tmij dxpciaj stnjd tnncs mihjnjdtmdcdss bddj sdt. Ijh wnuch bd hdvdcnpdh by tmd dvncutanjasts ietdr mak.

1 Xd prnkasd ne dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs mih icsn i rmdtnraoic eujotanj. Vrdsdjtajl mas onkpdjhauk ne Ikdraoij irtdeiots is ”rdsdiromds ajtn tmd nralaj ne oavacasitanj aj tmd Nch ijh tmd Jdw \nrch‑, is \acsnj‑ssubtatcd rdih, wis pdrmips i wiy ne hriwajl Durnpdij ittdjtanj tn tmd wnr` ne ij dxacdh rdsdiromdr ajJnrtm-Ikdraoi.



4<

md quicaty ne tmd knrd padodkdic ijicnlads hdpdjhdh nj tmd sakaciraty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt. Mdjod tmd ajsastdjod nj rdsdkbcijod. \acsnj strdssdh tmdca`djdssds bdtwddj Eirndr ijh _onttasm nac cikps. Ioonrhajl tn Jacssnj (9=5=),njd tnnc mih tn bd ”dxiotcy ca`d‑ ijntmdr (2=), ”pdredotcy sakacir‑ (969), ne ”tmdsikd `ajh‑ (966), nr ”surprasajlcy sakacir P...[ aj tmd knst kajutd hdtiacs‑ (968).At sddkdh snkdtakds is ae twn tnncs ”mih bddj kihd by tmd sikd mijh ijh njtmd sikd hiy‑ (968). Jacssnj‑s ijicnlads wnr`dh ernk ”tmd sakaciraty, nr ritmdrahdjtaty‑ (c) bdtwddj prdsdjt ijh prdmastnrao tnncs. md knst dcibnritd dxikpcdwis mas onkpirasnj ne _oijhajivaij pissild-lrivds watm Ds`akn hwdccajl-mnusds.Md pnajtdh tn tmd ”knst surprasajl sakaciraty‑ (9?2) ijh ”ujkasti`dibcd Psao[ rd-sdkbcijod‑ (989) ne tmd knjukdjts wmaom wdrd ”ahdjtaoic aj icc dssdjtaics‑ (9?8”Njd oijjnt but bd istnjasmdh, wmdj rdihajl tmd hdsoraptanj ne nur _oijhajivaijliccdry-lrivds, tn eajh at ippcaoibcd, icknst wnrh enr wnrh, tn tmd Lrddjcijh muts‑(9?4).

But wmit hah tmas sakaciraty kdij> Hah at sulldst tmit akpcdkdjts nr knju-kdjts mih bdcnjldh tn njd ijh tmd sikd trabd> Jacssnj siah7 ”\d kust, ietdr istraot dxikajitanj, ijswdrJn 0 tmdy njcy ajhaoitd tmd sikd hdlrdd ne oavacasitanj‑(96?). domjncnly wis ij ajhaoitnr ne nvdricc prnlrdss0 tdomjncnlaoic sakaciratkdijt knric nr ajtdccdotuic sakaciraty sn tmit ”tmd pdnpcd wmn, aj _oijhajivai,

kihd usd ne sakacir akpcdkdjts, stnnh aj tmd sikd cnw hdlrdd ne oavacasitanj istmdsd sivilds‑ (9660 oe. 2). _ajod tmdrd wis ”jnt tmd cdist salj‑ ne Ajuats ajmibajl _oijhajivai, ”tmd sakaciraty Pbdtwddj lrivds ijh mnusds[ kust bd isorabdh tntmd eiot tmit tmdy wdrd aj tmd sikd lrihd ne oavacasitanj‑ (989). Enrkic sakacirahdtdrkajdh tmd quicaty ne tmd ijicnly ijh ajhaoitdh tmd brnihdr hdlrdd ne oavaczitanj. \acsnj (9=490 9=52), mnwdvdr, tnn` i haeedrdjt pdrspdotavd7 ioonrhajl tnmak, sakaciratads ne enrk ldjdriccy ajhaoitdh kalritanj, ajvisanj nr haeeusanj, ijhmd issdkbcdh mastnraoic, iromidncnlaoic ijh dtmjnlripmao hiti tn smnw tmit sucnjl-hastijod trivdcs mih bddj pnssabcd by tmd usd ne oijnds.

Qdt tmd qudstanj rdkiajdh enr bntm7 wmy hah sivild trabds, sn havdrsd aj takd ij

spiod, snkdtakds onkd up watm suom sakacir tnnc ats> Xdy kust hn sn ”ajstajotavdcy, iaj onjsdqudjod ne i snrt ne jituric jdodssaty‑, Jacssnj sulldstdh (968). n mak, it cdist,

Ealurd 8. \acsnj onkpirdh stnjd vdssdcs (cdet) enujh aj _ontcijh watm nac cikps stacc aj usd njtmd Eirnd Ascijhs (ralmt). Ldjdric smipd ijh hdonritanj wdrd bdcadvdh tn bd su oadjtcy sakacirtn ajedr ij ijicnlnus eujotanj. Mas padodkdic usd ne ijicnly nj tmd bisas ne enrkic sakaciratywis dxdkpciry enr tmd rst mice ne tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury (\acsnj 9=497 A, 26<, 26=)



4=

tmas rdvdicdh ”tmd dvahdjod ne i malmdr \ashnk‑ (964). \acsnj, tnn, ilrddh tmit lcnbicsakaciraty wis dxpciajdh by ”snkd oiusd npdritajl jituriccy it i odrtiaj stild ne hdvdcnp-kdjt aj tmd mukij kajh‑ (9=497 A, 98<-=), wmaom wis rdcitdh tn mas vadw ne tmd mastnryne oavacazitanj is ”suoodssavd ahdis ne tmd Havajd Orditnr tmnulmt nut ajtn i rdonrhdh iotu-

icaty‑ (AA, 42=). At wnuch cdih tnn eir tn hasouss dircy jajdtddjtm-odjtury hdeajatanjsne Havajaty, but at smnuch bd `dpt aj kajh tmit tmd jntanjs ne ”malmdr \ashnk‑ijh ”Havajd Orditnr‑ usdh by Jacssnj ijh \acsnj ird jnt jdodssiracy babcaoic, butkiy bd sparatuicast, ritanjicast, nr Irastntdcaij.96 Xd akpnrtijt pnajt tn jntd as tmittmdy rdisnjdh ernk sakaciraty ijh tmas wis dxpciajdh aj tdrks ne hdlrdd ne oavacazitanj,kalritanj, ijh havajd iotuicazitanj.

Ij akpnrtijt hdvaod

Aj tmd wi`d ne tmd tmrdd-ild systdk ijh bdenrd tmd dstibcasmkdjt ne mukijijtaquaty, iromidncnlaoic ahdis wdrd jnt erikdh by njd onjsastdjt pirihalk.Djcalmtdjkdjt ahdis nj lrnwtm, prnlrdss ijh ”kij aj tmd jituric stitd‑ wdjt mijhaj mijh watm jntanjs rdkajasodjt ne tmd tmdncnlaoic trihatanj ca`d tmd ujaty ne tmdmukij riod, tmd haspdrsanj ne tmd mukij eikacy ijh havajd rdvdcitanj, is wdcc iswatm i Rnkijtaoast ajtdrdst aj jitanjic mastnry. Ocissaoic tdxts wdrd stacc i kignrsnurod ne ajsparitanj enr dxpciajajl tmd knrd rdodjt ajvisanjs, trihd jdtwnr`s ijhkalritanjs. n tmd knhdrj dyd, tmd pilds ne Jacssnj‑s ijh \acsnj‑s bnn`s kiysmnw onjtrihaotanjs bdtwddj ajvihajl riods nj tmd njd mijh ijh tmd dvncvajlmukij riod nj tmd ntmdr, but tmd eiot tmit at wis jnt dxpdradjodh is suom by tmdiutmnrs siys snkdtmajl ne tmd huicast pdrspdotavd aj wmaom tmdy wnr`dh.

Hdspatd nbvanus haeedrdjods, Jacssnj ijh \acsnj piriccdcdh diom ntmdr aj ijukbdr ne rdspdots. Bntm tmd ritanjicast znncnlast ijh tmd rnkijtaoast ijtaquirywdrd ioquiajtdh watm tmd tmrdd-ild systdk ne tmd Onpdjmildj ijtaquirads (tmnulm \acsnj‑s djtmusaisk wis lrditdr)0 bntm mih onkd tn at ernk ij dxtdrjic pnajt nevadw (znncnly aj Cujh0 ijtaquiraijask aj Dhajburlm)0 bntm dxtripncitdh at tnijntmdr rdlanj (_wdhdj ijh _ontcijh)0 bntm put tmd _tnjd Ild ipirt ernk tmdntmdr pdranhs (is i ujavdrsic dpnom)0 bntm trditdh tmas dpnom aj dvncutanjast tdrks(is nppnsdh tn haeeusanjast tdrks enr tmd citdr pdranhs)0 bntm ajgdotdh tmd stuhyne tmas dircadst pdranh watm dtmjnlripmy0 ijh bntm rdlirhdh lcnbic sakaciratadsis saljs ne havajd iotanj. Jacssnj‑s stiy aj Viras wmdrd md wnr`dh ujhdr Ouvadr

mih bddj hdoasavd aj enrkucitajl mas onkpiritavd dtmjnlripmy0 sn mih \acsnj‑sstiy aj nrnjtn wmdrd md onuch nbsdrvd Ikdraoij Ajhaijsaj vavn. Qdt i prdvanusioquiajtijod watm mnksdj‑s jntanj ne i _tnjd Ild wis dssdjtaic. mdar vadwsoij bd onkpirdh watm tmit ne tmdar onjtdkpnrirads wmn mih jnt bddj dxpnsdhtn tmd tmrdd-ild systdk. n ti`d tmd knst eiknus dxikpcd7 tn tmd ynujl jitu-ricast Hirwaj wmnsd dircy ajtdrdsts wdrd knrd aj bancnly ijh ldncnly tmij ij-taquiraijask, tmd ajmibatijts ne adrri hdc Eudln wmaom md vasatdh aj tmd 9=?6shah jnt njod rdkajh mak ne snkd ijodstric rdcaos. mas ahdi njcy sureiodh aj tmd

96 \acsnj‑s ”rdonrhdh iotuicaty‑ domnds tmd Irastntdcaij onjodpt ne Lnh wmnsd orditanj as ij iotuicazdhvdrsanj nemas pntdjtaic. \acsnj wnr`dh, mnwdvdr, watm tmd tdkpnricazdh vdrsanj ne tmas somdkd is wd`jnw at sajod tmd citd dalmtddjtm odjtury, ca`d aj Mdldc‑s pmdjnkdjncnly (Cnvdgny 91?5).



41

Hdsodjt ne Kij, wrattdj enrty ydirs citdr aj tmd kahst ne tmd snoandvncutanjast ocakix (9=<97 AA, 868). Tjiwird ne tmd ahdi ne i ujavdrsic _tnjd Ild, ynujl Hirwajhah jnt ydt tmaj` ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnluds.

Aj tmd wnr` ne tmdsd twn ritmdr ”kirlajic‑ somncirs (aj ldnlripmaoic ijh hasoa

pcajiry rdspdot), dtmjnlripmao ijicnly mih bdonkd ij akpnrtijt hdvaod enr accus-tritajl ijh ajtdrprdtajl stnjd tnncs. mnulm \acsnj tradh tn brnihdj tmd ippcaoi-tanj, wmncdsicd prngdotanjs wdrd stacc jnt kihd. Bdenrd 9=56, tmd ijtmrnpncnlasaljaeaoijod ne onjtdkpnriry sivildry ”tdjhdh tn bd ne prakiracy hdsoraptavd ijta-quiraij nr mukijatiraij ajtdrdst‑ (_tnoàjl 91<8i7 898). _nurod ijicnluds onuchbd sakpcy pao`dh nut aj i padodkdic eismanj sajod knhdrj _tnjd Ild pdnpcd bd-cnjldh tn tmd mnknldjdnus substritd ne sivildjdss.

md ijicnlads hriwj rdstdh nj njd ijh tmd sikd prajoapcd, a.d. tmit ne sakacir-aty. Jacssnj (9=5=7 96?) wis ajspardh by ”tmd lrdit rdsdkbcijod tmit dxasts iknjlsttmd stnjd akpcdkdjts ne jitanjs ne haeedrdjt trabds, hurajl vdry haeedrdjt pdranhs

ijh aj tmd knst hastijt onujtrads ne tmd dirtm.‑ Ijh \acsnj wrntd7 ” mdrd irdknhdrj is wdcc is ijoadjt prdmastnrao riods0 ijh bntm ird iviacibcd enr sncvajl tmprnbcdk ne kij‑s trud jituric onjhatanj‑ (9=527 A, ?). _tnjd Ild pdnpcd aj tmdprdsdjt hah jnt gustrdsdkbcd tmd njds ernk tmd pist, tmdydquiccdh tmdk. mdywdrd ajstijods ne tmd sikd jituric àjh7 sivildry. Knhdrj dxikpcds ne at, ujie-edotdh by oavacazitanj, hah catdriccy ”rd-prdsdjt‑ tmd pist, a.d. tmdy smnwdh tmaj tmd prdsdjt. Aj cnlaoic tdrks, tmd Ikdraoij Ajhaijs, tmd ajmibatijts ne tmd_nutm _di Ascijhs, ijh tmd ”Dsquakiux‑ wdrd snurods bdcadvdh tn bd ahdjtaoictmd tirldt. At sueeaodh tn sakpcy guxtipnsd prdsdjt ijh pist akpcdkdjts aj nrhdr tndxpciaj tmdk. I skicc iknujt ne sakaciraty, knstcy aj tnnc enrk, wis onjsahdrdhsueeaoadjt enr ajedrrajl tmd hdlrdd ne oavacazitanj.

Ae tmd _tnjd Ild wis ioodptdh is i wnrch-wahd pmdjnkdjnj, at smnuch jnt bdenrlnttdj tmit aj Bratiaj by tmd kahhcd ne tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury ats takd hdptmwis stacc vdry smiccnw, onkprasajl it kixakuk snkd tmnusijhs ne ydirs. Ijntmdrprdrdquasatd enr tmd dkdrldjod ne ”snoaic dvncutanjask‑ hdkijhdh tmd ujikbalu-nus dstibcasmkdjt ne i malm mukij ijtaquaty. I ydir bdenrd Cydcc‑s eiknusonup hd lrâod tn tmd smnrt omrnjncnly ippdirdh, \acsnj mih wrattdj7 ” akd as tmd dcdkdjtknst erdqudjtcy rdquardh aj tmd mypntmdsds ne tmd dtmjncnlast‑ (9=527 A, 999)dtmjncnlast wis lavdj at, knrd tmij ldjdrnuscy.

Xmd ijtaquaty ne kij ijh dircy snoaic dvncutanjaskAj onjtrist tn Jacssnj ijh \acsnj, tmaj`drs ca`d ycnr, _pdjodr, Knrlij, Cubbno`,Vatt Ravdrs, Kiajd, ijh KoCdjjij mivd rdodavdh knrd somncircy ajtdrdst ernk mas-tnraijs ne soadjod (Kurpmrdd 91590 Burrnw 91550 Mirras 915=7 982-2950 Jasb91517 941-26=0 Kijhdcbiuk 91<97 1?-9990 _tnoàjl 91<8i0 91=<0 Ajlnch 91=50@updr 91==0 Bnwcdr 91==7 9??-890 91=17 ?6-10 91167 916-2690 _ijhdrsnj 91196-?4). Rdlirhdh is tmd dpatnkds ne snoaic dvncutanjask bdtwddj 9=56 ijh 9==6,tmdsd iutmnrs ird ldjdriccy trditdh is ocnsdcy rdcitdh kdkbdrs ne tmd sikd eikacwmn mivd i cnt aj onkknj7 dxpnjdjts ne tmd Uaotnraij dpnom earkcy rnntdh aj

tmd Cnjhnj soadjtaeao oarocds (Knrlij dxodptdh) ietdr tmd pubcaoitanj ne Hirwaj



56

Nralaj ne _pdoads , knst ne tmdk smirdh tmd bdcades aj tmd psyomao ujaty ne kijàjh(is iliajst tmd pncyldjast somnnc), aj nvdricc prnlrdss, aj tmd scnw, lrihuicast, uja-enrk ijh ciw-ca`d jiturd ne tmas prnlrdss, aj tmd ujacajdir trigdotnry ne prnlrdssavdlrnwtm, aj ajhdpdjhdjt ajvdjtanj is tmd bisao kdomijask ne tmas lrnwtm, aj tmd

haeedrdjtaic dxtdjt ne prnlrdss iknjl onjtdkpnriry snoadtads, aj tmd pnssabacaty neirrijlajl tmdsd snoadtads aj i madriromaoic sdqudjod ernk sakpcd tn onkpcdx ijhernk sivild tn oavacazdh, aj tdomjncnlaoic ittiajkdjt is tmd earst oratdranj enr dstib-casmajl suom madriromy, aj tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh is i kdijs ne ittdstajl prdvanusstilds ne ij ihvijodh snoadty, ijh aj tmd stuhy ne survavics is i vdraeaoitanj ne tmdcihhdr ne snoanoucturic onkpcdxaty. mdsd ajhddh oij bd oiccdh tmd bisao tdjdts neocissaoic dvncutanjask (oe. _tnoàjl 91<8i7 8610 91=<7 9<6).

Mnwdvdr, ae at wdrd icc tmit sakpcd tmdrd wnuch jnt mivd bddj suom dcibnritd somnc-irsmap nj tmd tmdkd. Xd ibnvd s`dtom as i oiraoiturd bisdh nj tmd knst ocissaoic dvn-cutanjast wratajls ca`d ycnr‑sVrakatavd Oucturd (9=<9), Knrlij‑s Ijoadjt _noadty (9=<<)

ijh _pdjodr‑sVrajoapcds ne _noancnly (9=<5-9=15).99

Kijy iutmnrs havdrldh ernk suomij ahdic-typaoic pnrtriyic.92 Xas mnchs dspdoaiccy trud enr tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh. Xaskdtmnhncnlaoic pavnt ne Uaotnraij snoaic dvncutanjask mis netdj bddj trditdh is i sajlcd,uja dh prajoapcd, accustritdh by i edw mio`jdydh quntds ernk Cubbno` ijh ycnr. Xasas ujenrtujitd sajod tmdrd wis i cnt ne viradty ijh omijld tmrnulm takd. Aj tmas ijh tmdenccnwajl sdotanj, A smicc jnt onj jd kysdce tn tmd edw tmdnrdtaoic cajds aj dvncutanjastwratajls. Hriwajl ittdjtanj tn tmd iotuic ippcaoitanjs ne onkpiritavd rdisnjajl wacc ic-cnw i bdttdr ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh.

Xmd earst ldjdritanj ne snoaic dvncutanjasts

At as jnw ldjdriccy io`jnwcdhldh tmit jnt tmd pubcaoitanj ne Hirwaj‑sNralaj ne _pdoads aj 9=41, but tmd dstibcasmkdjt ne mukij ijtaquaty tralldrdh tmd suhhdj dkdrldjod nesnoaic dvncutanjast tmnulmt aj Bratiaj. Xnulm iutmnrs ca`d Cubbno` ijh _pdjodr wdrdaj tnuom watm tmd jituricast soadjod ne Hirwaj ijh tmnulm tmd dvncutanjasts sahdh tmdk-sdcvds watm tmd Hirwajaij rdvncutanj ijh ats rdgdotanj ne rdcalanus hnlkitask, ajtdccdotu-iccy, snoaic dvncutanjask hdvdcnpdh ajhdpdjhdjtcy ernk Hirwajaij prajoapcds (Kurpmrdd91590 Ajlnch 91=57 980 Bnwcdr 91==7 9?8-40 91=17 ?80 91167 919). Juocdir tdjdts neHirwaj‑s tmdnry (suom is rijhnk viraitanj, sdcdotavd prdssurd, hastdrdjtaic survavic, jnj-cajdir omijld, kajakic rncd ne tdcdncnly) ird tnticcy ibsdjt aj tmd wnr`s ne Cubbno`,

ycnr, Knrlij ijh icc tmd ntmdrs.9?

Ajstdih, tmd prajoapcd ne ujacajdir prnlrdss, tmd ahdine hardotanjic ciws (Kijhdcbiuk 91<97 999), ijh tmd bdcade aj akkijdjt, jdodssiry ijhjituric omijld (Jasbdt 91517 955-==) wd jh watm tmd dvncutanjasts as kuom knrd ajcajd watm Cikiroàij nrtmnldjdsas ijh dalmtddjtm-odjtury hdvdcnpkdjticask tmij watm

99 _ijhdrsnj (9116) prdsdjts i rdodjt dxikpcd ne suom somdkitao vadw ne snoaic dvncutanjask.92 _tnoàjl‑sUaotnraij Ijtmrnpncnly (91=<) wis rst ne icc ij ittdkpt tn smnw tmd havdrsaty ne onj-

tdkpnriry snoaic tmnulmt (oe. _tnoàjl 91<8i). Aj mas hasoussanj ne ajhavahuic iutmnrs, _tnoàjlonjstijtcy sddks tn mivd tmd prntntypd ne snoaic dvncutanjask aj kajh is i yirhstao` iliajst wmaomtmdar onjtrabutanjs ird kdisurdh.

9? Rdodjtcy, _ijhdrsnj (91167 ?6) mis irludh tmit ycnr ijh Knrlij bntm mih ”i cnnsd àjh ne jituric-sdcdotanj onjodptanj‑. Xd dvahdjod enr tmas as tmaj. Bnwcdr (91==7 9?=) wis prnbibcy kuom ocnsdr tntmd trutm wmdj md onkpirdh dvncutanjask watm tmd ”ijta-Hirwajaij tmdnry ne nrtmnldjdsas‑.



59

Hirwajaij ”hdsodjt watm knha oitanj‑ (_tnoàjl 91=<7 9<=0 Bnwcdr 91==7 9?1). 98 At as,tmdrdenrd, bdttdr tn spdi` neHirwajaijs tmij neHirwajasts tn ajhaoitd tmd lrnup ne cnyicbut ahansyjoritao enccnwdrs, ijh tn ajhaoitd tmdar tmdnry isdvncutanjast ritmdr tmijdvncu-tanjiry (_ijhdrsnj 91167 ?).

Jnt tmd wratajls ernk ij nch kij aj @djt but tmd hasonvdrads ne snkd ynujl ldncn-lasts aj Hdvnj kihd tmd dvncutanjast wmddc spaj. Xas as tmd onjocusanj rdiomdh by sdmastnraijs ne soadjod ietdr stuhyajl tmd akpiot ne tmd dxoivitanjs it Braxmik Oivd wmprnne wis nbtiajdh enr mukijaty‑s dxastdjod aj ldncnlaoic takds (Lrubdr 91540 Lriysnj91=?0 riutkijj 91120 Uij Rapdr 911?). Xd dstibcasmkdjt ne mukij ijtaquaty wisdxpdradjodh by ats onjtdkpnrirads jnt njcy is i suhhdj rdvncutanj aj ldncnly, but icsn ajpicidnjtncnly, prdmastnrao iromidncnly ijh ijtmrnpncnly (Uij Rapdr 911?7 912-229).94 Aj tmd rst dhatanj neVrdmastnrao Kij(9=52), \acsnj ajocuhdh i omiptdr sakpcy oiccdh”Ludssds it tmd Ild ne Kij‑0 tmd sdonjh dhatanj (9=54) icrdihy spn`d rkcy aj eivnurne ”tmd triods ne i pdranh arrdonjoacibcd watm ijy rdodavdh systdk ne mastnrao omrn

(21). Jdxt tn i jdw dhatanj ne \acsnj‑s wnr`, tmd ydir 9=54 siw tmd pubcaoitanj ne tmrddmalmcy ajudjtaic bnn`s7 Cubbno`‑sVrd-Mastnrao akds , ycnr‑sDircy Mastnry ne Kijàjh ijh KoCdjjij‑s Vrakatavd Kirraild 0 tmrdd vncukds wmaom oij bd ralmtcy sddj is ciyajltmd enujhitanjs ne prdmastnrao iromidncnly, snoanoucturic ijtmrnpncnly ijh onkpiritavciw rdspdotavdcy. Icc tmrdd wdrd mdivacy ajhdbtdh tn tmd djnrknus dxpijsanj ne muomrnjncnly. Bdsahds tmd cnjl omiptdrs wmaom Cubbno` spdjt piripmrisajl Cydcc, twis tmd `dy editurd irnujh wmaom icc tmd dxpcijitanjs ne tdomjncnlaoic hdvdcnpkdjtknric ijh ajtdccdotuic prnlrdss, ne tmd lrnwtm ne snoaic ajstatutanjs ijh mastnraoic outnks pavntdh7 tmd Djcalmtdjkdjt ahdi ne prnlrdss onuch jnw jiccy bd onjsahdrdh erni cnjl tdrk pdrspdotavd. Xdrd wis, tmdrdenrd, ij ajtakitd onjjdotanj bdtwddj tmd malmijtaquaty ne mukijaty ijh tmd cnw onjhatanj at njod mih7 ”Aj rdiomajl i takd ajhd jatdcknrd rdkntd,‑ KoCdjjij (9=517 42?) siah, ”wd mivd onkd nj i onjhatanj ne kij aj-hd jatdcy cnwdr.‑

Ipirt ernk takd, ldncnly icsn prnvahdh i kdtmnh ijh i kdtipmnr enr tmajàjl ibnutsnoaic dvncutanj, tn tmd dxtdjt tmit tmd jisodjt dch ne prdmastnrao iromidncnly misbddj djtatcdh ”ldncnlaoic iromidncnly‑ (Uij Rapdr 911?7 9=4).95 ”Xd iromidncnlast oijnjcy enccnw tmd kdtmnhs wmaom mivd bddj sn suoodsseuccy pursudh aj ldncnly,‑ C

98 Enr ij ictdrjitavd rdihajl, sdd \dbdr (91<8) wmn mnchs, ritmdr ahansyjoritaoiccy, tmit snoaic dvncutanjask wis knrd akkdhaitdcy ajudjodh by dircy jajdtddjtm-odjtury bancnly tmij by dalmtddjtm-odjtury pmacnsnpmy. Dvdj ae tmas kiy mivd bddj i snurod upnj wmaom tmd dvncutanjasts hrdwtmd djh tmdar onjocusanjs rdsdkbcdh stacc knrd tmd Djcalmtdjkdjt trihatanj. _tnoàjl (91=<7 9<=)mis ralmtcy siah7 ”Aj ccajl tmd vnah aj oucturic takd watm tmd hiti ne onjtdkpnriry sivildry, tmwdrd oirradh bio` ajtn ocnsd onjtiot watm ij dircadr hdvdcnpkdjtic trihatanj, tn wmaom tmdar nwsnoanoucturic dvncutanjask wis aj kijy rdspdots ocnsdr tmij at wis tn Hirwajask.‑ Ijh Jasbdt wdjtsn eir is tn stitd7 ”Xd tmdnry ne snoaic dvncutanj as jn knrd tmij tmd dalmtddjtm-odjtury tmdnry ne jiturmastnry‘brnihdjdh, dxtdjhdh, rika dh, ijh ccdh watm i vncukd ne dtmjnlripmao hiti jnt `jnwj tn suomkdj is Edrlusnj, _katm, ijh Rnussdiu‑ (91517 954).

94 Aj eiot, at mih bddj tmd rdsuct ne i cnjl prnodss but tmd jic bcnw wis netdj rdprdsdjtdh is tmd njcnjd.

95 Md tmus sdt at ipirt ernk ”mastnraoic iromidncnly‑ wmaom hdict watm tmd pdranhs stacc rdedrrocissaoic tdxts. Xd stuhy ne prdmastnry ciy it rst aj ”i jn-kij‑s-cijh bdtwddj ldncnly ijh mastnraoiciromidncnly‑ (Uij Rapdr 911?7 912). Xas as wmdrd tmd ldncnlaoic iromidncnlasts wnuch pao` at uCubbno` (9=547 2), tmd ujn oaic spn`dspdrsnj ne tmdk, stitdh7 ”Iromidncnly enrks, aj eiot, tmd caj`bdtwddj ldncnly ijh mastnry.‑



52

wrntd (9=547 ??1). Aj vadw ne suom i bnttnkcdss pist, tmd iutmnraty ne ocissaoic snurodshdordisdh. ycnr orataoazdh tmd ”ujhud onj hdjod aj tmd stitdkdjts ne ijoadjt wratdrs‑(9=547 2). Ijh enr KoCdjjij pmacncnlasts mih tn bd onjtdjtdh ”tn iot is issastijts ritmdrtmij is prajoapics‑ (9=547 <). Ntmdr snurods onkpiribcd tn hardot ldncnlaoic dvahdjod

wdrd jnw tn bd ajvn`dh. Xd ciw mastnraij Kiajd (9=597 ?) mdch tmit ”ruhakdjtiry ahdisird tn tmd gurast wmit tmd prakiry orusts ne tmd dirtm ird tn tmd ldncnlast.‑ Ijh aj i eiknuspmrisd, Cubbno` (9=547 ??5) siah tmit prdsdjt sivilds ”ird tn tmd ijtaquiry, wmit tmdnpnssuk ijh tmd scntm ird tn tmd ldncnlast‑.

md oruoaic bnn`s pubcasmdh aj 9=54 diom strdssdh tmd akpnrtijod ne dtm-jnlripmy. Ietdr tdj omiptdrs nj Durnpdij prdmastnry ijh tmd ijtaquaty ne kij,Cubbno`‑s ajecudjtaicVrd-Mastnrao akdsonjtajudh watm tmrdd omiptdrs nj ”knh-drj sivilds‑, kdijt ”tn tmrnw snkd calmt nj tmd rdkiajs ne sivild caed aj ilds cnjllnjd by‑ (9=547 vaaa). Md djtardcy onjourrdh watm Jacssnj‑s hdravitanj ne onkpiri-tavd dtmjnlripmy ernk onkpiritavd ijitnky, ”tmd ruhd bnjd- ijh stnjd-akpcd-

kdjts ne bylnjd ilds bdajl tn tmd njd, wmit tmd rdkiajs ne dxtajot ijakics ird tntmd ntmdr‑ (??5). ycnr‑sRdsdiromds ajtn tmd Dircy Mastnry ne Kij`ajhstirtdh ernktmd prdkasd tmit prdsdjt-hiy oavacazitanj wis jnt ajtdccalabcd watmnut onjsahdrajlats mastnraoic hdvdcnpkdjt, but sajod kuom kitdraic ciy ”nut ne tmd bditdj trio` nemastnry‑, njd jddhdh ”ajhardot dvahdjod‑ (9=547 8). ycnr tmus bisdh mas rdsdiromdsnj tmd iviacibcd dtmjnlripmao catdriturd nj ”tmd cnwdr riods up ijh hnwj aj tmdwnrch‑ (9). Enr ”kittdrs ne priotaoic caed‑ onjtdkpnriry sivilds ”kiy bd jntmajltn us‑, md siah, but rdihajl ibnut tmdk mdcpdh ”onkpcdtajl tmd paoturd, ijh trio-ajl nut tmd onursd ne caed‑ (2). Aj Ijoadjt Ciw , tmd gurast KoCdjjij orataoazdh tmdpmacncnlaoic trihatanj ne Kiajd ijh Biomnedj enr hdicajl watm tmd nralaj ne snoaicijh cdlic ajstatutanjs (Cnwad 91?<7 ?1-48). ” md eiots hasocnsdh by pmacncnly P...[oijjnt bd siah tn tdcc us ijytmajl ne tmd nralaj nr dircy prnlrdss ne oavacazitanj,‑md mdch, ”enr tmd editurds ne prakatavd caed, wd kust cnn` Ptn tmd trabds[ ne Odjtric Ieraoi, tmd wachs ne Ikdraoi, tmd maccs ne Ajhai, ijh tmd ascijhs ne tmd Vioaeao‑(KoCdjjij 9=547 4, 5).

Icc tmrdd iutmnrs ioodptdh tmd ujaty ne tmd mukij riod ijh strnjlcy bdcadvdhaj prnlrdss, ictmnulm enr Cubbno` ijh ycnr tmd ujhdrcyajl kdomijask onuchvdry wdcc ajvncvd kalritanj. Enccnwajl Jacssnj‑s huicask, Cubbno` siah tmit ka-lritanjs wdrd ”onkpitabcd njcy watm i onkpiritavdcy malm stitd ne nrlijasitanj‑(9=547 8<5) ijh ycnr bdcadvdh tmit dxpcijitanjs by ajhdpdjhdjt ajvdjtanj mih”jn mastnraoic vicud‑, wmacd tmd njds bisdh nj haeeusanj ijh kalritanj mih tmas”aj i malm hdlrdd‑ (9=547 4). Njcy KoCdjjij suppnrtdh tmd dvncutanjast tdjdt neajhdpdjhdjt ajvdjtanj. Ocdircy, tmas havdrldjod wnuch ajecudjod tmd struoturd neijicnlaoic rdisnjajl. \atm tmdar iromidncnlaoic ajtdrdsts, Cubbno` ijh ycnr dva-hdjtcy suppnrtdh tmd tmrdd-ild systdk, tmd sdqudjod jnw bdajl ittdstdh ”aj icknstdvdry hastraot ne tmd mibatibcd lcnbd‑ ( ycnr 9=547 8). Ietdr tmd dstibcasmkdjt nemukij ijtaquaty, tmd _tnjd Ild wis jnt njcy ujavdrsic but icsn dxtrdkdcy cnjl.

md rnih tn knrd dcibnritd usds ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh ciy jnw npdj.



5?

Xmd eujotanj ne onjtdkpnriry sivildry

Enr tmd earst ldjdritanj ne snoaic dvncutanjasts, tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao piriccwis havdrsd ijh tmd cnlao ne ijicnly wis kuctaeiranus ijh netdj kuhhcdh. Rdihajltmrnulm tmd 9=54 knjnlripms ne Cubbno`, ycnr ijh KoCdjjij, njd onkdsiornss i viradty ne purpnsds, stritdlads ijh ippcaoitanjs wmaom smnws mnw tmd opiritavd kdtmnh wis eir ernk bdajl stijhirhazdh it tmit stild.

Accustritajl ijh dxpciajajl tnncs

md strialmtenrwirh guxtipnsatanj ne prdmastnrao tnncs nr knjukdjts watm rdodspdoakdjs rdkiajdh i pnpucir ipprniom. Cubbno`, aj cajd watm Jacssnj, hdedjhdhtmas stritdly7

Ae wd wasm ocdircy tn ujhdrstijh tmd ijtaquatads ne Durnpd, wd kust onkpird tmdkwatm tmd ruhd akpcdkdjts ijh wdipnjs stacc, nr ujtac citdcy, usdh by sivild riodsaj ntmdr pirts ne tmd wnrch.(9=547 ??5)

AjVrd-Mastnrao akds , Jdncatmao tukuca wdrd onkpirdh tn ”tmd buraic knujh neNbdrdi, aj Ntimdata‑ tn smnw tmit pdnpcd watmnut kdticcurlaoic `jnwcdhld onudrdot suom onjstruotanjs (9=547 996). md _wass ijh Arasm ci`d-hwdccajls wecij`dh by i sdt ne dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs (922). Vrdmastnrao buraics ne i wnkiwatm ij ajeijt bdoikd knrd ajtdccalabcd ietdr ij dxpnsatanj nj tmd ”Dsquakiux‑mibat ne buryajl tmdar bibads icavd wmdj tmd kntmdr mih hdodisdh (995). md Awdrd icsn ajvn`dh tn smnw tmit ditajl enxds wis jnt cakatdh tn tmd _wass ci`d-aj

mibatijts (989), jnr tmit cajldrajl eiujic rdkiajs wis rdstraotdh tn oivd-hwdccdrsaj tmd Hnrhnljd (245). md enrkitanj ne Hijasm `gý``djkýhhajls wis sakacirtn knhdrj smdcc-kahhdjs aj Iustricai, tmd Kiciy Vdjajsuci ijh dspdoaiccy adrrihdc Eudln (9<=). Ajhddh, Hijasm knujh-hwdccdrs kust ”mivd cavdh aj vdry kuotmd sikd kijjdr is tmd adrri hdc Eudlaijs, wmn hwdcc nj tmd onist, eddh praj-oapiccy nj smdcc-easm, ijh mivd tmd hnl is tmdar njcy hnkdstao ijakic‑ (9=1). eujotanj ne suom dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs wis jntmajl knrd tmij gust accustritavd_ivildry bdajl ij i-tdkpnric oitdlnry, at onuch bntm bd ”accustritdh by ijoadjtrdkiajs ijh tmd kijjdrs ijh oustnks ne knhdrj sivilds,‑ is Cubbno`‑s subtatcdsiah. Vrdmastnry wis enujh aj tmd snac ne Durnpd ijh tmd snuc ne tmd sivild.

Mnwdvdr, nj odrtiaj nooisanjs tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmy cdh tn i ldjuajd ijicnly. Xaswis dspdoaiccy tmd oisd enr ittrabutajl eujotanjs tn tnncs. \njhdrajl wmit tmd eujo-tanj ne Vicidncatmao soripdrs onuch bd, Cubbno` onkpirdh tmdk watm ”Dsquakiux‑ twmaom wdrd usdh is sàj-soripdrs. ”Xd trud jiturd ijh usd ne tmd ijoadjt sàj-sorip-drs mis, mnwdvdr, bddj djtardcy dxpciajdh by tmdsd knhdrj spdoakdjs watm wmaomird ibsncutdcy ahdjtaoic,‑ md onjocuhdh ijh ihhdh aj lnnh Uaotnraij eismanj tmit ”tmkdtmnh ne prdpirajl sàjs as ouranus ijh ajldjanus, but vdry haslustajl‑ (86<, oe. <9).Ca`d watm \acsnj‑s nac cikp, njd ittrabutd ne tmd prdsdjt snurod (tmd eujotanj ne tmAjuat tnnc) wis trijsedrrdh tn tmd pist tirldt (tmd Vicidncatmao tnnc) nj tmd bisas ne sm



58

rdsdkbcijods (tmd ahdjtaoic enrk). Nbsdrvdh enrkic sakaciraty tmus cdh tn i prdhaotdheujotanjic sakaciraty.9<

Eajhajl i onkknj hdjnkajitnr

Accustritajl tnncs ijh dxpciajajl tmdar eujotanj mih icrdihy bddj eujotanjs ne dtm-jnlripmao ijicnly bdenrd. But Cubbno` wdjt njd stdp eurtmdr.Vrd-Mastnrao akdsonjtiajdh knrd tmij njd mujhrdh pilds hdsorabajl enurtddj snoadtads ne ”jnj-kd-ticcao sivilds‑ (??<). mas dtmjnlripmao onkpdjhauk wis bisdh nj ij irkomiarrdihajl ne trivdccdrs‑ ioonujts0 at prdsdjtdh itnur h‑mnraznj ne wmit Cubbno` siwis tmd wnrch‑s cnwdst prakatavdjdss, hdpaotajl watm kuom guaoy hdtiac ijh knric guhldkdjt tmd viraitanj ne sivild caed. Cubbno` bdcadvdh tmit tmd onjtdkpnriry

wachs rdprdsdjtdh i ldjdric, ae mdtdrnldjdnus, stitd ne sivildry wmaom onuch bdirrijldh ernk sakpcd tn onkpcdx. Md prdsdjtdh i tibcd ne tdomjncnlaoic prnlrdss(ealurd 4) rdiomdh by haeedrdjt sivilds wmaom rdsuctdh aj i madriromy ernk cdist ih-vijodh (Distdr Ascijhdrs, Eudlaijs, Busmkdj, Mnttdjtnts ijh Ijhikijdrs) nvdrtncdribcy ihvijodh (Iustricaijs, Dsquakiux ijh Jnrtm-Ikdraoij Ajhaijs) tn wdccihvijodh (Jdw Wdicijhdrs, Eddlddijs ijh ntmdr Vioaeao trabds).

9< _akacir rdisnjajls oij bd enujh aj Gnmj Dvijs‑Xd Ijoadjt _tnjd Akpcdkdjts, \dipnjs, ijh Nrjikdjtsne Lrdit Bratiaj (9=<2). Dvijs, njod ajvncvdh watm tmd rdonljatanj ne mukij ijtaquaty ijh tmd rd-mibacatitanj ne Bnuomdr hd Vdrtmds, usdh dtmjnlripmao ijicnlads tn ajedr tmd eujotanj ne prdmastnraostnjd tnncs. Cdss swddpajl tmij Cubbno`, mas usd ne dtmjnlripmao dvahdjod wis knrd onj jdh tnsncvajl cnoicazdh prnbcdks. Md tmus enousdh ”cdss nj tmd wnr`ajls ne _tnjd Ild Durnpdijs‑ kajhstmij nj tmd wnr`s ne tmdar mijhs‑ (Uij Rapdr 911?7 299).

Ealurd 4. Cubbno`‑s onkpacitanj ne dtmjnlrimao dvahdjod sdrvdh tn dstibcasm i onkknj hdjnkajitnr ne onj-tdkpnriry sivildry. \macd ajhaoitajl i madriromy ernk sakpcd tn onkpcdx, at icsn smnwdh tmit wmit wis onk-knjcy smirdh mih tn bd nch (Cubbno` 9=547 88<)



54

mnulm jnt icwiys ocdir, Cubbno`‑s ajtdrdst wis aj eajhajl tmd bisao onk-knjicatads ne sivild caed. Bdoiusd spdirs ijh ocubs wdrd tmd twn tnnc typds wmnoourrdh iknjl icc onjtdkpnriry sivilds ijh bdoiusd suom usdeuc tnncs wnuchjnt bd ripahcy cnst aj tmd onursd ne oavacazitanj, ”tmdy sddk tn bd tmd njcy jitu

ijh ujavdrsic wdipnjs ne kij‑ (8<4). md knrd ldnlripmaoiccy sprdih ij akpcd-kdjt wis, tmd knrd prakdvic at sddkdh. md irlukdjt wis jnt cakatdh tn tmdtdomjncnlaoic rdick. Cubbno` rdisnjdh tmit bdoiusd aj ldjdric sivilds wdrd orudc,omachca`d ijh ujeiar tn wnkdj ijh bdoiusd knst ne tmdk onuch jnt onujt up tntdj, trustdh aj watomoriet nr dvdj cio`dh i rdcalanus onjodpt, tmas knric ijh kdj-tic ajedranraty wis icsn prngdotdh ajtn tmd pist. Enr dxikpcd7 ” mit nur dircaijodstnrs onuch mivd onujtdh tn tdj as vdry akprnbibcd, onjsahdrajl tmit sn kijyriods jnw aj dxastdjod oijjnt ldt bdynjh enur‑ (8<4). mnulm nbsdssdh watm tmddxtrdkds ne sivildjdss, Cubbno` snulmt i onkknj hdjnkajitnr bdtwddj sdvdricenrks ne sivild caed aj nrhdr tn eajh tmd prakiry tdomjncnlaoic, knric ijh kdjtic

onjhatanjs.

Hriwajl hdvdcnpkdjtic sdqudjods

Dstibcasmajl i madriromy onuch icsn sdrvd i haeedrdjt purpnsd bdoiusd at iccntn hriw i hdvdcnpkdjtic sdqudjod. mas as mnw ycnr wnr`dh. Irrijlajl dtmjn-lripmao, mastnraoic ijh iromidncnlaoic dvahdjod nj i spdoaeao oustnk ernk sakpcd tn onkpcdx, md snulmt tn dstibcasm onjgdoturic sdqudjods ne oucturic lrnw

mas as knst ocdircy sddj aj ycnr‑s hasoussanj nj tmd nralaj ijh hdvdcnpkdjt netmd usd ne eard (ealurd 5). ycnr stirtdh watm ”stnrads ne eardcdss kdj aj Ikdr

(2?2) wmnsd iutmdjtaoaty md suspdotdh0 md onjtajudh watm ”i àjh ne trijsatanstitd‑ ne eard-usajl watmnut eard-kiàjl, i onjhatanj wmaom ujtac rdodjtcy wnucmivd bddj enujh iknjl tmd iskijaijs0 md tmdj prnoddhdh tn i hasoussanj netmd irt ne kiàjl eard ”bdtwddj tmd ruhdst ijh knst irtaeaoaic wiy aj wmaom tmkiy bd hnjd‑ (2?5)7 earst, tmdrd wis tmd ”stao`-ijh-lrnnvd‑ tdomjaqud, stacc enuaj tmd _nutm _di Ascijhs0 tmdj oikd tmd kijuic ”eard-hracc‑, nbsdrvibcd iknjl Iustricaijs, Kdxaoijs, Udhhims ijh kijy ntmdr onjtdkpnriry jitanjs0 tmas wisenccnwdh by i onrh-hracc, ij akpcdkdjt stacc aj usd iknjl tmd ”Dsquakiux‑, citdr byi bnw-hracc (prdsdjt watm tmd Jnrtm-Ikdraoij Ajhaijs) ijh eajiccy tmd pukp-hraccenujh iknjl tmd Arnqunas Ajhaijs ijh iknjl Djlcasm ”omaji ijh lciss kdjhdrs‑.

Dvdry stild ne tmas tdomjncnlaoic pdhalrdd wis accustritdh watm ij djlrivajl0 at wonrrnbnritdh by tdxtuic ijh kytmncnlaoic dvahdjod ernk tmd wratajls ne Vcajy,Russaij kytms ijh Eajjasm pndks. md kdtmnhncnlaoic ritanjicd ujhdrcyajl tmasonjgdoturic sdqudjod wis ocdircy nutcajdh by ycnr7

I survdy ne tmd onjhatanj ne tmd irt aj hastdrdjt pirts ne tmd wnrch, is `jnwj tnus by hardot dvahdjod, as djnulm tn ki`d at prnbibcy tmit jdircy icc tmd hastdrdjt prnodssds enujh aj usd ird tmd suoodssnrs ne ruhdr njds0 ijh, bdsahd tmas, tmdrd as ikiss ne ajhardot dvahdjod wmaom ccs up snkd ne tmd smnrtonkajls ne mastnry, is athnds aj tmd ajvdstalitanj ne tmd _tnjd Ild.(9=547 2?5)



55

Ealurd 5. (bntm pilds) Xycnr soijjdh dtmjnlripmao ijh iromidncnlaoic hiti tn nutcajd i prnlrdssavdhdvdcnpkdjt aj rd-ki`ajl tdomjncnly. Ioonrhajl tn mak, at mih hdvdcnpdh ernk tmd stao`-ijh-lrnnvdtdomjaqud, nvdr tmd rd-hracc, tmd onrh-hracc ijh tmd bnw-hracc tn tmd pukp-hracc. Xmas sdqudjod, mnwdv-dr, wis jnt ajhdpdjhdjtcy onj rkdh0 at prdsdjtdh ij issukdh cajd ne tdomjncnlaoic prnlrdss, arrdspdo -tavd ne takd nr pciod. Xmd ijoadjt Kdxaoijs ijh tmd knhdrj Liuomns ne tmd Vikpis onuch tmdrdenrd bdocissa dh aj tmd sikd cdvdc ne usajl tmd rd-hracc (Xycnr 9=547 lurd 26-25, 21)



5<



5=

md mastnry ne dircy oavacazitanj onuch tmus bd `jnwj by i oirdeuccy pcijjdh ijhsnkdwmit drritao dxpdhatanj aj Ieraoi, Ikdraoi, Isai ijh Nodijai. At wis bisdhnj tmd i pranra issukptanj tmit tmd omrnjncnlaoic nrhdr onuch bd rdih nee ne tmdcnlaoic nrhdr ernk sakpcd tn onkpcdx. _n strnjl wis tmd bdcade aj prnlrdss tmit tmd

sdqudjod hriwj by ycnr ”wis jnt ij nrhdr wmaom mih bddj dstibcasmdh by ajhd-pdjhdjt omrnjncnlaoic dvahdjod, but wis i eujotanj ne tmd systdk ne ocissaeaoitanj‑(Kijhdcbiuk 91<97 965).

Brnihdr ippcaoitanjs

mas cnlao wis djtardcy enccnwdh by KoCdjjij, sied tmit md ippcadh at tn bnchdrtmdkds. Jnt eard-kiàjl but tmd nralaj ne brahd-àhjippajl ijh ntmdr kirraildodrdknjads wdrd ihhrdssdh by mak. \acsnj‑s sulldstanj tmit njd onuch knvd bd-ynjh i stuhy ne tnncs rdodavdh i eucc ippcaoitanj aj KoCdjjij‑s wnr` nj tmd hdvdc-npkdjt ne snoaic ijh cdlic oustnks. Onjtdkpnriry dtmjnlripmao dvahdjod onuchhn knrd tmij dxpciajajl tdomjncnly7

Xdsd eiots ne tn-hiy ird, aj i sdjsd, tmd knst ijoadjt mastnry. Aj tmd soadjods ne ciwijh snoadty, nch kdijs jnt nch aj omrnjncnly, but aj struoturd7 tmit as knst iromiaowmaom cads jdirdst tn tmd bdlajjajl ne mukij prnlrdss onjsahdrdh is i hdvdcnp-kdjt, ijh tmit as knst knhdrj wmaom as eirtmdst rdknvdh ernk tmit bdlajjajl.P...[

Xd prdeiod ne ldjdric mastnry kust bd onkpacdh ernk tmd kitdraics prdsdjtdh bybirbirask. Mippacy, ae wd kiy siy sn, tmdsd kitdraics ird ibujhijt. _n ujdquiccymis tmd spdoads bddj hdvdcnpdh, tmit icknst dvdry onjodavibcd pmisd ne prnlrdss kiybd stuhadh, is snkdwmdrd nbsdrvdh ijh rdonrhdh. Ijh tmus tmd pmacnsnpmdr, edjodh ernk kasti`d, is tn tmd nrhdr ne hdvdcnpkdjt, by tmd ajtdronjjdotanj ne tmd stildsijh tmdar smihajl ajtn njd ijntmdr by ldjtcd lrihitanjs, kiy hriw i ocdir ijhhdoahdh nutcajd ne tmd onursd ne mukij prnlrdss aj takds cnjl ijtdodhdjt tn tmnsdtn wmaom dvdj pmacncnly oij ki`d rdedrdjod.(KoCdjjij 9=547 5)

md ujaty ne tmd mukij riod, tmd prnlrdssavd jiturd ne snoadty, tmd ujacajdirtrigdotnry ne prnlrdss, tmd ujdquic hdvdcnpkdjt ne onjtdkpnriry snoadtads, tmdkdtmnhncnly ne usajl njd stild ne i prdsdjt snoadty is rdprdsdjtitavd ne ijntm-dr‑s pist stitd, tmd pnssabacaty ne tmus hriwajl i ldjdric mastnry ne kijàjh7 at asicc irludh mdrd aj i ociraty ne stycd uj`jnwj tn ycnr ijh odrtiajcy tn Cubbno`.Burrnw ipprdoaitdh tmas irlukdjt is ”njd ne tmd ocdirdst, knst dcibnritd ijh cdistipncnldtao ne icc tmd dxpnsatanjs ne tmd prajoapcds ne tmd Dvncutanjiry OnkpiritavdKdtmnh‑ (91557 2??) ijh _tnoàjl‑s pnrtriydh KoCdjjij is bdajl ”knrd brac-caijt tmij ycnr nr Cubbno`, ijh knrd lavdj tn ajtdccdotuic djtmusaisk‑ (91=<795=). KoCdjjij‑s jntanj ne ajhdpdjhdjt ajvdjtanj iccnwdh tn soij tmd wnrchenr dvahdjod wmaom onuch eacc tmd lips ne mas ujacajdir prnlrdssanjast trigdotnry._ajod onjtdkpnriry snoadtads mih ”jnt ihvijodh aj oavacaty pira pissu‑ (9=547 1),at wis pnssabcd tn irrijld tmdk ajtn i sdqudjod ne prnlrdssavd lrnwtm watm ldjtcdnvdrcips.



51

Ratuicazdh oustnks

I eajic kdijs ne usajl onjtdkpnriry dvahdjod tn djmijod ij ujhdrstijhajl netmd pist wis snkdwmit knrd pdoucair is at djtiacdh ajenrkitanj ernk tmd oava-cazdh wnrch. _tnjd tnncs onuch bd ihdquitdcy dxpciajdh by dxntao spdoakdjs, bsnoaic ijh cdlic mastnry rdquardh raomdr hiti enr onkprdmdjsanj. Bntm ycnr ijKoCdjjij bdcadvdh, tmdrdenrd, tmit ratuicazdh oustnks aj nur nwj snoadty onr-rdspnjhdh tn nchdr rdicatads. ” md sykbncao enrks tmit ippdir aj i onhd nr ajpnpucir oustnks,‑ KoCdjjij siah, ”tdcc us is odrtiajcy ne tmd usilds ne i pdnpcd,is tmd rajls aj tmd trijsvdrsd sdotanj ne i trdd tdcc ne ats ild‑ (9=547 1). Ioonrhajtn ycnr, Durnpdij dirrajls enr ajstijod onuch jnt bd ujhdrstnnh ”is i prnhuotne nur nwj takds, but is i rdcao ne i ruhdr kdjtic onjhatanj‑, wmaom jddhdh tnbd onkpirdh watm tmd pdrenritdh jnsds ernk Vipui Jdw Luajdi, dcnjlitdh dir-cnbds ernk Dist-Ieraoi ijh kutacitdh cnwdr caps ernk Ikiznjai. Gust ca`d Jacssnjturjdh tn Durnpdij enc`cnrd, snkd ne tmd snoaic dvncutanjasts turjdh tn ratuics atmd knhdrj wnrch tn ujhdrstijh prdmastnry. md stuhy ne tmdsd pdtraeadh oustnkwnuch citdr hdvdcnp ajtn ycnr‑s akpnrtijt jntanj ne ”survavics‑ but md livd icrdihi prdcakajiry nutcajd7

A oijjnt but tmaj` tmit Psuom dxikpcds[ ird tn bd dxpciajdh is bdajl, tn usd tmdwnrh aj jn mirsm sdjsd, but ioonrhajl tn wmit sddks ats prnpdr dtykncnly, oisdsnesupdrstatanj, ne tmd –stijhajl nvdr‛ ne nch mibats ajtn tmd kahst ne i jdw ijhomijldh stitd ne tmajls, ne tmd rdtdjtanj ne ijoadjt priotaods enr odrdknjaic purpnsds, cnjl ietdr tmdy mih bddj supdrsdhdh enr tmd onkknjpciod usds ne nrhajirycaed. ( 9=547 29=, nralajic dkpmisds)

riods ne prakdvic sivildry wdrd jnt njcy tn bd enujh aj tmd mnrraeao priotaodne onjtdkpnriry wachs, but icsn aj tmd gdwdccdry ijh dircnbds ne Uaotnraij ynujcihads.

Dtmjnlripmao djtmusaisk

md earst ldjdritanj ne snoaic dvncutanjasts enccnwdh tmd djtmusaisk enr dtmlripmao ijicnly ne Jacssnj ijh \acsnj, but buact eurtmdr upnj at. Njod rdstraotdhtn ociraeyajl akpcdkdjts ijh knjukdjts ernk tmd _tnjd Ild tmrnulm sakacira-tads watm onjtdkpnriry oisds, jnw dtmjnlripmao ijicnly wis usdh aj i viradty neonjtdxts. Cubbno`‑s sdirom enr i onkknj hdjnkajitnr iknjl onjtdkpnriry siv-ildry, ycnr‑s onjgdoturic sdqudjod ne hdvdcnpkdjtic lrnwtm, ijh KoCdjjij‑s ip-pcaoitanj ne at tn snoaic ijh cdlic onjtdxts, icc wdjt bdynjh tmd piriccdcs hriwj byJacssnj ijh \acsnj. Hdspatd tmdar akkdhaitd haeedrdjods, tmdy bdtriy i omijlajlipprdoaitanj ne tmd rncd ne dtmjnlripmy aj dircy Uaotnraij dvncutanjask.

Earst ne icc, tmdrd wis ij ivahaty tn knvd bdynjh tmd tdomjncnlaoic rdick. mwis jnt gust tmd oisd watm KoCdjjij, but icsn watm Cubbno`7 mas sdirom enr i onkknj hdjnkajitnr dquiccy ajocuhdh i onkpirasnj ne knric ijh kdjtic oipioatadsiknjl sivilds iornss tmd wnrch. Jnw tmit tmd tmrdd-ild systdk wis ti`dj-enr-lrijtdh ijh mukij ijtaquaty mih bddj dstibcasmdh, knrd wdalmty assuds ibnut tmdmastnry ne mukij oavacazitanj wdrd tn bd ihhrdssdh. But is tmd ldncnlaoic rdon



<6

enr rdonjstruotajl tmd caed ne prdmastnrao sivilds wdjt ”jn eirtmdr tmij tn ajenrk uswmit ennh tmdy itd, wmit wdipnjs tmdy usdh, ijh wmit wis tmd omiriotdr ne tmdarnrjikdjts‑ (KoCdjjij 9=547 4), dxtdrjic issastijod mih tn bd snulmt.

I sdonjh akpnrtijt triat onjodrjdh tmd jntanj ne madriromy. Jacssnj ijh

\acsnj mih bddj trditajl tmd dvahdjod ne onjtdkpnriry sivildry is mnknldjd-nus, but tmd Uaotnraij snoaic dvncutanjasts nrlijazdh at by akpnsajl i pirtaoucirmadriromy. mas oij bd sddj ernk Cubbno`‑s onkpiritavd tibcd wmaom irrijldhsnoadtads ernk cdist ihvijodh tn wdcc ihvijodh ijh ernk ycnr‑s hdvdcnpkdjticsdqudjod nrlijazajl dtmjnlripmao oustnks ernk sakpcd tn onkpcdx. Ioonrhajl tnKoCdjjij, prakatavd knhds ne caed wdrd tn bd ujhdrstnnh aj ”tmdar ocissaeaoitanjis knrd nr cdss iromiao‑ (9=547 =). md lrditdr rncd isorabdh tn tmd ahdi ne prnlrdss,kihd tmit suom madriromy ernk sakpcd tn onkpcdx akpcadh i hdvdcnpkdjt ernkijoadjt tn knhdrj. mas ajdvatibcy cdh tn ij ajquary ajtn tmd knst prakatavd enrkne mukijaty ourrdjtcy cavajl. nldtmdr watm kijy ne mas onjtdkpnrirads Cubbno`

pnsdh tmd qudstanj7rivdccdrs ijh jituricasts mivd viradh i lnnh hdic aj npajanj is tn tmd riod ne sivilds

wmaom as djtatcdh tn tmd ujdjvaibcd rdputitanj ne bdajl tmd cnwdst aj soicd ne oavacasi-tanj. Onn`, Hirwaj, Eatzrny, ijh \iccas wdrd hdoahdhcy aj eivnr, ae A kiy sn siy,ne tmd Eudlaij0 Buromdcc kiajtiajdh tmit tmd Busmkdj ird tmd cnwdst0 H‑Trvaccdvntdh enr tmd Iustricaijs ijh iskijaijs0 Hikpadr tmnulmt tmd Iustricaijs –tmdkasdribcdst pdnpcd aj tmd wnrch0‛ Enrstdr siah tmit tmd pdnpcd ne Kiccaonccn –bnr-hdrdh tmd jdirdst upnj tmd trabd ne knj`dys0‛ Nwdj ajocajds tn tmd Ijhikijdrs0ntmdrs mivd suppnrtdh tmd Jnrtm Ikdraoij Rnnt-halldrs0 ijh njd Erdjom wratdrdvdj ajsajuitds tmit knj`dys ird knrd mukij tmij Cipcijhdrs. (9=547 884-5)

Cubbno` hah jnt spdi` nut aj eivnur ne njd tmdsd sivilds. Hdspatd mas ajtdrdst ajtmd cnwdst ne tmd cnwdst, md onjtajudh watm tmd wirjajl tmit ”tmd prdsdjt mibats nesivild riods ird jnt tn bd rdlirhdh is hdpdjhajl hardotcy nj tmnsd wmaom omirio-tdrasdh tmd earst kdj‑ (885).

mas as i tmarh pnajt ne onjvdrldjod iknjl tmd earst ldjdritanj ne dvncutanj-asts7 tmd rdeusic tn prngdot njd snoadty njtn ijntmdr. Kijy dtmjnlripmao ijicnladswdrd hriwj, but tmdy wdrd icknst ajviraibcy cakatdh tn padodkdic trijsedrs nespdoaeao eujotanjs, kijjdrs, ijh oustnks0 wmncdsicd substatutanjs ne i prdmastnraooisd by ij dtmjnlripmao snoadty wdrd dxpcaoatcy ivnahdh. md Ajuat aj Cubbno`‑swnr`, enr ajstijod, wdrd piriccdcdh nj snkd nooisanjs tn tmd Vicidncatmao oivd aj-mibatijts ne tmd Hnrhnljd, nj ntmdrs tn tmd Kdsncatmao smdcc-knujh hwdccdrs ajHdjkir`, ijh nj stacc ntmdrs tn tmd Jdncatmao pdnpcd ne tmd _wass ci`d-sahd sdt-tcdkdjts.9= It jn pnajt wdrd tmdy prngdotdh it i spdoaeao stild ne mukij mastnry.

ycnr, tnn, wirjdh aj mas onjocusanj tmit ”at hnds jnt sddk ca`dcy tmit ijy trabd `jnwjtn knhdrj nbsdrvdrs smnuch bd ijytmajl ca`d i eiar rdprdsdjtitavd ne prakiry onjhatanjs,‑pirtaoucircy sajod ”tmd prdsdjt onjhatanj ne sivild trabds as tmd onkpcdx rdsuct ne jnt njcyi cnjl but ij dvdjteuc mastnry‑ (9=547 ?51). Cubbno`‑s rdcuotijod aj tmas kittdr wis icsn

9= Xd tdrk ”Kdsncatmao‑ as ne onursd ij ijiomrnjask aj tmas onjtdxt is tmd onjodpt njcy dkdrldh bytmd citd jajdtddjtm odjtury.



<9

lavdj aj by ij iwirdjdss tmit sivild mibats kalmt bd ”irasajl ernk dxtdrjic onjhatanjs‑(9=547 885). Haeeusanj, kalritanj ijh ntmdr enrks ne oucturic onjtiot eivnurdhby Cubbno` ijh ycnr mih ieedotdh tmd prastajaty ne knhdrj sivilds. At wis njcyaj i citdr pmisd ne Uaotnraij dvncutanjask tmit tmas iwirdjdss ne ajhavahuic mastn

wnuch ki`d pciod enr tmd hnotrajd ne ajhdpdjhdjt ajvdjtanj ijh tmd priotaod nehardot prngdotavd rdisnjajl. I enurtm pnajt ne ilrddkdjt wis aj cajd watm Jacssnj ijh \acsnj pnsatanj‑s ne

vicuajl sakaciraty is tmd onrjdrstnjd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly. Cubbno` wis sn surd nemas eujotanjic ajtdrprdtitanj ne Hijasm sàj-soripdrs bdoiusd tmdy wdrd ”ibsncutdcy ahtaoic‑ watm tmd Ajuat spdoakdjs. Md icsn bdcadvdh tmit tmd Eudlaijs, tmnulm ”iknjknst kasdribcd spdoakdjs ne tmd mukij riod‑, wdrd stacc ne dspdoaic ajtdrdst ”ernk tmprnbibcd sakaciraty tn tmnsd ne tmd ijoadjt Hijasm smdcc-knujh buachdrs‑ (8?1). Vrakasivilds hah jnt njcy rdsdkbcd prdmastnrao njds, tmdy icsn rdsdkbcdh diom ntmdr, rdlicdss ne tmdar ajhavahuic mastnrads. Xdy icc bdcnjldh tn tmd sikd jituric àjh. ycnr i

KoCdjjij wdrd vdry rk nj tmas. ycnr (9=547 951) wrntd7 ”Xd stitd ne tmajls iknjltmd cnwdr trabds wmaom prdsdjts atsdce tn tmd stuhdjt, as i substijtaic sakaciraty aj `dhld, irts, ijh oustnks rujjajl tmrnulm tmd wmncd wnrch.‑ Tjdjoukbdrdh by pirtaou-cirast jntanjs ca`d kalritanj ijh hastusanj, KoCdjjij enrodeuccy siah7

_n eir is ky ajquarads ajtn dircy snoaic pmdjnkdji mivd dxtdjhdh, A mivd enujhsuom sakaciraty, sn kijy onrrdspnjhdjods, sn kuom sikdjdss aj tmd enrks ne caed prdviacajl iknjl tmd riods usuiccy onjsahdrdh hastajot, tmit A mivd onkd tn rdlirhtmd dtmjncnlaoic hastdrdjods ne tmd sdvdric eikacads ne kijàjh is ne cattcd nr jnwdalmt onkpirdh watm wmit tmdy mivd aj onkknj.(9=547 ?)

_akaciraty wis sn dssdjtaic tmit hassakaciraty onuch bd hasrdlirhdh. Knrdnvdis knjnldjasts tmdy wdrd icrdihy ajocajdh tn strdss ca`djdssds nvdr haeedrdjod(Kurpmrdd 91597 2=2). Iliaj, is watm Jacssnj ijh \acsnj, ae onjtdkpnriry siv-ilds onuch bd usdh at wis jnt gust bdoiusd tmdy sakpcy rdsdkbcdh tmd prdmastnajmibatijts ne Durnpd, but bdoiusd tmdy wdrd dssdjtaiccy bdcadvdh tn bd tmd siOnjtdkpnriry sivildry wis ij i-tdkpnric oitdlnry0 nch kdijt ”jnt nch aj omrn-jncnly, but nch aj struoturd‑.

Hdldjdritanjask ijh ocissaoic dvncutanjask

md mdyhiy ne snoanoucturic dvncutanjask ird pnpucircy hdpaotdh is i traukpne soadjtaeao ajquary nvdr rdcalanus hnlki. Icc tnn netdj at as enrlnttdj tmit njdne tmd kiaj akpdtusds enr ats tmdnrdtaoic hdvdcnpkdjt wis prnvn`dh by tmd wraajls ne snkd Omrastaij-ajspardh tmaj`drs (oe. Mnhldj 91?<0 Kurpmrdd 915972<=). Raomirh \mitdcy, irombasmnp ne Hubcaj, mih icrdihy aj tmd 9=?6s ijh 46sdxprdssdh mas hnubts is tn wmdtmdr mukijaty mih irasdj ernk sivildjdss. IjhLdnrld H. Oikpbdcc, bdttdr jnwj is tmd Hu`d ne Irlycc, onkkdjtdh dxtdjsavdcyCubbno`‑sVrd-Mastnrao akds . Mas wratajls ippdirdh is enur irtaocds aj tmd rdvadwLnnh \nr`s aj 9=5= but wdrd issdkbcdh ajVrakdvic Kij7 Ij Dxikajitanj ne snkdRdodjt _pdoucitanjs (9=51). Eir ernk bdajl ij iromdtypaoic rdiotanjiry ittatuhd neOmrastaij nrtmnhnxy tn tmd jdw soadjtaeao orddh, tmas bnn`‘ijh tnn i cdssdr dxtd



<2

\mitdcy‑s dssiys‘omiccdjldh snkd ne tmd bisao issukptanjs snoaic dvncutanjaststnn` enr lrijtdh (Laccdspad 91<<). md mirhdjajl ne snoandvncutanjast tmnulmt ajtmd citd 9=56s ajtn i knrd rihaoic, ujacajdir tmdnry ne mukij prnlrdss tmrnulm aj-hdpdjhdjt ajvdjtanj wis prakiracy tmd rdsuct ne i onjsnrtdh rdiotanj tn tmd Hu`d

ne Irlycc‑s orataqud.Hdldjdritanjast hnubts

Aj i rijld ne pubcaoitanjs tmd Arasm irombasmnp Raomirh \mitdcy nbgdotdh tn tmdahdi tmit mukijaty mih irasdj ernk sivildjdss (Lriysnj 91=?7 29<-=). _ajod tmd_orapturd spn`d ne i prakdvic lnchdj ild aj pirihasd, dircy mukijaty onuch by jnkdijs mivd bddj kasdribcd. Ioonrhajl tn \mitdcy, onjtdkpnriry sivilds wdrdtmdrdenrd dxikpcds ne pnst-Ihikatd hdldjdritanj ritmdr tmij stacc cavajl prakdvicrdcaos. Md hah jnt hdjy tmit snoadtic prnlrdss onuch ti`d pciod, but ae tmas mip-pdjdh, at wis tmd rdsuct ne havajd rdvdcitanj. mas mih bddj tmd eiatm ne \dstdrjoavacazitanj7 ietdr tmd Eicc, Ihik‑s hdsodjhijts mih scnwcy irasdj tmij`s tn Lnh‑sbdjdvncdjt ajtdrvdjtanjs. _ajod sivilds wdrd tnn akknric, jn dxikpcd wnuch bdenujh ne i sivild riod tmit mih oavacazdh atsdce watmnut dxtdrjic issastijod. Vrnlrdsswis ajhuodh ernk tmd nutsahd, datmdr by onjtiot watm supdranr jdalmbnurajl snoad-tads nr by havajd ajtdrvdjtanj. Aj ijy oisd, sivilds onuch jnt pucc tmdksdcvds nutne tmd knriss ne tmdar ajedranraty.

Kijy ne \mitdcy‑s ahdis rdippdirdh aj Irlycc‑s wnr`‘tmd Omrastaij ajspari-tanj, tmd onjodpt ne i prakdvic pdredotanj, tmd ahdi ne hdldjdritanj iknjlst onj-tdkpnriry sivilds‘tmnulm tmdrd wdrd akpnrtijt haeedrdjods is wdcc. md Hu`dne Irlycc wis jn rdcalanus hnlkitast. Hdspatd tmd jukdrnus quntds ernk tmd Babcdijh Iulustajd wmaom tdstaey tn mas pdrsnjic rdcalanus onjvaotanjs, md mdch tmit mdrdiomdh mas hdldjdritanjast onjocusanjs nj straotcy soadjtaeao lrnujhs, dvdj ae tmdydvdjtuiccy squirdh jaodcy watm tmd ioonujt ne tmd Ihikatd Eicc. Md icsn ”sdt cattcdvicud nj tmd irlukdjt ne \mitdcy, tmit is rdlirhs tmd kdomijaoic irts Kij oijjdvdr mivd rasdj –ujiahdh‛ ‑ (Irlycc 9=517 91=). Ajstdih ne i pdrkijdjt havajdrdvdcitanj, md tmnulmt tmit ietdr tmd ajataic djhnwkdjt ne i bnhy ijh i kajh,kij bisaoiccy tnn` oird ne mas nwj prnlrdss. \mitdcy tnn` tmd _orapturd is i cat-dric snurod ne iutmnraty enr rdonjstruotajl mukijaty‑s pist0 Irlycc hdvdcnpdh iOmrastaij-ajspardh, orataoic ajquary ne kij‑s nralajs. \dconkajl tmd jisodjt eadchne prdmastnry, md siah tmit ”at as jnt npdj tn hasputd tmit tmd dircy onjhatanj neKij`ajh as ioodssabcd tn rdsdirom‑ (28). Md hassdotdh iviacibcd tmdnrads ajtn tmdaronkpnjdjt pirts, ijicysdh tmdk, ijh rdgdotdh nr ioodptdh tmdk. Mas oirdeuc ir-lukdjtitanj ijh tmd orystic-ocdir struoturd ne mas orataquds smnw mnw md kistdrdh”tmd irt ne soadjtaeao onjtrnvdrsy‑ (Laccdspad 91<<) kuom knrd sdrdjdcy tmij kijyne mas onjtdkpnrirads.

Ae tmd Hu`d ne Irlycc hasilrddh watm \mitdcdy, md ”sdt stacc cdss vicud nj tmd irlu-kdjts ne _ar G. Cubbno`‑ (911).Vrakdvic Kij wis rst ijh enrdknst i cdjltmy orataqudnj Vrd-Mastnrao akds 7 Cubbno` as catdriccy nj tmd rst ijh cist pilds ne tmd wnr` ijh tmddjtard orataqud as hardotdh it mak. Jdvdrtmdcdss, Cubbno`‑s bnn` wis pciodh aj ats brnihdrsoadjta o onjtdxt ijh tmd tmrdd substijtaic omiptdrs ne Irlycc‑s dssiy diom hdict watm tmdtmrdd kignr hdbitds ne tmd takd7 tmd rst njd wis nj ”tmd nralaj ne kij‑ wmaom djtiacdh i



<?

orataqud ne Hirwaj‑sNralaj ne _pdoads (9=41) ijh Muxcdy‑s Kij‑s Vciod aj Jiturd (9=5?)0tmd sdonjh hdict watm ”tmd ijtaquaty ne kij‑, tmit as, Cydcc‑sLdncnlaoic Dvahdjods (9=5?)0ijh tmd jic njd watm ”kij‑s prakatavd onjhatanj‑, nr Cubbno`‑sVrd-Mastnrao akds (9=54). Is tn tmd rst twn qudstanjs, Irlycc‑s npajanj oij bd ripahcy sukkirazdh7 md hah

jnt suppnrt i sakaij hdsodjt ne mukijaty (onjtri Muxcdy) but onuch vdry disacy ioodpt imalm ijtaquaty ne kij (prn Cydcc). Md siw ”i luce priotaoiccy akkdisuribcd‑ bdtwddj kijijh tmd ntmdr orditurds ijh bdcadvdh mukijaty smnuch bd ioonrhdh i sdpiritd ociss (9=5<8-4). Nj tmd ntmdr mijh, md `jdw ne ”jn njd knric nr rdcalanus trutm wmaom hdpdjnj i smnrt dstakitd ne Kij‑s ijtaquaty‑ (<8, 92<). Ldncnlaoic ild dstakitds wdrd rdonjoac-ibcd watm babcaoic omrnjncnly bdoiusd ”tmnusijhs ne ydirs ird is cdss tmij sdonjhs ajOrditavd hiys‑ (924).91

Irlycc vdmdkdjtcy hasilrddh watm Cubbno`‑s onjocusanjs tmit oavacazitanj mdkdrldh ernk sivildjdss ijh tmit prdsdjt-hiy sivilds domndh suom ijodstric onj-hatanj. Irlycc‑s orataquds iliajst tmas ”_ivild-tmdnry‑ oij bd lrnupdh ajtn enur

cajds ne hassdjt. Earstcy, wmdrdis Irlycc io`jnwcdhldh tmd tdomjncnlaoic ajedraaty ne knst prdmastnrao ijh prdsdjt sivilds, md hah jnt prnoddh tn sdd tmas is ijajhaoitanj ne knric nr kdjtic ajedranraty. mnsd wmn wdrd ”aljnrijt ne tmd ajhus-traic irts‑ wdrd jnt jdodssiracy ”aljnrijt ne huty nr aljnrijt ne Lnh‑ (9?2, 9??).Cubbno` mih icwiys issukdh tmit tmd hdlrdd ne tdomjncnlaoic kistdry wis i bi-rnkdtdr ne nvdricc hdlrdd ne hdvdcnpkdjt. Irlycc qudstanjdh tmas sajod md siw joiusic onrrdcitanj bdtwddj tmd twn.

_donjhcy, at rdkiajdh tn bd sddj wmdtmdr prakatavd tdomjncnly wis rdiccy ajeranr. Ioonrhajl tn Irlycc, tmdrd wis ”quatd is kuom ajldjuaty ijh sàcc aj tmd kij-ueioturd ne i `jaed ne ecajt, is aj tmd kijueioturd ne i `jaed ne arnj‑ (9=517 946).

md knst knkdjtnus hasonvdrads aj mukij oavacazitanj ca`d tmd usd ne eard ijhodrdic ouctavitanj mih noourrdh aj tmd rdkntd mukij pist. _ajod ”tmd jnbcdst hasonvdrads kihd by Kij wdrd kihd by mak aj prakdvic takds,‑ md rdisnjdh, ”Eirihiyijh \mditstnjd ird but tmd ajvdjtnrs ne ajldjanus tnys‑ (948). Irlycc hah jnt njcyujhdrkajd tmd vdrtaoic rdcitanj ne oiusicaty, md icsn hdjadh tmd mnraznjtic rdcitane sakaciraty7 prdmastnrao tdomjncnly wis jn kitom enr prakatavd tdomjncnly.

marhcy, onjtdkpnriry sivilds wdrd tnn wrdtomdh tn bd rdprdsdjtitavd. Irlyccnpajdh tmit tmd cnwdr riods ne tnhiy wdrd cavajl aj i onjhatanj quatd ujca`d tmnjd wmaom omiriotdrazdh nur prnldjatnrs. Md siw sivilds is ”nutoists ne tmd mkij eikacy‑ (9<?) wmn mih bddj hravdj nut ne tmdar nralajic tdrratnrads ajtn aj-

mnspatibcd djvarnjkdjts nj tmd erajlds ne tmd dirtm. _ajod ”tmd cnwdst ijh ruhdtrabds aj tmd pnpucitanj ne tmd lcnbd mivd bddj enujh it tmd eirtmdst dxtrdkatane ats lrdit Onjtajdjts‑ (952-?), tmd ”uttdrknst djhs ne tmd wnrch‑ (Likbcd 9112)mih spdoaic akpnrtijod enr Irlycc. Rdlirhajl tmd Dsàkn, at wis ”mirhcy pnssabctn onjodavd i caed sn wrdtomdh‑ (958), wmacd tmd Eudlaijs wdrd ”tmd knst hdlriknjl tmd riods ne kijàjh‑ (95<). Vrakatavd is tmdy wdrd, tmdy stacc mih ”icc tmpdredot ittrabutds ne mukijaty, wmaom oij bd ijh ird hdvdcnpdh, tmd knkdjt tmdy

91 Xd orux ne Irlycc‑s irlukdjt oikd ernk rdodjtcy hasonvdrdh pmirinjao wicc-piajtajls aj Dlyptwmaom smnwdh tmit rioaic hastdrdjods bdtwddj jdlrnahs ijh Oiuoisaijs hitdh bio` tn it cdist tmd tmarkaccdjjauk B.O. Xdsd enrodh mak tn lavd up njd ne tmd enccnwajl babcaoic trutms7 datmdr tmdrd wdrd haspdoads ne kij ijh tmdrd wis jn jddh tn rdvasd tmd smnrt omrnjncnly, nr tmdrd wis njcy njd spdoads ne kij butmdj njd jddhdh knrd takd tn dxpciaj suom nch rioaic hastdrdjods. Irlycc omnsd tmd sdonjh nptanj.



<8

ird pciodh ujhdr eivnuribcd onjhatanjs‑ (9<2). Irlycc hdjadh tmit tmdsd wdrd lnnhsnurods enr ujhdrstijhajl dircy mukij mastnry. ”As at jnt ibsurh,‑ md is`dh rmdtnra-oiccy (9<?-8), ”tn irlud tmit tmd onjhatanj ne tmdsd nutoists ne tmd mukij eikacyoij bd issukdh is rdprdsdjtajl tmd ibnralajic onjhatanj ne Kij>‑

\mit tmd Dsàkns ijh Eudlaijs smnwdh, ibnvd icc, wis tmit mukijaty onuch hdoiy._n, enurtmcy, tmd Hu`d ne Irlycc rdisnjdh ernk tmd ”ajhasputibcd eiot tmit Kij as oipibcdne Hdlrihitanj‑ (944). Ocnsd tn tmd prntdstijt jntanj ne mukij sajeucjdss, md bdcadvdhtmit mukij onrruptanj, a.d. kij‑s onjstijt tdjhdjoy tn hn wmit ”md nulmt jnt tn hn‑,wis ”is kuom i eiot aj tmd jituric mastnry ne Kij is tmit md as i Bapdh watmnut editmdrs‑(9==-1). \mdrd Cubbno` siw prnlrdss, Irlycc enujh hdldjdritanj. Xd enrkdr siw hdvac-wnrsmap is i pnsatavd stdp aj tmd lrnwtm ne rdcalanus sdjtakdjts, tmd cittdr rdlirhdh suommnrrabcd priotaod is ”jnt aj eivnur ne tmd hnotrajd ne i lrihuic rasd, but, nj tmd onjtriry, neonjtajunus onrruptanj ijh hdocajd‑ (916). Xas wis i odjtric, ae pnnrcy hdedjhdh, tdjdt ne Irlycc‑s kasijtmrnpao wnrchvadw.26 Xd ocism bdtwddj dvncutanjasts ijh hdldjdritanjasts

wis njd bdtwddj ajonkkdjsuribcd vadws ne mukij jiturd, rdstajl knrd nj onjvaotanjtmij irlukdjtitanj. Cubbno` mih nptakastaoiccy onjocuhdh tmit euturd ldjdritanjs ”waccbdttdr ipprdoaitd tmd bdiutaeuc wnrch aj wmaom wd cavd, ivnah kuom ne tmit sustdrajl tnwmaom wd ird subgdot, djgny kijy bcdssajls ne wmaom wd ird jnt ydt wnrtmy, ijh dsoipdkijy ne tmnsd tdkptitanjs wmaom wd hdpcnrd‑ (9=547 812). Irlycc‑s onjocusanj siah ”tmitdvdj aj mas knst oavacazdh onjhatanj, PKij[ as oipibcd ne hdlrihitanj, tmit mas @jnwcdhldkiy hdoiy, ijh tmit mas Rdcalanj kiy bd cnst‑ (266).

md mastnraij ne soadjod Laccdspad (91<<) mis irludh tmit onjtdkpnriry orat-aos rdiotdh aj tmrdd haeedrdjt wiys tn Irlycc7 datmdr njd tnn` tmd tmdnry sdranuscydjnulm tn djlild watm at, nr njd rdgdotdh at is i soadjtaeao tmdnry kascdh by rdca-lanus prdguhaod, nr njd haskassdh at is rdcalanus hnlkitask ictnldtmdr. Md ocissa-eadh Cubbno` ijh ycnr aj tmd sdonjh lrnup. Ajhddh, tmdy rdlirhdh Irlycc‑s ahdisis i soadjtaeao tmdnry rdsuctajl ernk rdcalanus balntry but tmdy jnjdtmdcdss spdjtvdry kijy pilds rdeutajl at. md hdldjdritanjast omiccdjld livd tmdk i onkknjdjdky ijh onjtrabutdh tn tmd enrtaeaoitanj ne dvncutanjast tmnulmt irnujh 9=<6._tnoàjl (91=<7 981) ralmtcy siys tmit ”aj \mitdcy ijh Irlycc, tmd hdldjdritanj-ast issukptanjs ne babcaoic ijtmrnpncnly sureiodh tn bdonkd, pdrmips enr tmd cisttakd aj tmd rdick ne sdranus soadjtaeao hasonursd, odjtric assuds ne hdbitd.‑ Enr tmdcist takd, but stacc odjtric.

I sdonjh rnujh md tmrdd iutmnrs wmaom pubcasmdh i knjnlripm aj 9=54, diom wrntd ijntmdr tdxt

ibnut eavd ydirs citdr. KoCdjjij‑s ” md dircy mastnry ne kij‑ (9=51), njcy ?? pildscnjl, needrdh ”pdrmips tmd bdst sajlcd sukkiry vadw ne snoanoucturic dvncutanjaskis at dkdrldh aj tmd kah-9=56s‑ (_tnoàjl 91=<7 951). Cubbno`‑smd Nralaj ne

26 Irlycc nstdrdh i ouranus ”irlukdjt ernk akpcdkdjts‑ tn orataoazd tmd ahdi ne prnlrdss. Dvdj ae tmdusd ne stnjd mih dvdrywmdrd prdodhdh tmit ne ntmdr kdtics, at rdkiajdh ocdir tmit ”tmd sikd Ildwmaom wis ij Ild ne _tnjd aj njd pirt ne tmd wnrch wis ij Ild ne Kdtic aj ijntmdr‑ (9=?). Ouranus,bdoiusd jnjd ne tmd snoanoucturic dvncutanjasts mih irludh tmit tmd wmncd wnrch mih lnjd tmrnulmXnksdj‑s ilds it tmd sikd takd. Nj tmd onjtriry, tmas ujdvdjjdss ne hdvdcnpkdjt wis tmd orux netmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh.



<4

Oavacasitanj ijh tmd Vrakatavd Onjhatanj ne Kij (9=<6) enousdh jn cnjldr nj prd-mastnrao iromidncnly but dxocusavdcy nj wmit tmd subtatcd oiccdh tmd ”kdjticsnoaic onjhatanj ne sivilds‑. Ijh ycnr‑s twn-vncukdVrakatavd Oucturd (9=<9) ne-edrdh i cnjl hdedjod ne snoan-dvncutanjast kdtmnhncnly ijh tmd stuhy ne survaviAt as wdcc wnrtm sddajl mnw tmdy rdiotdh upnj Irlycc‑s orataqud, mnw tmdar tmdvncvdh ijh wmit pciod tmdy iccnttdh tn tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly.

Icc ne tmdk djlildh watm tmd assud ne hdldjdritanjask. Aj 9=54 KoCdjjijsakpcy tnn` ”tmd onjtajuaty ijh ujaenrk omiriotdr ne mukij prnlrdss‑ (9=547 <)enr lrijtdh0 enur ydirs citdr md spdjt mice mas irtaocd qudstanjajl ”wmdtmdr kwdrd nralajiccy sivild nr oavacazdh‑ (9=517 424). ycnr‑s wnr` onjtiajdh ij dxtdjhdh hasoussanj nj wmit md oiccdh ”tmd hdlrihitanj-tmdnry‑ (A, ?2-51) ijh Cubbno`knjnlripm wis njd cnjl rdiotanj iliajst at, ajocuhajl twn cdjltmy ippdjhaodsiliajst \mitdcy ijh Irlycc. md dvncutanjasts icc ittio`dh hdldjdritanjask bystrdssajl tmd ubaquaty ne prnlrdssavd hdvdcnpkdjt. KoCdjjij stuhadh kirraild,

tdomjncnly, cijluild ijh rdcalanj aj nrhdr tn smnw tmit ”aj diom ijh icc ne tmdsdtmdrd mis bddj hdvdcnpkdjt‑ (9=517 425). mdsd eiots ”wmaom tmd Hu`d ne Irmis sn calmtcy put isahd aj mas oisd iliajst _ar Gnmj Cubbno`‑ cdh tn tmd onjosanj tmit ”tmd hdlrihitanj mypntmdsas oijjnt bd sdranuscy onjsahdrdh‑ (4??). ycturjdh tn prdmastnrao iromidncnly, ”tmd kistdr-`dy tn tmd ajvdstalitanj ne kij‑sprakåvic onjhatanj‑ (9=<97 A, 4=), wmaom smnwdh ij ajhasputibcd cajd ne ouctprnlrdss (A, 52). Md onjocuhdh tmit ”nj tmd wmncd, prnlrdss mis eir prdviacdh nrdcipsd‑ (A, ?2).

Cubbno` onjtdjhdh watm diom ne Irlycc‑s orataquds. Md djtardcy hdkurrdh watm rdkir` tmit tmdrd wis jn oiusic caj` bdtwddj tdomjncnlaoic s`accs ijh knric nr kdjtic

vartuds7 ”Xdrd as, A tmaj`, i vdry ajtakitd onjjdotanj bdtwddj `jnwcdhld ijh oavacasitanj. @jnwcdhld ijh birbirask oijjnt ondxast‘`jnwcdhld ijh oavacasitanj ird ajsdpi-ribcd‑ (9=<67 8=2). Md icsn rdbuttdh tmd ahdi tmit onjtdkpnriry sivilds wdrd nutoisthravdj tn tmd dirtm‑s dxtrdkds, bdoiusd ujtac rdodjtcy knst ne tmd lcnbd mih bddj pdnpby prakatavd riods. Ritmdr tmij bdajl dxpdccdh ernk i prnhalanus mdirtcijh, pdnpcd kalritdh njcy ”by pdiodeuc, jnt mnstacd enrod0 by prnspdraty, jnt by kasenrtujd‑ (8=4).29 Xdpdrapmdric ”Dsquakiux‑ wdrd jnt it icc wrdtomdh onkpirdh tn tmd knrd odjtric jitavds Brizac. Nj tnp ne tmit, Cubbno` qudstanjdh wmdtmdr icc mukijs wdrd oipibcd ne onrrutanj ijh cnsajl tmdar rdcalanj7 ”Xdrd as, sn eir is A `jnw, jn dvahdjod nj rdonrh wmaownuch gustaey suom ij npajanj, ijh, is eir is ky pravitd dxpdradjod lnds, A it cdist miv

kdt watm jn suom tdjhdjoy‑ (812). Md onuch nutcajd i prnlrdssavd sdqudjod ne rdcalaittatuhds ijh bdcadvdh at wis ”i eiar irlukdjt aj nppnsatanj tn tmd vadw tmit sivilds irdhdldjdritd hdsodjhijts ne oavacasdh ijodstnrs‑ (814). \my tmdj ihnpt Irlycc‑s ”kdcij-omncy onjocusanj‑ (46<)>

I jdw tmdkd

md dxikpcd ne rdcalanus hdvdcnpkdjt tdstaeadh tn twn omijlds wmaom tnn` pcbdtwddj tmd earst ijh tmd sdonjh rnujh ne snoaic dvncutanjask7 tmd ajordisdh strnj prnlrdss ijh tmd lrditdr ittdjtanj enr rdcalanj. Aj 9=54 Cubbno` spdjt njcy

29 Xas vadw as wdcc aj cajd watm mas dircadr ahdi tmit kalritanj wis i salj ne oavacazitanj.



<5

sax pilds tn rdcalanj0 aj 9=<6 tmrdd omiptdrs wdrd hdvntdh tn at, ociakajl irnujh266 pilds ne tmd bnn`‑s 466. ycnr‑sVrakatavd Oucturd(9=<9) mih jn cdss tmijsdvdj substijtaic omiptdrs (nut ne tmartddj) hdicajl watm prakatavd rdcalanj ijhijakask. \my hah tmd ajtdrdst aj kitdraic oucturd smaet tn tmd tnpao ne sparatuicaty>

Rdpcyajl tn Omrastaij-ajspardh tmaj`drs, tmd dvncutanjasts smnwdh tmit rdcalanj at-sdce wis jnt tmd rdsuct ne havajd rdvdcitanj but i mastnraoic hdvdcnpkdjt ne mukijoavacazitanj. Lnh jn cnjldr knhdccdh mukij prnlrdss, but mukij prnlrdss knh-dccdh Lnh. ycnr vdmdkdjtcy ittio`dh rdcalanus hnlkitask aj tmd stuhy ne kij. Ioonrhajl tn mak, tmd knst dxtrdkd pirtasijs ne Ijlcaoij somncirs, ijh dspdoaiccyirombasmnp \mitdcy, rdprdsdjtdh7

P...[ i systdk sn mitdeuc tn tmd kij ne soadjod enr ats supprdssanj ne `jnwcdhld, ijh enr tmit usurpitanj ne ajtdccdotuic iutmnraty by i siodrhntic oistd wmaom mis it cistrdiomdh ats ocakix, jnw tmit ij ildh basmnp oij guhld, by ajeiccabcd ajsparitanj,tmd rdsucts ne rdsdiromds wmnsd dvahdjod ijh kdtmnhs ird ica`d bdynjh mas `jnwc-dhld ijh mas kdjtic lrisp. Nj tmd ntmdr mijh, ajtdccdot, mdrd trikpcdh ujhdr tmd ennt ne hnlki, ti`ds eucc rdvdjld dcsdwmdrd, dvdj watmaj tmd hnkiaj ne rdcalanj,aj tmnsd tmdncnlaoic hastraots wmdrd rdisnj ti`ds knrd ijh knrd tmd onkkijh nvdrmdrdhatiry bdcade, ca`d i kiynr ne tmd piciod supdrsdhajl i jnkajic àjl.(9=<97AA, 846)

Xd suhhdj dtmjnlripmao ajtdrdst enr rdcalanj wis i ”eucc rdvdjld‑. Xd hdldjdritanjastsmih subgdotdh dvncutanj tn rdcalanj (\mitdcy by ajvnàjl havajd ajtdrvdjtanj, Irlyccby ajvnàjl mukij eiccabacaty), jnw tmd dvncutanjasts subgdotdh rdcalanj tn dvncutanj.Dtmjnlripmy ne rdcalanj, ycnr irludh, ippdirdh ”tn onujtdjijod tmd tmdnry ne dvncu-tanj aj ats malmdst ijh wahdst sdjsd‑ (AA, 842).22 Xd ajtdrdst enr prakatavd rdcalanj wnuchdvdjtuiccy hnkajitd Uaotnraij snoanoucturic ijtmrnpncnly hurajl tmd cist quirtdr ne tmdjajdtddjtm odjtury ijh bdynjh.

I jdw tmdnry

Hdldjdritanjask icsn livd rasd tn i knrd ralah hd jatanj ne snoadtic prnlrdss. Knrd tmiji erdqudjt pmdjnkdjnj, at wis jnw sddj is i jnkntmdtao prajoapcd7 ”tmdrd wis i ciw neprnlrdss aj tmd dvncutanj ne enrks ne hnkdstao lrnupajl, wmaom kiy bd djujoaitdh is iciw ne mukij prnlrdss‑ (KoCdjjij 9=517 42=). I bdcade aj prnlrdss wis jnt jdw, but

tmd ahdi tmit at noourrdh tmrnulmstilds wis ajordisajlcy strdssdh.2?

ycnr, enr ajstijod, siahtmit tmd ”viranus lrihds kiy bd rdlirhdh is stilds ne hdvdcnpkdjt ne dvncutanj‑ (9=<97 A,9). Vrnlrdss wis icsn ajordisajlcy ujhdrstnnh is i lcnbic, ujacajdir prnodss. KoCdjjijonuch prnhuod ”jukdrnus dxikpcds ne icc tmd stilds P...[ noourrajl iknjl tmd knst ha-vdrsd riods ne kij‑ (9=517 42<). Enr ycnr (9=<97 A, ?<) tmd ihvijod ne oucturd wis rd-lirhdh ”is tiàjl pciod icnjl njd ldjdric cajd‑. Md bnchcy stitdh7

22 Cubbno` ijh ycnr wdrd eir ernk bdajl itmdasts, tmdy njcy rdeusdh tn bisd soadjta o ajquary njOmrastaij hnotrajd. Xdy cnn`dh enr wmit ycnr oiccdh ij ”ij djcalmtdjdh Omrastaijaty‑ (9=<97 A, 2?).

2? Xas lrihuicast vasanj ne prnlrdss nbvanuscy domndh tmd Djcalmtdjkdjt tmdnrads ne mukij mastnry.



<<

Xd dhuoitdh wnrch ne Durnpd ijh Ikdraoi priotaoiccy sdttcds i stijhirh by sakpcy pcioajl ats nwj jitanjs it njd djh ne tmd snoaic sdrads ijh sivild trabds it tmdntmdr, irrijlajl tmd rdst ne kij`ajh bdtwddj tmdsd cakats ioonrhajl is tmdy onr-rdspnjh knrd ocnsdcy tn sivild nr tn oucturdh caed.(9=<97 A, 25).

Tjacajdir prnlrdss wis sn kuom ti`dj enr lrijtdh tmit ”edw wnuch hasputd tmittmd enccnwajl riods ird irrijldh ralmtcy aj nrhdr ne oucturd7‘Iustricaij, imataij, Iztdo, Omajdsd, Aticaij‑ ( ycnr 9=<97 A, 2<).

Cubbno` ijh ycnr, njod eivnurajl tmdnrads ne kalritanj ijh haeeusanj, jnwihvnoitdh tmd hnotrajd ne ajhdpdjhdjt ajvdjtanj. Cubbno` mdch tmit ”sdvdric riodmivd ajhdpdjhdjtcy riasdh tmdksdcvds‑ ijh tmit jdw ahdis ”irasd jituriccy aj vdryhastajot jitanjs is tmdy irravd it i sakacir stild ne prnodss‑ (9=<67 852, 8<1). ycnrtnn` i sakacir turj. Ioonrhajl tn mak, tmd nbsdrvdh sakaciraty bdtwddj haeedrdjtriods ne tmd dirtm mih jnw tn bd isorabdh ”tn tmd ujaenrk iotanj ne ujaenrk oiusds

(9=<97 A, 9). mas smaet ernk mastnraoic onjjdotanj tn ajhdpdjhdjt ajvdjtanj wicsn jntdh by jn njd cdss tmij Erijz Bnis (9=157 2<6)7 ”\macd enrkdrcy ahdjta-tads nr sakaciratads ne oucturd wdrd onjsahdrdh ajonjtrnvdrtabcd prnne ne mastonjjdotanj, nr dvdj ne onkknj nralaj, tmd jdw Pdvncutanjast[ somnnc hdocajds tnonjsahdr tmdk is suom, but ajtdrprdts tmdk is rdsucts ne tmd ujaenrk wnr`ajl netmd mukij kajh.‑

Vrnlrdss wis ciwca`d ijh ujacajdir, at noourrdh tmrnulm hasordtd snoanoucturstilds, ijh at wis rdiomdh nvdr tmd lcnbd by ajhdpdjhdjt ajvdjtanj7 tmas dk-bcdkitao vdrsanj ne snoaic dvncutanjask dkdrldh aj tmd onjtdxt ne hdldjdritanjaspncdkaos. Is i rdsuct, tmd akild ne tmd sivilds tmdksdcvds omijldh7 tmnulm tmd

caedstycd wis stacc sddj is ”vdry ibmnrrdjt‑, tmdy jnjdtmdcdss pnssdssdh tmd ldriutnjnknus ihvijod sn tmit tmdy ”hn jnt iot watmnut rdisnj, ijy knrd tmij wdhn‑ (Cubbno` 9=<67 v, 29).

I eivnuratd kdtmnh

Xas vadw ne prnlrdss onuch jnt cdivd tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly ujistdotdh. Xkdtmnh ne hriwajl hdvdcnpkdjtic sdqudjods by dtmjnlripmao sikpcajl wis jnw vicudhis tmd knst prnkasajl ippcaoitanj, dspdoaiccy bdoiusd tmd rdsuctijt onjgdoturic cajd onubd onrrnbnritdh watm dvahdjod ernk knhdrj survavics‘i pnajt strdssdh by bntm ycnrijh KoCdjjij. 28 ycnr livd tmd ocdirdst kdtmnhncnlaoic dxpnsá. _ajod tmd iak wis tn

28 Ae tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly wis enrta dh, sn wis ycnr‑s hnotrajd ne survavics. Knrd drotmij bdenrd,Vrakatavd Oucturd hdedjhdh tmd vicud ne stuhyajl ratuicazdh ijh sykbncaoic bdmivanursaj knhdrj oavacazitanj is rdcaos ne wmit wdrd njod iotuic priotaods. Aj ij dxodccdjt, ae snkdwmprdsdjtast stuhy aj ”tmd mastnry ne soadjta o kdtmnh‑, Kirlirdt Mnhldj irludh icrdihy aj 91?<tmit ycnr‑s knrd dxpcaoat hdedjod ne tmd hnotrajd ne survavics dkdrldh it i takd md wis ”aj jddh ij irlukdjt tn hdedit hdldjdritanjask‑ (91?<7 46). Ae oavacazitanj wis tmd rdsuct ne i scnw, lrihuicprnlrdss ernk i stitd ne sivildry, uctakitd prnne ne tmas cnwcy nralaj mih tn bd snulmt aj oavacazitanatsdce. Xas as wmit tmd stuhy ne survavics oikd hnwj tn. Mnhldj‑s as njd ne tmd edw stuhads wmstrdssds tmd akpnrtijod ne hdldjdritanjask aj tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne ocissaoic dvncutanjask.



<=

”wnr` nut is systdkitaoiccy is pnssabcd i somdkd ne dvncutanj‑ (9=<97 A, 26), njd mih tnhriw i sajlcd cajd ne issukdh hdvdcnpkdjt ijh cc at watm wdcc-omnsdj dtmjnlripmao ijhprdmastnrao ajstijods.24 ycnr siah7

By onkpirajl tmd viranus stilds ne oavacazitanj iknjl riods `jnwj tn mastnry,watm tmd iah ne iromåncnlaoic ajedrdjod ernk tmd rdkiajs ne prd-mastnrao trabds,at sddks pnssabcd tn guhld aj i rnulm wiy ne ij dircy ldjdric onjhatanj ne kij,wmaom ernk nur pnajt ne vadw as tn bd rdlirhdh is i prakatavd onjhatanj. P...[ Xasmypntmdtaoic prakatavd onjhatanj onrrdspnjhs aj i onjsahdribcd hdlrdd tn tmit neknhdrj sivild trabds P...[ aj spatd ne tmdar hastdrdjod ijh hastijod.(9=<97 A, 29)

Domnajl KoCdjjij‑s orddh tmit nch kdijt ”nch aj struoturd, jnt aj omrnjncnly‑,ycnr onjeahdjtcy spn`d7

Cattcd rdspdot jddh bd mih aj suom onkpirasnjs enr hitd aj mastnry nr enr pciod nj

tmd kip0 tmd ijoadjt _wass ci`d-hwdccdr kiy bd sdt bdsahd tmd kdhaåvic Iztdo, ijhtmd Ngabwi ne Jnrtm Ikdraoi bdsahd tmd Wucu ne _nutm Ieraoi.(9=<97 A, 5)

Xit suom dtmjnlripmao sikpcajl djtiacdh oaroucir rdisnjajl wis ippirdjtcy jnt jntdh(Jasbdt 91517 2680 Kijhdcbiuk 91<97 9650 Eibaij 91=?).25

KoCdjjij djhnrsdh tmas kdtmnh. Mas stild-ca`d vasanj ne tmd pist livd rasdtn i onjodjtrao onjodpt ne oucturic ldnlripmy. Aj i kignr ajtdccdotuic ijh ajhus-traic odjtrd ca`d Cnjhnj, tmdrd wdrd stacc ”jalmt strddt-prnwcdrs P...[ jdircy is cnwaj tmdar mibats is tmd gio`ics ne Oicoutti‑ (482). Bdynjh tmd oaty, tmd rdkntd irdisne tmd Bratasm onujtrysahd prdsdjtdh triods ne bio`wirhjdss7 ”Aj Hdvnjsmard ijh

Onrjwicc, it njd dxtrdkd, ijh aj tmd Malmcijhs ijh tmd Mdbrahds, it tmd ntmdr,wd hasonvdr rdkiajs ne prd-Omrastaij oustnks ijh supdrstatanjs, is wdcc is knhdsne caed ne stra`ajl ruhdjdss‑ (48?). mas wis rdpditdh nj i lcnbic soicd7 tmd uttdr-knst djhs ne tmd dirtm rdprdsdjtdh tmd cnwdst enrk ne prakatavdjdss‘jnt bdoiusdsivilds wdrd hravdj tmdrd by supdranr riods but bdoiusd tmdy ”mivd bddj satuitdhwmdrd tmdy jnw ird sajod tmd hiwj ne mastnry‑ (484). Oavacazitanj wis ca`d i stnjdtmrnwj aj tmd mikds it Cnjhnj0 ernk tmas dpaodjtrd skiccdr wivds rdiomdh tmdsmnrds ne Onrjwicc ijh tmd Mdbrahds wmacd tmd cist rappcds tnuomdh tmd onists ne

adrri hdc Eudln ijh iskijai. Haeedrdjtaic stilds ne prnlrdss onuch tmus bd enujhiornss tmd lcnbd.

Dvdj Cubbno` knhdritdh mas qudst enr i onkknj hdjnkajitnr aj eivnur nehriwajl dvncutanjast sdqudjods ernk sakpcd tn onkpcdx. ”I onkpirasnj ne sivildtrabds bdcnjlajl tn haeedrdjt eikacads ne tmd mukij riod‑ djibcdh tn irrijld dva-hdjod aj prddstibcasmdh, onjgdoturic sdqudjods ernk cnw tn malm, ernk sivild tnoavacazdh, ernk dircy tn citd, ernk pist tn prdsdjt (9=<67 2-?).

24 ycnr‑s citdr ajtrnhuotanj tn ijtmrnpncnly (9==9) djtardcy rdstdh nj tmas sakpcd prajoapcd ne ccajltmd lips ne prddstibcasmdh sdqudjods watm prdmastnrao ijh dtmjnlripmao dvahdjod.

25 Jasbdt (91517 268) dvdj siah tmit ”njd wnuch jnt wasm tn onujt up tmd dcdkdjts ne tmd sdce-euc ccajl,tmd sdce-sdicajl, ijh tmd purdcy oaroucir aj tmas wmncd knhd ne ijicysas.‑ Md oiccdh tmd onkpiritavdkdtmnh ”njd ne tmd nutstijhajl dxikpcds aj icc snoaic tmnulmt ne oaroucir rdisnjajl‑ (91517 916).



<1

mrdd akpnrtijt omijlds oij bd jntdh aj onkpirasnj watm dircy dvncutanj-ask. md earst njd wis tmit dtmjnlripmao ijicnly hdict jn cnjldr watm tdomjncnly.Ajstdih ne sàjsoripdrs ijh eard-kiàjl, Cubbno` ijh ycnr jnw wnr`dh nj ciws,knrics, snoaic oustnks, cijluild, ijh rdcalanj. Vrdmastnrao iromidncnly wis jn

cnjldr akpnrtijt njod tmd ijtaquaty ne kij ijh tmd rdicaty ne prnlrdss mih bddjhdknjstritdh0 but tmd kdtmnh ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly onuch bd trijsedrrdh tnntmdr rdicks. I sdonjh omijld onjodrjdh tmd lrihuic hdocajd ne padodkdic ijic-nly. Cubbno` stacc wirjdh iliajst prngdotanj7 ”At kust jnt bd suppnsdh, mnwdvdrtmit tmd onjhatanj ne kij as onrrdotcy rdprdsdjtdh by dvdj tmd cnwdst ne dxastariods‑ (9=<67 2). But ycnr oikd ocnsd tn dquiccajl odrtiaj oucturds watm stilds i ujacajdir sdqudjod7

Xd Djlcasmkij, ihkattajl tmit md hnds jnt ocakb trdds ca`d tmd wach Iustricaij,jnr trio` likd ca`d tmd sivild ne tmd Brizacaij enrdst, jnr onkpdtd watm tmd ij-oadjt Dtrusoij ijh tmd knhdrj Omajdsd aj hdcaoioy ne lnchskatm‑s wnr` ijh avnryoirvajl, jnr rdiom tmd ocissao Lrdd` cdvdc ne nritnry ijh soucpturd, kiy ydt ociak enr maksdce i ldjdric onjhatanj ibnvd ijy ne tmdsd riods.(9=<97 A, 2=)

Xd tmarh omijld djtiacdh tmit sakaciraty wis dvdj knrd akpnrtijt is ij ijicnlaoic oratd-ranj tmij bdenrd. Irlycc mih irludh tmit prdsdjt-hiy sivilds ijh prdmastnrao pdnpcd wdrdquatd hastajot0 tmd dvncutanjasts rapnstdh by dkpmisazajl tmd rdsdkbcijods. At wis enrdisnj tmit ycnr onuch pciod tmd Iztdo jdxt tn tmd _wass ci`d-hwdccdr. Bdoiusd ”dxasivilds ird jnt tmd hdsodjhijts ne oavacasdh ijodstnrs‑ ijh bdoiusd ”tmd prakatavd onjhtanj ne kij wis njd ne uttdr birbirask‑ (Cubbno` 9=<67 852), at wis jn knrd rdisnjibcdtmij tn irlud tmit ”tmd sivild stitd aj snkd kdisurd rdprdsdjts ij dircy onjhatanjne kijàjh‑ ( ycnr 9=<97 A, ?2). Xd ijicnlads enrkucitdh ietdr tmd hdldjdritanjastorataqud tmus hdict watm brnihdr tmdkds, wdrd ajocajdh tn prngdotanj, ijh wdrd strabisdh nj sakaciraty.

Knrlij‑s somdkd

md dpatnkd ne ocissaoic dvncutanjask as watmnut hnubt Knrlij‑s Ijoadjt _noadty (9=<<). Buachajl upnj tmd tmrdd lrdit prdvanus hdbitds, at rdeajdh tmd ”dxtrdkdusdeuc‑ tmrdd-ild systdk (=), ioodptdh ”tmd lrdit ijtaquaty ne kijàjh‑ (v), ijhjikdh hdldjdritanjask ”jn cnjldr tdjibcd‑ (=). Knrlij onuch hn iwiy watm at ajtwn sdjtdjods7

At oikd aj is i onrncciry ernk tmd Knsiao onsknlnjy, ijh wis ioquadsodh aj ernki suppnsdh jdodssaty wmaom jn cnjldr dxasts. Is i tmdnry, at as jnt njcy ajoipibcd nedxpciajajl tmd dxastdjod ne sivilds, but at as watmnut suppnrt aj tmd eiots ne mukijdxpdradjod.(9=<<7 =)

Jnw, tmd rnih ciy npdj erdd enr tmdnrdtaoic systdkitazitanj. Nj tmd bisas ne ijdonjnkao oratdranj, Knrlij hdvdcnpdh mas wdcc-`jnwj, sdvdjench somdkd ernksivildry (cnwdr, kahhcd, uppdr), nvdr birbirask (cnwdr, kahhcd, uppdr) tn oavacazitanj. At pavntdh irnujh tmd ”lrijhcy akprdssavd‑ jntanj ne ”i jituric is wdcc isjdodssiry sdqudjod ne prnlrdss‑ (44?, ?)‘prnodss, ne onursd, bdajl ujhdrstnnh



=6

is lrihuicast, ujacajdir, ijh ajhdpdjhdjtcy irravdh it. Is wdcc is piriccdc, Knrlijihhdh, sajod tdomjncnlaoic ijh donjnkao hdvdcnpkdjts wdrd ecij`dh by snoaic,pncataoic ijh cdlic akprnvdkdjt. Vrnbibcy icsn by rdcalanus lrnwtm, but tmas wis sn”lrntdsqud ijh tn snkd dxtdjt ujajtdccalabcd‑ tmit ”at kiy jdvdr rdodavd i pdredotcy

sitaseiotnry dxpcijitanj‑ (5, 4). Icc aj icc, tmd ocissaeaoitanj tmrnulm tmd oratdranj nesubsastdjod rdpciodh tmd straotcy tdomjncnlaoic yirhstao` ne Cubbno` ijh ycnr. Mdtmus oikd aj ocnsd tnuom watm tmd somdkds prnpnsdh by Jacssnj ijh tmd _onttasmDjcalmtdjkdjt.

Aj tdrks ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly, Knrlij snulmt ”tmd bdst dxdkpcaeaoitanj nediom stitus‑ (95) ijh enujh tmit ”watm tmd dxodptanj ne tmd straotcy prakatavd pdra-nh, tmd sdvdric stilds ne tmas prnlrdss ird tncdribcy wdcc prdsdrvdh‑ (<). Md tmus onr-rdcitdh mas dvncutanjast stilds watm ”tmd prajoapic trabds ne kijàjh P...[ ioonrhajltn tmd hdlrdd ne tmdar rdcitavd prnlrdss‑ (96). Iustricai ijh Vncyjdsai wdrd ”aj siv-ildry, purd ijh sakpcd‑, Ieraoi wis ”ij dtmjaoic omins ne sivildry ijh birbirask‑,

wmacd tmd Ajhaijs ne Ikdraoi ”dxdkpcaeadh tmd onjhatanj ne kijàjh aj tmrdd suo-odssavd dtmjaoic pdranhs‑ (95). Ca`d \acsnj ijh Cieatiu, tmd Ikdraoij Knrlijbdcadvdh tmit ”tmd mastnry ijh dxpdradjod ne tmd Ikdraoij Ajhaij trabds rdprdsdjt,knrd nr cdss jdircy, tmd mastnry ijh dxpdradjod ne nur nwj rdkntd ijodstnrs wmdjaj onrrdspnjhajl onjhatanjs‑ (vaa). Md onjocuhdh tmd survdy is enccnws7

Onkkdjoajl, tmdj, watm tmd Iustricaijs ijh Vncyjdsaijs, enccnwajl watm tmd Ikdraoij Ajhaij trabds, ijh onjocuhajl watm tmd Rnkij ijh Lrdoaij, wmnistnrh tmd malmdst dxdkpca oitanj rdspdotavdcy ne tmd sax lrdit stilds ne mukij prnlrdss, tmd suk ne tmdar ujatdh dxpdradjods kiy bd suppnsdh eiarcy tn rdprdsdjttmit ne tmd mukij eikacy ernk tmd Kahhcd _titus ne sivildry tn tmd djh ne ijoadjtoavacazitanj. Onjsdqudjtcy, tmd Iryij jitanjs Pa.d. tmd Ajhn-Durnpdijs[ wacc jhtmd typd ne tmd onjhatanj ne tmdar rdkntd ijodstnrs, wmdj aj sivildry, aj tmit netmd Iustricaijs ijh Vncyjdsaijs0 wmdj aj tmd Cnwdr _titus ne birbirask aj tmitne tmd pirtaiccy Uaccild Ajhaijs ne Ikdraoi0 ijh wmdj aj tmd Kahhcd _titus ajtmit ne tmd Uaccild Ajhaijs, watm wmaom tmdar nwj dxpdradjod aj tmd Tppdr _titushardotcy onjjdots.(9<)

Knrlij‑s usd ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh wis tmd dxtrdkd onjsdqudjod ne wmitycnr mih dkbir`dh upnj. Md ujmdsatitajlcy dquitdh trabds watm stilds. Ajstdih

ne usajl ouranus mibats ne eard-kiàjl, spdoaeao kytms, nr snkd djalkitao tnncs aji padodkdic eismanj, jnw djtard trabds wdrd mncastaoiccy prngdotdh njtn i ujacajdiromiaj ne prnlrdss. Is watm KoCdjjij ijh ycnr, tmas akpcadh i hasrdlirh enr omrn-jncnly7 ”tmdonjhatanj ne diom Ptrabd[ as tmd kitdraic eiot, tmdtakd bdajl akkitd-raic‑ (9?, nralajic dkpmisds).

I zdjatm ne sakaciraty

Irnujh 9=<6, i vdrsanj ne snoaic dvncutanjask hdvdcnpdh wmaom bdoikd `jnwj istmd tdxtbnn` vdrsanj ne Uaotnraij ijtmrnpncnly. md onkpiritavd kdtmnh rdiomdhats zdjatm ijh sakaciraty enrkdh atsriasnj h‑çtrd . Knrlij cdvdccdh tmd haeedrdjo-

ds bdtwddj prdsdjt ijh prdmastnrao prakatavds ijh ycnr wis knst dxpcaoat ibnuttmas ”sakaciraty ijh onjsastdjoy ne pmdjnkdji‑ wmaom ”tmd omiriotdr ijh mibat ne



=9

kijàjh it njod haspciy‑7 ”tmas sakaciraty ijh onjsastdjoy kiy jn hnubt bd triodh,ijh tmdy kiy bd stuhadh watm dspdoaic eatjdss aj onkpirajl riods jdir tmd sikdlrihd ne oavacazitanj‑ (9=<97 A, 5). Md dvdj wdjt bio` tn _ikudc Gnmjsnj7

Is Hr. Gnmjsnj onjtdkptunuscy siah wmdj md mih rdih ibnut Vitilnjaijs ijh_nutm _dis Ascijhdrs aj Miw`dswnrtm‑s Unyilds, –njd sdt ne sivilds as ca`d ijntmdr.‛Mnw trud i ldjdricazitanj tmas rdiccy as, ijy Dtmjncnlaoic Kusduk kiy smnw.(9=<97 A, 5)

md tnncs ijh oustnks ne sivilds rdpditdh tmdksdcvds watm ”wnjhdreuc ujaenrkatijh dvdj wmdj at oikd tn onkpirajl ”birbirnus mnrhds watm oavacazdh jitanjs‑,

P...[ tmd onjsahdritanj tmrusts atsdce upnj nur kajhs, mnw eir atdk ietdr atdk netmd caed ne tmd cnwdr riods pissds ajtn ijicnlnus prnoddhajls ne tmd malmdr, aj enrksjnt tnn eir omijldh tn bd rdonljazdh, ijh snkdtakds mirhcy omijldh it icc.( ycnr

9=<97 A, 5-<)

Ajhddh, tn tmd dvncutanjasts, ”njd sdt ne sivilds wis ca`d ijntmdr‑.2< Xd ahdis nj oucturicmadriromy ijh snoadtic prnlrdss wdrd onkbajdh ajtn i priotaod ne substatutajl njd enijntmdr. \mit njod mih bddj i prnodhurd enr dxpciajajl nac cikps ijh sàjsoripdrs wisjnw i kittdr ne prngdotajl nj tmd bisas ne issukdh ahdjtaty.

mas trust aj sakaciraty prdhaotibcy rdsuctdh aj i jdlcdot ne tmd haeedrdjods twddj hastajot enrks ne sivildjdss. KoCdjjij wrntd7 ”Jukdrnus ijh straàjlis tmd haeedrdjods ird by wmaom tmd typds ird hastajluasmdh, P...[ tmd viranusmivd sn kuom aj onkknj tmit tmdar haeedrdjods kiy bd hasrdlirhdh‑ (9=517 484)

Rdluciraty mih bdonkd knrd akpnrtijt tmij pittdrjajl viraitanj. AjVrd-Mastnraoakds , Cubbno` stacc dkpmisazdh tmit ”tmd haeedrdjods nbsdrvibcd aj sivild trab

ird dvdj knrd rdkirìbcd tmij tmd sakaciratads‑ (9=547 844)0 but ajmd Nralaj neOavacasitanj, md bdcadvdh tmit prnlrdss enccnwdh ”i vdry sakacir onursd dvdj aj t

2< I sakacir ocakitd ne npajanj prdviacdh iknjlst pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnlasts wmn snulmt tn dstibcasm is kuosakaciratads bdtwddj prdmastnrao ijh prakatavd riods. \mdj stuhyajl onjtdkpnriry dquavicdjts enr tmdJdijhdrtmic sùcc, Muxcdy (9=5?7 944) mih tn enrod tmd iknujt ne rdsdkbcijod7 ”I skicc ihhatanjic iknujtne ittdjajl ijh cdjltmdjajl, watm i onrrdspnjhajl ajordisd ne tmd suprioacairy rahld, wnuch onjvdrt tmd Iustricaij briaj oisd ajtn i enrk ahdjtaoic watm tmit ne tmd ibdrrijt enssac.‑ Ijh tmd Tppdr Vicidncatmao s`ddtnjs hasonvdrdh aj tmd cist quirtdr ne tmd odjtury it Erdjom satds ca`d Omijodcihd ijh Lrakicha wdrd ca`djtn tmd Dsàkn ijh jdlrnah riod rdspdotavdcy. Dvdj ae pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnly ijh mukij picidnjtncnly kihdcattcd hardot akpiot nj tmd snoanoucturic dvncutanjasts, wd sdd mnw aj tmd stuhy ne ijitnky, ca`d aj tmd stubdmivanur, sakaciraty bdtwddj prdsdjt ijh pist riods wis dildrcy snulmt ijh enujh. Ajhddh, tmd vdry jntanj ne”riod‑ wis odjtric tn icc tmdsd hasoapcajds ijh rdedrrdh tn i onkpcdx onjlcnkdritd ne ijitnkaoic, oucturic ijhtdomjncnlaoic salja drs.At wnuch ln tnn eir tn hasouss tmd mastnry ne tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury riod onjodpt (tmnulm A mdkbir`dh upnj tmas tmdkd dcsdwmdrd (Uij Rdybrnuo` 911=o)). _u od at tn siy tmit enr tmd snoanoucturic dvncutanjasts at wis i onkknj but rirdcy hd jdh jntanj. Is watm icc suom pnpucir tdrks (ca`d”djvarnjkdjt‑ tnhiy), ats kdijajl wis i sdkijtao ocustdr, wmaom aj tmas oisd djtiacdh tdomjncnlaoic,ijitnkaoic, cajluastao, dtmjao ijh oucturic onjjntitanjs. At wis njcy aj tmd rst hdoihds ne tmdtwdjtadtm odjtury tmit ”riod‑ wis rdhuodh by kijy ijtmrnpncnlasts tn i straotcy bancnlaoic oratdranjtmnulm tmas hah jnt akpdhd tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne i jdw enrks ne rioaic tmajàjl wmaom rdiomdh ats sipdx aj tmd 91?6s ijh 86s. Aj tmd erikdwnr` ne tmd Jdw Dvncutanjiry _yjtmdsas ”riod‑ stirtdh tn bdstuhadh ajsneir at onuch bd onjsahdrdh is dquavicdjt tn i bancnlaoic ”pnpucitanj‑0 aj tmd sdonjh micetmd twdjtadtm odjtury tmd onjodpt mis bddj lrihuiccy ibijhnjdh.



=?

mastnrao kitdraics wdrd onjspaounuscy ibsdjt. mdrd wdrd jn piriccdcs bdtwdDurnpd‑s prdmastnrao pist ijh tmd ”typds ne Cnwdst Riods, Jdlrattn Riods, ijhKiciyn-Vncyjdsaij riods‑ (_pdjodr 9=<8). _pdjodr njcy edcc bio` upnj tmd onk-piritavd kdtmnh ”tn ocissaey tmd typds ne struoturd ijh tn dstibcasm tmdar sdqu

ds‑ (Ijhrdsà 91517 xvaaa). Ritmdr tmij prdmastnrao rdonjstruotanj, mas wnr` wij ittdkpt it ”dvncutanjiry typncnly‑ (Ijhrdsà 91517 xvaaa0 oe. Oirjdarn 915<).Erizdr, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, wis hardotcy ajhdbtdh tn ycnr‑s dtmjnlripmy ne rdclanj. Ioodptajl tmit knhdrj rdcalanj sprujl ernk prakatavd ijtdodhdjts, Erizdrsdt nut tn ujhdrti`d i stuhy aj ”onkpiritavd rdcalanj‑. Mas snurods wdrd twnenchis i ocissaoast md mdivacy rdcadh nj ocissaoic kytmncnly0 ijh is i stuhdjt ne ymd lrditcy vicudh survavics7 ”Vnpucir supdrstatanjs ijh oustnks ne tmd pdisijtrymd wrntd, ”ird by eir tmd euccdst ijh knst trustwnrtmy dvahdjod wd pnssdss is tmd prakatavd rdcalanj ne tmd Iryijs‑ (9=167 vaaa). Mas onkpiritavd kdtmnh hah prnoddh by dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs nr wmncdsicd prngdotanjs ernk tmd sivild st

_ubsdqudjt dxpijsanjs nemd Lnchdj Bnulmajonrpnritdh i kyraih ne ihhatanjicdvahdjod, but tmdsd wdrd straotcy dtmjnlripmao. Icnjl watm tmas dvncutanjast ijtmrnpncnly hdvnah ne iromidncnly, tmdrd hdvdcn

ij dvncutanjast iromidncnly hdvnah ne dtmjnlripmy. Xas as wdcc dxdkpca dh by tmd acdotuic oirddr ne tmd cdihajl iutmnraty nj Bratasm prdmastnry ietdr Cubbno`7 LdjdricRavdrs (Omipkij 91=40 Bnwhdj 9119). Hurajl tmd 9=56s ijh <6s md djhnrsdh tmdkdrats ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh (Vatt Ravdrs 9=<8), but ietdr 9==6 mas wnr` bdoikknrd straotcy iromidncnlaoic. Aj mas dircy dxoivitanjs aj Ardcijh md hah jnt mdsatihriw i piriccdc watm onjtdkpnriry Dsàkns.2= But mivajl ajmdratdh tmd djnrknus dstitdit Orijbnrjd Omisd aj \actsmard, md spdjt sdvdric ydirs dxoivitajl birrnws, hy`ds ijhhatomds, but ivnahdh dtmjnlripmao rdisnjajl tmrnulmnut. Xas hnds jnt kdij tmit mdlivd up mas dvncutanjast prajoapcds, njcy tmit tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh mdch jn cnjlswiy. Xd kdtmnh dvdj cnst lrnujh aj Vicidncatmao rdsdirom. Gikds Ldaàd enujh ij dqui-tanj bdtwddj Kilhicdjaijs ijh Dsàkns ”i sakpcd issukptanj‑7 dvdj ae snkd enrkicsakaciratads oij bd enujh, ”tmd onajoahdjod as jnt stirtcajl‑ (Ldaàd 9==97 48=, 48Aj Erijod, ajordisajlcy tmd odjtrd ne Vicidncatmao rdsdirom, tmdrd wdrd sdvdric ittdit rd jajl tmd omrnjncnly by somncirs ca`d Cirtdt ijh Hd Knrtaccdt. Xd cittdr‑s djnr-knuscy ajudjtaic erikdwnr` prdsdjtdh i ralah ujacajdir vadw ne prdmastnry, but at wijnt ccdh watm onjtdkpnriry dtmjnlripmao hiti (Raomirh 91127 24-<). Md hdsorabdh cd lrijh hávdcnppdkdjt P…[ hd c‑mukijatá æ c‑átit siuvild‑ (Hd Knrtaccdt 9==?7 22) watmnutrdonursd tn dxtijt sivilds. ”Vicándtmjncnlad‑ , is md prdedrrdh tn oicc prdmastnrao iromidncnly,wis hdspatd ats tdrk hdvnah ne dtmjncnly.

2= Dtmjnlripmy ijh prdmastnry wdrd ajtakitdcy ajtdrtwajdh aj mas tmajàjl it tmas stild ne mas caed. Md puromlrdit iknujts ne dtmjnlripmao irtdeiots ernk trivdccdrs ijh nrlijazdh tmdsd ioonrhajl tn tmd prajoapcd neonjtajuaty ne typaoic enrk. Gust ca`d ycnr irrijldh tmd mibats ne rd-kiàjl ijh enrks ne rdcalanj icnjl ihdvdcnpkdjtic cajd, Vatt Ravdrs nrhdrdh bnnkdrijls, spdirs, smadchs ijh tmd ca`d ajtn onjtajunus omiajs nlrihuic pdredotanj. Mas prajoapcd wis tmit ”dvdry enrk kir`s ats nwj pciod aj sdqudjod by ats rdcitavd onkpcdaty nr i jaty tn ntmdr iccadh enrks‑ (9=<87 92). Xas ocdircy onkpiritavd ipprniom icsn sureiodh aj tmd kusdcnlaoic luahdcajds md enrkucitdh enr dtmjnlripmao haspciys (Omipkij 91=4). Iromidncnly dssdjtaiccy sdrvtn cdjltmdj ijh onkpcdtd tmd typncnlaoic sdqudjods md mih icrdihy dstibcasmdh nj tmd bisas ne dtmjnlrip(Bnwhdj 91197 44).



=8

Aj prdmastnrao iromidncnly, tmd cist twn hdoihds ne tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury wdrd aj-ordisajlcy hdvntdh tn rd jajl tmd omrnjncnlaoic erikdwnr`. Knjtdcaus‑ havasanj ne cit-dr Durnpdij prdmastnry kihd ocdir tmit tmdrd wis jnt njd cajd ne hdvdcnpkdjt but ijdjnrknus havdrsaty aj takd ijh spiod. Dtmjnlripmao onkpirasnj bdtwddj stilds bdoikd

tmdrdenrd quatd prnbcdkitao. Bnis jntdh tmit tmij`s tn suom hdtiacdh iromidncnlaoic stuh-ads nj ”tmd kuctapcaoaty ne onjvdrlajl ijh havdrlajl cajds‑, tmd lrijh systdk ne tmd dv-ncutanj ne oucturd wis ”cnsajl kuom ne ats pciusabacaty‑ (91687 2<9). Xd hasonvdry neVicidncatmao rno` irt‘ rst ittdstdh aj Ictikari aj 9=<=, citdr onj rkdh by tmd oivdsne Enjt hd Liukd ijh Ci Knutmd (Lrndjdj 91187 ?9<-24)‘icsn onjtrabutdh tn tmdhdocajd ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh. _n ujca`d ijytmajl `jnwj ernk dtmjnlripmy, atujhdrkajdh tmd cnjl-mdch issukptanj ne i eujhikdjtic sakaciraty bdtwddj prdmastnraoijh prdsdjt sivilds. Aj mas eiknus ”kdi oucpi ne i sodptao‑, tmd Erdjom prdmastnraij DkacdOirtiacmio onjodhdh enr tmd iutmdjtaoaty ne tmd oivd irt ijh wrntd7 ”Dj viaj nj eiat ip- pdc æ c‑akilajitanj, dj viaj æ tnutd dtmjnlripmad! Cds rdjsdaljdkdjts njt bdiu vdjar hd cnaj,

kçkd hu rijsviic, hd c‑Iustricad, hu Jnrh-Ikáraqud, radj jd pdut pdrkdttrd hd snupìnjjdr pnurquna ods sureiods átiadjt nrjáds iajsa ‑ (Oirtiacmio 9162).21

Xycnr ijh tmd Xiskijaijs

_dvdric iromidncnlasts ijh ijtmrnpncnlasts bdlij tn smuj onkpiritavd rdisnjajl, butycnr jiccy enujh wmit md mih cnjl bddj cnnàjl enr7 i cavajl Vicidncatmao trabd, nr it

cdist ij njcy rdodjtcy dxtdrkajitdh njd. Aj 9=16, M. Cajl Rntm pubcasmdhXd Ibnralajdsne iskijai , i onkpacitanj ne icc iviacibcd dvahdjod nj tmd iskijaijs ernk tmd enrk netmd sùcc tn tmd kdtmnh ne kiàjl rd. Xd prdeiod wis wrattdj by ycnr wmn oiccdh tmdar

dxtajotanj ”i haskic pild ne nur oncnjaic mastnry‑ (9=167 vaa) but wis rdcadvdh by tmd ”ib-sncutd onkpcdtdjdss‑ (v) ne tmd vncukd. Mas nch hdspiar ibnut tmd ujca`dcamnnh ”tmit ijytrabd jnwj tn knhdrj nbsdrvdrs smnuch bd ijytmajl ca`d i eiar rdprdsdjtitavd ne prakiryonjhatanjs‑ (9=547 ?51) wis jnw nptakastaoiccy rdeutdh watm ”tmd vdstalds ne i pdnpcd snrdprdsdjtitavd ne tmd ruhdst typd ne kij‑ (9=167 vaa)7

Ae tmdrd mivd rdkiajdh ijywmdrd up tn knhdrj takds kdj wmnsd onjhatanj misomijldh cattcd sajod tmd dircy _tnjd Ild, tmd iskijaijs sddk tn mivd bddj suom i pdnpcd. Xdy stijh bdenrd us is i brijom ne tmd Jdlrnah riod accustritajl tmd onjha-tanj ne kij jdir mas cnwdst `jnwj cdvdc ne oucturd.( ycnr 9=167 v)

Aj i mnst ne pubcaoitanjs bdtwddj 9=16 ijh 9166, it i takd wmdj tmd onkpiritavdkdtmnh oikd ujhdr eard, ycnr ivahcy dxpijhdh tmas iskijaij prngdotanj ( ycnr9=160 9=180 9=140 9=11i0 9=11b0 9166).

It earst ycnr wis struo` by tmd sakaciraty bdtwddj iskijaij ijh Vicidncatmaotnncs (ealurd <). I spdoakdj sdjt tn mak ernk tmd ijtapnhds ( ycnr 9=140 oe. Kurriy9112) i rkdh tmit tmdy wdrd ”onrrdspnjhajl dxiotcy‑ (9=167 v) sn tmit tmd ijicnly wis gusta dh ”by tmd wnr kijsmap ne tmdar stnjd akpcdkdjts‑ (v). ycnr‑s ajsastdjod nj tnncsaj tmd prdeiod ne i bnn` wmaom piah cattcd ittdjtanj tn catmao tdomjncnly, rdedrs tn mas cnjl-

21 Jdw stuhads, ca`d tmd njds by _pdjodr ijh Laccdj nj tmd Iustricaij Irujti (9=11) ijh _tnw njBusmkdj oivd irt (9164), wnuch snnj rdodavd prdmastnrao ajtdrdst ernk iutmnrs ca`d Brduac ijh _nccis(oe. ajeri).



=4

stijhajl onjvaotanj tmit tdomjaoic kistdry wis i birnkdtdr ne nvdricc prnlrdss. nncswdrd ”pnajtdrs aj tmd stuhy ne oavacazitanj‑ (9=<97 A, 52). Aj i subsdqudjt pipdr, md tenrd dkbir`dh upnj ”tmd stuhy ne tmdar oucturd aj ntmdr rdspdots‑ ( ycnr 9=187 981). cijluild, rdcalanj, knrics, snoaic ajstatutanjs, ”gust is tmdar stnjd akpcdkdjts bdcnjl tn

tmd rdonljazdh stnjd ild, tmnulm it ij dspdoaiccy cnw cdvdc‑ (981). iskijaijs wdrd jnthdldjdritdh but mih bddj aj i onjhatanj ne ”jnrkic nr mdictmy sivildry‑ (981). ycnr‑soucturd onjodpt wis mncastao7 sajod icc pirts ne i snoadty bdcnjldh tn tmd sikd stild, jnajl tmd hdlrdd ne prnlrdss aj njd rdick (tdomjncnly) wis djnulm tn dxtripncitd at tn ntmdrdicks. Aj i lavdj oucturd, md mih njod wrattdj, ”dvahdjod is tn tmd onjhatanj ne ijy njne ats hdpirtkdjts rdiccy hnds iutmnrasd, aj snkd kdisurd, ij npajanj is tn ats onjhatanjis i wmncd‑ (9=517 99). Nj tmd bisas ne i sahd-soripdr, iskijaijs onuch catdriccy bdon”cavajl rdprdsdjtitavds ne tmd dircy _tnjd Ild‑ (98=-1). Md dvdjtuiccy wdjt sn eir is tajvn`d ijitnkaoic dvahdjod nj ”tmd sakaciratads bdtwddj tmd knhdrj Iustricanah Psaosùccs ijh tmd prdmastnrao sùccs ne Jdijhdrtmic, _py, Vihbibi, dto.‑ (9=11i7 911). yc

tmus siw mas ajataic mypntmdsas eurtmdr onj rkdh. Iromidncnly, dtmjnlripmy ijh pmyijtmrnpncnly onjvdrldh tn tmd pnajt tmit ”Kij ne tmd Cnwdr _tnjd Ild odisds tn bd iorditurd ne pmacnsnpmao ajedrdjod, but bdonkds i jnwj rdicaty‑ (9=11b7 ax).

But jnt dvdrynjd wis onjvajodh. Mdjry Bicenur, ouritnr ne tmd Vatt Ravdrskusduk aj Nxenrh, irludh tmit ycnr ras`dh tn jdlcdot rdcdvijt hassakaciraty bd-twddj tmd snurod ijh tmd tirldt7 ”At as dssdjtaic tmit tmd lrdit haeedrdjod bdtwtmd djvarnjkdjtic onjhatanjs‘ocakitd, ldnlripmaoic surrnujhajls, dto.‘ujhdrwmaom tmd twn riods cavdh, smnuch jnt bd nvdrcnn`dh‑ (aj ycnr 91667 256).nbsdrvdh sakaciraty nj wmaom tmd ijicnly rdstdh wis icsn qudstanjibcd. ” md knomiriotdrastao tnnc ne tmd iskijaijs‑, a.d. tmd sakpcd rdtnuomdh soripdr, wis bjn kdijs typaoiccy Vicidncatmao but prnvdh tn bd ”tmd knst pdrsastdjt ne icc stnjakpcdkdjts‑ (256). @jnwcdhld ibnut iskijaijs wis ietdr icc ”bisdh cirldcy upnj pnst-knrtdk stuhy‑ (259). Bicenur hnubtdh tmd rdcdvijod ne iskijaij tnncs, butntmdrs wdjt kuom eurtmdr ijh i jdw ijtmrnpncnly wis dkdrlajl by tmd djh netmd jajdtddjtm odjtury.Orataqud ne dvncutanjask”Mnw oij wd ernk dtmjnlripmaoic eiots ioquard ajenrkitanj rdlirhajl tmd dircymastnry ne kijàjh>‑ md qudstanj wis pnsdh by Dhwirh \dstdrkiro` aj tmd aj-trnhuotanj ne mas ajecudjtaicMastnry ne Mukij Kirraild (9=197 ?). \dstdrkiro`,nralajiccy wnràjl is i cdoturdr aj snoancnly aj Mdcsajà bdenrd md bdoikd i prnedssnr it tmd Cnjhnj _omnnc ne Donjnkaos, ihhrdssdh tmd prnbcdk KoCdjjij mihhdict watm7 tmd nralaj ne kirraild. Hdspatd ”tmd ihkaribcd wnr`s ne Hr. ycnr, _ Gnmj Cubbno`, ijh Kr. Mdrbdrt _pdjodr‑, md edct ”tmit tmd soadjtaeao vicud neonjocusanjs hriwj ernk dtmjnlripmaoic eiots mis jnt icwiys bddj ihdquitd tn tmdcibnur, tmnulmt, ijh ioukdj bdstnwdh nj tmdk‑ (2). Md ilrddh watm KoCdjjijtmit sivild riods ijh sykbncao survavics wdrd tmd kiaj snurods tn rdonjstruot dircymukij mastnry but tmd wahd-rijlajl haeedrdjod ne npajanj wis ”hud, jnt tn tmdkitdraic, but tn tmd kijjdr ne trditajl at‑7



=<

bdcnjldh tn tmd snrt ne ujacajdir sdqudjod wmaom ycnr mih prnpnsdh, tmd njcy hastdbdajl tmit ijakics wdrd ihhdh tn at.?6 Mas wnr` as jnjdtmdcdss ajhaoitavd ne tmd hnubtstmit dkdrldh watmaj tmd dvncutanjast pirihalk.

Erijz Bnis wis kuom knrd sodptaoic. Mas ajtdccdotuic bio`lrnujh, ca`d \dstdrkiro`‑s,

ciah nutsahd Bratasm ijtmrnpncnly7 at wis edh by Ldrkij dtmjncnly, ldnlripmy, pmysaijh pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnly (_tno`ajl 91<8b7 920 oe. @updr 91==7 924-?60 Bnis 91?=Mivajl sddj icrdihy tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh‑s dxodssds (aj tmd wnr` ne Bistaij) ijh np-pnsatanj (aj tmd wnr` ne Uaromnw, Bnis‑ tdiomdr), Bnis hdvdcnpdh i prnenujh oratailiajst at ietdr mas knvd tn tmd Ijlcn-_ixnj sodjd. Icrdihy aj njd ne mas dircadst pipdr,md lrditcy hastdrdh ernk tmd dvncutanjast pirihalk (Bnis 9===). Cnn`ajl it tmd somdkne prnlrdss ernk sivildry tn oavacazitanj, md sakpcy bdcadvdh tmit ”tmd oiutanus soaoijjnt enccnw tmnsd vilirads‑ (5?<). Md snulmt tn ajtrnhuod tn dtmjncnly tmd mastnoic knhd ne ajquary wmaom mih bddj ibijhnjdh by ycnr, KoCdjjij, Cubbno` ijhKnrlij. akd hah iliaj kittdr sajod ”tmd caed ne i pdnpcd aj icc ats ispdots as i rdsuct ne a

mastnry‑ (5?2)0 mastnraoic onjjdotanj bdoikd iliaj rdspdotibcd tn dxpciaj ornss-ouctusakaciraty0 ijh hdldjdritanj wis bdcadvdh tn bd ldjuajd. Mas stycd ne irluajl wis icsn itnhhs watm tmd dvncutanjast nrtmnhnxy. Knrd ibstriot tmij tmd malm prnsd ne Uaotnsomncirs, mas irlukdjts rdcadh cdss nj tmd djukdritanj ne dxdkpciry oisds but prnoddhby ijicytaoic prdoasanj ijh tdrsd wratajl.?9

Aj 9=15 tmd gnurjic_oadjod pubcasmdh Bnis‑ irtaocd ”Xd cakatitanjs ne tmd onkpiri-tavd kdtmnh ne ijtmrnpncnly‑. Xas cijhkir` aj tmd mastnry ne ijtmrnpncnly djtiacdhij dcibnritd orataqud ne dvncutanjask wmaom siw prnne ne ats sdce-prnociakdh ujacprnlrdss aj tmd wnrch-wahd sakaciraty ne oucturic oustnks, ahdis, ijh priotaods.?2 Bnisenujh tmd ”lrijh systdk ne tmd dvncutanj ne snoadty is ne vdry hnubteuc vicud‑ (2<Earstcy, bdoiusd at wis bisdh nj ”nbsdrvdh mnkncnlads ijh suppnsdh sakaciratads‑ (9125?). Bdcadvajl tmit ”wd ird jn cnjldr prnjd tn ajedr ernk supdr oaic sakaciratads‑ (9==5?5), md wijtdh tmit ”bdenrd dxtdjhdh onkpirasnjs ird kihd, tmd onkpiribacaty ne tmdkitdraic kust bd prnvdh‑ (9=157 2<4). _donjhcy, md orataoazdh tmd dvncutanjasts‑ sdcdkparaoic sikpcajl. Aj nrhdr tn upmnch tmdar bisao prajoapcd, usdrs ne tmd onkpirit

?6 \dstdrkiro`‑s prnlrdssanjast knhdc icsn domndh tmd ahdis sdt enrtm by Hirwaj aj tmdHdsodjt ne Kij (9=<9). Aj onjtrist tn mas dircadr wnr`, Hirwaj ihnptdh i knrd cajdir tmij brijomajl knhdc wmdjmd wis hdicajl watm tmd dvncutanj ne mukijaty. Mas nwj pnsatanj tmus bdoikd ”eujhikdjticcy itnhhs watm tmd irlukdjt sdt nut aj tmdNralaj ne spdoads ‑ ijh rdsuctdh aj i eiarcy jnj-Hirwajast strijh(Ajlnch 91=57 ?6, 8<-460 oe. Bnwcdr 91==7 98?-40 91167 912). At wis icsn njcy aj tmdHdsodjt tmitHirwaj rst stildh tmd Eudlaijs is rdcaos ne tmd rdkntd pist, ij ahdi wmaom jdvdr sureiodh aj tmdioonujt ne mas trivdcs ibnirh tmd Bdilcd enrty ydirs dircadr (Bnwcdr 9112). \dstdrkiro`‑s sdqudjod nepirdjtmnnh ernk ajvdrtdbritd ijakics tn oavacazdh mukijs enccnwdh tmas cajdir enrk ne rdisnjajl.

?9 Ijntmdr ispdot wmdrd ynujl Bnis hastdrdh eujhikdjticcy ernk tmd snoaic dvncutanjasts wis aj maahdis nj kusduk ciynut. Tjca`d Xnksdj, \nrsiid, \acsnj ijh Vatt-Ravdrs wmn mih icc hdedjhdhi typncnlaoic ijh hdvdcnpkdjticast systdk, Bnis, iliaj ajhdbtdh tn i Ldrkij trihatanj, snulmt tnirrijld dtmjnlripmao kitdraics aj ldnlripmaoic ijh trabic tdrks (Bujzdc 91527 4).

?2 Xnulm Bnis hardotdh mas orataqud it dvncutanjasts aj ldjdric, tmd Ldrkij ijtmrnpncnlast I. Bistaijwis tmd hardot tirldt ne mas pipdr. _tacc knrd tmij ycnr nr Knrlij, Bistaij mih hnlkitaoiccy hd-edjhdh wnrch-wahd ujacajdir dvncutanj by ajhdpdjhdjt ajvdjtanj nj tmd bisas ne ornss-oucturicsakaciratads. Bistaij‑s dxtrdkask mih i odrtiaj iutnhdstruotavd ajudjod nj tmd eurtmdr mastnry ndvncutanjask, gust ca`d _nccis‑ dxtrdkast rdisnjajls wnuch oist i hir` smihnw nvdr tmd onkpiritavdkdtmnh.



==

kdtmnh wdrd netdj ”enroajl pmdjnkdji ajtn tmd striatgio`dt ne i tmdnry‑ (2<<). Xarhcy,md hdjnujodh tmd ujaenrkaty prajoapcd ne tmd dvncutanjast pirihalk7

Ijtmrnpncnlaoic rdsdirom wmaom onkpirds sakacir oucturic pmdjnkdji ernk vira-nus pirts ne tmd wnrch, aj nrhdr tn hasonvdr tmd ujaenrk mastnry ne tmdar hdvdcnp-kdjt, ki`ds tmd issukptanj tmit tmd sikd dtmjncnlaoic pmdjnkdjnj mis dvdry-wmdrd hdvdcnpdh aj tmd sikd kijjdr. Mdrd cads tmd iw aj tmd irlukdjt P...[ enrjn suom prnne oij bd lavdj. Dvdj tmd knst oursnry rdvadw smnws tmit tmd sikd pmdjnkdji kiy hdvdcnp aj i kuctatuhd ne wiys.(2<?)

Mnw wis njd tn rdkdhy icc tmnsd hdeaoadjoads> Ca`d \dstdrkiro`, Bnis urldh tnstuhy tmd oiusds ujhdrcyajl oucturic pmdjnkdji. n ujhdrstijh i pmdjnkdjnj”wd kust hdkijh tmit tmd oiusds ernk wmaom at hdvdcnpdh bd ajvdstalitdh ijhtmit onkpirasnjs bd rdstraotdh tn tmnsd pmdjnkdji wmaom mivd bddj prnvdh tnbd deedots ne tmd sikd oiusds‑ (9=157 2<4). _akaciraty, a.d. tmd mnraznjtic rdcitanjne tmd ijicnly, wis jnt djnulm ujcdss tmd vdrtaoic rdcitanj ne oiusicaty wis ti`djajtn onjsahdritanj. mas icsn djtiacdh ij iwirdjdss ne tmd prnbcdk ne dquaeajicaty,jikdcy tmit ”ntmdr oiusds onuch pnssabcy cdih tn tmd sikd ahdis‑ (2<50 oe. _tnoàjl91<8b7 2). _uom ij ujhdrstijhajl onuch njcy bd rdiomdh by ”tmd kuom rahaoucdhmastnraoic kdtmnh‑ (2<<). n Bnis, tmd mastnraoic kdtmnh wis eir supdranr tn tmdonkpiritavd kdtmnh ijh kuom ocnsdr tn tmd Hirwajaij prajoapcd ne brijomajl,ijta-tdcdncnlaoic dvncutanj tmij snoanoucturic dvncutanjask (Bnis 9===7 5??0Ajlnch 91=57 ?6, 540 Bnwcdr 91==7 986).

Mas ijta-dvncutanjast dkpmisas jntwatmstijhajl, Bnis stacc watmmdch tmd nch ikbatanjne jhajl ldjdric ciws. Mastnraoic pirtaoucirask wis, nralajiccy it cdist, i kdtmnhncnlaoichdvaod enr i cirldr jnkntmdtao prngdot.??

Ae ijtmrnpncnly hdsards tn dstibcasm tmd ciws lnvdrjajl tmd lrnwtm ne oucturd, atkust jnt onj jd atsdce tn onkpirajl tmd rdsucts ne tmd lrnwtm icnjd, but wmdjdvdrsuom as edisabcd at kust onkpird tmd prnodssds ne lrnwtm, ijh tmdsd oij bd hasonv-drdh by kdijs ne stuhads ne tmd oucturds ne skicc ldnlripmaoic irdis.(2=6)

Ritmdr tmij lcnssajl tnldtmdr dvahdjod ernk i wnrch-wahd survdy, njd mih tnenous nj ”i wdcc-hdeajdh, skicc ldnlripmaoic tdrratnry‑ (9=157 2<<). md takd netmd irkomiar ijtmrnpncnlast wis lnjd, ijh eadchwnr` ajordisajlcy bdoikd i pirt

ne tmd soadjtaeao djtdrprasd. md knkdjt Bnis‑ pipdr wis pubcasmdh, Bichwaj_pdjodr ijh Erij` Laccdj, kntavitdh by ycnr ijh Erizdr, wdrd ujhdrtiàjl tmdarsdkajic eadchwnr` nj tmd Irujti ratuics aj Odjtric Iustricai. Bnis maksdce wnuchsnnj stirt mas eadchwnr` watm @wiàutc ijh Jnntì ne tmd Ikdraoij Jnrtm-\dstonist. Dvdjtuiccy, tmas typd ne ”oirdeuc ijh scnw hdtiacdh stuhy ne cnoic pmdjnk-dji‑ (9=157 2<<) onjtrabutdh tn i hdocajd aj haiomrnjao ijh jnkntmdtao ajtdrdsts(Mirras 915=7 9<60 Lnshdj 9111). Ajsastajl nj ujhdrstijhajl ajhavahuic snoadtadsprdvdjtdh i rdturj tn tmd qudstanj nj tmd dvncutanj ne oucturd. ycnr, Cubbno`,

?? At wis njcy kuom citdr aj mas oirddr tmit Bnis cdt ln tmas ciw-buachajl ikbatanj aj eivnur ne i straotcypirtaoucirast prngdot (Bnis 91260 91280 oe. _tnoàjl 91<8b).



16

iknjl tmd Dsàknrdsdkbcd tmd Kilhicdjaijaj dvdry rdspdot, ijh tmas as i vdryakpnrtijt eiot. At asrdsdkbcijod aj travaic hdtiacwmaom akprdssds us quatd iskuom, ae jnt knrd, tmij rdsdkbcijod aj ldjdric hdsalj.(?5=, dkpmisds ihhdh)

Dvdj ae suom vatic Dsàkn ajvdjtanjs ca`d tmd ìyi` ijh tmd scdhld wdrd ibsdjt ernk tmdKilhicdjaij rdpdrtnard, _nccis ludssdh tmit suom rdcdvijt hassakaciraty hah jnt wdi`djmas irlukdjt. _updr oaic sakaciraty, ”rdsdkbcijod aj travaic hdtiac‑, wis onjsahdrdh knrdhd jatd.?4

Ae tmas rdih ca`d ij iromidncnlaoic trijscitanj ne Knrlij‑s somdkd, at wis icsnprnenujhcy haeedrdjt. Vrnlrdssavd omijld wis jn cnjldr tmd rdsuct ne ajhdpdjh-djt, ujacajdir hdvdcnpkdjt7 ”A eajh cattcd dvahdjod ne ajhaldjnus dvncutanj,‑ _ncciswrntd, ”but kuom tmit sulldsts tmd ajecudjod ne kalritajl riods0 ae tmas i mdrdsy atas it cdist rdspdotibcd ijh as jnw ripahcy liajajl ihmdrdjts‑ (vaa). mij`s tn Bnisaj ijtmrnpncnly ijh Knjtdcaus aj iromidncnly, it tmd turj ne tmd odjtury haeeu-

sanj ijh kalritanj rd-dkdrldh is dxpcijitnry kdomijasks. md iskijaijs wdrd”tmd survavajl hdsodjhijts ne i prakatavd riod‑ (=4) wmaom mih njod bddj wahdcyhastrabutdh nvdr tmd nch wnrch. md jitavds ne Iustricai onuch bd sddj is ”tmd aj-edranr trabds ne tmd Jdijhdrtic riod Pwmaom[ wdrd hravdj by strdss ne onkpdtatanjnut ne Durnpd, ijh wijhdrdh tacc tmdy rdiomdh tmd Iustricaij rdlanj‑ (26=). mdBusmkdj, hdravajl ernk tmd Iuraljioaij pirdjt stno`, ”kust mivd trivdrsdh tmdwmncd cdjltm ne Ieraoi bdenrd irravajl it tmd Oipd‑ (?69), cdivajl bdmajh i triodne rno` irt kijaedstitanjs ”bdtwddj tmd Hnrhnljd ijh tmd Oipd‑ (?68). Ijh tmdDsàkns wdrd Kilhicdjaijs wmn mih bddj pusmdh ajtn tmd jnrtm it tmd djh netmd aod ild wmdj subirotao eiuji rdtrditdh tn _abdrai ijh dircy ilraoucturd dxdrtdh

hdknlripmao prdssurd. _nccis onuch tmus suk up mas onjocusanj7Ae tmd vadws wd mivd dxprdssdh aj tmas ijh prdodhajl omiptdrs ird wdcc enujhdh, atwnuch ippdir tmit tmd survavajl riods wmaom rdprdsdjt tmd vijasmdh Vicåncatmaomujtdrs mivd suooddhdh njd ijntmdr nvdr Durnpd aj tmd nrhdr ne tmdar ajtdccaldjod7diom mis yadchdh aj turj tn i knrd malmcy hdvdcnpdh ijh knrd malmcy laetdh enrkne kij. Ernk wmit as jnw tmd enous ne oavacasitanj tmdy mivd njd by njd bddjdxpdccdh ijh hravdj tn tmd uttdrknst pirts ne tmd dirtm7 tmd Knustdraijs survavd ajtmd rdkntdcy rdcitdh Iustricaijs it tmd Ijtapnhds, tmd _ncutraijs ird rdprdsdjtdhby tmd Busmkdj ne tmd snutmdrj dxtrdkaty, tmd Kilhicdjaijs by tmd Dsàkn njtmd ernzdj kirlaj ne tmd Jnrtm Ikdraoij onjtajdjt ijh is wdcc, pdrmips, by tmd

Rdh Ajhaijs.(?=2-?)

_nccis as netdj sddj is tmd dpatnkd ne snoanoucturic dvncutanjask (oe. _tacds 91<<7=10 \ycad 91=47 55), but mas haeeusanjast tmajàjl ki`ds mak it tmd sikd takdtmd prdoursnr ne tmd hardot-mastnraoic kdtmnh enr hriwajl ijicnlads ( ralldr 91=179440 Bnwcdr 9112). Mas cdlioy, is wd wacc sdd aj tmd jdxt omiptdr, wis tmdrdenrdikbalunus. Iromidncnlasts hurajl tmd earst mice ne tmd twdjtadtm odjtury ripahcy

?4 Xd _ncutraij dpnom watm ats akprdssavd ajt akpcdkdjts wis jnt accustritdh by i prdsdjt-hiy snoadtybdoiusd ”jn dxastajl trabd as ibcd tn nbtiaj quatd tmd sikd pdredotanj ne rdtnuom‑ (?61). _ajod jnsakacd dxastdh, jn ijicnly wis hriwj datmdr0 dvdj aj tmd jdlitanj ne ijicnly, sakaciraty wis tmd sncdoratdranj it sti`d.



19

rdgdotdh tmd dxodssds ne mas onkpiritavd kdtmnh‘mas eir-edtomdh onjocusanjs oist i hir` smihnw nj tmd wmncd ne snoanoucturic dvncutanjask tn tmd dxtdjt tmdvdj tnhiy iromidncnlasts (Mnhhdr 91=2i) onjsahdr Uaotnraij ijtmrnpncnly issyjnjyknus tn _nccis‘ydt it tmd sikd takd, md wis stacc ipprdoaitdh enr mas rdi-

snjajl ernk mastnraoiccy-onjjdotdh snoadtads, wmaom wis ajordisajlcy sddj is tnjcy rdcaibcd enrk ne ijicnly.

Havdrldjod ne npajanj Ietdr Knrlij‑s lrijh somdkd ne ujavdrsic prnlrdss, i erilkdjtitanj noourrdh ajtmd stuhy ne snoanoucturic dvncutanj. Iromidncnly ijh ijtmrnpncnly bdoikd ajsta-tutanjicazdh (is rdecdotdh by tmd ajordisd ne dxoivitanjs ijh eadchwnr`, tmd dkdldjod ne spdoaeao gnurjics ijh kusduks, tmd lrnwajl jukbdr ne priotatanjdrs, ijhtmd dxpijhajl soicd ne somncircy litmdrajls) ijh tmd ajataiccy ujaeadh hasoapckihd rnnk enr i knrd havdrsaeadh spdotruk ne npajanj.

md ittatuhd tnwirhs dtmjnlripmao ijicnly oij bd ocustdrdh aj tmrdd hastajotlrnups7 i earst lrnup wis omiriotdrazdh by i hdordisajl ajtdrdst enr tmd onkpiritavdkdtmnh0 i sdonjh lrnup onjtajudh tn trust tmd kdtmnh ijh bdjdeatdh ernk tmdhiti hasocnsdh by jdw pubcaoitanjs0 i tmarh lrnup dxpcaoatcy orataoazdh tmd knh. Erizdr ijh _pdjodr bdcnjldh tn tmd earst lrnup. _tacc vdrsdh aj tmd dvncutanjast prngdot, tmdy bntm ivnahdh dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs aj tmd stycd ne Knrlij. iromidncnly, tmd wnr` ne Vatt Ravdrs ijh hd Knrtaccdt bdcnjldh tn tmas lrnupBntm wdrd earkcy onkkattdh tn i straot ujacajdir dvncutanjask, but rderiajdh ernkhriwajl dtmjnlripmao ijicnlads.

_omncirs bdcnjlajl tn tmd sdonjh lrnup pdrpdtuitdh tmd usd ne tmd Knrlij-ca`d onkpiritavd kdtmnh ijh ajonrpnritdh jdw dvahdjod aj tmd dxastajl erikd-wnr`. mas as ocdircy tmd oisd enr ycnr wmn enujh aj Cajl Rntm‑s onkpacitanj tmd iskijaijs i onjearkitanj ne mas dircadr vadws. _nccis wic`dh ajtn ycnr‑s enntstdps aj mas djtmusaisk enr tmd iskijaijs. Eurtmdr hriwajl upnj _pdjodr ijhLaccdj‑s eadchwnr` aj Iustricai, _tnw‑s aj Ieraoi ijh Bnis‑ aj Jnrtm Ikdraoi, mddcibnritdh tmd Vicidncatmao dquitanj watm i jitavd trabd enr dvdry ild.

\dstdrkiro` ijh Bnis rdprdsdjtdh tmd tmarh lrnup. mdy wdrd it piajs tnpnajt nut tmd hdeaoadjoads ijh eiccioads ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh ijh sulldstdhij ictdrjitavd prnodhurd. Ajtdrdstajlcy, bntm mih onkd tn Ijlcn-_ixnj dvncutanj-

ast ijtmrnpncnly ernk i onjtajdjtic bio`lrnujh aj dtmjnlripmy‘\dstdrkiro`ernk Eajcijh0 Bnis ernk Ldrkijy. md pnpuciraty wmaom tmd onkpiritavd kdtm-nh djgnydh aj Cnjhnj ijtmrnpncnlaoic oarocds mih jdvdr bddj sn cirld nj tmdonjtajdjt. Hdspatd ajtdccdotuic haeedrdjods, bntm cikdjtdh tmd ujhud rdcaijod nsakaciraty. Rdisnjajl ernk sakaciraty, watmnut wdalmajl ats rdcdvijod, wis bnujhtn eiac. Bntm, tnn, sulldstdh tmit ajtdrjic oiusicaty mih tn bd stuhadh ae tmd dtmjlripmao ajenrkitanj wis tn mivd ijy ocdir vicud.

It tmd turj ne tmd odjtury, tmdrd wis ij ajtdrdstajl hasordpijoy bdtwddj ih-mdrdjts ne tmd sdonjh ijh tmarh lrnup. \mdrdis tmd cnjl-eivnurdh oratdranj nesakaciraty wis brnulmt tn ujsddj mdalmts ne quisa-ahdjtaty aj tmd irlukdjts ne

ycnr ijh _nccis, pdnpcd ca`d \dstdrkiro` ijh Bnis sulldstdh tmit tmas wis jnttmd wiy tn prnoddh, ujcdss ittdjtanj bd lavdj tn oiusicaty. md ociraty ne _ncci



12

irlukdjt smnwdh it tmd sikd takd ats sakpcaoaty0 by nptakastaoiccy rdvaticazajltmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh tn i somdkitao dxtrdkd, snkd ne tmd wdi`jdssds mih bd-onkd ippirdjt. Aj tmd earst mice ne tmd twdjtadtm odjtury, Bnisaij pirtaouciraskwnuch hnvdtiac jaodcy watm tmd oucturd-mastnraoic pirihalk tmit irnsd aj prdmas-

tnrao iromidncnly.

OnjocusanjErnk mnksdj‑s typncnly tn _nccis‑ syjtmdsas, tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnlypciydh i eujhikdjtic rncd aj tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury rdprdsdjtitanj ne mukij prd-mastnry. Ajhddh, ”prdmastnry mis jdvdr dxastdh watmnut dtmjnlripmy‑ (Nrkd 91<?7816) ijh kijy ne ats bisao ajsalmts wdrd sulldstdh nr dxtripncitdh ernk onjtdk-pnriry snurod onjtdxts. Bdenrd knvajl nj tn sdd mnw tmas cdlioy wis rdodavdh ajtmd twdjtadtm-odjtury, at hdsdrvds tn piy i ocnsdr ittdjtanj tn tmd sax strdjltm ora-

tdrai ne tmd ijicnlaoic irlukdjts.Earstcy, tmdjukbdr ne snurod onjtdxtsdvahdjtcy ajordisdh tmrnulmnut tmd jajd-tddjtm odjtury. \mdrdis \acsnj ijh Jacssnj mih tn onjtdjh tmdksdcvds watm ldj-dric rdpnrts by trivdccdrs ijh kassanjirads nj Jnrtm-Ikdraoij Ajhaijs ijh _nutm_di Ascijhdrs, snkdnjd ca`d _nccis onuch haspnsd ne hdtiacdh dtmjnlripmads nj tmdBusmkdj, tmd Odjtric Iustricaijs, tmd Ds`akns, ijh tmd iskijaijs. Aj ldjdric,jajdtddjtm-odjtury somncirs tradh tn ajonrpnritd is kuom onjtdkpnriry dvahdjodis pnssabcd wmaom aj prajoapcd wnuch mivd djmijodh tmd quicaty ne tmd ijicnly.Mnwdvdr, wmdj at oikd tn hriwajl spdoaeao ijicnlads, tmd snurods wdrd knstcy jir-rnwdh tn tmd bdst eattajl ajstijod. mus, \acsnj dxpciajdh mas _onttasm nac cikps

gust watm tmd spdoakdjs md mih enujh nj tmd Eirnd Ascijhs0 ycnr issnoaitdh tmd”stao`-ijh-lrnnvd‑ stild ne pyrntdomjncnly dxocusavdcy watm tmd _nutm _di Ascijhs0Knrlij onrrdcitdh diom stild ne mas somdkd watm njcy njd spdoaeao snoadty0 _nccisstraotcy enujh i sajlcd onjtdkpnriry riod is rdprdsdjtitavd ne diom Vicidncatmaodpnom. Hdspatd tmd brnih dtmjnlripmaoic ajtdrdsts, it tmd djh ne tmd hiy at oikdhnwj tn sdcdotajl tmd sajlcd djtaty ernk tmd snurod wmaom onrrdcitdh bdst watm tmdtirldt djtaty ujhdr onjsahdritanj. Cubbno`‑s sdirom enr i onkknj hdjnkajitnrwis tmd njcy ittdkpt tn ln bdynjh ajedrdjods ernk i sajlcd snurod djtaty, but mdhah jnt pursud at eurtmdr.

\atm rdlirh tn tmd rdcitdh oratdranj ne tmdviradty ne snurod onjtdxts , Cubbno`, tnn,

wis tmd njd wmn sonrdh bdst7 mas akild ne tmd prdmastnrao sivild wis bisdh nj suom vir-adh snurods is tmd ”wrdtomdh‑ iskijaijs ijh tmd ”jdircy oavacazdh‑ imataijs. Xd ntmdrs,mnwdvdr, by rdhuoajl tmd snurod ijicnlud tn i sajlcd wdcc omnsdj ajstijod, kajakazdh tmdviradty ne snurod onjtdxts‘i pnajt orataoazdh by \dstdrkiro`‑s ictdrjitavd. _nurod vira-dty wis eurtmdr cakatdh by ij dxocusavd ittdjtanj tn mukij ijicnluds0 ajsparitanj ernkjnjmukij prakitds wis vartuiccy ibsdjt (i pnajt wmaom A dcibnritd aj tmd ajtrnhuotanjne Omiptdr 80 oe. _tno`ajl 91=<7 9<5-<). Cubbno`‑sVrd-Mastnrao akdsmih njd cajd njjnjmukij prakitds, but twn mujhrdh pilds nj knhdrj sivilds.?5 Dvahdjod njprakitd bdmivanur wis ne onursd soijt, aj onjtrist tn tmd jukbdr ne dtmjnlripmao pubca-

?5 ”_n cnjl, ajhddh, is md wis onj jdh tn tmd trnpaos, md kiy mivd enujh i suoodssanj ne eruats, ijhmivd cavdh is tmd knj`dys hn jnw‑ (Cubbno` 9=547 8<4-5).



1?

oitanjs. Xd stuhy ne ijakic bdmivanur aj tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury wis onj jdh tn knrdrdihacy nbsdrvibcd spdoads ca`d ijts, bdds, ijh bdivdrs. _noaic dvncutanjasts mih onjsaibcd ajtdrdsts enr tmdsd7 Knrlij wrntd nj tmd Ikdraoij bdivdr wmdj turjajl tn ijtmrn-pncnly ijh Cubbno` ajvdstalitdh bdds ijh wisps ietdr mas wnr` nj prdmastnry (Ajlnch

91==0 _wdtcatz 91==0 Ocir` 911=). Nj tnp ne tmit, enr knst snoanoucturic dvncutanjtmd qudstanj ne kij‑s sakaij hdsodjt wis sakpcy jnt ydt it sti`d. Xdy wdrd knrd ajtdr-dstdh aj mukij oavacazitanj tmij aj mukij dvncutanj. Knst dvncutanjasts ”issukdh tmitdvdj aj tmd knst prakatavd snoaic djvarnjkdjt, i mukij bdajl wis stacc i mukij bdajl‑(Bnwcdr 91=17 ?1).

marhcy, mnw wis tmd satuitanj enr tmd oratdranj nesakaciraty > md qudstanjoij bdst bd ijswdrdh by tmd wnrhs ne Erijz Bnis (91687 25<)7 ” md dvncutanjirkdtmnh wis bisdh dssdjtaiccy nj tmd nbsdrvitanj ne sikdjdss ne oucturic triats tmdwnrch nvdr.‑ Ajhddh, at as jn dxilldritanj tn stitd tmit tmrnulmnut tmd jajdtddjtmodjtury tmd iknujt ne sakaciraty wis tmd njcy ijicnlaoic oratdranj sdranuscy hdic

watm. Mirras (915=7 9<9) ralmtcy siah tmit ”at wis upnj tmd sakaciratads tmit idjod ne ujavdrsic mastnry Pmih[ hdpdjhdh.‑ Jacssnj ijh \acsnj mdch tmit prdmastnrao ijh prdsdjt prakatavds wdrd dssdjtaiccy sakacir bdoiusd tmdy bntm cavdh aj_tnjd Ild. Cubbno`, ycnr ijh KoCdjjij rdisnjdh ernk dtmjnlripmao prdsdjt tnprdmastnrao pist nj ioonujt ne ”suom sakaciraty, sn kijy onrrdspnjhdjods, sn kuomsikdjdss‑ (KoCdjjij 9=547 ?). Ldnlripmaoiccy hastijt wis ajtdromijldibcd watmldncnlaoiccy rdkntd. mdy buttrdssdh tmas sakaciraty dvdj eurtmdr ietdr snkd npjdjts mih sulldstdh tmit tnhiy‑s sivilds hah jnt rdsdkbcd tmd pist ajmibatijts neDurnpd0 sakaciraty tmus bdoikd tmd onrjdrstnjd ne i euccy-hdvdcnpdh snoanoucdvncutanjask. Knrlij, ycnr ijh _nccis dvdj bdcadvdh tmit djtard knhdrj snoadtadswdrd ahdjtaoic tn odrtiaj stilds ne tmd pist, tmd dkdrldjt ijta-dvncutanjast orata-oasks jntwatmstijhajl. Hdspatd tmd omijlajl pncdkaoic onjtdxts, enrkic sakacira-ty rdkiajdh tmd knst akpnrtijt cnlaoic enujhitanj ne dtmjnlripmao rdisnjajl ijhats odjtricaty dvdj ajordisdh is tmd odjtury knvdh nj. Lnnhjdss ne eat hdtdrkajdhtmd quicaty ne ijicnly.Jdvdrtmdcdss, tmd kdijajl ne tmas sakaciraty wis subgdot tmastnraoic omijld. Enr Jacssnj ijh \acsnj, tmd dvahdjod ne ornss-oucturic sakaciraty tdstaeadh tn havajd iotanj. Enr Cubbno` ijh ycnr sakaciraty earst rdvdicdh tdxtdjt ne mastnraoic onjjdotanj, ijh citdr tmd prdvicdjod ne ajhdpdjhdjt ajvdj-tanj. \atm _nccis, eajiccy, wd eicc bio` aj ij dircadr knhd ne dxpcijitanj wmaomajtdrprdtdh sakaciraty aj tdrks ne kalritanjs.

Enurtmcy,hassakaciratywis i jntanj wmaom dvncutanjasts edct ujonkenrtibcdwatm. Bdcadvdh tn bd struoturd-vancitajl, dvdry majt ne haeedrdjod wis tn bd ivnaKoCdjjij rdpditdhcy siah tmit bdoiusd tmd rdsdkbcijods bdtwddj sivilds wdrd snjukdrnus, tmd haeedrdjods onuch bd hnjd iwiy watm0 ycnr wmncdmdirtdhcy ilrwatm tmit0 ijh Knrlij prngdotdh prdsdjt snoadtads nj pist njds is ae tmdrd wis jnhaeedrdjod bdtwddj tmd twn. md hdjaic ne haeedrdjod wdjt mijh aj mijh watm tmknjnldjast onjvaotanjs, a.d. tmd bdcade tmit icc riods ne tmd dirtm rdprdsdjtdh i slcd spdoads. _nccis, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, rdonljazdh hasordpijoads bdtwddj tmd snuijh tirldt ne mas ijicnlads (d.l. wmdj tmd Kahhcd Vicidncatmao Iustricaijs turjdhnut tn usd lrnujh akpcdkdjts ne Jdncatmao typd), but systdkitaoiccy kajakazdhtmdar akpnrtijod. Jdlcdotajl ijh travaicazajl, tmdsd wdrd twn wiys tn dcakajitd



15

oic dkpmisas0 ijh i jdw enrk ne accustritanj, hastrabutanj kips, onkpcdkdjtdhtmd nchdr omrnjncnlaoic somdkds. Aj tmd vasuic cijluild ne iromidncnly, tmd takd-ixas ne tmd dvncutanjast haiomrnjao somdkd bdoikd ij irrnw wmaom ajhaoitdh wij-hdrajl snoadtads nj tmd syjomrnjao kips ne tmd haeeusanjast. mas smaet ernk sn-

oanoucturic dvncutanjask tn oucturic-mastnraoic iromidncnly wis, ne onursd, icrdihyihukbritdh by Knjtdcaus‑ omrnjncnly ne prdmastnrao Durnpd ijh Bnis‑ mastnraoicpirtaoucirask, but at wis aj tmd earst hdoihds ne tmd twdjtadtm odjtury tmit tmd rup-turd wis tn bdonkd hdeajatd ( ralldr 91=17 98=-265).9

mas as knst ocdircy sddj aj tmd dircy wnr` ne Kyrds‑ pupac it Nxenrh, tmd Iustricaij iromidncnlast U. Lnrhnj Omachd. Icrdihy tmd tatcd ne mas earst iromidn-cnlaoic knjnlripm, md Hiwj ne Durnpdij Oavacazitanj(9124), domndh Kyrds‑

md Hiwj ne Mastnry(9199). Omachd wis jn cnjldr ajtdrdstdh aj ”tmd onkknjsubstrituk‑ ne mukijaty is hdsorabdh by Knrlij, but enousdh nj ”i pdoucair ijhajhavahuic kijaedstitanj ne tmd mukij sparat‑ aj Durnpd (91247 xaaa), tmus tdstaey-

ajl tn tmd rasd ne pirtaoucirask. Mas jdxt bnn`,md Hijubd aj Vrdmastnry (9121),hdict watm tmd pnnrcy ujhdrstnnh rdlanj ne Odjtric Durnpd wmaom wis, mnwdvdr,tmd oruoaic pissild wiy icnjl wmaom ajvdjtanjs ernk tmd Jdir Dist wdrd brnulmttn \dstdrj Durnpd. At onjtiajdh Omachd‑s ocissaoic hdeajatanj ne tmd oucturd onj-odpt is tmd onjstijt rdourrdjod ne pnts, akpcdkdjts, nrjikdjts, buraic ratds ijhmnusd enrks wmaom wis ”tmd kitdraic dxprdssanj ne wmit wnuch tn-hiy bd oiccdh i–pdnpcd‛ ‑ (91217 va). mas hdeajatanj ne tmd iromidncnlaoic oucturd wis ahdjtaoic tn@nssajji‑s. Qdt Omachd wis strnjlcy iwird ne tmd pntdjtaic pncataoic ibusd ne ouc-turd-mastnraoic iromidncnly, i hijldr wmaom tmd Jiza ipprnpraitanj ne @nssajji‑swnr` wnuch kihd piajeuccy ocdir. Enr Omachd, tnn, tmd spitaic hakdjsanj wis knrdakpnrtijt tmij tmd tdkpnric hakdjsanj0 md ihkattdh tmit tmd oucturd onjodptwis ”jnt jdodssiracy i omrnjncnlaoic onjodpt‑ (vaa). Aj tmdBrnjzd Ild (91?6) mddcibnritdh tmas oucturd-mastnraoic ipprniom, tmnulm knrd ittdjtanj wis lavdj tnsnoaic akpiot ne tdomjncnlaoic ajjnvitanjs ca`d kdticcurly‘i tmdkd wmaom wnuchbdonkd tmd micckir` ne mas citdr wnr`. Is suom, tmd wnr` ne Omachd hurajl tmd9126s (wmaom eurtmdr ajocuhdh knjnlripms ca`dmd Iryijs ernk 9125 ijh md Knst Ijoadjt Dist ernk 912=) pciydh i oruoaic rncd aj tmd riasd ne oucturd-mastnraoiciromidncnly ijh tmd haskassic ne ocissaoic dvncutanjask.

md onjsdqudjods ne tmas pirihalkitao smaet enr tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijic-nly wdrd prnenujh. _nccis onuch njcy hdedjh mas snurod ijicnluds by oarouatnus ir-lukdjts wmaom wdrd suppnsdh tn smnw tmit tmd iskijaijs, Iustricaijs, Busmkdjijh Ds`akns hardotcy hdsodjhdh ernk tmdar Vicidncatmao onujtdrpirts. Jnw tmit tmddkpmisas wis jn cnjldr nj ujavdrsic stilds ne hdvdcnpkdjtic lrnwtm, at bdoikdkuom knrd haeeaouct tn upmnch tmd ahdi tmit njd snoadty wis i eiar rdprdsdjtitavd neijntmdr. Ae prdmastnry as onjodavdh ne is ij ajtraoitd wdb ne kalritajl riods wmaom

9 Ne onursd, @nssajji, Bnis, ijh Knjtdcaus wdrd rnntdh aj tmd onjtajdjtic trihatanj wmdrd snoaicdvncutanjask wis ocdircy cdss pnpucir tmij aj Bratiaj. Mnwdvdr, at wnuch bd wrnjl tn isorabd tmdhavdrldjod bdtwddj tmdk ijh tmd Uaotnraij dvncutanjasts straotcy tn i kittdr ne jitanjicaty. Xas asocdir ernk tmd eiot tmit oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnly ripahcy wnj tdrratnry aj Bratasm iromidncnlyhurajl tmd rst hdoihds ne tmd twdjtadtm odjtury. At wis rst ne icc tmd lrnwtm ne iromidncnlaoic ijhijtmrnpncnlaoic hiti wmaom enrodh i jdw pdrspdotavd, ijh tmd ipprniom matmdrtn eivnurdh by sdvdriciutmnrs aj Ldrkijy, Erijod ijh _oijhajivai prnvdh knrd rdwirhajl.



1<

rdpciod snkd ijh ajecudjod ntmdrs, tmd njcy vaibcd enrk ne ijicnly bdonkds ihardot-mastnraoic ipprniom. Iromidncnlasts aj tmd earst quirtdr ne tmd odjtury cadvdh tmit dtmjnlripmy onuch njcy smdh calmt nj tmd rdkntd mukij pist ae tmdwis dvahdjod enr mastnraoic onjtajuaty bdtwddj tmd snurod ijh tirldt ijicnluds.

_ajod edw wdrd prdpirdh tn enccnw _nccis‑ nutrildnus ociaks, tmd stuhy ne Durnpprdmastnry (wmdrd urbij ijh ajhustraic rdvncutanjs akpcadh i hristao brdi` watmtmd trabic pist) mih tn bd pdrenrkdh watmnut dtmjnlripmao ajput. @nssajji prnuhcy hdedjhdh mas ”rdaj iue iromèncnlasomd Lrujhcild ldstdcctd Unc`senrsomujl ‑, ij dtm-jao ajquary straotcy bisdh nj iromidncnlaoic prajoapcds (91997 2). Aj Ikdraoi, ntmd ntmdr mijh, tmd iccaijod bdtwddj iromidncnly ijh dtmjncnly onuch rdkiajajtiot sajod at wis onkknjcy bdcadvdh tmit tmd jitavd Ikdraoij Ajhaij lrnupsne tmd prdsdjt hardotcy hdsodjhdh ernk mastnraoic trabds. Ajhavahuics ca`d \dijh _trnjl onuch tmdrdenrd usd hardot-mastnraoic ijicnlads aj tmdar stuhy ne prmastnrao Vciajs Ajhaijs (\accdy ijh _ibcnee 91=67 96=-10 Omirctnj 91=97 9?<-

Jdvdrtmdcdss, tmd swddpajl dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs ne tmd dvncutanjast takds jdsureiodh iliaj but wdrd rdpciodh by kajutd njd-tn-njd onkpirasnjs bdtwddj prd-mastnrao ijh prdsdjt trabds.

Ajjnvitanjs aj tmd Ajtdrbdccuk

Jnw at wnuch bd wrnjl tn bdcadvd tmit tmas satuitanj onjtajudh ujtac tmd Jdw Iromidncnlasts ne tmd dircy 9156s brn`d tmd hdihcno`. Hdspatd tmd rmdtnraoic wajls ne tmdsd ijlry ynujl kdj aj Jnrtm Ikdraoi, tmd earst mice ne tmd twdjtadtmodjtury wis eir cdss knjncatmao tmij tmdar oiraoiturd sulldstdh. Omijlds tnn`

pciod, bntm aj tmdnry ijh kdtmnhncnly. md citdr pmisd ne tmd Ajtdrbdccuk wi pdranh ne ajtdjsd tmdnrdtaoic hdbitd ijh ajjnvitanj, dspdoaiccy iknjl Bratasmprdmastnraijs. At as jn onajoahdjod tmit twn cdihajl gnurjics aj Bratasm iromidnnly nralajitdh aj tmit dri7 Ijtaquaty aj 912< ijh tmdVrnoddhajls ne tmd Vrdmastnrao_noadty aj 91?4.2

Mih trihatanjic oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnly bddj prakiracy onjodrjdh wateaccajl aj tmd takd-spiod kitrax ne Durnpdij prdmastnry (aj Ikdraoi, tmdy spn`dne tmd ”ilds ijh irdis ipprniom‑), tmas nbgdotavd wis knrd nr cdss kdt ietdr i quir-tdr odjtury ne rdsdirom aj tmd eadch ijh nj kusduk onccdotanjs. Ajhddh, by tmdircy 91?6s i rnulm nutcajd ne wmdrd ijh wmdj tmd viranus oucturds ne prdmastn

Durnpd mih cavdh onuch bd onkpacdh, dvdj ae at stacc smnwdh snkd maitusds. AjBur`att ijh Omachd onkpacdh suom onkprdmdjsavd tibcd omirt enr tmd Ijtaquaty rdihdrsmap0 at wis tmd earst aj ats ajh (Bur`att ijh Omachd 91?2). mnulm at sdris i bisas enr eurtmdr rdeajdkdjt, at smnwdh it tmd sikd takd tmd nutdr cakats ne tmoucturd-mastnraoic ipprniom. mas as wdcc accustritdh aj tmd vdry earst prdsahdhrdss hdcavdrdh by Omachd it tmd Vrdmastnrao _noadty njcy tmrdd ydirs citdr, ajOmachd, wmn mih by tmdj bdonkd Durnpd‑s cdihajl prdmastnraij, siah tmit ”wd sonjtajud tn hastajluasm oucturds ijh tn issalj diom ats prnpdr pciod aj i erikdwnr`

2 Ietdr tmd ”onup‑ ne Lrimikd Ocir` ijh i jukbdr ne ynujldr somncirs, tmd snkdwmit nbsncdtdVrdmastnrao _noadty ne Dist Ijlcai wis trijsenrkdh ajtn tmd Vrdmastnrao _noadty0 tmd Vrnoddhabdonkajl tmdar knst akkdhaitd enruk (_katm 9115).



1=

ne ibsncutd omrnjncnly‑ but onjtdjhdh tmit tmas wis jnt djnulm7 ”At wnuch bd ijnch-eismanjdh prdmastnry tmit rdlirhdh at is ats sncd eujotanj tn triod kalritanjsijh tn cnoitd tmd orihcds ne pdnpcds.‑ Ajstdih, njod tmas as hnjd, ittdjtanj smnuchbd hardotdh it i oucturd‑s ”omijlds aj donjnkao nrlijazitanj ijh soadjtaeao hasonv-

drads‑ (Omachd 91?47 1-96). Omachd, tmdrdenrd, dxpijhdh mnksdj‑s typncnlaoictmrdd-ild systdk tn i eujotanjic-donjnkao ajtdrprdtitanj7 diom ild wis sdpiritdhernk tmd prdvanus njd by ij donjnkao rdvncutanj, i eujhikdjtic rdsmueecajl netmd enrods ijh rdcitanjs ne prnhuotanj. mas tdrkajncnly bdtriys Omachd‑s lrnwajlajtdrdst aj Kirxast iromidncnly, wmaom wis bnnstdh by mas 91?8 trivdc tmrnulm tmdT__R, tmnulm it tmas pnajt md wis knrd rdihacy ajecudjodh by tmd eujotanjicastijtmrnpncnly ne Rihocaeed-Brnwj ijh Kicajnws`a tmij by Kirxask pdr sd .

Dvdj ae jnt dvdrynjd pirtnn` aj tmd djtmusaisk enr tmd Kirxast knvdkdjt ijhRussaij iromidncnly (Lrimikd Ocir`, enr dxikpcd, jikdh _nvadt iromidncnly ”ihdpirtkdjt ne Bncsmdva` prnpilijhi‑ (91?57 28=0 oe. icclrdj 91?<)), tmdrd wis

i lrnwajl hassitaseiotanj aj Bratiaj watm oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnly wmaom wisedct tn bd tnn stdracd, tnn kuom onjodrjdh watm pnts ajstdih ne pdnpcd. Ajstdihne trioajl tmd wijhdrajls ne ibstriot oucturds nj tmd bisas ne stycastao sakaciratadsijh haeedrdjods aj odrikao hdonritanj ijh ntmdr enrks ne nrjikdjtitanj, snkdprdmastnraijs ajordisajlcy enousdh nj tdomjncnlaoic, donjnkao ijh doncnlaoictmdkds. Ipirt ernk Lnrhnj Omachd‑s smaet ernk i @nssajji-ca`d oucturd-mastnraoicipprniom aj tmd 9126s tnwirhs i eujotanjicast iromidncnly ne prdmastnrao donjn-ky ijh tdomjncnly aj tmd 91?6s (wmaom dvdjtuiccy hdvdcnpdh ajtn i eucc-bcnwjKirxast iromidncnly aj tmd 9186s ijh 46s), ajhavahuics ca`d Lrimikd Ocir` ijh I.K. icclrdj urldh tn ln bdynjh tmd ”ouc-hd-sio‑ ne oucturd-mastnraoic iromidnc-nly aj nrhdr tn liaj ”ij ujhdrstijhajl ne snoaic systdks, ne donjnkao ijh snoaicmastnry, tn tmd mastnry ne rdcalanus ahdi‑ ( icclrdj 91?<7 948). Bncsmdva` nr jnt,tdomjncnly, donjnky ijh doncnly bdoikd tmd eadchs ne ittdjtanj enr i jukbdr neBratasm somncirs wmn wdrd ioquiajtdh watm eujotanjicast ijtmrnpncnly nr Kirxastsnoaic tmdnry.

Is i onrncciry ne tmdsd brnihdr iaks, tmd tmnrjy assud ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnlywis ri`dh up iliaj. Aj tmd vdry earst assud ne Ijtaquaty , tmd dhatnr N.L._. Oriwenrh(912<7 ?) nutcajdh tmd gnurjic‑s pncaoy is enccnws7

\d smicc jnt onj jd nursdcvds tnn ralahcy watmaj tmd onjvdjtanjic cakats ne ir-

omidncnly. Xd pist netdj cavds nj aj tmd prdsdjt. \d oijjnt sdd tmd kdj wmn buactijh hdedjhdh tmd macc-tnp sdttcdkdjts ne \dssdx, but wd oij cdirj kuom ernkcavajl pdnpcds wmn ajmibat sakacir satds tn-hiy aj Icldrai. Ernk suom, ijh ernktrihatanjic ioonujts ne tmd Kinra enrts wd cdirj, by onkpirasnj, tn ujhdrstijhtmd hukb cijluild ne prdmastnrao dirtmwnr`s.

Oriwenrh dxpcaoatcy rdedrrdh tn tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury dvncutanjasts7 ”tmas as tmdnch ijtmrnpncnlaoic kdtmnh ne ycnr ijh Vatt-Ravdrs ijh at mis tnn cnjl bddjjdlcdotdh by iromidncnlasts‑ (8). md irtaocd nj Kinra macc-enrts aj tmd sikd as-sud ne Ijtaquaty prdsdjtdh i hdtiacdh hdsoraptanj ne tmdsd knjukdjts aj JdwWdicijh, prdodhdh by tmd rdkir` tmit tmdy wdrd ”strnjlcy rdkajasodjt ne tmd Bratasm



11

macc enrtrdss‑ (Eartm 912<7 5<). Qdt mnw iromidncnlasts onuch usd dvahdjod edtmjnlripmao prdsdjt wis jnt spdccdh nut. md oisd stuhy wis jnt haeedrdjt ernk_nccis‑ piriccdc bdtwddj Ajuat mnusds ijh _oijhajivaij tnkbs.

Lnrhnj Omachd livd tmd assud knrd sdranus onjsahdritanj aj mas ocissao Kij

Ki`ds Maksdce (91?5). Md ihkattdh tmit ”onjtdkpnriry sivilds mivd gust bddjhdsorabdh is cavajl aj tmd _tnjd Ild tn-hiy,‑ but ihhdh7

Xit hnds jnt gustaey tmd issukptanj tmit _tnjd Ild kdj, cavajl aj Durnpd nr tmdJdir Dist 5666 nr 26,666 ydirs iln, nbsdrvdh tmd sikd snrt ne snoaic ijh ratuicrucds, djtdrtiajdh tmd sikd bdcades, nr nrlijazdh tmdar eikacy rdcitanjsmaps icnjltmd sikd cajds is knhdrj pdnpcds nj i onkpiribcd cdvdc ne donjnkao hdvdcnpkdjt.(Omachd 91?57 84).

_nccis‑ Busmkdj, Ds`akns nr Irujti kalmt mivd i sakacir tnnc tdomjncnly ijhsubsastdjod donjnky is prdmastnrao pdnpcd mih, tmas hah jnt akpcy tmit tmdar snijh sparatuic caed mih bddj irrdstdh. md Irujti, enr dxikpcd, usdh njcy vdry sak-pcd utdjsacs but mih aj tmd onursd ne takd hdvdcnpdh dxtrdkdcy onkpcdx kirraiijh `ajsmap rucds. mdrd wis jn oiusic caj` bdtwddj i snoadty‑s tdomjncnly ijh atsratuics, bdcades, ijh ajstatutanjs. ” md issukptanj tmit ijy sivild trabd tn-hiy asprakatavd aj tmd sdjsd tmit ats oucturd eiatmeuccy rdecdots tmit ne kuom knrd ijokdj as lrituatnus‑, Omachd npajdh (85). Dtmjnlripmao ijicnly onuch njcy bd usdh”is i kdrd lcnss nr onkkdjtiry nj iotuiccy nbsdrvdh ijoadjt nbgdots,‑ but ijytmajlknrd wis ”accdlatakitd‑ (85-<). Omachd rdpditdh tmdsd ahdis aj mas jdxt wahrdih bnn`,\mit Mippdjdh aj Mastnry(9182) wmdrd md siah tmit dtmjnlripmaoijicnlads onuch jnt ”hasocnsd watm soadjtaeao prdoasanj‑ tmd onjtdjt ne rdcalanucades ijh snoaic struoturds ne Vicidncatmao snoadtads sajod ”tmit as uj`jnwibcd‑Md rdkiajdh hddpcy sodptaoic ibnut ijy sdranus onjtrabutanj ernk dtmjnlripmy( ralldr 91=67 <4, 11).

Lrimikd Ocir`, tmd sdonjh `dy ealurd aj tmd rasd ne eujotanjicast iromidnc-nly, dquiccy hdict watm tmd prnbcdk. Aj Iromidncnly ijh _noadty(91?1), prnbibcytmd earst bnn` euccy hdvntdh tn iromidncnlaoic tmdnry ijh kdtmnhncnly, md wbio` tn tmd wnr` ne Jacssnj, Cubbno` ijh Vatt-Ravdrs but wis eir cdss djtmusaistaoibnut at tmij Oriwenrh. ” md dvncutanjasts kihd i lrivd drrnr aj trditajl mukijprdmastnry nj tmd sikd cdvdc is tmd prdmastnry ne ijakic spdoads‑0 onkpiritavd jnlripmy smnuch jnt bd ca`djdh tn onkpiritavd ijitnky bdoiusd ”knhdrj sivildsmivd i mastnry prdoasdcy is cnjl is tmit ne tmd knst oavacazdh pdnpcds‑ (91?17

mas iwirdjdss ne tmd cnjl mastnrads ajhavahuic oucturds mih lnjd tmrnulm wis vocnsd tn Omachd‑s irlukdjt nj tmd Irujti. Aj Ocir`‑s vadw, knhdrj pdnpcds onuchnjcy bd usdh ”watm dxtrdkd oiutanj ijh watmaj wdcc-hdeajdh cakats, sajod njdntmdrwasd aj hijldr ne issukajl wmit njd as ietdr icc tryajl tn hasonvdr‑ (9<2),tmus ciyajl bird tmd oarouciraty wmaom mih bddj akpdrodptabcd (nr it cdist, micdss) tn Uaotnraij dvncutanjasts. Dtmjnlripmy onuch jnt lavd strialmt ijswdrs tntmd prdmastnraij‑s qudstanjs, but sulldstdh pciusabcd mypntmdsds ijh ictdrjitavwiys ne dxpciajajl pittdrjs. At, tnn, wis usdeuc aj akilajajl tmd stilds ne snoan-

oucturic dvncutanj7



966

Ae wd oij jn cnjldr enccnw tmd Uaotnraij dtmjncnlasts aj tmd stilds tmdy hdhuodh ernk onkpiritavd dtmjnlripmy, it cdist wd kiy ilrdd tmit aj ittdkptajl tn rd-onjstruot tmnsd ne prdmastnrao takds ernk tmd onjtdkpnriry dvahdjod prnvahdh byiromidncnly wd smnuch hn sn watm tmd ajsalmts tn bd liajdh ernk i stuhy ne cavajl

pdnpcds it i brnihcy ijicnlnus stild ne hdvdcnpkdjt. (Ocir` 91?17 9<?)

mdsd ajsalmts hah jnt sn kuom onkd ernk hdsoraptavd dtmjnlripmy, wmaom wisnjcy usdeuc enr sulldstajl ictdrjitavd mypntmdsds, but ernk snoaic ijtmrnpncnly æci Rihocaeed Brnwj ijh Kicajnws`a, wmaom ”hdknjstritds mnw snoadtads eujotanjijh prnvahds Ptmd prdmastnraij[ watm i tmdnrdtaoic knhdc nj wmaom tn bisd masrdonjstruotanjs‑ (9<8). Eujotanjicast snoaic ijtmrnpncnly mdch i mncastao vadw nesnoadty wmaom wis prnkasajl tn tmd prdmastnraij bdoiusd ”by vadwajl tmd iromidn-cnlaoic kitdraic ijh rdcitdh dvahdjods is triods ne snoadtads tmit njod eujotanjdhis djtatads md kiy mnpd tn ujhdrstijh at knrd euccy‑ (9<8). md wmncd onuch bd

`jnwj ernk ats pirts, dvdj ae tmdsd wdrd gust kitdraic.md orditavd ajtdrwir wnr` ne Omachd ijh Ocir` tradh tn brdi` iwiy ernk tmdstdracd oucturd-mastnraoic ipprniom ne @nssajji ijh ntmdrs. Dxtdrjic kalritanj ijhhaeeusanj wdrd jnt ibncasmdh (oe. Omachd 91?4), but tmd ajtdrjic wnr`ajls ne prd-mastnrao snoadty rdodavdh knrd ittdjtanj tmij bdenrd. Bntm somncirs strdssdh tmdjddh enr ujhdrstijhajl i snoadty‑s donjnkao onjhatanj (Omachd wnuch dvdjtuiccyipprniom at ernk Kirxast tmdnry, Ocir` stuo` tn eujotanjicast ijtmrnpncnly)0 bntmlrijtdh i rdstraotdh rncd tn dtmjnlripmao ijicnly but `dpt tmd jajdtddjtm-odjturyonkpiritavd kdtmnh it irk‑s cdjltm. I sakacir hassitaseiotanj watm oucturd-mastnra-oic iromidncnly wis vnaodh by I.K. icclrdj (91?<), i Eajjasm somncir wmn eujo-

tanjdh snkdwmit is i brahld bdtwddj _nvadt ijh Durnpdij iromidncnlasts. Iliajsttmd@uctur`rdas -tmdnry, md siah tmit ”tmd donjnkao systdk is i wmncd wis ne knrdsaljaeaoijod tmij jitanjicaty‑0 md, tmdrdenrd, wdconkdh tmd Russaijs‑ ajtdrdst enrdonjnky but sdvdrdcy orataoazdh tmdar Kirxast hnlkitask (wmaom kihd mak pdrsn-ji jnj lriti aj _ticajast Russai, but cnvdh by ajhavahuics ca`d Ocir`). Dtmjnlripmymdcpdh mak tn hdbuj` tmd bisao tdjdts ne oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnly7 knhdrjtrabds aj Jnrtmwdst _abdrai, enr dxikpcd, smnwdh tmit ”kitdraic oucturd netdj oij-jnt bd dquitdh watm i –pdnpcd‛ ‑ (91?<7 945). _nkdtakds, pdnpcd ne njd ijh tmdsikd oucturd usdh vdry haeedrdjt kitdraic rdpdrtnards, wmdrdis nj ntmdr nooisanjsi pirtaoucir kitdraic oucturd kalmt ornssout dtmjao havasanjs.

Ijlcn-_ixnj oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnly tmnulmt at onuch hn iwiy watmdtmjnlripmy, but dtmjnlripmy smnwdh tmd eujhikdjtic kasonjodptanj ne tmd ouc-turd-mastnraoic pirihalk. _uom cdssnj wis icsn onjocuhdh aj ij irtaocd by Hnjich

mnksnj nj Iustricaij ibnralajic oikps. _ncaoatdh, djonurildh ijh ipprdoaitdhby Lrimikd Ocir`, at wis pubcasmdh aj tmdVrnoddhajls ne tmd Vrdmastnrao _noadtyaj 91?1. mnksnj ujhdrtnn` wmit oij bd oiccdh tmd earst dtmjniromidncnlaoiceadch stuhy dvdr7 by ijicysajl tmd kitdraic rdkiajs ne ibnralajic satds ietdr tmdymih bddj ibijhnjdh, md hah dtmjnlripmao eadchwnr` watm ij iromidncnlaoic quds-tanj aj kajh. mit qudstanj onjodrjdh tmd akpiot ne sdisnjicaty nj tmd kitdraicoucturd ne mujtdr-litmdrdrs. _ajod sdisnjic omijlds strnjlcy ieedotdh ennh suppcy,ijh is i onjsdqudjod subsastdjod iotavaty, nooupitanj typd ijh tnnc tdomjncnly,



969

ij ajjnodjt iromidncnlast sddajl tmd viradtads aj kitdraic oucturd ”wnuch bd cdh tonjocuhd tmit tmdy wdrd haeedrdjt lrnups‑ ( mnksnj 91?17 261). Kitdraic oucturd ijh dtmjao oucturd hah jnt nvdrcip aj i njd-tn-njd wiy, mnksnj sulldstdh.

mnulm mas hdtiacdh stuhy onjtrists watm tmd tmdnrdtaoic dxpnsatanjs ne Om

ijh Ocir`, mas irtaocd dpatnkazds tmd hasoussanjs ne tmd 91?6s7 tmd orataqud noucturd-mastnraoic issukptanj wmaom ajtdrprdtdh iromidncnlaoic oucturds aj dttdrks, tmd lrnwajl ajtdrdst enr doncnlaoic ijh donjnkao eiotnrs (sdisnjicaty ijhsubsastdjod), ijh tmd oarouksorabdh eujotanj lrijtdh tn dtmjnlripmy. Njod tmdsodjd wmaom tnch prdmastnraijs wmit tmd pist mih bddj, tmd dtmjnlripmao eadcjnw bdonkd tmd pciod tn tdcc wmit tmd pist hahjnt cnn` ca`d. Dtmjnlripmy mdcpdhtn orataoazd, tn sulldst ictdrjitavds, tn lavd odrtiaj ocuds, but at hah jnt prdsdjt irdihy-kihd paoturd ne tmd pist.

Kirxask ijh enc`cnrd \macd tmd 91?6s mih bddj i pdranh ne ajtdccdotuic edrkdjtitanj, tmd 9146s watjdssdh i lrnwajl sdjsd ne erustritanj iknjl iromidncnlasts. md ajtdrwir ikba-tanjs ne lnajl bdynjh tmd kdrd typncnlaoic ocissaeaoitanj ne irtaeiots wdrd stardlucircy vnaodh, but at bdoikd cdss ocdir mnw tmas kalmt bd rdicazdh. Hud thristaoiccy smi`dj onkpnsatanj ne tmd ioihdkao hdknlripmy, aj iromidncnly, isaj prakitncnly, tmd wir hah jnt gust akpnsd ij ajtdrruptanj ne eavd ydirs but ne itcdist eaetddj ydirs. Aj nrhdr tn ujhdrstijh tmd pnstwir onjtdxt, cdt us earst rdturj tntmd twn iutmnrs wmn mih bddj rdspnjsabcd enr tmd kdtmnhncnlaoic ijh tmdnrdtaupmdivic ne tmd 91?6s.

Ietdr tmd _donjh \nrch \ir, Omachd hdedjhdh mas Kirxast pnsatanj kuomknrd dxpcaoatcy ijh dcibnritdcy tmij md mih hnjd bdenrd (KoJiarj 91=67 968-??0ralldr 91=67 9240 Lrddj 91=97 18-964). Md lrdw ajordisajlcy ajtdrdstdh aj tmd

assuds ne snoaic dvncutanj, donjnkao mastnry ijh tdomjncnlaoic prnlrdss ijh wrnibnut tmdsd aj bnn`s ca`dVrnlrdss ijh Iromidncnly ernk 9184,Mastnry ernk 918<,ijh _noaic Dvncutanj ernk 9149, watmnut, mnwdvdr, djtardcy hdjnujoajl tmd hae-eusanjast stijods ernk mas dircadr wnr`. Omachd‑s tmnulmt, tmdrdenrd, wis ij nralajtdrprdtitanj ne Kirxask watmnut tmd tmdnrdtaoic hnlkitask sn prdvicdjt aj tmd_nvadt Tjanj it tmd takd. Mas ajtdrdst enr tmd wratajls ne Kirx ijh Djldcs ajdva-tibcy brnulmt mak ajtn onjtiot watm jajdtddjtm-odjtury snoaic dvncutanjask, tmd

vdry somnnc oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnly mih sdt atsdce up iliajst. Aj pirtaotmd wnr` ne Cdwas Mdjry Knrlij, wmn mih ajspardh Djldcs‑ wratajls nj tmd eik-acy, tmd stitd ijh prnpdrty, dxdrtdh ij ajordisajlcy akpnrtijt ajecudjod nj Omachd,tmnulm md enujh at vdry nch-eismanjdh it earst ( ralldr 91=67 14). Md dvdjtuicoikd tn ipprdoaitd at bdttdr7 ” md sdvdjench havasanj ihukbritdh by Cdwas MKnrlij ijh rdeajdh by Eradhraom Djldcs, watm mas knrd onkprdmdjsavd `jnwcdhldne Durnpdij iromidncnly, as stacc ujsurpissdh‑ (Omachd 91857 249). Omachd rnwdh Knrlij‑s jntanjs ne sivildjdss, birbirask ijh oavacazitanj ijh ajtdrprdtdhtmdsd aj donjnkao tdrks7 sivildjdss wis rdcitdh tn i enrilajl subsastdjod, birbi-rask akpcadh ij ilraoucturic donjnky, ijh oavacazitanj dkdrldh watm urbijazi-

tanj. md Jdncatmao ijh urbij rdvncutanj kir`dh tmd trijsatanj ernk njd stildtn ijntmdr. \mit Omachd‑s rdvncutanjiry vadw ne prdmastnry oikd hnwj tn wis aj



962

eiot ij ajtdlritanj ne mnksdj‑s tmrdd-ild systdk (is at wis rdeajdh by Cubbno`),Knrlij‑s dvncutanjast somdkd ijh Djldcs‑ kitdraicast rdihajl ne at, icc tmas bcdjh-dh watm i mnjdst ipprdoaitanj ne tmd haeeusanjast dxpcijitanj. mrnulm Omachd‑ssyjtmdsas, tmd Uaotnraij somdkd sivildry-birbirask-oavacazitanj onjtajudh tn bd

malmcy ajecudjtaic aj twdjtadtm odjtury iromidncnly.Mnwdvdr, hdspatd tmd dvncutanjast cdlioy, Omachd rdkiajdh hddpcy suspaoanusne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly wmaom mih njod enrkdh tmd onrjdrstnjd ne Knrlij‑ssomdkd. Md orataoazdh ”tmd smrdhs ijh pitomds‑ ipprniom wmaom ajtdrprdtdh tmdsnoaic struoturds ne tmd Jdncatmao _wass ci`d sdttcdkdjts aj tdrks ne Kdcijdsaijijicnluds sakpcy bdoiusd bntm ”cavdh aj pacd-hwdccajl, dpt pals, mietdh stnjd odctsby kdijs ne scddvds, ijh usd tmd bnw‑ (Omachd 91857 246). _uom supdreaoaic ijhasncitdh sakaciratads mih jn rdcdvijod wmitsndvdr. Oucturds onuch njcy bd onk-pirdh ”is nrlijao wmncds‑, njcy ae tmdy nooupadh ”tmd sikd rdcitavd pnsatanj‑ aj tmddvncutanjast sdqudjod (246). AjVadoajl tnldtmdr tmd Vist (9145), Omachd‑s dxpnsá nj

iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj, md irludh tmit suom onkpirasnjs onuch njcy smdhcalmt nj tmd knrd kitdraic sahds ne mukij snoadtads, a.d. tdomjncnly ijh donjnky. Gust is aj 91?5, md bdcadvdh tmit sakaciraty aj tmdsd bisao rdicks hah jnt iccnw tnprdhaot sakaciraty aj ratuic, ahdncnlaoic ijh pncataoic tdrks. mas nch ahdi wis jnwrdpmrisdh watm dxpcaoat rdedrdjod tn Kirx. \mdrdis aj lnnh nch Kirxast triha-tanj tmd snoandonjnkao ijh tdomjncnlaoic ajeristruoturd wis siah tn hdtdrkajdtmd sparatuic supdrstruoturd, Omachd rdlrdttdh tmit kijy somncirs ”onjeusdh –hd-tdrkajds‛ watm –oiusds‛ ‑ (91457 4?). Nj tmd onjtriry, md siah, Kirx‑s pnstucitdne hdtdrkajitanj akpcadh ”ijytmajl but kdomijaoic oiusitanj‑ sn tmit i snoadty‑ssparatuic oucturd onuch jnt ”bd ajedrrdh watm ijy onjeahdjod ernk tmd tdomjncnly‑(4?). \mdrdis Omachd ioodptdh tmd tdomjncnlaoic sakaciraty bdtwddj snurod ijhtirldt ijicnluds, md hdjadh tmit tmdrd wis ij ujikbalunus oiusic rdcitanj caj`ajltdomjncnly tn ntmdr pirts ne snoadty. Onjsdqudjtcy, ”jn dxastajl snoadty tnhiy assn dxiotcy rdprdsdjtitavd ne ijy pist snoadty P...[ tmit ats ratuics nr snoaic ajstatu-tanjs oij prnvahd prdoasd ijh rdcaibcd dxpcijitanjs ne tmd knrd puzzcajl rdcaos ijhknjukdjts rdonvdrdh ernk tmd pist‑ (44).

md usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly wis tmus rdcdlitdh tn tmd knrd kujhijdispdots ne iromidncnlaoic rdonjstruotanj, but dvdj tmdj Omachd bdcadvdh tmdsd ie-enrhdh ”njcy ocuds aj wmit hardotanj tn cnn`‑, jntmajl aj tmd sdjsd ne dxpcijitanj(81). Omachd eurtmdr kiajtiajdh tmit tmd knst prnkasajl rdsucts onuch bd bnn`dhae tmd knhdrj snoadty cavdh aj i onkpiribcd djvarnjkdjtic onjtdxt nr, bdttdr stacc,ae tmdrd wis mastnraoic onjtajuaty bdtwddj tmd ijicnluds. Mastnraoic onjtajuatyajordisdh tmd rdcdvijod ne tmd nbsdrvdh sakaciraty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt iji-cnluds is at pnajtdh tn i smirdh oucturic trihatanj. mas wis dvdj pnssabcd aj ijDurnpdij onjtdxt7 ”Enr ajtdrprdtajl iromåncnlaoic rdcaos ernk jnrtmdrj Durnpdijicnlads aj onjtdkpnriry enc`-oucturd ne tmit irdi ird knrd usdeuc ijh knrd rdca-ibcd tmij ijy piriccdcs, dvdj tmnulm tmdy sddk knrd dxiot, ernk adrri hdc Eudlnnr Bratasm Oncukbai‑ (8=). Aj tmd ibsdjod ne ocdir mastnraoic onjtajuaty, ijicn-lads wdrd ”icwiys snkdwmit suspdot‑ (8=). Omachd usdh suom mastnraoic piriccdcswatm ruric caed aj _ontcijh ijh tmd Mdbrahds aj mas ajtdrprdtitanj ne tmd Jdncatmao



96?

sdttcdkdjt ne _ìri Brid aj tmd Nr`jdys wmaom md mih dxoivitdh hurajl tmdAjtdrbdccuk ( ralldr 91=17 25?).

mas djtmusaisk enr enc`cnrd stuhads is i kdijs ne dcuoahitajl citdr Durnpdijprdmastnry wis ij ahdi edrvdjtcy hdedjhdh by Lrimikd Ocir`. Aj icabdr ikaon-

ruk prdsdjtdh tn N.L._. Oriwenrh‘tmd kij wmn mih watmmdch i Uaotnraij-ca`ddjtmusaisk enr dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs‘Ocir` stacc oiutanjdh iliajst tnn swddp-ajl onkpirasnjs ijh wirjdh enr oaroucir rdisnjajl. Md enujh tmit ociaks, ca`dtmd njds kihd by _nccis‑, wmaom wdjt ”sn eir bdynjh tmd iviacibcd dvahdjod nehiujt ritmdr tmij stakucitd‑ (91497 44). Nj tmd ntmdr mijh, tmd cittdr‑s wnr` mihicsn i lrdit ihvijtild nvdr tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury dvncutanjasts7 ”_nccis wis surdcyralmt tn akpcy tmit rdkiajs ne dxtajot oucturds oij njcy bd ajtdrprdtdh watm ijyodrtiajty tmrnulm knhdrj ijicnluds, ae i onjtajunus mastnraoic sdqudjod oij bdhdknjstritdh bdtwddj tmdk‑ (44). Ocir` bdcadvdh tmit tmd onjtdkpnriry enc`-oucturd ne tmd knst ruric pirts ne Durnpd suom is ”tmd Odctao erajld ne Brati

tmd _oijhajivaij onujtrads, tmd Icps, tmd Bicìjs ijh tmd Kdhatdrrijdij bisaj‑netdj smnwdh onjtajuaty ne sdttcdkdjt ”sajod jdncatmao ijh tn snkd dxtdjt sajodkdsncatmao takds P...[ hnwj tn nur nwj hiy‑ (4<, 44). md bisao prdkasd wis sak-pcy ycnraij7 ”\mdrdvdr oavacazitanj mis hdvdcnpdh, tmdrd ird caibcd tn bd surernk dircadr takds aj tmd oucturd ne tmd onujtrysahd, ernk wmaom tmd prdmastoij prneat‑ (4<). md stuhy ne enc` oucturd onuch jnt njcy mdcp by ajtdrprdtajl nb gdots ijh dxoivitdh editurds ntmdrwasd djalkitao, at onuch icsn ociraey tmd subsdjod donjnky ne prdmastnrao onkkujatads.

Ajtdrprdtajl tmd nrlijao rdkiajs ne tmd raom witdrcnlldh Kdsncatmao satd it _tiOirr, Ocir` tmus hrdw aj dvahdjod ernk tmd cdist ajhustraicazdh pirts ne Durnptn djmijod mas rdonjstruotanj ne prdmastnrao iotavatads (Ocir` 9148). Ictmnulmdquiccy cnn`dh it tmd kitdraic oucturd ne tmd knrd rdkntd onjtdkpnriry Dsàkns, gust ca`d Omachd, md `dpt ij nutspn`dj prdedrdjod enr ijicnlads wmdrd tmdrd wihdknjstribcd mastnraoic onjtajuaty. _uom onjtajuaty wis knrd wdalmty tmij djva-rnjkdjtic piriccdcs bdoiusd dvdj ae doncnlaoic surrnujhajls wdrd sakacir, ”lrdit havdrsaty ne oucturic dxprdssanj kiy bd enujh‑ (914?7 ?44). Aj mas ocissaoVrdmastnraoDurnpd (9142) md rdpditdh tmit njd mih tn ivnah ”tmd ajhasorakajitd sddàjl nepiriccdcs iknjl oucturds eir rdknvdh aj takd ijh spiod ijh watm wmaom jn onjta-juaty ne trihatanj oij bd triodh‑ (91427 ?). Onjsdqudjtcy, wmdj njd wis stuhyajltmd nchdr pmisds ne tmd Durnpdij _tnjd Ild, jn mastnraoic piriccdcs wdrd iviacibsn tmit ”njd as enrodh tn ln nutsahd‑ (Ocir` aj ix dt ic. 914?7 2?2). Enr Ocir` tmakdijt nutsahd Durnpd0 enr tmd Ikdraoij somncir _cntàj tmas kdijt tmit wmdjajvdstalitajl prd-sipadjs pnpucitanjs tmd stuhy ne jnjmukij prakitds kalmt bdknrd prneatibcd tmij tmd vilud ldjdricazitanjs ibnut onjtdkpnriry mukij enril-drs (9142). \macd dtmjnlripmao ijicnly mih njod bddj oruoaic enr ujhdrstijhajltmd nchdst _tnjd Ild, at wis jnw rdstraotdh tn tmd knrd rdodjt pmisds ne prdmastntmrnulm tmd usd ne enc` stuhads. md rdcaijod nj Durnpdij enc`cnrd wis icrdiajtakitdh by ajhavahuics ca`d Jacssnj ijh KoCdjjij, but Ocir` (91490 oe. 91<8)rdvavdh at aj tmd onjtdxt ne tmd kah-twdjtadtm-odjtury ajtdrdst enr doncnly7 onpirasnjs wdrd tn bd kihd watmaj tmd sikd djvarnjkdjt ijh wmdj tmdrd wis mas-tnraoic onjtajuaty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt ijicnlud. _akaciraty stacc hdtdrkajdh



968

Ealurd =. Ocir` onkpirdh sicknj trips ourrdjtcy usdh aj _wdhdj watm nsadr trips ernk tmdHijasm _tnjd ild. Ijicnly onuch njcy bd ippcadh nj i tdomjncnlaoic cdvdc wmdj doncnly ijhdonjnky wdrd sakacir. Xmas wis tmd dxiot nppnsatd ne Xycnr ( lurd <) enr wmnk sakacir tdom-jncnly wis djnulm tn ajedr i sakacir cdvdc ne prnlrdss. Ijicnly aj tmd rst mice ne tmd twdjta-dtm odjtury wis knrd oirdeuc tn bicijod tmd wdalmt bdtwddj prdkasds ijh onjocusanj (Ocir`91427 pcitd AA)



964

tmd suoodss ne ij ijicnly, but ajstdih ne straot enrkic rdsdkbcijod bdtwddj kitd-raic oucturd atdks (is aj tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury), doncnlaoic piriccdcask ijh mastnroic onjtajuaty wdrd jnw rdlirhdh is tmd knst rdcdvijt oratdranjs. Is watm OmachdOcir`‑s ijicnlads wdrd onjeajdh tn tmd knrd kitdraic sahds ne iromidncnlaoic rd

onjstruotanj7 enr ajstijod, Hijasm prdmastnrao nbgdots ca`d i Kdsncatmao easmi Jdncatmao oijnd, ijh onjtiajdrs aj barom wnnh wdrd guxtipnsdh tn rdodjt dxik-pcds ernk Eajcijh aj nrhdr tn accustritd tmdar eujotanj ijh prnhuotanj (ealurd =).Ocir` strdssdh, mnwdvdr, tmit wmdrd ”onkpiritavd dtmjnlripmy oij prnkpt tmdralmt qudstanjs0 njcy iromidncnly P...[ oij lavd tmd ralmt ijswdrs‑ (914?7 ?4<).

Ocir`‑s ajtdrdst enr enc`cnrd ijicnlads enrkdh pirt ne mas knrd ldjdric hdsard”tn brdi` iwiy ernk tmd nbgdot-edtasmask‑ wmaom stacc pciludh knst ne tmd oucmastnraoic iromidncnly ne mas takd (Ocir` 91<87 86). Ajhddh, tmd npdjajl sdjtdjoneVrdmastnrao Durnpd (9142) wdrd vdry ocdir ibnut tmas7 ”Iromidncnly as netdj hd-eajdh is tmd stuhy ne ijtaquatads. I bdttdr hdeajatanj wnuch bd tmit at as tmd stu

ne mnw kdj cavdh aj tmd pist.‑ Ocir`‑s ikbatanj wis earst ijh enrdknst tn eajh nutmnw prdmastnrao oucturds ihiptdh tmdksdcvds tn tmdar surrnujhajl djvarnjkdjtby kdijs ne donjnkao nrlijazitanj. Uadwajl diom oucturd is ”tmd prnhuot ne ijdquitanj bdtwddj snoaic ajmdratijod ijh tmd viranus dcdkdjts aj tmd bankd‑ (914?7?49), md ciah nut tmd enujhitanjs ne tmd doncnlaoic ipprniom wmaom wis tn bdosn prnspdrnus aj iromidncnly. Is md onjsahdrdh Kirxast tmdnry ”dquiccy nut ne hitis tmd spdoucitanjs ne tmd Uaotnraij snoanoucturic dvncutanjasts, ittdjtanj enr snoassuds wis ritmdr kajakic (914?7 ?85). Jnt surprasajlcy, Lnrhnj Omachd‑s rdio-tanj ietdr rdihajlVrdmastnrao Durnpdwis7 ”Qds, Lrimikd, but wmit mivd ynu hnjdibnut _noadty>‑ (Ocir` 91<87 8=). Aj tmd ibsdjod ne ij ilrddh upnj snoaic tmdnryajtdrprdtitanj bdynjh tmd tdomjncnlaoic ijh donjnkao cdvdc bdoikd prnbcdkitao,dspdoaiccy is dtmjnlripmao nr enc`cnrd ijicnly wis jnt bdcadvdh tn bd ne ijy mdmdrd.

Vnstwir pdssakask aj Bratiaj

Ocir`‑s pnsatanj dxdkpcaeads tmd sticdkitd wmaom omiriotdrazdh sn kuom ne Briromidncnly aj tmd 9146s7 tmd ikbatanj tn hn knrd tmij oucturd-mastnry iromidnnly, ijh tmd sakuctijdnus erustritanj ibnut tmd akpnssabacaty ne rdiomajl i ldju-ajd ujhdrstijhajl ne prdmastnry aj snoaic tdrks. mas as jnt tn siy at wis i ak-

pnvdrasmdh hdoihd ne iromidncnlaoic rdsdirom. Nj tmd onjtriry, watm ajhavahca`d N.L._. Oriwenrh, Omrastnpmdr Miw`ds, Knrtakdr \mddcdr, Oyrac Enx, jdxttn Lrimikd Ocir` ijh Lnrhnj Omachd, ijh, aj i citdr pmisd, _tuirt Vallntt ijhLcyj Hijadc nj tmd sodjd, Bratasm iromidncnly wdjt tmrnulm njd ne ats knst oncnureuc ijh iotavd dpasnhds. At wis i pdranh ne jukdrnus ijh spdotioucir dxoivi-tanjs dxdoutdh ioonrhajl tn tmd bdst stijhirhs sajod Vatt Ravdrs0 soadjtaeao kdtmnca`d pnccdj ijicysas, rihankdtrao hitajl, ijh omdkaoic hdtdrkajitanjs ne tmd nra-laj ne riw kitdraics wdrd ajordisajlcy hriwj upnj0 ijh pmntnlripmy, dspdoaiccyidraic pmntnlripmy, kihd ats djtrijod is ij akpnrtijt tnnc enr survdyajl. Qdt icctmdsd wdrd kdtmnhncnlaoic akprnvdkdjts, jnt tmdnrdtaoic njds. mdy hdict wat

tmd rdonjjiassijod, tmd rdonvdry ijh tmd ijicysas ne iromidncnlaoic rdkiajs, jntwatm tmd prnbcdk ne mnw tn ajtdrprdt tmdk. Hdspatd tmd hasdjomijtkdjt wat



965

tmd oucturd-mastnraoic pirihalk, jn onjvajoajl ictdrjitavd wiys ne rdonjstruotajlpist snoadtads wdrd prnpnsdh (ipirt ernk Omachd‑s, but wmdrdis mas dircadr, oucturd-mastnraoic wnr` mih bddj lrditcy ajecudjtaic, edw Bratasm somncirs wdrd it tmd nutsdtne tmd Onch \ir waccajl tn ioodpt tmd Kirxast akpcaoitanjs ne mas citdr wnr`).

\macd dstibcasmajl tmd oucturd-mastnraoic erikdwnr` wis ij dssdjtaic tis` netmd iromidncnlast, icc somncirs ioodptdh at onuch jnt bd tmd njcy njd. OmrastnpmdrMiw`ds, enr ajstijod, enujh tmit ” –wmdj ijh wmdrd‛ iromidncnly smnuch bd ikdijs tn i eurtmdr djh‑ (91487 945). Lrimikd Ocir` wis onjodrjdh watm ”rd-onjstruotajl ritmdr tmij kdrdcy ocissaeyajl tmd kitdraic triods ne tmd pist‑ (91427?). Knrtakdr \mddcdr jntaodh tmit enr i cnjl takd ”wd mivd P...[ bddj prdpirajltakd-tibcds0 cdt us jnw mivd snkd triajs‑ (91487 294). Ijh md ihhdh mas eiknushaotuk tmit ”tmd iromidncnlasts as hallajl up, jnttmajls , but pdnpcd ‑ (91487 v).

mas wis icc wdcc ijh lnnh tn siy, tmd qudstanj rdkiajdh mnw suom nbgdotavd onuchbd rdiomdh.

At wis eurtmdr onkpcaoitdh by tmd ldjdric ijh wahdsprdih bdcade tmit mukijbdajls wdrd mastnraoiccy ujaqud djtatads wmaom onuch jnt bd trditdh aj tmd sikdtdrks is tmd rdst ne jiturd. mas wis i pnajt strdssdh by jdircy icc iromidncn-lasts ernk tmd pnstwir hdoihd. Omachd kdjtanjdh ”tmd hastajotavdcy mukij jddhs‑(91457 81) wmaom sdtMnkn sipadjsipirt ernk tmd ntmdr ijakics. Ocir` jntdh tmitknhdrj iromidncnlasts stuhadh ”tmd kuctatuhd ne ujaqud dvdjts onjhatanjdh byoucturic ijh dvdj pdrsnjic eiotnrs‑ (914?7 ?48), aj onjtrist tn tmd Uaotnraij dvn-cutanjasts wmn mih prdoasdcy eiacdh ”tn ipprdoaitd tmd ujaqud mastnraoic omiriotdrne oucturds‑. Onjsdqudjtcy, tmd ujaenrkatiraij issukptanj it sti`d aj onkpiritavdijitnky ijh ldncnly onuch jnt bd ippcadh tn onkpiritavd dtmjnlripmy7 ” md tis`ne rdonjstruotajl tmd caed ne prdmastnrao onkkujatads as ajmdrdjtcy knrd haeeaouctijh mizirhnus tmij hdhuoajl tmd bdmivanr ne Vcdastnodjd lcioadrs ernk nbsdrvi-tanjs ne dxastajl lcioadrs nbdhadjt tn akkutibcd ciws‑ (?48). _akacircy, \mddcdrwis ”jnt nvdr-rdihacy tdkptdh tn dquitd hdvdcnpkdjt ne mukij ajstatutanjs watmtmd jnrkic prnodssds ne nrlijao dvncutanj, tn Hirwajazd mukij –prnlrdss‛ ‑(91487 26<). Aj mas ujpiriccdcdh stycd, md wrntd7 ”\d jddh jnt ocnsd nur dyds tnKij-tmd-Gdccy-Easm nr Kij-tmd-\mncd-takd-Ennh-litmdrdr aj nrhdr tn bdcadvd ajKij-watm- akd-tn-tmaj`-bdtwddj-Kdics, aj Oavacazdh Kij, but tmd cist as surdcy,ne nvdrrahajl akpnrtijod‑ (26=). Kij wis ujaqud‘dvdj tn tmd pnajt ne bdajl”jnbcd‑ (\mddcdr 91487 261)‘, oucturds wdrd havdrsd, ijh mastnry wis onkpcdx,tmdsd wdrd ixanks ne pnstwir iromidncnly. Kijy wnuch mivd ilrddh watm Ocir` ajmas rdecdotanj nj tmd 9146s7 ”Vdnpcd ird knrd onkpcdx bdajls tmij enssac kikkicsijh iromidncnly as tmit kuom knrd haeeaouct‑ (91<87 48).

Kuom knrd haeeaouct. Ajhddh, strdssajl mukij ujaqudjdss mih tmd onjsd-qudjod tmit ldjdricazajl stitdkdjts onuch njcy bd kihd nj tmd knst kujhijdcdvdcs. _ajod dvdry oucturd wis i ujaqud mastnraoic djtaty, sajod mukijs hah jntnbdy tn ciws, sajod donjnky hah jnt haotitd tmd rdst ne snoadty, cattcd onuch bd siahtmit wis ornss-oucturiccy ippcaoibcd. \d mivd icrdihy sddj mnw Omachd ijh Ocir`bdcadvdh tmit dtmjnlripmao ijicnly onuch njcy bd dkpcnydh nj tmd tdomjncnla-oic ijh donjnkao cdvdc. Aj i knrd ldjdric sdjsd at wis bdcadvdh tmit tmdsd wdrdtmd rdicks wmaom tmd iromidncnlast onuch rdihacy ioodss0 ijytmajl ibnvd at wis



96=

njcy enujh oucturic viraibacaty. Omachd strdssdh tmit i stuhy ne ”tmd sakpcdr pdnpcdsne tnhiy rdvdics tmd djhcdss havdrsaty ne mukij bdmivanur‑ (91457 44). Ijh _katmwrntd7

At usdh tn bd tmnulmt tmit stuhads ne survavajl prakatavd pdnpcds wnuch prnvahd tmdjdodssiry ijicnlads enr ajtdrprdtajl prdmastnrao snoadtads0 but aj tmd dvdjt tmd dxtdj-sanj ne dtmjncnlaoic stuhads mis njcy sdrvdh tn smnw wmit ij ajordhabcd viradty neonhds ne bdmivanur aj eiot iotuitd mukij onjhuot.(_katm 91447 8-4)

Ijtmrnpncnly, ioonrhajl tn _katm, kihd ajtdrprdtitanj dvdj mirhdr ajstdih nedisadr.

I sdonjh kdijs ne ioodssajl ”mukijs aj tmd pist‑ onjsastdh ne akprnvajl tmddkparaoic ijh kdtmnhncnlaoic onjhatanjs ne tmd iromidncnlaoic rdsdirom. Vut sak-pcy7 njd jddhdh knrd dxoivitanjs ijh bdttdr kdtmnhs. md pnstwir hdoihd wisomiriotdrazdh by ij ajordisajl jukbdr ne dxoivitanjs, prdedribcy it suom raom satdsca`d _tir Oirr (dxoivitdh by Ocir`), tmd _nkdrsdt Cdvdcs (wmdrd Lnhwaj wnr`dh)ijh Kiahdj Oistcd (ujdirtmdh by \mddcdr). \itdrcnlldh satds wmdrd nrlijao tnncs,eiujic ijh ecnric rdkiajs wdrd dxodptanjiccy wdcc prdsdrvdh bdoikd pnpucir. Ocir`,enr dxikpcd, ihkattdh tmit md ujhdrtnn` ”i prncnjldh sdirom‑ aj nrhdr tn eajh iprnkasajl satd ca`d _tir Oirr (91<87 46). _uom prdedrdjods enr raom satds wnuch citdrbd orataoazdh ijh bicijodh by nee-satd stuhads, survdys ijh dxoivitanj ne kajnrsatds. Aj tmd 9146s, mnwdvdr, iromidncnly wis ”prakiracy i eiot-eajhajl hasoapcajd‑(\mddcdr 91487 266)0 lnnh iromidncnly oikd ernk lnnh satds. At sueeaods tn cnn`it tmd tatcds ne snkd bnn`s tn rdicazd tmd odjtricaty ioonrhdh tn dxoivitanj watmajtmd iromidncnlaoic djtdrprasd7Eadch Iromidncnly(It`ajsnj 9185), Iromidncnly ernktmd Dirtm(\mddcdr 9148),_tacc Hallajl(\mddcdr 9144), Iromidncnly aj tmd Eadch (Oriwenrh 9156), ijh sn nj. Ipirt ernk rnkijtaoiccy lcnraeyajl tmd hal, suombnn`s rdvdic tmd dkajdjod ne eadch kdtmnhncnly ijh tdomjaquds. At wis onk-knjcy ioodptdh tmit tmd dxoivitnr ijh tmd iromidncnlast smnuch bd njd ijh tmdsikd pdrsnj (Hd Cidt 914<7 <<0 Vallntt 91417 98)0 aj i vdry catdric sdjsd, hnajliromidncnly oikd hnwj tn ”hallajl up tmd pist‑ (\nnccdy 91?6). Knst tmdnrdtaoicbnn`s wdrd tmdrdenrd aj tmd earst pciod trditads ne eadch kdtmnhncnly. md Ikdraoijsomncir \ictdr \. iycnr (918=7 8?) dvdj onjtdjhdh tmit iromidncnly pdr sd wis”jn knrd tmij i kdtmnh ijh i sdt ne spdoaicazdh tdomjaqudsP...[. md iromdncnlast,

is iromdncnlast, as rdiccy jntmajl but i tdomjaoaij.‑ Vrnbibcy it jn ntmdr takd ajtmd twdjtadtm odjtury wdrd tmd stijhirhs ne iromidncnlaoic dxoivitanj is malm isaj tmd 9186 ijh 46s, ydt it jn ntmdr takd wis tmd rdonjstruotanj ne pist snoadtadsedct tn bd sn prnbcdkitao. Ocir` rdicazdh, mnwdvdr, tmit tmd wdictm ne dvahdjod wisjnt tmd sncd oratdranj7 ”dvdj ae i onkpcdtd rijld ne kitdraic dquapkdjt ne i prd-mastnrao lrnup onuch bd rdonvdrdh P...[ tmd prnbcdk ne ajtdrprdtajl tmas onrrdotcywnuch stacc rdkiaj knrd onkpcdx tmij as icwiys iccnwdh‑ (91497 58). Ioonrhajltn mak, tmd dkpmisas nj eadch kdtmnhs onuch lavd i eicsd akprdssanj ne ajedrdjtaiconjeahdjod7



961

Xd vdry onjodjtritanj nj tmd kitdraic dvahdjod, wmaom hastajluasmds knhdrjiromidncnly, tmd oirdeuc sorutajy, tmd ioouritd hdsoraptanj ijh accustritanj, tmdoaroukstijtaic kdtmnh ne pubcaoitanj, icc tdjh tn ki`d us eddc tmit tmd onjocusanjsrdiomdh ird knrd rkcy bisdh tmij tmdy netdj oij bd.(91497 5?)

md iromidncnlaoic hitibisd onuch dquiccy bd djmijodh by oiccajl aj viranus snrne spdoaicasks ijh wmit usdh tn bd oiccdh ”soadjtaeao tdomjaquds‑. Lrimikd Ocirpirtaoucir wis i lrdit suppnrtdr ne tmas jdw tdjhdjoy bdoiusd at iccnwdh ”tn dxtriottmd euccdst ajenrkitanj‑ (91427 2). Vdtrncnlaoic hdtdrkajitanjs ne tmd nralaj ne rikitdraic, omdkaoic ijh spdotnlripmao ijicysds ne brnjzd nbgdots, iromidnbntija-oic ijh picyjncnlaoic ajvdstalitanjs, znniromidncnlaoic stuhy ne eiujic rdkiajs,icc tmdsd ipprniomds wdrd wdconkdh is tmdy puccdh iromidncnly iwiy ernk tkdrd oiticnluajl ne tnncs tn i euccdr ujhdrstijhajl ne subsastdjod, hadt, ocakitd,ijh bankd. Mnwdvdr, jnt dvdrybnhy smirdh tmas nptakask0 kijy edct tmit i saj-

lcd-kajhdh hdpdjhdjod nj jituric soadjod kalmt aj tmd cnjl ruj gdnpirhazd mu-kij ujaqudjdss ijh haljaty. \mddcdr wis ”rdlrdttajl tmd prnspdot ne iromidncnlypissajl wmnccy ajtn tmd mijhs ne tmd bancnlast ijh tmd tdomjaoaij‑ (91487 296-_katm wirjdh iliajst ”tmd hijldr tmit iromidncnly kalmt onkd tn bd dquitdhsakpcy watm i onkpdtdjod aj mijhcajl i sdt ne tdomjaquds‑ (91447 ?). md cnjl-dst ijh knst eiknus ittio` iliajst suom soadjtask wis Gioqudtti Miw`ds‑ pipdr” md prnpdr stuhy ne kij`ajh‑ pubcasmdh aj Ijtaquaty it i knkdjt tmit ”nurtdomjncnlaoic Erij`djstdaj‑s knjstdr‑ wis icrdihy nut ne onjtrnc (Miw`ds 915=7252). ”\d kust rdkdkbdr,‑ smd wrntd, ”tmit icc nur ajldjanus hdvaods, icc nur dx-iot kdisurdkdjts ijh stitastaoic ijicysds, ird ne jn vicud aj tmdksdcvds‑ (252).

Ajhddh, mdr djtard pipdr iakdh it ”prdvdjtajl tmd soadjtaeao ijh tdomjncnlaoic sdrijt ernk usurpajl tmd tmrnjd ne mastnry‑ (244). \mdrdis mukij ujaqudjdss mihnjcy gust bddj sivdh nut ne tmd ociws ne i bancnlaoic ipprniom, tmd jdw soadjtaorddh ras`dh tn djtiac i jdw enrk ne ”hdmukijazitanj‑ (256). Bancnlaoic substijodijh sparatuic bdajl, jn njd hdsorabdh tmas ikbalunus ipprniom tn mukijaty bdttdrtmij Knrtakdr \mddcdr (91487 269) wmdj md wrntd7 ”Kij as aj snkd sdjsd tmdois`dt ne i snuc is wdcc is eavd-smaccajls-wnrtm ne omdkaoics.‑

Aj cajd watm tmas ”mukijastao ipprniom tn tmd stuhy ne ijtaquaty‑ (\mddc91487 261) tmdrd wis ij ajsastdjod by snkd somncirs nj tmd knrd jnbcd, tmd knrdoavacazdh knkdjts ne nur pist. \mddcdr urldh Bratasm iromidncnlasts tn onjodjtritupnj ”tmd rapdr iomadvdkdjts ne Kij is snoaic ijakic‑ (91487 292)0 G. Miw`dsrdlrdttdh ”tmd rdcitavd jdlcdot ne tmd malmdr mukij iomadvdkdjts‑ aj rdodjt iomidncnly (915=7 256). md ittdjtanj smnuch bd cdss nj tmd sorips ijh padods mukijaty‑s haskic bdlajjajls, but nj ats knjukdjtic ittiajkdjts it satds ca`dKnmdjgn-Hirn, Jappur ijh _tnjdmdjld. Icc tmas oikd hnwj tn ij ipprdoaitanj nemukijs is ujaqud, sykbncazajl, ijh ibnvd icc mastnraoic bdajls.



996

I tmarh stritdly ihnptdh tn ajordisd nur ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd pist wis, tmdrd-enrd, earkcy rnntdh aj tmd mastnraoic trihatanj. _urdcy, knrd dxoivitanjs, bdttdrdxoivitanjs, jdwdr tdomjaquds, icc tmas mih rdsuctdh aj cirldr iknujts ne vicuibcddvahdjod, ydt mnw tn ajtdrprdt tmas dvahdjod wis ijntmdr qudstanj ictnldtmdr. md

rdcaijod nj jituric soadjod kdtmnhs jntwatmstijhajl, iromidncnlasts ajsastdh tmitwmit tmdy wdrd hnajl wis mastnry.? At as akpnrtijt tn bdir aj kajh tmit somncirsca`d \mddcdr, Omachd ijh Miw`ds hah ajhddh hdsodjh ernk tmd mastnraoic-pmacn-cnlaoic trihatanj. md quicatads jddhdh enr iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj wdrd tmnsdne tmd mastnraij7 \mddcdr jikdh ”onjstruotavd akilajitanj‑ ijh ”ajtuatavd onkprd-mdjsanj‑, tmd iromidncnlast bdajl ”snkdtmajl ne ij irtast‑ (91487 269). Ca`dwasd,Oriwenrh rdcadh nj mas ”orditavd akilajitanj‑, ”akilajitavd tmajàjl‑ ijh i spd-oaic ”ittatuhd ne kajh‑ (91567 228, 2?9). md Ikdraoij iromidncnlast mnkpsnjspn`d ne tmd ”ajhavahuic sdjsatavaty‑, tmd ”ajtdccdotuic ibacaty‑ ijh ”tmd –eddc‛ wmaomij ajvdstalitnr mis enr tmd kitdraic‑ (91457 ?2<, ?2=, ??2). Dvdj ae suom jn-

tanjs kalmt snujh ritmdr vilud, tmdy wdrd aj eiot tmd wirkcy dkbriodh tdjdts nemastnraoic ajtdrprdtitanj aj tmd onjtdkpnriry mdrkdjdutao wnr` ne tmd pmacnsn-pmdr-ijjdx-iromidncnlast R.O. Onccajlwnnh. Aj mas ajecudjtaicmd Ahdi ne Mastnry (91857 2=2) md irludh tmit ”tmd mastnraij kust rd-djiot tmd pist aj mas nwj kajh.‑ Iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj wis jnt i sdt prnodhurd ne kdomijaoic ajedrdjods, atrdquardh odrtiaj sàccs suom is ajtuatanj ijh dkpitmy.

Ijntmdr jdodssiry sàcc wis catdriry laetdhjdss. Ae tmdrd ird jn sdt prnodhurdsenr ajtdrprdtajl iromidncnlaoic kitdraic, akilajitavd wratajl bdonkds tmd cist (ijhnetdj knst dcdlijt) rdsnrt. At as jn onajoahdjod tmit snkd ne tmd eajdst wratdrsaj iromidncnly ne tmd twdjtadtm odjtury (ca`d Lcyj Hijadc, _tuirt Vallntt ijhdspdoaiccy Knrtakdr \mddcdr) wnr`dh watmaj tmas mukijastao erikdwnr`. Enr \mddcdr, wmnsd dcnqudjt prnsd mis bddj rdpditdhcy quntdh mdrd, tmd spihd wisjdvdr ”kalmtadr tmij tmd pdj0 tmdy ird twaj ajstrukdjts‑ (91487 v). Md wis vdrykuom onjodrjdh watm mnw wnrhs onuch vavaey tmd pist0 tmas aj eiot wis wmit ”tmdorditavd iot ne rdisnjdh akilajitanj‑ oikd hnwj tn (8)7 eiots mih tn bd ”ajeusdhwatm ritanjic ajtdccaldjod‑, sn tmit iromidncnlaoic wratajl wis knrd tmij ”prnsia-oiccy rdvdicajl ijh oiticnluajl nur hasonvdrads‑ (8). Gioqudtti Miw`ds, tnn, is icitd rdprdsdjtitavd ne tmas mukijastao ahdic, battdrcy nbsdrvdh aj 915=7

Ae tmdrd as ijybnhy ujhdr tmd ild ne tmarty nr sn prnhuoajl mastnraoic wratajl ne

tmd quicaty ijh mukijaty ne tmd wnr` ne tmd ynujl Lnrhnj Omachd, Knrtakdr\mddcdr, Omrastnpmdr Miw`ds, _tuirt Vallntt, nr dvdj aj mas knrd iustdrd wiy,Lrimikd Ocir`, A mivd eiacdh tn sdd at. (915=7 245)

Ajtdrdstajlcy, njcy tmd ynujl, prd-Kirxast, oucturd-mastnraoic Omachd as ipprd-oaitdh. mnulm \mddcdr wis wdcc iwird tmit md rdprdsdjtdh ”tmd djh ne ij io-tavd ldjdritanj‑ (91487 294) ne mukijastao somncirsmap, mastnraoic nradjtitanj ijh

? ralldr (91=2) mis jntaodh tmit tmd nradjtitanj ne Bratasm prdmastnrao iromidncnly tnwirhs mastnrywis icsn lavdj aj by tmd snrt ne snoaic ijtmrnpncnly wmaom prdviacdh it tmd takd7 struoturic eujo-tanjicask rdlirhdh snoadtads is stibcd djtatads sn tmit omijld, tmd prnodss iromidncnlasts wdrd knstajtdrdstdh aj, wis jdircy vadwdh is ”pitmncnlaoic‑.



999

catdriry druhatanj, G. Miw`ds hah jnt sddk tn rdicazd tmit aj i eujhikdjtic wiy”tmd takds wdrd i-omijlajl.‑

Ijtmrnpncnlaoic ajsparitanj, kdtmnhncnlaoic ijh dkparaoic rdeajdkdjt, mas-tnraoic ajtuatanj, ijh akilajitavd wratajl, ae icc tmdsd hdvaods snulmt tn kddt tm

rdquardkdjt ”tn hal up pdnpcd ritmdr tmij kdrd tmajls‑, tmdy wdrd jnt jdodssiracyonkpdccajl tn dvdrynjd sn tmit i prnenujh sodptaoask onuch cajldr nj aj tmd has-oapcajd. mas wis tmd dxtrdkd pnsatanj put enrwirh by K.I. _katm aj mdr pipdrnj ” md cakatitanjs ne ajedrdjod aj iromidncnly‑ wmaom wis rdih it tmd Vrdmast_noadty (9144). _md jntdh tmit iromidncnlasts aj rdodjt ydirs mih rdissdrtdh tmhasoapcajd‑s ”dssdjtaiccy mukij ispdot iliajst i tnn pdrsuisavd –soadjtaeao‛ ipprnioby tryajl ”tn rd-orditd tmd pist‑ (?, 8). _katm nutcajdh tmd haeeaouctads ajvncvdh suom ikbatanj. Hddpcy sodptaoic ne ijy issastijod ne ijtmrnpncnly, smd prdsdjtdhij dpastdkncnlaoic pdssakask wmaom wdjt eurtmdr tmij Miw`ds‑ madriromy7 ”atmnpdcdss tis` tn try tn ldt ernk wmit rdkiajs tn tmd iotavatads by irlukdjt‑ (5).

Njd onuch ajedr snkd ispdots ne prdmastnrao donjnkaos nj tmd bisas ne tmd iviaibcd dvahdjod, but ijytmajl dcsd wis ”jntmajl cdss tmij i hdkijh enr cnlaoic icomd-ky‑ (5). _katm hdjadh tmit tmdrd wis i oiusic onrrdcitanj bdtwddj iromidncnlaoicstitaos ijh hyjikaos, tmdrd wis ”cnlaoiccy jn jdodssiry caj`‑ bdtwddj tmd twn (5). Is i onjsdqudjod, mdr tdxt wis cattdrdh watm pmrisds ca`d ”wd hn jnt ldt vdry ei”wd oij jdvdr `jnw‑, ijh ”at wnuch bd akpnssabcd tn ujhdrstijh‑ (8, 5, 4). _katm,tmdrdenrd, irludh tmit ”ujnbtiajibcd djhs oijjnt bd tmd prnpdr djhs enr ijy subgdot‑0 at wis dvdj knriccy wrnjl7

_ajod mastnraoic dvdjts ijh tmd dssdjtaic snoaic havasanjs ne prdmastnrao pdnpcd hnj‑t

jh ij ihdquitd dxprdssanj aj kitdraic rdkiajs, at oijjnt bd ralmt tn try tn irravdit i `jnwcdhld ne tmdk aj iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj.(<)

At kiy icrdihy bd jntdh tmit tmd Jdw Iromidncnlasts, watm tmdar djnrknus dpastdkncnlaoic nptakask, rdlirhdh tmas is ij ajakaoic oicc tn irks. Bajenrh dvdj usdhtmd ibnvd quntitanj is tmd arnjao knttn ne mas earst bnn`. _katm, mnwdvdr, prdedrrdh jnt tn siy tmit ”iromidncnly –rd-orditds‛, nr –rdonjstruots‛ it icc0 at kdrdcrdonvdrswmit at oij. mit ne atsdce as i sueeaoadjt prnlrikkd ne rdsdirom‑ (<). \atmtmas stitdkdjt wd mivd onkd eucc oarocd7 ernk tmd wasm tn ln bdynjh tmd kdstuhy ne nbgdots, nvdr tmd ajmdrdjt haeeaouctads tn hn sn, wd mivd jnw irravdh i

mukbcd rdicazitanj tmit iromidncnly smnuch bd onjeajdh tn tmd nbgdots prnpdr.Jddhcdss tn rdpdit tmit tmd rncd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly wis kajakic tmrnulm-nut. It bdst at mih tn sitasey atsdce watm kdrdcy starrajl tmd mastnraoic akilajita(is Oriwenrh sulldstdh), but aj ldjdric at wis onjeajdh tn tmd knst kujhijdispdots ne oucturd (is Omachd dxpciajdh), at onuch njcy bd usdh wmdj tmdrd wistnraoic onjtajuaty (is Ocir` dkpcnydh) ijh at wis ne jn usd enr tmd knrd rdkntdpmisds ne mukij prdmastnry (is _cnt`aj irludh).



992

Xmd satuitanj aj tmd Tjatdh _titds

Rdihajl tmrnulm Ikdraoij pubcaoitanjs ne tmd pnstwir hdoihds, tmd haeedrdjodswatm wmit wis mippdjajl aj Bratiaj sddk it earst salmt djnrknus. Onjtriry tntmd iribdsqud prnsd ne \mddcdr ijh G. Miw`ds, tmd wratajl stycd ne iutmnrs ca`d \ictdr iycnr, Lnrhnj \accdy, ijh Riyknjh mnkpsnj wis kuom knrd tdrsdijh ijicytaoic. \macd Bratasm somncirs icaljdh tmdksdcvds watm tmd eadch ne mastnry, Ikdraoij iromidncnlasts sahdh watm ijtmrnpncnlasts‘ gust tmaj` ne tmd eiknusoitompmrisd ”Ikdraoij iromidncnly as ijtmrnpncnly nr at as jntmajl‑ (\accdy ijhVmaccaps 914=7 2). iycnr onjtdjhdh tmit wmdj ij iromidncnlast wis ajtdrprdtajlmas dvahdjod md wis ”ij ijtmrnpncnlast wmn wnr`s aj iromidncnlaoic kitdraics‑(918=7 8?), wmacd \accdy ijh Vmaccaps (914=) snulmt tn ajtdlritd Ikdraoij iromid-ncnly ajtn ldjdric ijtmrnpncnlaoic tmdnry. Iromidncnly wis njd ne tmd enur eadchsBnis mih hdeajdh enr ijtmrnpncnly (jdxt tn cajluastaos, pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnlyijh oucturic ijtmrnpncnly) sn tmit tmd onjodptuic caj`s wdrd kuom ocnsdr tmij ajDurnpd watm ats kutuic ajonkprdmdjsanj bdtwddj prdmastnry ijh ijtmrnpncnly( ralldr 91=2). mdnrdtaoic hdbitd aj iromidncnly, enr ajstijod, wis onjhuotdhaj ijtmrnpncnlaoic pubcaoitanjs ca`d Ijtmrnpncnly nhiy(@rndbdr 914?) ijh tmd_nutmwdstdrj Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnly(wmaom pciydh ij ajordisajlcy prnkajdjt rncdenr iromidncnlaoic hasoussanj hurajl tmd 9146s ijh 56s).

Mnwdvdr, tmdrd wis jn yiwjajl lip bdtwddj tmd Nch ijh tmd Jdw \nrch isiromidncnlasts aj Bratiaj ijh Jnrtm-Ikdraoi hah onkkujaoitd watm diom ntmdr(oe. Ocir` 914?0 \accdy 914?0 Miw`ds 9148). Ajhavahuics ca`d Omachd ijh Miw`dspubcasmdh akpnrtijt tmdnrdtaoic pipdrs aj Ikdraoij gnurjics ca`d tmd_nutmwdstdrj

Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnly ijh Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty (Omachd 91850 Miw`ds 9148). Ijh, knrd akpnrtijtcy, snkd ne tmd eujhikdjtic prdnooupitanjs watm tmdnry ijhkdtmnhncnly wdrd ica`d nj bntm sahds ne tmd Itcijtao.

Earst ne icc, tmd ajoapadjt hasonjtdjt watm oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnly wisis nutspn`dj is aj Bratiaj. mnulm kuom ne pnstwir Ikdraoij iromidncnly hdictwatm tixnjnky, stritalripmy, sdraitanj, typncnly, ijh ocissaeaoitanj, Briahwnnh‑shaotuk tmit njd smnuch jnt cnnsd salmt ne ”tmd Ajhaij bdmajh tmd irtaeiot‑ wiswahdcy suppnrtdh. Ij ajjnvitavd tmaj`dr ca`d \ictdr iycnr irludh it cdjltmtmit kdrd oucturd mastnry onuch jnt bd djnulm0 mas ajecudjtaic dssiy I _tuhy ne Iromidncnly (918=) wis aj eiot njd cnjl orataqud iliajst suom kynpao vasanj ne tmd

hasoapcajd‑s iaks. Lnrhnj \accdy ilrddh ijh siah tmit jdxt tn i ”mastnraoic‑ nbgdo-tavd wmaom djtiacdh ”tmd hdsoraptavd ahdjtaeaoitanj ijh spiod-takd irrijldkdjtsne hiti‑, iromidncnlasts smnuch icsn enous nj i ”prnodssuic‑ nbgdotavd, wmaom wis”tmd eujotanjic nr usd ahdjtaeaoitanj ne ajtdrprdtitanjs ne hiti‑ (914?7 ?5?). Citdrtmas sdonjh cdvdc wis dvdj onjodavdh aj stacc brnihdr tdrks, jnt gust eujotanjicajtdrprdtitanj7 ”wd ird jn cnjldr is`ajl kdrdcy wmit but icsn mnw ijh dvdj wmy‑(\accdy ijh Vmaccaps 914=7 5). It tmd ajecudjtaic \djjdr-Lrdj kddtajl ne 9142, \accdy siah7 ”Onjtdxtuic rdonjstruotanj nr hdsoraptavd ajtdlritanj, tmd trijscitanjne oucturic ijh mukij enssacs ajtn ij akild ne caed, as jnw tmd prakiry prnbcdkirdi ne iromidncnly‑ (aj ix dt ic. 914?7 249). mas wis dxiotcy tmd prnlrikkd

tmit Ocir` ijh \mddcdr mih bddj ihvnoitajl.



998

Oucturic onjtajuaty

md pdranh bdtwddj tmd mdyhiy ne Uaotnraij dvncutanjask ijh tmd rasd ne jdn-dvncutanjask aj iromidncnly, rnulmcy spdi`ajl tmd mice odjtury bdtwddj 9196 ijh9156, as trihatanjiccy hdsorabdh is ij dssdjtaiccy @nssajji-ca`d oucturd-mastnraoiciromidncnly wmdrd dtmjnlripmao ijicnly mih jn siy. mnulm tmas wis tmd oisd ittmd dxtrdkds ne tmd pdranh, a.d. it tmd stirt watm @nssajji ijh tmd ynujl Omachdijh it tmd djh watm Miw`ds ijh _katm, aj tmd ajtdrvdjajl pdranh dtmjnlripmyhah pciy i onjsahdribcd rncd aj iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj, icbdat knrd rdstraot-dhcy tmij aj Uaotnraij ijtmrnpncnly ne Jdw Iromidncnly.

Onjtriry tn tmd mncastao prngdotanjs ne Knrlij, ycnr ijh _nccis, dtmjnlripmaoijicnly wis jnw ldjdriccy cakatdh tn tmd ociraeaoitanj ne knrd mukbcd assuds ca`dtnnc eujotanj ijh subsastdjod. Jnj-knhdrj snoadtads wdrd jn cnjldr rdlirhdh isrdprdsdjtajl ujavdrsic stilds ne snoaic, cdlic, rdcalanus, ijh ajtdccdotuic hdvdcnp-kdjt but is oucturds watm pirtaoucir tdomjncnlads ijh donjnkads cavajl aj i spdoae-ao snoaic ijh doncnlaoic djvarnjkdjt. Aj tmd ibsdjod ne i madriromy ne snoanoucturiconkpcdxaty, ijicnlads wdrd jnw onjsahdrdh tn bd siedst wmdj snoadtads aj sakacirtdomjncnlaoic ijh djvarnjkdjtic onjtdxts wdrd onkpirdh, prdedribcy wmdj tmdyhdknjstritdh mastnraoic onjtajuaty. Is i onjsdqudjod, tmd hardot-mastnraoic ip-prniom wis ihvnoitdh by somncirs watm tmd knst havdrsd tmdnrdtaoic pnsatanjs. Jnkittdr wmdtmdr njd‑s ajtdrdst wis aj Kirxask, doncnly, nr oucturd-mastnry, oucturiconjtajuaty wis priasdh is tmd bdst wirrijt enr ijicnlaoic ajedrdjod.

It tmd mdirt ne tmd hardot-mastnraoic ipprniom wis i onjeahdjod aj sakaciraty istmd bisd enr ijicnly. Jdxt tn rdsdkbcijods aj doncnly, donjnky ijh tdomjncnly,

dvahdjod enr cnjl-tdrk rdcitanjs bdtwddj tmd prdsdjt ijh tmd pist wis onjsahdrdhtn tnp tmd iknujt ne nbsdrvdh sakaciraty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt. Ajhddh, tmdpurpnsd ne iromidncnlasts wis tn eajh i cavajl ijicnlud wmaom ipprnxakitdh tmdpist snoadty ujhdr onjsahdritanj. md hdlrdd ne prnxakaty wis sddj is tmd hdoasavdyirhstao` enr dvicuitajl snurod ijicnluds. md ocnsdr aj takd ijh spiod tmd iji-cnlud wis enujh, tmd bdttdr.

_uom ajsastdjod nj sakaciraty nbvanuscy rdoiccs tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury nbsds-sanj watm tmit oratdranj. Mnwdvdr, tmdrd ird akpnrtijt haeedrdjods. Dvdj ae bntmenrks ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl rdcadh nj tmd jukbdr ne rdsdkbcijods, tmd kdijajlne sakaciraty hdpdjhdh nj tmd brnihdr, netdj akpcaoat tmdnrdtaoic erikdwnr` njd

wis wnr`ajl aj. Aj tmd Uaotnraij sdjsd sakaciraty wis hdeajdh aj tdrks ne rdcitavdpnsatanj nj tmd snoanoucturic cihhdr. Aj tmd sdjsd ne oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnlyat wis ajtakitdcy rdcitdh tn tmd onjodpt ne iromidncnlaoic oucturd is i spiod-takddjtaty hdvdcnpajl watmaj i lavdj onjtdxt ne snoaic, mastnraoic, ijh doncnlaoic pi-rikdtdrs. Enr i Uaotnraij dvncutanjast, sakaciraty kdijt sakaciraty ne stild, rdlirh-cdss ne ”pciod nj tmd kip nr hitd aj mastnry‑ is ycnr irludh. Enr i oucturd-mastnraoiciromidncnlast, at kdijt tmd dxiot nppnsatd7 spitaic prnxakaty ijh mastnraoic onjta-juaty wdrd tmd vdry hdtdrkajijts ne tmd ijicnly‑s quicaty. At wis prdoasdcy tmas vdr-sanj ne rdcdvijt sakaciraty tmit stirtdh tn bd omiccdjldh aj tmd dircy 9156s.



994

Xmd hacdkki ne tmd Jdw Iromidncnly md knvdkdjt aj Jnrtm-Ikdraoij iromidncnly wmaom dkdrldh aj tmd dircy 9156s

ijh oikd tn bd `jnwj by tmd jikd ne tmd ”Jdw Iromidncnly‑ ajataiccy kiajtiajdhi ritmdr ikbalunus ittatuhd tnwirhs tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly. \mdrdisnj tmd njd mijh at tradh tn knvd iwiy ernk tmd straot onjeajds ne tmd prdvanuscpnpucir hardot-mastnraoic ipprniom, at hah jnt wmncdmdirtdhcy dkbriod i ldjdronkpiritavd ipprniom nj tmd ntmdr mijh datmdr. Ittriotdh tn tmd jdn-dvncutanj-ast irlukdjts put enrwirh by tmd ijta-Bnisaijs aj oucturic ijtmrnpncnly, CdwasBajenrh, tmd brnihcy io`jnwcdhldh cdihdr ne tmd Jdw Iromidncnly, snulmt tn icaljiromidncnly knrd ocnsdcy watm ijtmrnpncnly. md iak wis tn ki`d tmd hasoapcajknrd soadjtaeao, tn prnvahd at watm i kdtmnhncnly eir knrd ralnrnus tmij matmdrsddj, ijh tn suppcy at watm rdisnjajl aj tdrks ne cnlaoic hdhuotanj ritmdr tmij aj-tuatavd ajhuotanj. Qdt tmas djtiacdh i eujhikdjtic hacdkki7 tmd knst nbvanus prn-odhurd iromidncnly onuch hriw upnj tn bdjdeat ernk wnr` aj ijtmrnpncnly wisby ijicnly. But sajod tmas wis ij ajhuotavd prnodhurd, iromidncnlasts wdrd it piajstn rdonjoacd at watm tmdar hdhuotavd ikbatanjs. mdrd wis, sn tn spdi`, i ocism twddj tmd Jdw Iromidncnly‑s issnoaitanj watm jdn-dvncutanjast ijtmrnpncnly njtmd njd mijh, ijh ats ajsparitanj aj pnsatavast pmacnsnpmy ne soadjod nj tmd ntm Is i onjsdqudjod, tmd jntanj ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly rdkiajdh prnenujhcy ik-bavicdjt tmrnulmnut tmd 9156s. \macd tmd onjvaotanj tmit kuom onuch bd cdirjernk onjtdkpnriry jnj-ajhustraicazdh snoadtads hrnvd sdvdric iromidncnlasts tn tmdtmjnlripmao eadch, it tmd sikd takd somncirs onjstijtcy ivnahdh i hardot ippcaotanj ne tmd ajsalmts liajdh tn spdoaeao iromidncnlaoic onjtdxts. Mnw tmas hacd

wis oaroukvdjtdh oij njcy bd ujhdrstnnh ae wd earst hardot nur ittdjtanj tn snkdne tmd rdvncutanjiry pubcaoitanjs wmaom sdt tmd Jdw Iromidncnly aj kntanj.

Xmd jdw ijicnly ijh tmd Jdw Iromidncnly

wn pipdrs ernk tmd dircy 9156s wdrd ajstrukdjtic aj omijlajl tmd ocakitd nenpajanj nj tmd iaks ijh kdtmnhs ne Ikdraoijast iromidncnly is at mih bddj oij-njazdh by \accdy aj tmd citd 9146s. mdy wdrd Rnbdrt Isomdr‑s ”Ijicnly aj iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj‑ (9159) ijh Cdwas Bajenrh‑s ”Iromidncnly is ijtmrnpncnly‑(9152). Vubcasmdh aj tmd hasoapcajd‑s cdihajl gnurjics it tmd takd‘_nutmwdstdrj Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlyijh Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty rdspdotavdcy‘tmdy wdrd wahdcyhastrabutdh, wahdcy rdih ijh wahdcy onkkdjtdh upnj.

Isomdr‑s pipdr stirtdh watm tmd nbsdrvitanj tmit wmdrdis tmd iromidncnly tmd 9146s mih bddj lrditcy suoodsseuc aj tmd enrkucitanj ijh rdeajdkdjt ne onj-odpts, tmd litmdrajl ijh prnodssajl ne hiti, ijh tmd orietajl ne ldjdric syjtmdsds,mirhcy ijy prnlrdss mih bddj kihd aj tdrks ne ajtdrprdtitanj‘tmas wis prdoasdcytmd ajtdrprdtitavd haeeaoucty wmaom mih icsn bddj jntaeadh by tmd prdvanus ltanj. Isomdr oatdh tmd pdssakastao pubcaoitanjs by Miw`ds, _katm ijh mnkpsnijh rdlrdttdh tmit tmdy wdrd ”jnt ujhdrti`ajl ajtdrprdtitanj it icc‑ (91597 ?29).Md onjourrdh, mnwdvdr, watm mnkpsnj tmit ”tmd knst wahdcy usdh ne tmd tnne iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj as ijicnly‑ (?9<) but haeedrdh ernk mak aj tmdakpnrtijod ittiomdh tn pdrsnjic onkpdtdjod. Ioonrhajl tn mak, ijicnlads, wmdj



995

prnpdrcy usdh, onuch ti`d iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj bdynjh tmd cdvdc ne ajha-vahuic sdjsatavaty, ictmnulm tmas wis jn disy busajdss. Isomdr wis wdcc iwird ne”tmd eiot tmit ijicnly aj iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj mis sueedrdh omrnjao ikba-luaty sajod tmd jihar ne ocissaoic dvncutanjiry sakpcaoaty‑ (?22). Isomdr dxpcaoatcy

saljiccdh tmd kijy ijiomrnjasks aj tmd irlukdjts ne _nccis ijh wis ”ijxanus tnivnah tmd kasti`ds ne tmd dircy dvncutanjiry somnnc‑ (?91). Iwird ne tmd prnbcdksajvncvdh watm ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl ydt rdeusajl tn ioodpt tmd rdsaljdh pdssakaskne tmd prdvanus ldjdritanj, Isomdr‑s ikbatanj onjsastdh aj ”pcioajl ijicnly nj iearkdr enujhitanj‑ (?22).

Enccnwajl \accdy, md hastajluasmdh bdtwddj ij ijicnly bisdh nj mastnraoic onj-tajuaty (djonkpissajl tmd hardot-mastnraoic ipprniom aj tmd Jdw \nrch ijh tmdenc`-oucturd ipprniom aj tmd Nch \nrch) ijh njd bisdh nj i onkpirasnj ne ujrd-citdh oucturds ”wmaom kijapucitd sakacir djvarnjkdjts aj sakacir wiys‑ (?91). mdcittdr md oiccdh ”tmd jdw ijicnly‑ (ictmnulm md triodh ats mastnry bio` tn Omachd

ijh Ocir`) ijh, onjtriry tn \accdy, md wis earkcy aj eivnur ne at7 at djmijodh nurajtdrprdtitanj enr tmd triot jnt onvdrdh by mastnraoic onjtajuaty, i triot ”onjsastajlne nvdr jajdty-eavd pdrodjt ne mukij mastnry ijh i cirld prnpnrtanj ne tmd lcnbd‑(?91). mnulm Isomdr io`jnwcdhldh Ocir`‑s enc`-ijicnlads, md wis knrd djtmusa-istao ibnut tmd cittdr‑s dkpcnykdjt ne ij Dsàkn piriccdc. Aj mas ajtdrprdtitanj ne_tir Oirr, Ocir` mih ajedrrdh tmit wnkdj kust mivd bddj prdsdjt bdoiusd tmdrdwis dvahdjod ne sàj-wnràjl, i tis` wmaom wis onkknjcy pdrenrkdh by wnkdjiknjl tmd Dsàkns ne Jnrtm-Ikdraoi ijh Lrddjcijh. _tir Oirr wis tmus knrdtmij ij icc-kicd mujtajl oikp, but rdprdsdjtdh tmd rdkiajs ne ij djtard onk-kujaty. Isomdr priasdh tmas irlukdjt ”is ij dxodccdjt dxikpcd ne tmd jdw ijic-nly‑ (?26). Aj tmd ibsdjod ne mastnraoic onjtajuaty, tmd jdw ijicnly prnoddhdh byonjsahdrajl pntdjtaic snurod ijicnluds ijh by systdkitaoiccy dcakajitajl tmd cdistprnhuotavd njds aj nrhdr tn sdcdot ”tmd bdst sncutanj‑ (?22). Dcakajitanj mippdjdhnj tmd bisas ne donjnky, ne hastijod bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt (tdkpnric, spitaicijh knrpmncnlaoic), ijh ne ”ocnsdjdss ne eat ne tmd rdcitanjsmaps bdtwddj enrksaj tmd iromidncnlaoic satuitanj watm rdcitanjsmaps bdtwddj enrks aj tmd mypntm-dsazdh ijicnlnus satuitanjs‑ (?2?). \mit Isomdr hah wis sdcdot tmd bdst iviacibcdsnurod by kdijs ne tmd jukbdr ne enrkic sakaciratads at prdsdjtdh tn tmd snurod._akaciraty, a.d. ocnsdjdss ne eat, hdtdrkajdh tmd vicahaty ne tmd ijicnly. Aj tmassdjsd, md wis pdrmips knrd jajdtddjtm-odjtury aj mas nutcnn` tmij md wasmdh tnio`jnwcdhld. md akpnrtijt ispdot tn rdkdkbdr, mnwdvdr, wis tmit md brn`d tmd



99<

ajtdrprdtitavd akpissd iromidncnly mih bdonkd djtrdjomdh aj hurajl tmd 9146s. Iliajst _katm, md siah tmit mas ”ocdir systdkitao ipprniom‑ rdquardh ”jn tnuom icomdky‑ (?2?). Iliajst Miw`ds, md siah tmit ij ajtdrprdtitanj bdynjh tmd tdomja-oic ijh subsastdjod-onjjdotdh cdvdc wis ”njcy ippirdjtcy rdkntd‑ (?28).

Ae i odrtiaj dpastdkncnlaoic nptakask sureiodh aj Isomdr‑s irtaocd, mnw kuoknrd ujkatalitdh wis at aj ”Iromidncnly is ijtmrnpncnly‑, Bajenrh‑s cijhkir`pipdr wrattdj hurajl ij nvdrjalmt bnnst ne ijldr wmaom smnn` tmd djtard hasoa-pcajd. _dranuscy hasonjtdjt watm tmd oucturd-mastnraoic wnr` ne mas tdiomdrsLraeeaj ijh Rnbdrt Briahwnnh, tmd ynujl Bajenrh turjdh tnwirhs tmd jdn-dvncu-tanjask ihvnoitdh by Cdscad \matd, tmd stitastaoic kdtmnhs ne Icbdrt _piuchajl,ijh citdr icsn tmd pnsatavast pmacnsnpmy ne soadjod ne Oirc Mdkpdc. ”\matd ky pmacnsnpmaoic knhdc, ijh _piuchajl wis i kdtmnhncnlaoic knhdc, ijh Lraeeajbdoikd ajordisajlcy tmd omiccdjld‑ (Bajenrh aj _ibcnee 911=7 9?). Aj ij ajtdr-dstajl ijh ikusajl iutnbanlripmaoic rdecdotanj (tmnulm jnt djtardcy erddh ernk

sdce-lcnraeyajl gustaeaoitanj), Bajenrh (91<2i) rdoiccdh mnw md lrdw hassitawatm tmd oratdranjs ne ajhavahuic onkpdtdjod, ahansyjoritao ajtuatanj ijh pdrsnjioquiajtijod watm tmd kitdraic wmaom omiriotdrazdh tmd prdvanus ldjdritanj‘tmvdry oratdranjs mnkpsnj mih bddj hdedjhajl. Lraeeaj wis omiriotdrazdh is tmdprntntypd ne tmd iromidncnlast wmn ajtdrprdtdh by ajtuatanj7 ”Md cnvdh tmd w–ajecudjod‛ P...[. Haeeusanj-ijh-tmd-pcnttajl-ne-oucturic-ajecudjods-ernk-njd-rdlanj-tn-ijntmdr bdoikd tmd jikd ne tmd likd‑ (91<2i7 ?)0 Briahwnnh wis siahtn bd ”tmd _ar Knrtakdr \mddcdr ne Rnccajl Vriarad, Ajhaiji‑ (99). Nj tmd ntmdmijh, Bajenrh ipprdoaitdh iycnr‑s ittdkpt tn hn knrd watm iromidncnly, but siahtmit mas kdtmnh rdstdh gust is kuom nj tmd ”kilao‑ ne ajtdrprdtitanj is tmd wnr`ne Lraeeaj ijh ntmdrs mih hnjd7 ” iycnr mih tmd iaks but jnt tmd tnncs‑ (91<2i=). Mnwdvdr, ijtmrnpncnlasts ca`d \matd, ”tmd hrilnj sciydr ne Bnisaijask‑ wmntiulmt Bajenrh tmit Bnis wis ”kuhhcd-mdihdh‑, kihd tmdar onjocusanjs hdpdjh njsnujh rdisnjajl ritmdr tmij ioquardh iutmnraty7 ”Mas cnlao wis kihd dxpcaoat, majtdrprdtitanjs wdrd put nut enr orataoask, ijh md suppcadh ynu watm tmd oratdijh rucds enr orataoask‑ (5, <, =).8 Qdt oucturic ijtmrnpncnlasts tiulmt Bajenrh knrdtmij gust rdisnjajl. \matd‑s hdeajatanj ne oucturd is ”kij‑s dxtrisnkitao kdijsne ihiptitanj‑, _tdwirh‑s prnlrikkd ne i oucturic doncnly, _imcajs ijh _drvaod‑sorataoic rdippriasic ne jajdtddjtm-odjtury snoanoucturic dvncutanjask, Ikdraoijijtmrnpncnlasts aj tmd citd 9146s smdh tmd smio`cds ne tmd dxtrdkd mastnraoictaoucirask ne tmd Bnisaij somnnc ijh enousdh nj ornss-oucturic onkpirasnjs, nj

8 _nkd sdotanjs ne Bajenrh‑s iutnbanlripmy hdsdrvd eurtmdr ittdjtanj, dspdoaiccy wmdrd md ca`djdh rasd ne tmd Jdw Iromidncnly watm tmd rasd ne Hirwajask. Ae tmd trihatanjic iromidncnlasts wdrd”cattcd Cajjidij bdajls ocissaeyajl tmajls enr tmd si`d ne ocissa oitanj‑, \matd ijh _piuchajl wdrd”twn Hirwajs P...[ wmn tnldtmdr onuch prnvahd snkd kdijajl enr tmd djhcdss tixnjnkao somdkds netmd iromidncnlasts. \matd dssdjtaiccy rdeusdh tn ti`d iromidncnly sdranuscy, ijh _piuchajl ippdirdhhasajtdrdstdh aj tmdnry. A wis lnajl tn bd tmd Muxcdy, tmd knutmpadod.‑ Ca`d Hirwaj‑s bucchnBajenrh usdh onjedrdjods ijh kddtajls is tmd prdedrrdh nooisanjs enr sprdihajl tmd wnrh0 ca`d maikbnyijt Uaotnraij prdhdodssnr, md wis ”ijlry, murt, ijh ajtncdribcy irrnlijt‑ (Bajenrh 91<2i7 1,92).



99=

ihiptitanj, doncnly ijh snoaic dvncutanj ( ralldr 91=17 2=1-18).4 Jnt surpras-ajlcy, tmdar wnr`s ealurdh prnkajdjtcy aj tmd babcanlripmy ne Bajenrh‑s sdkajicpipdr.

Rdihajl tmrnulm ”Iromidncnly is ijtmrnpncnly‑, tmd haeedrdjods watm tmd nchdr

ldjdritanj bdonkd akkdhaitdcy ippirdjt nj tmd cdvdc ne catdriry stycd. md dc-dlijod ijh ociraty ne tmd mukijast prnsd wis jnw nvdrsmihnwdh by sdjtdjods nj”tmd hdknjstritanj ne i onjstijt irtaoucitanj ne viraibcds watmaj i systdk ijh tmdkdisurdkdjt ne tmd onjonkatijt viraibacaty iknjl tmd viraibcds watmaj tmd sys-tdk‑ (Bajenrh 91527 29). Ictmnulm Bajenrh‑s cijluild wis jntnranuscy ibstrusdijh nbsourd‘”A jdvdr onuch wratd P...[. Djlcasm wis i kystdry tn kd,‑ md njodihkattdh (91<2i7 5)‘tmas omijld ne catdriry stycd rdvdicdh i brnihdr smaet aj tmdiaks ne tmd hasoapcajd. Ioonrhajl tn Bajenrh, tmd nbgdotavd ne iromidncnly wis jncnjldrakilajitavd rdonjstruotanjne tmd pist, butcnlaoic dxpcijitanjne haeedrdjodsijh sakaciratads bdtwddj iromidncnlaoic onkpcdxds.5 Md hrdw i smirp hastajotanj

bdtwddj ”dxpcaoitanj‑ (nr rdonjstruotanj) ijh ”dxpcijitanj‑ (nr hdknjstritanj).Mih ajhavahuics ca`d Ocir` ijh \accdy bddj oiccajl enr rdonjstruotanj bdynjhkdrd ocissaeaoitanj (tmd vdry ikbatanj _katm mih bddj sn sodptaoic ibnut), Bajenrhjnw is`dh enr ralnrnus dxpcijitanj aj tdrks ne struoturds, systdks, ijh prnodssds. Icnjl watm Isomdr md stitdh tmit ”iromidncnlasts mivd jnt kihd kignr dxpcijitnryonjtrabutanjs tn tmd eadch ne ijtmrnpncnly‑ (91527 29). Ijh tmas as dxiotcy wmitmd ittdkptdh tn ictdr, a.d. lnajl bdynjh tmd ”tmdnrdtaoic viouuk‑ ne tmd oucturd-mastnraoic ipprniom7 ”\d oijjnt ieenrh tn `ddp nur tmdnrdtaoic mdihs buradh aj tmdsijh,‑ md wrntd (29, ?9-2).

Uadwajl oucturds aj tdrks ne systdks watm ajtdlritdh ijh ajtdriotajl subsys-tdks ijh rdlirhajl kitdraic oucturd is tmd dxtrisnkitao kdijs ne ihiptitanj,Bajenrh prdsdjtdh i systdkao vadw aj wmaom ”tdomjncnly Pwis[ ocnsdcy rdcitdh tn tmdjiturd ne tmd djvarnjkdjt‑ (22). Ictmnulm icrdihy it tmit stild md hastajluasmdhat ernk i kdrd ”djvarnjkdjtic hdtdrkajask‑ (22), at as ocdir tmit tmd prdvanus jn-tanjs nj mukij ujaqudjdss ijh jnbacaty ripahcy dvipnritdh aj suom kitdraicastijh netdj kdomijaoast pirihalk. _tdwirh‑s oucturic doncnly tiulmt tmit oucturdswdrd ocnsdcy rdcitdh tn tmd pntdjtaics ijh onjstriajts ne tmd pmysaoic djvarnjkdjt,dvdj ae tmdy wdrd jnt haotitdh by at.

4 Kirvaj Mirras‑ oucturic kitdraicask onjtajudh tn tmd jdn-dvncutanjast rdjiassijod aj Ikdraoij ouc-turic ijtmrnpncnly tmrnulmnut tmd 9156s. Jnt surprasajlcy, md ippciuhdh dtmjnlripmao ijicnly ijh”tmd dxtripncitanj ernk onjtdkpnriry prakatavds tn picdncatmao snoadtads‑ (oe. 915=7 945).

5 Aj tmd Jdw Iromidncnlasts‑ prnsd cnlao bdoikd knrd akpnrtijt tmij catdriturd. Xd pist wis jncnjldr vava dh tmrnulm wnrhs but rdonjstruotdh tmrnulm irlukdjts. Akilajitavd wratajl, tmdrdenrd,hasippdirdh is i vicuibcd issdt tn tmd iromidncnlaoic djtdrprasd. Xd Jdw Iromidncnlasts edcc bio`upnj i soadjtastao, girlnj-cihdj ijh netdj prdtdjtanus cijluild (wmaom wis ittio`dh by kijy neats nppnjdjts)‘tmd wratajls ne Hivah Ocir`d ijh Cdwas Bajenrh bdajl i oisd aj pnajt. Aj nrhdr tnki`d iromidncnly knrd soadjta o, at mdcpdh tn substatutd tmd mukijast catdrioy enr tmd ijicytaoicwratajl stycd wmaom prdviacdh aj tmd jituric soadjods ijh pnsatavast pmacnsnpmy. Ne icc tmd Jdw Iromidncnlasts, @djt Ecijjdry wis pdrmips tmd njcy njd wmnsd wratajls dsoipdh tmd tdrsd ijh hdjsdprnsd ne mas edccnw-ajjnvitnrs. Bajenrh, mnwdvdr, kiajtiajdh tmit ”tmd ocdirdr wratajl as, tmd knrdikbalunus tmd tdrks ird‑ (aj _ibcnst 911=7 5?).



991

md knst akpnrtijt onjsdqudjod ne tmas systdkao erikdwnr` wis tmit at rd-suctdh aj kuom knrd dpastdkncnlaoic nptakask. Ajhddh, ajstdih ne i mastnraoiccujaqud ijh tmus dcusavd djtaty, oucturd jnw bdoikd ij dxpcaoibcd pirikdtdr watm-aj i systdkao wmncd. Ae njd bdcadvdh tmit icc oucturic subsystdks wdrd ajtdlri

ijh aj snkd wiy rdcitdh tn tmd struoturic prnpdrtads ne tmd pmysaoic djvarnjkdjt,at bdoikd pnssabcd tn dxtripncitd ij ujhdrstijhajl ne njd subsystdk (ca`d kitdraicoucturd) tn ntmdr subsystdks. Aj rdpcy tn Miw`ds‑ ijh _katm‑s pdssakask, Bajenrhwrntd7

At mis netdj bddj sulldstdh tmit wd oijjnt hal up i snoaic systdk nr ahdncnly.Lrijtdh wd oijjnt dxoivitd i `ajsmap tdrkajncnly nr i pmacnsnpmy, but wd oijijh hn dxoivitd tmd kitdraic atdks wmaom eujotanjdh tnldtmdr watm tmdsd knrdbdmivnraic dcdkdjts watmaj tmd ipprnpraitd oucturic subsystdks.(91527 2?)

Ijh md ihhdh vdry enrodeuccy tmit tmd struoturd ne irtaeiot issdkbcilds ”smnuijh hn prdsdjt i systdkitao ijh ujhdrstijhibcd paoturd netmd tntic dxtajotoucturicsystdk‑ (2?, nralajic aticaos). Aj tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh, tmdrd wdrd ”tdomjnk”snoantdomjao‑ ijh ”ahdntdomjao‑ irtdeiots wmaom wdrd rdspdotavdcy rdcitdhtdomjncnlaoic, snoaic ijh ahdncnlaoic subsystdk. md tntic oucturic systdk wis tmrdecdotdh aj ats kitdraic kijaedstitanjs. Miw`ds‑ cihhdr ne ajedrdjod ciy ecit nj tmlrnujh.

” md pist as `jnwibcd,‑ Bajenrh njod siah (915=b7 11). md ajtdrprdtitavdprnbcdk iromidncnlasts rij ajtn wis jnt tn bd sncvdh by dkparaoic ihdquioy but bykdtmnhncnlaoic ajldjuaty. Ne onursd, lnnh, wdcc-prdsdrvdh satds wdrd ij issdt, bujnt i sueeaoadjt onjhatanj enr ujhdrstijhajl tmd pist. At as tdccajl tmit, tmrnulm-nut mas oirddr, wmaom spijs icknst enur hdoihds, Bajenrh jdvdr dxoivitdh i kignrsatd ca`d _`iri Brid nr _tir Oirr. Tjca`d Omachd ijh Ocir`, mas jikd as jnt akkd-haitdcy issnoaitdh watm i pirtaoucir hal. Ne onursd, md wnr`dh nj iromidncnlaohals‘earst ne jitavd Ikdraoij sdttcdkdjts aj Accajnas, citdr ne Vicidncatmao satds tmd Erdjom Hnrhnljd‘but tmd dkpmisas ne mas knst akpnrtijt onjtrabutanjs wisnj tmdnrdtaoic prnbcdks ijh kdtmnhncnlaoic assuds, aj pirtaoucir stitastaos ne catmissdkbcilds ijh citdr eiujic ijicysds. md Knustdraij hdbitd ijh tmd hasputd njdircy-mnkajah soivdjlajl, tn jikd but twn dxikpcds, wdrd prdhnkajijtcy bisdhnj rdijicysds ne dxoivitdh kitdraic ritmdr tmij nj pdrsnjic hals.<

I jdw cijluild (ijicytaoic), i jdw nbgdotavd enr iromidncnly (dxpcijitanj), ijdw tmdnrdtaoic erikdwnr` (systdks tmdnry, oucturic doncnly), i jdw dpastdkncnly(ujkatalitdh nptakask), ijh i jdw kdtmnhncnly (rd-ijicysas), tmd pipdr akpcadh

< Xas, aj eiot, mnchs trud enr tmd ntmdr sahd ne tmd ”Bajocir`d‑ tijhdk is wdcc. Hivah Ocir`d‑s wn(915=0 91<2b) wis aj tmd rst pciod i tmdnrdtaoic rdonjsahdritanj bisdh nj iviacibcd kitdraic, jnt istuhy hdravdh ernk pdrsnjiccy dxoivitdh kitdraic. Iromidncnly wis knrd tmij hallajl up tmd pist0tmd ”ujhasoapcajdh dkparaoic hasoapcajd‑ hah jnt prnoddh by dkparaoic akprnvdkdjt icnjd.



926

i rihaoic brdi` watm tmd prdvanus ldjdritanj.= _urprasajlcy, snkdmnw, at rdkiajdhonkpcdtdcy sacdjt ibnut tmd assud ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly. ”Iromidncnly is ij-tmrnpncnly‑ wis ij ittdkpt tn brajl tmd eadch ne iromidncnly watmaj tmd tmdnrdta-oic hdbitds tmit mih bddj lnajl aj ijtmrnpncnly, at wis jnt ij ittdkpt tn brajl

ijtmrnpncnly ajtn iromidncnly. _ajod djtard pist snoadtads wdrd rdecdotdh aj tmdkitdraic rdkiajs, tmdrd wis jn jddh tn pucc aj dxtdrjic ijicnlads. Bajenrh‑s dpas-tdkncnlaoic nptakask kihd tmd usd ne suom dtmjnlripmao dxpdhadjt rdhujhijt.Aj ats dircadst stild, tmdj, tmd Jdw Iromidncnly onuch hn watmnut dtmjnlripmaoijicnly. Mnwdvdr, hdspatd Bajenrh‑s sacdjod nj tmd tmdkd, aj ij ajhardot wiy maspipdr mdcpdh tn àjhcd i rdjdwdh iromidncnlaoic ajtdrdst enr dtmjnlripmy. mdahdi tmit kitdraic oucturd onuch rdecdot tmd tntic oucturic systdk bdlldh tmd quds-tanj ne mnw tmas iotuiccy mippdjdh aj priotaod tnhiy. Aj tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd9156s, i ynujldr ldjdritanj ne iromidncnlasts lrdw ajordisajlcy eisoajitdh by mnwtmd onrrdcitanj bdtwddj snoaic priotaod ijh kitdraic rdkiajs kijaedstdh atsdce aj

tmd onjtdkpnriry wnrch.

Eadchwnr` ijh oiutanjiry ticds Icrdihy aj 91?1, mnksnj wis brdiàjl jdw lrnujh wmdj md stuhadh tmd rdkiajsne onjtdkpnriry ibnralajic sdttcdkdjts aj Iustricai. At wis rdajvdjtdh aj tmd9146s by mas jdir jikdsi`d mnkpsnj wmn cnn`dh it knhdrj Quoitij pnttdrykiàjl trihatanjs (oe. Cnjliord 91<=). Ca`dwasd, Oriwenrh (9156) upnj mas rd-turj ernk _uhij irludh tmit iromidncnlasts mih tn hn tmas snrt ne eadchwnr` tmdk-sdcvds ajstdih ne rdihajl tmd wnr`s ne snoanoucturic ijtmrnpncnlasts. Ijh Isomdr

dkbriodh tmd sulldstanj, kihd by @cdajhadjst ijh \itsnj (9145), tmit ”tmd ir-omidncnlast turj tn tmd cavajl onkkujaty tn onkpacd mas nwj ajvdjtnrads‑ (91597?2?). \dcc bdenrd tmd stirt ne tmd Jdw Iromidncnly, tmdj, sdvdric iromidncnlaststmnulmt ibnut nr dvdj ujhdrtnn` dtmjnlripmao eadchwnr` ernk ij iromidncnlaoicpdrspdotavd. Ernk tmd dircy 9156s njwirhs, mnwdvdr, tmas ahdi wis put ajtn prio-taod by ij ajordisajl jukbdr ne somncirs. Isomdr stuhadh tmd _dra Ajhaijs aj wdst-drj Kdxaon (91520 915=)0 Vitty Gn \itsnj (9155) nbsdrvdh trihatanjic ruric caedaj Arij is pirt ne i rdsdirom prngdot nj dircy vaccilds aj tmd Jdir Dist0 @irc Mdahdr(915<) wnr`dh nj tmd kitdraic rdkiajs ne onjtdkpnriry eirkdrs aj Jdw Luajdi0Raomirh Lnuch (915=), ij dtmjnlripmdr by triajajl, turjdh tn kitdraic ispdots aj

mas stuhy ne mujtdr-litmdrdrs aj \dstdrj Iustricai0 Jaomncis Hivah (91<9) stuhadhsdttcdkdjt ciynut aj \dstdrj Ieraoi0 Rnbsnj Bnjjaomsdj (91<2) hah tmd sikd nj

= Xd qudstanj mis netdj bddj riasdh tn wmit dxtdjt tmd Jdw Iromidncnly wis rdiccy jdw (Bajenrh915=b0 Ocir`d 91<2b7 4?-<). \mdrdis snkd wratdrs mivd irludh at rdprdsdjtdh i soadjta o rdvncutanjaj tmd @umjaij sdjsd, ntmdrs onjtdjhdh tmit icc dcdkdjts ne tmd sn-oiccdh jdw pirihalk wdrd tmdrdbdenrdmijh (oe. _tdruh 91<?0 Kdctzdr 91<10 ralldr 91=17 214). Xd ajsastdjod nj doncnly wis ic-rdihy ijtaoapitdh by tmd wnr` ne Ocir`, tmd systdk ipprniom wis bnrrnwdh ernk tmd Jdw Ldnlripmyijh oucturic doncnly, tmd ihiptitanjast vadw ne oucturd oikd ernk jdn-dvncutanjast ijtmrnpncnly,ijh tmd dpastdkncnlaoic nptakask domndh iycnr‑s vasanjiry prnlrikkd enr iromidncnly. Ictmnulmknst ne tmd dcdkdjts wdrd tmdrd bdenrd tmd 9156s, i ynujldr ldjdritanj ne iromidncnlasts, ujhdrtmd cdihdrsmap ne Cdwas Bajenrh, ajtdlritdh tmdk ajtn i onmdrdjt ictdrjitavd wmaom wis is i wmncdquatd ajjnvitavd‘ictmnulm tmd drod pncdkaos ne tmd 9156s ijh tmd sdce-pdrodptanj ne tmd Jdw Iromidncnlasts odrtiajcy dxilldritdh tmd brdi` watm tmd pist.



929

ij Ajhaij satd aj tmd Oijihaij Rno`ads0 ijh sn nj. _dvdric sulldstanjs wdrd kihdis tn tmd jikd ne suom dtmjnlripmy enr iromidncnlaoic purpnsds. \itsnj oiccdhat ”iotanj iromidncnly‑ (91550 oe. @cdajhadjst ijh \itsnj 9145)0 Lnuch prdedrrdh”cavajl iromidncnly‑ (915=) ijh Omijl wis prdsukibcy tmd earst tn usd tmd tdrk

”dtmjniromidncnly‑ aj i knhdrj sdjsd.1

Hdicajl watm tmd qudstanj wmn smnuch hntmd eadchwnr` md wrntd7

_mnuch tmd dtmjncnlast nbsdrvd ijh rdonrh tmdsd hiti sn tmit tmdy kalmt snkdhiybd ne snkd usd tn ij iromidncnlast> Nr smnuch md hn sn aj ijy dvdjt> Nr smnuchtmdrd pdrmips bd i brijom ne iromidncnly (dtmjniromidncnly) tn ti`d oird ne suomtmajls>(Omijl 915<7 2?6)

It tmd sikd takd, ntmdr somncirs wdrd riahajl tmd dxastajl dtmjnlripmao catdritutn dxtriot iromidncnlaoiccy rdcdvijt kitdraics7 Cdwas Bajenrh issdkbcdh dtmjnmtnraoic ioonujts ne mahd-skn`ajl iknjl Jnrtm-Ikdraoij Ajhaijs (915<)0 GikdsMacc omdo`dh hdsoraptanjs ne tmd iromatdoturd ne onjtdkpnriry Mnpa ijh WuAjhaijs iliajst dxoivitdh pudbcns (915=)0 @djt Ecijjdry soijjdh dtmjnlripmadsenr snoaic piriccdcs tn mas Nixioi snoadty aj Kdxaon (915=)0 Hivah Ocir`d cnnit Bijtu-Ieraoi tn substijtaitd mas ijicytaoic oitdlnrads (915=7 ?55-=)0 ijh VdtdrTo`n cnn`dh enr hdsoraptanjs ne eujdriry priotaods nj i wnrch-wahd soicd (9151)

md enous wis cirldcy nj pistnric ijh ilraoucturic snoadtads0 it tmas stild knhdrjmujtdr-litmdrdrs rdodavdh njcy cakatdh dtmjniromidncnlaoic ittdjtanj (Lnuch bdajl tmd njcy dxodptanj). At wis njcy aj tmd 91<6s tmit enrilajl snoadtads wnuconjstatutd tmd kiaj nbgdot ne dtmjniromidncnly.

Hdspatd tmas ajordisdh ajtdrdst aj dtmjnlripmy iknjl i ynujldr ldjdritanjne iromidncnlasts, tmdrd wis jn ujaeadh nbgdotavd enr tmd djtdrprasd sn tmit jnlripmy oikd tn pdrenrk sdvdric eujotanjs, hdpdjhajl nj tmd iutmnr. Qdt icc netmdsd dircy dtmjniromidncnlaoic ittdkpts, hdspatd tmdar havdrsaty, mih njd tmajonkknj7 tmd rncd bdstnwdh upnj dtmjnlripmy wis ritmdr kajakic sajod iromid-ncnlasts wdrd it piajs tn oaroukvdjt tmd prnbcdk ne ijicnly. ypaoiccy, pubcaoi-tanjs ernk tmnsd ydirs needr eiarcy hdtiacdh hdsoraptanjs ne tmd kitdraic ispdotprd-ajhustraic caed aj tmd Jdir Dist, Ieraoi, Iustricai nr jitavd Ikdraoi watm i edwmajts aj tmd ajtrnhuotnry ijh onjocuhajl sdotanjs ne tmd irtaocd nj tmd brnihdriromidncnlaoic rdcdvijod ijh nj tmd jddh tn pursud suom wnr`. Qdt mnw tmd brah

ernk kajutd dtmjnlripmy tn iromidncnlaoic onjocusanj wis tn bd kihd, wis ldj-driccy cdet nut.Vitty Gn \itsnj‑s stuhy ne ruric caed aj i skicc vaccild onkkujaty aj jnrtmdrj

Arij wis icrdihy ujhdrti`dj aj 9141-56 is i pirt ne Rnbdrt Briahwnnh‑s ArijaijVrdmastnrao Vrngdot. _md hdtiacdh tmd cijh tdjurd systdk, tmd ilraoucturic priottmd vaccild iromatdoturd, tmd eikacy onkpnsatanj, tmd kitdraic oucturd ijh irludtmit wmit wis nbsdrvdh aj knhdrj Arij onuch bd dxtripncitdh tnwirhs ”caed aj tmdircadst vaccilds (ipprnxakitdcy <666-5466 B.O.)‑ (91557 91). Hdspatd mdr ajjnvtavd eadchwnr`, mdr tmdnrdtaoic erikdwnr` oikd hnwj tn i strialmtenrwirh hardo

1 Xd tdrk ”dtmjn-iromidncnlast‑ mih icrdihy bddj usdh aj ijntmdr onjtdxt by tmd Ikdraoij dtmjncnlastMdw`ds it tmd turj ne tmd odjtury (_tacds 91<<).



922

mastnraoic ipprniom. Aj tmas sdjsd, smd onjtajudh tmd trihatanj ne \accdy ijh Ocir`but ajgdotdh at watm i jdw kdtmnh, a.d. ”iotanj iromidncnly‑.

_akacircy, Macc‑s eujotanjic ajtdrprdtitanj ne tmartddjtm-odjtury iromatdoturicrdkiajs aj Iraznji tmrnulm dtmjnlripmao ijicnly watm onjtdkpnriry Vudbcn vac-

cilds (915=), bdcnjldh tn tmd cnjl-stijhajl trihatanj aj Ikdraoijast iromidncnlyne hardot-mastnraoic rdisnjajl, tmd njcy haeedrdjod bdajl tmit Macc wis knrd systdk-itao ijh dxpcaoat aj mas issdsskdjt. md sikd lnds enr Ijhdrsnj‑s ajtdrprdtitanj netnncs ernk Iraznji tmrnulm i Mnpa ijicnly (9151) ijh Nswict‑s stuhy ne i Ornwvaccild aj Icisì tn dxpciaj jdirby iromidncnlaoic satds (Nswict ijh Uij_tnjd915<0 Nswict 91<8). Nswict vdry dxpcaoatcy siah tmit spdoaeao mastnraoic ijicnlywis ”tmd dssdjod ne dtmjniromidncnly‑0 njd mih tn wnr` ”watm sakacir oucturds cav-ajl it dssdjtaiccy tmd sikd pdranh ne takd ijh aj tmd sikd cnoicaty‑ (91<87 5).

Lnuch‑s ”cavajl iromidncnly‑ iknjl tmd Jlititgiri ne \dstdrj Iustricai mihdvdj knrd cakatdh ikbatanjs. Ictmnulm md ociakdh tn ajvdstalitd ”tmd –rucds‛ ne

ibnralajic satd bdmivanr‑, onkpiribcd tn ”rucds ne lrikkir aj i pirtaoucir cij-luild‑ (915=7 99=, 969), aj tmd djh tmas rdsuctdh njcy aj snkd ldjdric stitdkdjtsnj Jlititgiri satds. md buc` ne mas dircy dtmjniromidncnlaoic wnr` hdict watmoikpsatds, mujtajl bcajhs, wdccsatds, odrdknjaic satds, ijh piajtdh oivds0 tmdy wdrdhdsorabdh watm ij iknujt ne hdtiac wmaom wis rird enr ij dtmjncnlast, but tmd it-tdkpt tn smdh calmt nj snkd ispdot ne prdmastnry, ajhaldjnus nr jnt, wis brio`-dtdh.96 Aj tmd onjocusanj, tmd Jlititgiri wdrd siah tn ”prdsdjt jdw pnssabacatadsenr iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj‑ but mnw tmas wis tn bd hnjd wis jnt spdoaeadh.Ca`dwasd, _tijasciwsà (d.l. 91<8) nbsdrvdh onjtdkpnriry Mnpa trihatanjs ne pnt-tdry kiàjl ijh hdsorabdh tmdk watm ihkaribcd prdoasanj, but tmd eddhbio` tnspdoaeao iromidncnlaoic prnbcdks rdkiajdh it biy. It tmas dircy stild ne dtmjnir-omidncnly, purd hnoukdjtitanj ne ripahcy vijasmajl trihatanjs wis rdlirhdh is icdlatakitd nbgdotavd pdr sd. _uom prdcakajiry hdsoraptanj, at wis bdcadvdh, onuchprnh tmd iromidncnlaoic akilajitanj ijh iccdvaitd tmd dtmjnodjtrao bais.

Aj i vdry sakacir sdjsd, dtmjnlripmao catdriturd wis tmnulmt ”tn wahdj tmd mn-raznjs ne tmd ajtdrprdtdr‑, is Vdtdr To`n ociakdh aj mas irtaocd nj eujdriry rdkiajs(91517 252). To`n mih soijjdh tmd iviacibcd dtmjnlripmao catdriturd nj knrtu-iry priotaods jnt tn eajh ”i njd-tn-njd onrrdcitanj bdtwddj tmd iots ne trabd I ijhtmd rdkiajs ne oucturd B‑ but aj nrhdr ”tn sulldst tmd snrts ne pnssabcd prnodhurdswmaom kiy rdsuct aj tmd triats omiriotdrazajl oucturd B‑ (25?). Gust ca`d Oriwenrhijh Miw`ds mih ajtakitdh bdenrd mak, dtmjnlripmao ijicnly wis tmdrd tn ”staku-citd ynur akilajitanj‑. Ae tmdrd wis onjtajudh oucturic trihatanj, at mih tn bd wdc-onkdh. But ae tmdrd wis jnjd, tmd onkpirasnj hdpdjhdh nj ”ocnsdjdss ne tmd eat‑,tmit as, tmd iknujt ne sakaciraty (25?). Ernk mas survdy, enr ajstijod, To`n cdirjttmit tmd raomjdss ne i lrivd hah jnt jdodssiracy akpcy tmit njd mih tn hn watm iwdictmy ajhavahuic.

96 Aj citdr wnr`, mnwdvdr, Lnuch mis tradh tn ajonrpnritd mas dtmjnlripmao nbsdrvitanjs ajtn mas ir-omidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanjs ne tmd sikd rdlanj (d.l. 91<8). Qdt dvdj tmdj md rdkiajdh watmaj tmdonj jds ne i hardot-mastnraoic ijicnly, tmnulm tmd takd rijld md onvdrdh onjsastdh ne sdvdric tmnu-sijhs ne ydirs. Onjtajunus knhdcs, is md prdedrrdh tn oicc tmdk, mih ”ij ajmdrdjtcy malmdr hdlrdd neprnbibacaty‑ (91<87 ?1).



92?

Ecijjdry‑s (915=) usd ne dtmjnlripmy enccnwdh tmd knrd trihatanjic cajd necnn`ajl aj tmd prdsdjt enr ij djtaty wmaom piriccdcdh tmd dxoivitdh pist. Mivajlhdeajdh tmit prdmastnrao Nixioi wis i hdvdcnpajl snoadty wmdrd ajhavahuics uakpnrtdh ijh dxntao riw kitdraics tn djmijod snoaic stitus, md snulmt dtmjnlripm-

ao sakacds tn buttrdss tmas onjocusanj. md cajlat ijh tmd eur trihd ijh tmd gihtrihd aj malmcijh Burki wdrd ajvn`dh tn substijtaitd tmas ociak. Dvdj ae tmdomnaod wis ritmdr lrituatnus, dtmjnlripmy wis tmnulmt tn onrrnbnritd iromidn-cnlaoic onjocusanjs.

Dtmjnlripmy onuch icsn ujhdrkajd odrtiaj iromidncnlaoic hnlkis. HivahOcir`d (915=7 ?54-==) usdh dtmjnlripmao catdriturd nj tmd Bijtu tn smnw tmittmdrd wis jn tntic onrrdcitanj bdtwddj cijluild eikacy, dtmjnpncataoic lrnup,pmysaoic riod ijh kitdraic oucturd. Mdrd, dtmjnlripmy sdrvdh tn hdbuj` tmd tdjdtsne oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnly (aj pirtaoucir tmd dquitanj tmit ”iromidncnlaoucturds ird dtmjao lrnups‑), kuom icnjl tmd sikd cajds is icclrdj mih hnjd watm

mas _abdraij oisd-stuhy aj tmd 91?6s. Ioonrhajl tn Ocir`d‑s ”pncytmdtao ouctuonjodpt‑, tmdrd wdrd jn jdit bnujhirads bdtwddj hastajot oucturds, njcy ieeajatycdvdcs.

Ca`dwasd, \matd ijh mnkis (91<2) smnwdh tmit kuom ne tmd enrkic typdsiromidncnlasts wnr`dh watm mih jn dtmjao rdcdvijod wmitsndvdr. Virtaoapitajl tmd cnjl-stijhajl hdbitd is tn wmdtmdr iromidncnlaoic tixi smnuch rdecdot ajhaldjnus kdjtic tdkpcitds (dkao nr dtao tixnjnky), tmdar stuhy aj tmd malmcijhs neJdw Luajdi smnwdh tmit jitavd stnjd-`jippdrs hrdw quatd haeedrdjt tixnjnkaohastajotanjs tmij tmd iromidncnlasts mih hnjd. mdy usdh tmas dkao tixnjnky tnajtdrprdt prdmastnrao eajhs ernk tmd sikd rdlanj ijh sulldstdh at kalmt mivd iwahdr ippcaoitanj.

Is takd wdjt nj, tmas orataoic eujotanj ne dtmjnlripmy bdoikd knrd ijh knrdprnkajdjt aj iromidncnlaoic hdbitd ijh tmd gnurjic\nrch Iromidncnly , wmaomstirtdh tn ippdir aj 9151 ujhdr tmd dhatnrsmap ne Vdtdr To`n, bdoikd ij akpnr-tijt cnous enr tmd vdjtacitanj ne suom orataoasks.99 Enr kijy iromidncnlasts aj tmdcitd 9156s-dircy 91<6s, tmd cavajl prdsdjt bdoikd jnt sakpcy tmd tnuomstnjd ennur ahdis ibnut tmd rdkntd pist0 at wis earst ne icc tmd pciod wmdrd nur ”kdtmncnlaoic jiavdtá‑ (Bajenrh 915=b7 15) ijh ”iromidncnlaoic ajjnodjod‑ (Ocir`d 91<?bdoikd bcitijt. md knst pnpucir usd ne dtmjniromidncnly onjsastdh ne prnvah-ajl tmd iromidncnlast watm oiutanjiry ticds. Jn kittdr wmdtmdr njd rdihs Mdahdr‑ijicysas ne tmd Huluk Hija aj Jdw Luajdi (915<), Orijstnjd‑s pipdr nj tmd”Jdncatmao‑ aeickaj aj tmd sikd onujtry (91<9), Hivah‑s ajtdrprdtitanj ne tmdEucija onkpnujh aj Oikdrnnj (91<9), nr Bnjjaomsdj‑s stuhy ne Kaccad‑s oikp ajOijihi (91<2), tmd kdssild wis dssdjtaiccy tmd sikd, a.d. tmit iromidncnlasts irdpnnrcy dquappdh tn rdonvdr ijh ajtdrprdt wmit mis iotuiccy mippdjdh nj i spdoaeasatd. Aj tmas sdjsd, dtmjniromidncnlaoic oiutanjiry ticds rdvdrbdritdh tmd ajtdrptitavd pdssakask ne Bratasm prdmastnraijs aj tmd 9146s. Hivah ajvatdh tmd rdi

99 Aj 91<9,\nrch Iromidncnly mih i tmdkd assud nj dtmjnlripmy enr iromidncnlasts. Ne tmd vd pipdrs,tmrdd wdrd onj jdh tn tmd sied hardot-mastnraoic ipprniom (Lnuch 91<90 Uij hdr Kdrwd ijh _ouc91<90 Ciudr 91<9) ijh twn wdrd strialmtenrwirh oiutanjiry ticds (Hivah 91<90 Orijstnjd 91<9), gnajt by i sakacir irtaocd njd ydir citdr (Bnjjaomsdj 91<2).



928

tn ajtdrprdt tmd ”iromidncnlaoic‑ pcij ne i Eucija vaccild aj tdrks ne mnusdmnchrdonjstruotanj. It tmd djh md livd tmd trud, dtmjnlripmao vdrsanj ne tmd satd ijhats nooupijts, mas pipdr bdajl kdijt tn ”accustritd tmd drrnrs tmit kiy irasd‑ ijhtn ”ajhaoitd snkd ca`dcy cakats ne pnssabcd rdonjstruotanj‑ (91<97 924). Ca`dwasd,

Bnjjaomsdj ajtdrprdtdh i rdodjtcy-ibijhnjdh Ajhaij oikpsatd ijh citdr omdo`dhmas onjocusanjs watm tmnsd ne ”Kaccad‑, njd ne tmd enrkdr nooupijts, njcy tn eajh mdmih onkkattdh ”i sdqudjod ne drrnrs‑7 atdks mih bddj kasahdjtaeadh, eicsd issnoai-tanjs mih bddj kihd, iotavaty irdis mih bddj ajtdrprdtdh ajonrrdotcy, ijh rdcitanj-smaps bdtwddj iotavaty irdis mih bddj kasajtdrprdtdh (91<27 2=5). Ijh Mdahdr(915<7 5?) eajiccy onjocuhdh7 ”Rdonjstruotanj ne prdmastnrao bdmivanr as jnt byijy kdijs akpnssabcd, but at as tdrrabcy haeeaouct. P...[ Ae tmas Oiutanjiry icd ernkJdw Luajdi mis i knric enr tmd iromidncnlast, at as, –Hnj‑t sakpcaey.‛ ‑

Aj tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd 9156s, tmd eujotanj ne dtmjnlripmy enr iromidncnlysdrvdh is i bisas enr tmd hardot-mastnraoic ipprniom (\itsnj, Macc, Ijhdrsnj), is i

kdijs enr wahdjajl tmd mnraznj (Lnuch, _tijasciws`a, To`n), is i onjearkitanjne iromidncnlaoic ahdis (Ecijjdry), is i rdeutitanj ne iromidncnlaoic ahdis (Ocir`d, \matd ijh mnkis), ijh, knst akpnrtijtcy is i oiutanjiry ticd enr iromidncnla-oic ajtdrprdtitanj (Mdahdr, Hivah, Bnjjaomsdj). Hdspatd tmd viradty, tmdsd wdrdicc ritmdr kajakic nptanjs. It jn pnajt wis at onjvajoajlcy hdknjstritdh tmitdtmjnlripmy onuch ki`d i onjstruotavd onjtrabutanj tn spdoaeao iromidncnlaoicajtdrprdtitanjs bdynjh tmd oisds ne hdknjstribcd mastnraoic onjtajuaty. Isomdr‑soicc enr ”i jdw ijicnly‑ jntwatmstijhajl, suom nbgdotavd wis eir ernk bdajl ripahcyrdicazdh. mas mnchs dvdj trud enr Isomdr‑s nwj oisd-stuhads watm tmd _dra Ajhaijs(91520 915=) wmaom kihd jnt ocdir mnw dtmjnlripmao ajenrkitanj onuch bd suo-odsseuccy ippcadh tn iromidncnly. Vut bradecy, dircy dtmjniromidncnly wis orataoicritmdr tmij onjstruotavd0 at tiulmt tmd _noritao cdssnj tmit iromidncnlasts njcy`jdw tmit tmdy hahj‑t `jnw. mnulm somncirs wdrd eisoajitdh tn stuhy tmd caj`bdtwddj snoaic priotaod ijh kitdraic rdkiajs, tmdy enujh nut tmit tmdrd wis jnsajlcd, oiusic kdomijask bdtwddj tmd twn, cdt icnjd i strialmtenrwirh kdijs nedxtripncitajl at tnwirhs tmd pist. Aj tmd malmcijhs ne Jdw Luajdi, it tmd oikp-satds aj tmd Rno`ads, ijh aj dtmjnlripmao cabrirads stio`dh watm hdsoraptanjs njknrtuiry priotaods, njd tmajl bdoikd ocdir7 ”Hnj‑t sakpcaey.‑

Mypntmdtaon-hdhuotavd rdisnjajl nr tmd bdjdeats ne tdstajl

Ae aj tmd onjtdxt ne tmd dkdrldjt Jdw Iromidncnly tmd djtmusaisk enr dtmjn-lripmao eadchwnr` wis ubaquatnus, tmd ivahaty enr dtmjnlripmao ijicnly wis kuomknrd hasputdh. n ujhdrstijh tmd kajakic rncd ne dtmjniromidncnly is i wirj-ajl eajldr rdquards i ocnsdr cnn` it tmd ijicnly hdbitd ne tmd 9156s. md tdjsanjbdtwddj ahdis put enrwirh by Omijl ijh tmd djsuajl orataoic rdiotanj ne Bajenrhird dspdoaiccy rdvdicajl.

Aj i pipdr pubcasmdh ajOurrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly aj 915<, tmd Omajdsd-Ikdraoijsomncir @.O. Omijl hrdw ittdjtanj tn tmd ”kignr ispdots ne tmd ajtdrrdcitanjsmap neiromidncnly ijh dtmjncnly‑, is mas tatcd rdih. Vrdhaotibcy, njd ne tmdsd onjodrjdh

tmd assud ne ijicnly. Omijl mdch tmit ”ijicnly as tmd prajoapic tmdnrdtaoic ippiri-tus by wmaom ij iromidncnlast bdjdeats ernk dtmjncnlaoic jnwcdhld‑ (915<7 221).



925

Is aj icc pnsatavast pmacnsnpmads ne soadjod, i smirp hastajotanj wis hriwj bd-twddj tmd onjtdxt ne hasonvdry ijh tmd onjtdxt ne gustaeaoitanj. Mypntmdsas enr-kucitanj, wmdrd ijicnly pciydh ats rncd, bdcnjldh tn tmd earst ne tmdsd0 mypntmdsastdstajl tn tmd sdonjh. \mdrdis tmd onjtdxt ne hasonvdry djtiacdh tmd enrtuatnus

ijh iooahdjtic prnodss ne soadjtaeao priotaod (i hnkiaj knrd akpnrtijt tn tmd mas-tnraij ne soadjod tmij tn tmd priotasajl soadjtast pdr sd ), at wis njcy aj tmd onjtdxtne gustaeaoitanj tmit soadjod liajdh ats cnlaoic ordhabacaty tmrnulm ralnrnus tdstajl. Ijicnly tmus bdcnjldh tn tmd cdss akpnrtijt stild ne mypntmdsas enrkucitanj, ipciod wmdrd at onuch jnt ieedot tmd snujh prnodhurds ne mypntmdsas vdraeaoitanj.Bajenrh siah7

Xd oruoaic pnajt, mnwdvdr, as tmit nur ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd pist as jnt sakpcy ikittdr ne ajtdrprdtajl tmd iromdncnlaoic rdonrh by ijicnly tn cavajl snoadtads is misbddj onkknjcy issdrtdh (oe. Xnkpsnj 9145, p. ?21). Nur `jnwcdhld as snujhtn tmd hdlrdd tmit wd oij vdraey nur pnstucitds soadjta oiccy, rdlirhcdss ne tmd snurodne tmdar ajsparitanj.(Bajenrh 915=i7 251)

”Rdlirhcdss ne tmd snurod ne tmdar ajsparitanj‑7 dvdj ae Bajenrh ippciuhdh tmd rd-odjt lrnwtm aj dtmjniromidncnlaoic rdsdirom, md kiajtiajdh tmit ”rdeajdkdjts ajhiti onccdotanj ijh ajordisdh dtmjnlripmao `jnwcdhld oijjnt by tmdksdcvds aj-ordisd nur `jnwcdhld ne tmd pist‑ (915=b7 =5). mas dxpciajs wmy Bajenrh maksdce,it cdist it tmas pnajt ne mas ajtdccdotuic hdvdcnpkdjt, hah jnt stirt tn ujhdrti`ddtmjnlripmao eadchwnr` ca`d sn kijy ntmdrs. Ijicnly, akilajitanj, onjgdoturd,ijh dkpitmy wdrd io`jnwcdhldh is ajtdrdstajl hdvaods enr liajajl jdw ahdis, ydt”i onjsoanuscy hdhuotavd pmacnsnpmy‑ wdjt eurtmdr ijh ujhdrtnn` ”tmd vdraeaoi-tanj ne prnpnsatanjs tmrnulm mypntmdsas tdstajl‑ (915=b7 16-9). Is i onjsdqudjod,Bajenrh onjocuhdh7 ”tmd iromidncnlast as aj jn wiy hdpdjhdjt upnj tmd dtmjncn-last‑ (915=i7 251).

md knst dcibnritd dxikpcd ne Bajenrh‑s ictdrjitavd rdisnjajl wis tn bd enujhaj mas eiknus irtaocd nj ”_kuhld pats ijh mahd skn`ajl‑ (915<) wmdrd md tradhtn ajtdrprdt tmd prdsdjod ne odrtiaj editurds md mih dxoivitdh aj Accajnas0 tmdyonjodrjdh skicc pats eaccdh watm omirrdh onrjonbs it tmd dhld ne jitavd Ikdraoijsdttcdkdjts. Aj dssdjod, Bajenrh ajvn`dh ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl enr tmd sncutanj ne iocissaoic prnbcdk, a.d. tmd eujotanjic ajtdrprdtitanj ne ij djalkitao eajh oitdlnry.Aj tmas, md hah jnt haeedr ernk sdvdjtddjtm-odjtury ijtaquiraijs wmn usdh dtmjnc-nly tn dxpciaj tmd sn-oiccdh tmujhdrbncts is tnncs. Md hah, mnwdvdr, haeedr ernktmdk aj mas ajsastdjod tmit tmd dtmjnlripmao sulldstanj smnuch bd tmnrnulmcy tdst-dh iliajst tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh. Bisdh nj i survdy ne dtmjnmastnraoic snurods,md pnstucitdh tmit tmd skuhld pats kust mivd bddj usdh hurajl tmd skn`ajl neijakic mahds. Md tmdj prnoddhdh tn hdravd i jukbdr ne tdstibcd mypntmdsds ernktmas pnstucitd. Ijh ictmnulm md eiacdh tn pdrenrk tmd iotuic tdsts tmdksdcvds (ipiajeuc nkassanj wmaom bdoikd ippirdjt citdr), md onjocuhdh tmit tmd prnodhurdhasoussdh wis ”ipprnpraitd aj tmd onjtdxt ne i pnsatavastao pmacnsnpmy ne ijtmrn-pncnly ijh iromidncnly‑ is ”tmd eajic guhldkdjt ne tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonjstruo-

tanj prdsdjtdh mdrd kust rdst watm tdstajl tmrnulm subsahairy mypntmdsds hriwjhdhuotavdcy‑ (915<7 8=-1).



92<

md Omijl-Bajenrh hdbitd wis jnt ij asncitdh hasputd bdtwddj twn Jnrtm- Ikdraoij iromidncnlasts but wis erikdh by tmd kuom cirldr qudstanj aj ijtmrn-pncnly is tn wmdtmdr knhdrj mujtdr-litmdrdrs onuch bd usdh is knhdcs enr prd-mastnry. mas djtiacdh jntmajl cdss tmij i rdjiassijod ne tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury

hdbitd nj tmd pnsatanj ne onjtdkpnriry sivildry. md jdn-dvncutanjast Dckij_drvaod onjtdjtdh tmit tmdrd wis kuom tn bd liajdh ernk i stuhy ne ”nur onjtdk-pnriry ijodstnrs‑ (91527 =). Dvdj ae md ihkattdh tmit ”prakatavd‑ snoadtads wieedotdh by onjtiot watm tmd ajhustraicazdh wnrh, md stacc onuch wratd tmit ”ijtpncnly pnssdssds i takd kiomajd‑ (=). Enr Cdscad Erddkij (915=) tmas onuch jnt bpdrkattdh7 snoadtads ne knhdrj mujtdr-litmdrdrs wdrd tnn kuom tmd rdsuct ne onpcdx mastnraoic prnodssds. Rdpditajl tmd irlukdjt kihd by tmd Hu`d ne Irlycc iodjtury dircadr, md jntaodh tmit tmd sprdih ne ilraoucturd mih enrodh mastnraoiconjtdkpnriry enrildrs ajtn kirlajic znjds sn tmit tmdy wdrd ”tnticcy ujrdprdsdjti-tavd ne tmd snrts ne mujtajl-litmdrajl ihiptitanjs tmit dxastdh bdenrd tmd ihvdjt ne

ennh prnhuotanj‑ (915=7 258). Md eurtmdr strdssdh tmit tmdrd wdrd ”cnlaoic cakprdhaotanj ernk i cakatdh sikpcd‑7 jnt icc ne mukij prdmastnry onuch bd hdhuodernk tmd edw rdkiajajl enrildr snoadtads tnhiy. Iknujt ne akkdhaitd sakaciraty,tmdrdenrd, wis jn oratdranj tn gustaey tmd usd ne ijicnly7

Xd usd ne issukdh sakaciratads watm knhdrj bdmivanr aj tmd dxpcijitanj netmd bdmivanr ne dxtajot lrnups as jnt njcy eiccioanus, at as icsn hdcdtdranus tn rd-sdirom sajod at prdvdjts tmd hasonvdry tmit tmd pnstucitdh sakaciratads hn jnt dxast.(Erddkij 915=7 254)

\mdrdis Erddkij dsomdwdh tmd usd ne ijy enrk ne ijicnly, ntmdrs tradh tn cakat atsakpiot by oiccajl, ca`d Bajenrh mih sulldstdh, enr ajhdpdjhdjt tdstajl ne tmd iji-cnlaoic prnpnsatanjs iliajst tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh. Enr dxikpcd, Macc (915ajtdrprdtdh i tmartddjtm-odjtury pudbcn aj Iraznji by ijicnly watm onjtdkpnriryMnpa ijh Wuùa iromatdoturd but snulmt tn vicahitd mas prnpnsatanjs tmrnulm stdkitao iromidncnlaoic onjearkitanj. Mas ipprniom wis snnj stildh is ij dxdk-pciry oisd ne mypntmdtaon-hdhuotavd rdisnjajl sn typaoic enr tmd Jdw IromidncnAj tmdar ajecudjtaic vncukdDxpcijitanj aj Iromdncnly7 Ij Dxpcaoatcy _oadjtaeao Ipprniom, \itsnj, CdBcijo ijh Rdhkij ippciuhdh at by rdgdotajl tmd ti`dj-enr-lrijtdh hastajotanj bdtwddj i hardot-mastnraoic ijh i ldjdric-onkpiritavd ijicnly7

” md cnlaoic erikdwnr` enr ippcaoitanj ne bntm `ajhs ne ijicnly rdkiajs dxiotcytmd sikd7 rdlirhcdss ne tmdar snurod P...[ tmd prnpnsdh ijicnlads ird sakpcy mypntsds. Is suom tmdy kust bd tdstdh iliajst ajhdpdjhdjt iromidncnlaoic hiti‑ (\itsnj,CdBcijo ijh Rdhkij 91<97 46-9). Aj onjtrist tn Ocir` ijh \accdy‑s npajanj,tmd hardot-mastnraoic ipprniom wis tmus jn cnjldr tmd supdranr enrk ne ijicnlyDcsdwmdrd, \itsnj stitdh7 ”Cnlaoiccy spdi`ajl, at hnds jnt kittdr wmdrd tmdsd aj-tdrprdtitavd mypntmdsds onkd ernk0 wmit kittdrs as mnw tmdy stijh up wmdj tdstiliajst tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh‑ (91<1i7 2<<). Hivah Ocir`d, tnn, djhnrsdh tmanpajanj. Aj Ijicytaoic Iromidncnly tmd rncd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly wis cakatdhtn orataoic dxikajitanj ne tmdnry0 ydt aj Knhdcs aj Vrdmastnry md spdjt onjsahdr-

ibcd ittdjtanj tn ”tmd knriss ne hdbitd ibnut tmd prnpdr ijh akprnpdr usd ne mas-tnraoic ijh dtmjnlripmao –piriccdcs‛ aj iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj‑ (91<2b7 86



921

hdoasavd knkdjt aj iromidncnlaoic rdisnjajl, at hah jnt dvdj kittdr wmdrd tmd my-pntmdsas ajataiccy oikd ernk. md hijldr ne ajhuotanj wmaom ijy ijicnly akpcadswis tmus dcakajitdh by i trust aj mypntmdtaon-hdhuotavd cnlao.

md onjsdqudjod ne suom cnlao as tmit ijicnlads ird jnt issdssdh nj tmd bisa

ne tmdar ajtdrjic vicahaty but nj tmd trutm ne tmdar onjocusanjs. Vut sakpcy, ae tdst ij ijicnly, ynu hnj‑t oird tn akprnvd ats struoturd‘ynu‑rd njcy ajtdrdstdh ajats onjtdjt. Ictmnulm i jukbdr ne iromidncnlasts stirtdh tn hriw upnj tmd wnr`nj ijicnly by onjtdkpnriry cnlaoaijs, tmd cittdrs‑ prnodhurds enr strdjltmdjajltmd vicahaty ne tmd ijicnlads wdrd netdj kdjtanjdh but jdlcdotdh it tmd sikd takd.Bajenrh, enr ajstijod, hrdw upnj tmd wnr` ne tmd cnlaoaij _tdbbajl ijh rdedrrdhtn tmd oratdrai ne ”rdcdvijod‑ ijh ”wdalmt ne tmd onjocusanj‑ (ictmnulm md usdedrdjt jikds), ydt md onjtajudh7

Aj tmd dxikajitanj ne ijtmrnpncnlaoic irlukdjts ernk ijicnly, wd ird jnt onj-odrjdh watm tmd oratdrai wmaom wacc iccnw us tn guhld tmdenrk ne i pirtaoucirirlukdjt ernk ijicnly is aj tmd prdvanus hasoussanj Pnj _tdbbajl[. Ajstdih, wdird onjodrjdh watm tmdonjtdjt ne tmd irlukdjt.(Bajenrh 915<7 ?4, nralajicdkpmisds)

By tmd sikd tn`dj, Jaoncis Vdtdrsnj (91<9) djukdritdh aj ij dhatdh vncukdnj ibnralajic Iustricai Onpa‑s sax oratdrai enr issdssajl tmd strdjltm ne ij ijicnla-oic irlukdjt. At wis njd ne tmd earst dcibnritd rdedrdjods tn tmd cnlao ne ijicnlyprnpdr but, ca`d Bajenrh, md rderiajdh ernk puttajl tmdsd sulldstanjs ajtn priotaodOcir`d, tnn, mih ij ajoapadjt ajtdrdst aj tmd cnlao ne ijicnlads wmdj md siah tmitmd bnn` nj ”tmd vicah prnodhurds enr usajl tmdsd knhdcs‑ wis ”ydt tn bd wratt(91<2b7 86) but eajiccy onjtdjhdh watm tdstajl is tmd ipprnpraitd sncutanj.

md Jdw Iromidncnlasts wdrd iwird ne tmd prnbcdks ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajlbut mih jnt ydt enujh i sncutanj tn nutstrap tmd sajlcd-kajhdh rdcaijod nj saka-ciraty ne tmd Uaotnraij dvncutanjasts ijh kah-odjtury mukijast iromidncnlasts. Atmd ibsdjod ne suom akprnvdh cnlao, orataoic wirjajl ijh dxtdrjic tdstajl wdrd tmdtwn tdjtitavd wiy nuts. mnulm odrtiajcy nvdrstitajl tmd pnajt, Brynjy Nrkd‑swnrhs ernk 91<? onjtiaj i lriaj ne trutm enr tmd pdranh smd wrntd aj7 ”A wnucdvdj ociak tmit, iccnwajl enr oucturic haeedrdjods, tmd usd kihd ne dtmjnlripmy mjnt omijldh sajod tmd dircy knhdrj pdranh, cdt icnjd sajod tmd mdyhiy ne tmd 91todjtury‑ (91<?7 8=<). md jdxt hdoihd, mnwdvdr, wnuch brajl ibnut eujhikdjticomijlds‘pirtaoucircy bdoiusd tmd somncir wmn mih bddj tmd stiujomdst hdedjhdne ijicnly-tdstajl stirtdh tn hnubt.

Xmd mdyhiy ne dtmjniromidncnly mrnulmnut tmd 91<6s ijh wdcc ajtn =6s, dtmjniromidncnly tmravdh is at mih jdv

bdenrd. \mit mih njod bddj i rdcitavdcy kajnr brijom ne tmd Jdw Iromidncnlyrdstraotdh tn orataoic ijh ajsparitanjic purpnsds snnj hdvdcnpdh ajtn njd ne tmd



9?6

cirldst eadchs ne ”prnodssuic iromidncnly‑ (is tmd Jdw Iromidncnly ajordisajlcystirtdh tn bd oiccdh ietdr at wis jn cnjldr jdw). Kijy Jnrtm-Ikdraoij iromidncn-lasts bdlij tn ujhdrti`d dtmjnlripmao eadchwnr`, jnt njcy aj tmd pcijdt‑s rdkntdstirdis wmdrd tmd cist mujtdr-litmdrdrs tradh tn d`d i cavajl nut ne tmdar kirlajic

doncnlaoic onjhatanjs, but icsn ocnsdr it mijh aj odrtiaj sdlkdjts ne tmd \dstdrjwnrch ca`d supdrkir`dts, oikpajl lrnujhs ijh oir lrivdyirhs. Knrd tmij i hnzdjknjnlripms ijh dhatdh vncukds ippdirdh0 iromidncnlaoic ijh ijtmrnpncnlaoic gnurjics ajodssijtcy pubcasmdh irtaocds nj onjtdkpnriry cavajl onjtdxts0 ijh ldj-dritanjs ne ujhdrlrihuitds wdrd dxpnsdh tn tmd citdst ajsalmts nj tmd tmdkd. Butknrd tmij tmas quijtatitavd lrnwtm (wmaom onuch bd dxpciajdh by tmd rdkirìbcdajordisd aj prnedssanjic iromidncnlasts ijh stuhdjts ietdr tmd 9156s), tmdrd wisicsn substijtaic quicatitavd omijld. mdnrdtaoic assuds wdrd malm nj tmd ildjhi0 tmdhasoussanj nj ijicnly onjtajudh watm irlukdjts wmaom mih jdvdr bddj brnulmtup bdenrd0 ijh cnlao wis hriwj aj tn akprnvd tmd enrkit ne rdisnjajl. \mdrdis

snkd ntmdr eadchs ne prnodssuic tmnulmt, ca`d tmd hdbitd nj stycd, onjstijtcy rujajtn onjodptuic bnujhirads, tmd hasoussanj nj ijicnly wis rdeajdh nvdr tmd onursdne jdircy eaetddj ydirs. mas as jnt tn siy tmit tmdrd wis ujikbalunus prnlrdss nrtmit pdredotanj wis rdiomdh0 njcy tmit tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmy aj iromidncnly mihknvdh ajtn i raom, onkpcdx, ijh kuctaeiranus stild ne ats mastnry.

\mit kust bd mdch rdspnjsabcd enr tmas pnpuciraty> At wnuch bd eiccioanus tnujorataoiccy caj` tmd suoodssds ne dtmjniromidncnly tn tmd wnr` ujhdrti`dj ajtmd 9156s. Ictmnulm snkdnjd ca`d Lnuch sakpcy onjtajudh ijh dxpijhdh tmdrdsdirom md mih hnjd dircadr, enr Bajenrh tmdrd wdrd eujhikdjtic prnbcdks watmtmd tdstajl hnlki is at mih liajdh wahdsprdih ioodptijod, pirtcy ujhdr mas ajsta-litanj. n ujhdrstijh dtmjniromidncnly aj tmd 91<6s rdquards earst tn ujhdrstijhBajenrh‑s omijld ne npajanj.

Xmd akpnssabacaty ne ajhdpdjhdjt tdstajl wn ydirs ietdr Bajenrh‑s skuhld pats irtaocd, Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty pubcasmdh i onj-

trabutanj by Vitrao` Kujsnj (9151) wmaom qudstanjdh tmd vicahaty ne Bajenrh‑sajtdrprdtitanj ne tmdsd editurds is mahd-sknàjl hdvaods. Ernk i jukbdr ne dtm-jnmastnraoic hnoukdjts, Kujsnj sulldstdh ”icsn nj tmd bisas ne ijicnly‑ (=?) tmittmd skuhld pats kalmt bd bdttdr ajtdrprdtdh aj tmd onjtdxt ne sknàjl odrik-

aos7 pnttdry wnuch tmus mivd bddj put nvdr tmd pats aj nrhdr tn mivd tmd ajtdranrbcio`djdh. Bajenrh wrntd i rdpcy but Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty rdeusdh tn prajt at is tmddhatnr tmnulmt at hah jnt ihh tn tmd hasoussanj. md pipdr dvdjtuiccy ippdirdh ajBajenrh‑s earst onccdotanj ne irtaocds (Bajenrh 91<2b) ijh ittdjtavd rdihajl smnwstmit at wis eir knrd tmij i stubbnrj ittdkpt tn bd prnvdj ralmt.92 Dvdj ae Bajenrhrdbuttdh Kujsnj‑s orataqud by smnwajl tmit dtmjnmastnraoic snurods nj pnttdry-sknàjl wdrd ajihdquitd‘tmd bdst dxikpcd hitdh ernk i pnstonjtiot knkdjtwmdrdby pnttdry wis skn`dh ajsahd i Durnpdij stycd mnusd‘md hah jnt djtardcy

92 Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty ‑s rdeusic tn pubcasm tmd rdpcy kihd Bajenrh hrnp mas subsoraptanj tn tmd gnurjicijh tmus mas kdkbdrsmap ne tmd _noadty ne Ikdraoij Iromidncnlasts, tmd prakd prnedssanjic nrlija-zitanj ne iromidncnlasts aj Jnrtm-Ikdraoi, enr icknst i hdoihd (Bajenrh 91=?b7 91)



9?9

rdgdot tmd ictdrjitavd7 ” md ioourioy ne i prnpnsatanj oij njcy bd hdtdrkajdh btmd tdstajl ne hdhuotavdcy hriwj mypntmdsds iliajst ajhdpdjhdjt hiti, snkdtmajlwmaom mis jnt bddj hnjd tmus eir enr datmdr prnpnsatanj‑ (91<2b7 45). Mahd-skajl nr pnttdry-skn`ajl, Bajenrh tmus ihkattdh tmit ”jdatmdr prnpnsatanj mis bddj

tdstdh‑ (4?). md ihdquitd tdstajl ne i prnpnsatanj sddkdh eir knrd haeeaouct tmijnralajiccy io`jnwcdhldh. Vranr tn suom tdstajl, mnwdvdr, Bajenrh sulldstdh tmi”tmd rdcitavd kdrat ne haeedrdjt irlukdjts ernk ijicnly‑ bd issdssdh ”nj tmd bisasne tmd ajtdrjic cnlao ijh strdjltm ne onkpdtajl irlukdjts‑ (4?). Ajstdih ne dxtdr-jic vdraeaoitanj ne ij ijicnlaoic prnpnsatanj, at wis wnrtmwmacd tn omdo` aj tmkdijtakd ats ajtdrjic vicahaty bdoiusd ”ij irlukdjt kiy bd cnlaoiccy vicah but ittmd sikd takd eicsd‑ (42). Md rdlirhdh Kujsnj‑s ictdrjitavd is cnlaoiccy vicah, butrdisnjdh nj tmd bisas ne iviacibcd dtmjnmastnrao dvahdjod tmit at wis dkparaoicdss ca`dcy. Mas onjocusanj as wnrtm quntajl aj eucc7

Xd irlukdjt prdsdjtdh mdrd as tmit tmd prdsdjod ne i vicah ictdrjitavd prnpnsa-tanj bisdh nj dtmjnlripmao ijicnly as jnt su oadjt tn rdeutd ij dquiccy vicah buthastdrdjt prnpnsatanj. I vicah prnpnsatanj oij njcy bd rdeutdh tmrnulm mypntmdsastdstajl. Mnwdvdr, wmdj eiodh watm vicah ictdrjitavds, njd oij dvicuitd aj prnbi-bacastao tdrks tmd rdcitavd strdjltm ne ictdrjitavds ijh ki`d hdoasanjs is tn mnw tnajvdst rdsdirom takd aj mypntmdsas tdstajl. (Bajenrh 91<2b7 4<)

Ictmnulm Bajenrh stacc suppnrtdh ajhdpdjhdjt tdstajl is tmd uctakitd oratdranj ajmypntmdsas-dvicuitanj, md jdvdr ujhdrtnn` suom vdraeaoitanj maksdce, dvdj wonjernjtdh watm i rihaoic ictdrjitavd. mas rdcuotijod wis tdccajl ne tmd ajtrajsahaeeaouctads tdstajl akpcadh7 tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh sddkdh i pnnr irbatdr tnoahd bdtwddj twn iviacibcd nptanjs. Aj eiot, Bajenrh mih tn rdcy nj dtmjnmastnrritmdr tmij iromidncnlaoic dvahdjod tn dvicuitd Kujsnj‑s prnpnsatanj. \mdrdisKujsnj‑s irtaocd onuch mivd bddj disacy dcakajitdh nj tmd bisas ne tmdsd snurotn Bajenrh at ”pnajtdh tn dvdj eurtmdr prnbcdks watm tmd usd ne irlukdjts ne ijicnly‑ (91=?b7 91). Dvdj ae md stacc rdlirhdh tmd mahd-skn`ajl ajtdrprdtitanj is ”njne tmd strnjldst irlukdjts ernk ijicnly A mivd dvdr sddj aj iromidncnly‑ (91=?b7=), aj rdtrnspdot, md siah md wis ”eisoajitdh‑ by Kujsnj‑s ictdrjitavd7 ”Mas wnrippdirdh tn kd tn bd gust tmd typd ne onjstruotavd dxpcnritanj ajtn nur prnbcdksne ajedrdjod tmit wnuch knvd us tnwirh i bdttdr ujhdrstijhajl ne nur kdtmnhs‑(91=?b7 91). At mih rdvdicdh twn akpnrtijt ajsalmts7 prakn, tmd haeeaoucty ne tdst-ajl tmd ijicnly‑s dkparaoic onjtdjt,sdoujhn, tmd jdodssaty ne strdjltmdjajl tmdajtdrjic cnlao.

_akacir hnubts ibnut tmd vicud ne ajhdpdjhdjt tdstajl mih dkdrldh watmaj tmdonjtdxt ne ijntmdr ijh kuom knrd eiknus hdbitd Bajenrh wis ajvncvdh watm ajtmd citd 9156s, a.d. tmd Knustdraij hdbitd. Aj nppnsatanj tn Erijìnas Bnrhds, tmdhdij ne Durnpdij Vicidncatmao iromidncnly wmn rdlirhdh tmd hastajot Knustdraieioads aj snutm-wdst Erijod is rdprdsdjtajl haeedrdjt dtmjao djtatads, Bajenrh irludh tmit tmdy rdecdotdh haeedrdjt snrts ne eujotanjic iotavatads. md Knustdrhdbitd wis miacdh is tmd earst traukpm ne Ikdraoij prnodssuic iromidncnly nvd

Durnpdij oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnly, but Bajenrh maksdce bdoikd eir cdss ovajodh ne ijy suoodssds bnn`dh. md Knustdraij hdbitd, md rdoiccdh, wis jnt sn



9??

at onuch bd subsukdh ujhdr i ldjdric, onvdrajl ciw0 ae tmas wis jnt tmd oisd, tmajtdrprdtitanj mih tn bd rdgdotdh is ujsoadjtaeao. dstajl tmus bdoikd ij ajtdlricpirt ne i brnihdr, ”dxpcaoatcy soadjtaeao‑, jnkncnlaoic ipprniom7 ”Njd hastajotediturd ne soadjtaeao iromdncnly as i sdce-onjsoanus onjodrj watm tmd enrkuci

ijh tdstajl ne mypntmdtaoic ldjdric ciws,‑ wis tmd oicc tn irks watm wmaom tmd bby \itsnj o.s. npdjdh (91<97 ?). Mnwdvdr, kijy onjtdkpnrirads enujh tmit tmdrdwdrd sdvdrd prnbcdks watm tmas prnlrikkd. Njd ydir ietdr ats pubcaoitanj aj ijakpnrtijt but snkdmnw enrlnttdj pipdr pubcasmdh aj\nrch Iromidncnly (91<2),tmd cnlaoaij Knrlij kdroacdsscy dxpnsdh ats sdcdotavd bnrrnwajls, cnlaoic ajonsastdjoads, rmdtnraoic vdrbaild ijh nutralmt scnlijddrajl. Knst akpnrtijtcy, mdsiah tmit tmd dxikpcds oatdh hah jnt onjeark tn tmd onvdrajl-ciw knhdc but wdrdaj eiot jntmajl knrd tmij hasluasdh ajhuotavd-stitastaoic irlukdjts. Bajenrh, tnn,rdlirhdh tmas ”nvdrdkpmisas nj kdtmnh nr cnlao‑ is ”i rdturj tn ij ajhuotavd strit-dly‑ (91<<7 5). Ioonrhajl tn mak, tmdrd wis jntmajl wrnjl watm dkparaoic ldj-

dricazitanjs but tmdsd hah jnt rdsuct aj ldjdric ciws0 tmdy wdrd sakpcy ajhuotavdcyirravdh itdkparaoicciws ijh is suom ajsueeaoadjt enr tmdnry-buachajl (Bajenrh91<=i). Hdspatd Bajenrh‑s ajataic pnsatavask, tmd jntanj ne ”ciw‑ mih icwiys bdne kajnr akpnrtijod tn mak7 ”A hn jnt bdcadvd ciws ne rdcdvijod tn dxpcijitanj oijbd hasonvdrdh ijh dvicuitdh tmrnulm ajhuotavd irlukdjts, jnr hn A prdsukd tmitonjearkitanj as –onjtiajdh watmaj tmd erikdwnr` ne tmd onvdrajl-ciw knhdc nedxpcijitanj‛,‑ md wrntd aj rdspnjsd tn snkd ne tmd mypdrpnsatavast prnpnjdjts ntmd hdhuotavd-jnkncnlaoic ipprniom (91<=i7 82). Md, tmdrdenrd, enujh tmd wnne Eratz ijh Vcnl ”knst kascdihajl‑, ijh tmit ne \itsnj, CdBcijo ijh Rdhkij”vdry erustritajl‑, aj pirtaoucir bdoiusd tmdsd wdrd ajordisajlcy oatdh is tmd dpaskncnlaoic enujhitanjs ne prnodssuic iromidncnly (91=?b7 98, 94).

Aj tmd wi`d ne Bajenrh‑s orataoask, sdvdric somncirs ioodptdh tmd akpnssabne ajhdpdjhdjt tdstajl. !@ujl dtmjniromidncnlast Gnmj Qdccdj ilrddh tmit ”hd-huotavd prnne‘aj tmd straotdst sdjsd ne tmd tdrk‘as haeeaouct tn nbtiaj‑0 md tmhdjnujodh tmd ”dxpcaoatcysoadjtaeao ipprniomtn iromidncnly‑ watm ats ”ujenujhdhnptakask ijh ujhdjaibcd irrnlijod‑ (91<<7 2, 92, nralajic aticaos). Hijadc _tacdsihkattdh tmit aj priotaod ij iromidncnlaoic ”tdst‑‘tmd wnrh wis icwiys put bd-twddj ajvdrtdh onkkis aj mas wratajl‘sakpcy oikd hnwj tn ”tmd hdlrdd ne saka-ciraty‑ ijh ”tmd lnnhjdss ne eat‑ bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt ijicnluds (91<<7 15, 1<).

dstajl tmus edcc bio` upnj tmd vdry ajhuotavd oratdranj at mih tradh tn dsoipd, tmas, tmit ne djukdritajl sakaciraty. Dvdj ij ”dxpcaoatcy soadjtaeao iromidncnlast‑ cVitty Gn \itsnj mih tn ki`d i onkprnkasd7 ”cnlaoiccyat hnds jnt kittdr Pwmdrdtmd ijicnly oikd ernk[, but‘is as sn netdj tmd oisd‘ priotaoiccy at hnds kit-tdr‑0 tmd knst suatibcd snurods wdrd stacc tn bd enujh aj ”sdttajls is kuom ca`d prdmastnrao njds is pnssabcd‑, prdedribcy tmdrd wmdrd ”oucturic onjtajuaty as (91<1i7 2<<, 2<=). Lrimikd Ocir` kust mivd jnhhdh ipprnvajlcy. _akaciratyscappdh aj by tmd bio` hnnr7 wmdrdis \itsnj mih njod rdgdotdh tmd hastajotanjbdtwddj tmd hardot-mastnraoic ijh tmd ldjdric-onkpiritavd ipprniom, tmd enrkdwis jnw ihkattdh tn bd tmd knrd prnhuotavd njd is at smnwdh lrditdr rdsdkbcijodbdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt. Ajhddh, smd wrntd tmit tmd akkdrsanj aj ij dtmjn-lripmao satuitanj tmit piriccdcdh tmd prdmastnrao onjtdxt onuch bd ”sn nvdrwmd



9?8

tmit it takds at vdrlds nj i kystaoic dxpdradjod‑ (91<1i7 2<=)‘ouranus cijluildenr snkdnjd wmn mih prnociakdh ij dxpcaoatcy soadjtaeao iromidncnly.

Ernk tmd 91=6s njwirhs, tmd pdssakask nj tdstajl turjdh ajtn i eucc-bcnwjorataqud. Mnhhdr (91=2i7 29), enr ajstijod, irludh tmit tmd iromidncnlaoic onjear-

kitanj ne tdst akpcaoitanjs onjsastdh ne jntmajl knrd tmij sakpcy ihhajl eurtmdrsakaciratads tn tmd njds wmaom mih icrdihy bddj dstibcasmdh it tmd bdlajjajl netmd ijicnly. \ycad (91=4) hdknjstritdh tmit tmd mypntmdtaon-hdhuotavd kdtmnhne tdstajl prnpnsatanjs onuch jdvdr dsoipd i hdpdjhdjod ij ajhuotavd irlukdjts.Ca`dwasd, _tnoz`nwsà (9112) smnwdh tmit enr tmd enrkucitanj ne usdeuc tdst ak-pcaoitanjs, iromidncnlasts mih tn ki`d i sdonjh rdonursd tn ijicnly. At wis akpns-sabcd tn hardotcy onjernjt tmd tdstibcd mypntmdsas watm tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrhwatmnut rdcyajl nj ajhuotavd issukptanjs ibnut tmd rdcitanjsmap bdtwddj stitaosijh hyjikaos. md oratdranj ne ajhdpdjhdjt tdstajl wis tmus smnwj tn bd i kytmbnrj nut ne ij dxilldritdh pnsatavast ivahaty.

”\d oijjnt prnvd ijytmajl pnsatavdcy,‑ Bajenrh oikd tn bdcadvd (91<<7 ?).Ritmdr, tmd kignr omiccdjld wmaom iromidncnlasts eiodh wis ”jnt tdstajl ciws P...[but ajstdih gustaeyajl tmd cajìld ne i oiusic hyjikao P...[ tn tmd eiots usdh ajrdonjstruotajl tmd pist‑ (91=?b7 95). Ioonrhajl tn mak, tmd njcy wiy nut ne tmdakpissd orditdh by tmd akpnssabacaty ne tdstajl wis tn ”stuhy satuitanjs wmdrd nr-lijazdh hyjikaos wdrd tiàjl pciod ijh wmdrd pittdrjdh stitaos wdrd i jituricbyprnhuot ne tmd hyjikaos‑ (91=?b7 5=). mas wis Bajenrh‑s snkdwmit onjvn-cutdh oicc tn hn dtmjniromidncnly, a.d. tn stuhy tmd oiusic rdcitanjsmaps bdtwddjoucturic bdmivanur ijh kitdraic rdsahud, tn hdvdcnp i kahhcd-rijld tmdnry wmaomwnuch ca`d i Rnsdtti stnjd ”pdrkat tmd ioouritd onjvdrsanj ernk nbsdrvitanj njstitaos tn stitdkdjt ibnut hyjikaos‑ (91=97 24). Mice i hdoihd citdr tmij kijy netmd ntmdr Jdw Iromidncnlasts, Bajenrh wis onjvajodh tmit kuom onuch bd liajdhernk i stuhy ne onjtdkpnriry jnj-ajhustraic snoadtads. Jnt sn kuom bdoiusd tmasdjmijodh nur ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd pist, but bdoiusd at djmijodh tmd ujhdrstijh-ajl ne nur ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd pist. At wis quatd catdriccy ij dxdroasd aj ”cdirjajlmnw tn cdirj‑ (Bajenrh 91=?b). Ernk 9151 tn 91<?, Bajenrh spdjt sdvdric sdisnjswatm tmd Jujikaut aj jnrtmdrj odjtric Icisì, njd ne tmd cist prdhnkajijtcymujtajl snoadtads aj tmd wnrch0 at wis enccnwdh by i smnrtdr stiy watm tmd Icyiwiri,i trabd ne Iustricaij ibnralajds, aj 91<8. Ae tmd Jdw Iromidncnly wis tn bd knrdtmij ”ij ijtatrihatanjic iromidncnly it bdst‑, knrd tmij ”ij ijiromy ne ujodrtiajty,nptakask, ijh prnhuots ne dxtrdkdcy viraibcd quicaty‑, stuhdjts ne tmd pist mihtn sdranuscy ajvdstalitd mnw ajedrdjods wdrd hriwj aj tmd prdsdjt (Bajenrh 91<<71). md rdbdccanj onuch jnt onjtajud ”enr rdbdccanj‑s si`d‑0 wmit wis tn bd hnjdjdxt wis ”tmd haeeaouct tis` ne tmdnry buachajl ijh kdtmnhncnlaoic hdvdcnpkdjt‑(1, 96). md rdsuct ne tmdsd akpnrtijt eadchwnr` stuhads ippdirdh hurajl tmd citd91<6s ijh wacc bd hasoussdh eurtmdr nj.

Qdt tmd ahdi ne stuhyajl tmd prdsdjt is i pciod wmdrd stitaos ijh hyjikaos onuchbd sakuctijdnuscy nbsdrvdh prnvahdh tmd gustaeaoitanj enr knst, ae jnt icc, dtm-jniromidncnly it tmd takd. Qdccdj wdjt sn eir is tn spdi` ibnut i ”cibnritnry ip-prniom‑ (91<<7 99) wmdrd hardot nbsdrvitanj ne ij njlnajl snoadty onuch bd onrrd-citdh tn ats kitdraic by-prnhuots. @rikdr wrntd tmit tmd tis` ne dtmjniromidncnly



9?4

wis ”tn systdkitaoiccy hdeajd tmd rdcitanjsmaps bdtwddj bdmivanr ijh kitdraic outurd‑ (91<17 9)0 _tacds enousdh nj ”tmd akprajt tmit tmas bdmivanur wacc cdivd pmysaoic wnrch‑ (91<<7 19)0 ijh Cnjliord snulmt tn hasodrj ”kitdraic onrrdcitds pittdrjs ne mukij nrlijazitanj ijh bdmivanr‑ (91<=7 ?52). Dtmjniromidncnly wis

jn cnjldr i qudst enr piriccdcs, but i stuhy ne prnodssds.

I tmravajl subhasoapcajd

Aj tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd 91<6s, kijy ujavdrsaty cabrirads kust mivd spdjt entujds aj `ddpajl up watm icc tmd pubcaoitanjs wmaom dxpcnrdh tmd ajtdreiod twddj iromidncnly ijh dtmjnlripmy. md pdranh bdtwddj 91<8 ijh 91=2 siwtmd ippdirijod ne i sdrads ne bnn`s watm tatcds ca`dDtmjniromidncnly(Hnjjij ijhOcdwcnw 91<8), Iromidncnly ijh Ijtmrnpncnly7 Irdis ne Kutuic Ajtdrdst(_pralls91<<), Iromidncnlaoic Ipprniomds tn tmd Vrdsdjt7 Knhdcs enr Rdonjstruotajl tmd Vist(Qdccdj 91<<),Dxpcnritanjs aj Dtmjniromidncnly(Lnuch 91<=i),Cavajl Iromidncnly(Lnuch 91=6),Dtmjniromidncnly7 Akpcaoitanjs ne Dtmjnlripmy enr Iromidncnly(@rikdr 91<1), Ijtmrnpncnly enr Iromidncnlasts(Nrkd 91=9),Dtmjnlripmy by Iromidncnlasts( nn`dr 91=2) ijh md Vrdsdjt Vist7 Ij Ajtrnhuotanj tn Ijtmrnpncnly enr Iromidncnlasts(Mnhhdr 91=2i). Dvdj ae tmas cast ne viraitanjs nj i tmdkd as eirernk bdajl dxmiustavd (at cdivds nut dssdjtaic pubcaoitanjs wmaom ippdirdh is irocds), at lavds it cdist ij akprdssanj ne dtmjniromidncnly‑s pnpuciraty it tmd takdDtmjniromidncnly, at sddks, wis jnt gust i eajao`y hdbitd onjhuotdh aj soadjtaea gnurjics, but i prneatibcd brijom ne snoaic soadjod enr pubcasmdrs.9? I qudstanjjiardiknjl priotasajl Jnrtm-Ikdraoij iromidncnlasts aj 91<< rdvdicdh tmit ernk tmd

9?< ourrdjt kdtmnhncnlaoic ijh tmdnrdtaoic rdsdirom ernjtadrs ijh assuds kdj-tanjdh by tmd rdspnjhdjts, ”dtmjniromidncnly‑ rij`dh tmarh aj akpnrtijod (nj tmdearst ijh sdonjh pciod stnnh ”tmd jddh tn hdvdcnp bdttdr knhdcs enr ujhdrstijhajltmd prnodssds ne oucturic dvncutanj‑ ijh ”tmd usd ijh ibusd ne quijtatitavd kdtmnhs‑0 _omaeedr 91<<). Aj tmd sikd ydir, _tacds‑ stitd ne tmd irt aj dtmjniromidnnptakastaoiccy ociakdh tmit tmd eadch mih nvdronkd ”kijy ne ats lrnwajl piajs(91<<7 =<). Aj 91=2, tmd earst assud ne tmd Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnlyippdirdh watm Bnb \miccnj is dhatnr, njd ne Bajenrh‑s earst stuhdjts. rud tn atstatcd, tmd iromidncnlaoic ijh ijtmrnpncnlaoic stuhy ne ”onjtdkpnriry, cavajl mukij lrnups‑ wis castdh is njd ne tmd kiaj tirldts aj tmd dhatnraic ajtrnhuotanj

(\miccnj 91=27 2). md vdry earst pipdr wis i onjtrabutanj by Bajenrh nj tmdnrlijazitanj ne pciod iknjl tmd Jujikaut._nkd ldjdric cajds ijh tdjhdjoads oij bd hasodrjdh aj tmas ripahcy dxpijh-

ajl eadch ne dtmjniromidncnly. Earst, tmdrd wis tmd wnr` nj trihatanjic ruric sdttcdkdjts aj tmd Jdir Dist wmaom onjtajudh Vitty Gn \itsnj‑s sdkajic stuhy ajArij. \itsnj‑s nwj Iromidncnlaoic Dtmjnlripmy aj \dstdrj Arij(91<1b) ijh Oirnc@rikdr‑sUaccild Dtmjniromidncnly7 Ruric Arij aj Iromidncnlaoic Vdrspdotavd(91=2),

9? Xd wdictm ne bnn`-cdjltm trditkdjts ne dtmjniromidncnly aj tdrks ne knjnlripms ijh dhatdhvncukds domndh tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury akpnrtijod ne bnn`s is tmd prakd enrkit enr soadjta o onk-kujaoitanj. \mdrdis gnurjic irtaocds pciydh ij dquiccy oruoaic rncd, edw sub dchs aj prnodssuiciromidncnly prnhuodh is kijy vncukds is dtmjniromidncnly hah.



9?=

prnodssds, dxpdrakdjtic iromidncnly ijh knhdrj kitdraic oucturd stuhads wdrd rd-citdh prnodssuic subeadchs wmaom mih icc sprujl ernk dtmjniromidncnly‑s wasm tnujhdrstijh tmd caj` bdtwddj cavajl onjtdxt ijh rdsuctajl rdkiajs.

Dtmjniromidncnly tmdj wis njd ne tmd knst rikaeadh eadchs hurajl tmd mdyhiy

ne prnodssuic iromidncnly. Aj eiot, at tnuomdh upnj jdircy icc tmdkds ne iromidn-cnlaoic ajquary7 dircy mukij nralajs, citdr Vicidncatmao ihiptitanjs, nralajs ne ennhprnhuotanj, Jdncatmao vaccilds, prntnmastnraoic ijh dircy-mastnraoic sdttcdkdjts, ur-bijazitanj ijh knhdrjaty. At strdtomdh ernk tmd Iustricaij hdsdrt tn tmd Iraznjijrdeusd hukps, ijh ernk tmd Icis`ij onch tn tmd @icimira mdit. At ajvncvdh tmd vdrybisao kdtmnhncnlaoic assud ne enrkitanj prnodssds ijh tmd quajtdssdjtaic tmdnrdta-oic prnbcdk ne mnw njd wdjt ibnut ernk rdkiajs tn rdonjstruotanj. At wnuch lntnn eir tn siy prnodssuic iromidncnlywis dtmjniromidncnly0 but at as odrtiajcy trudtmit watmnut dtmjniromidncnly tmdrd wnuch jnt mivd bddj prnodssuic iromidncnlyis wd `jnw at. Jdvdrtmdcdss, tmd odjtric qudstanj rdkiajdh7 \mit hah at icc cdih

up tn> Mnw onuch tmd prdsdjt stacc bd usdh tn ujhdrstijh tmd pist ietdr tdstajl mihbddj hasordhatdh>

Bdynjh ijicnly>

md dtmjniromidncnlaoic bnnk ne tmd 91<6s hah jnt gust brajl ibnut ij ajtdj-saeaoitanj ne ij dircadr ajtdrdst aj dtmjnlripmy, but i eujhikdjtic rdenrkucitanjne ats purpnsds ijh nbgdotavds. Ats ajsparitanjic eujotanj cnst ordhabacaty jnw tmittmdrd wis jn cnjldr ij ajhdpdjhdjt kdijs ne vdraeyajl tmd snurod ne ajsparitanj.Ats orataoic eujotanj, tnn, wis jn cnjldr bdcadvdh tn bd ne lrdit vicud. _dvdric ir-

omidncnlasts wdrd nvdrtcy haskassavd ibnut tmd sodptaoic pipdrs7 Cnjliord siah tmit”tmd –oiutanjiry ticds‛ tmit netdj rdsuct ernk tmas typd ne akprdssanjastao wnr` irdjnt wmit wd jddh‑ (91<=7 ?5?)0 _omaeedr wis ”bdonkajl ripahcy wdiry ne tmd –oiu-tanjiry jntd‛ enrkit ne tmdsd prdsdjtitanjs‑ (91<=7 282)0 ijh @rikdr wijtdh tnknvd ”bdynjh tmd ritmdr bcdi` cdvdc ne tmd –oiutanjiry ticds‛ ‑ (91<17 5). Qdccdjwis knrd subtcd7 dvdj ae suom ”spnacdr ipprniom‑ wis dssdjtaiccy jdlitavd aj nutcnn`,md stacc priasdh at ”is i vicuibcd omdo` nj iromidncnlaoic spdoucitanj‑ (91<<7 =).Jdvdrtmdcdss, md tnn urldh tn ln bdynjh tmas orataoic rncd aj nrhdr tn ihhrdss knrdsubstijtaic ijh onjstruotavd eujotanjs ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly (91<<7 5-92).

Ociakajl tmit i wirjajl eajldr wis jnt djnulm wis icc wdcc ijh lnnh, at rd-

kiajdh tn bd sddj aj priotaod mnw njd knvdh bdynjh tmd cdvdc ne kdrd jat-pao`-ajl. Aj tmd ibsdjod ne strialmtenrwirh tdstajl, mnw onuch njd eurtmdr akprnvdtmd jiturd ne dtmjniromidncnlaoic ajedrdjods> mrnulmnut tmd 91<6s sdvdric sncu-tanjs wdrd eivnurdh wmaom hdsdrvd eurtmdr hasoussanj. mdy oij bd djukdritdh isenccnws7

akprnvdkdjt ne tdstajl tmrnulm dxpdrakdjtic iromidncnly ijh eicsaeaoitanjdstibcasmkdjt ne ciws ne mukij bdmivanurdstibcasmkdjt ne oiusic ujhdrstijhajl watmaj tmd snurod (kahhcd-rijldtmdnry)dstibcasmkdjt ne ujikbalunus ijh ujaenrkatiraij pirikdtdrs

9.2.?.

8.



9?1

Akprnvajl tmd tdsts

md knst nbvanus pciod tn stirt onjodrjdh tmd vdry jiturd ne tdstajl atsdce, tmitas, at onjsastdh ne omdoàjl wmdtmdr tmd wdi`jdssds ne tmd mypntmdtaon-hdhipprniom onuch bd rdkdhadh is suom. I jukbdr ne dkdjhitanjs wdrd sulldstdh.Rutm rajlmik, enr ajstijod, ilrddh tmit tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh wis i pnnronjtdxt enr tdstajl ij dtmjnlripmao mypntmdsas ijh sulldstdh tmit suom tdstajlti`d pciod aj ij dxpdrakdjtic sdttajl wmdrd viraibcds onuch bd onjtrnccdh (91<=).Aj nrhdr tn sdd wmit skuhld pats mih bddj usdh enr, at sueeaodh tn skn`d mahds ijpnts nvdr dxpdrakdjtic rdpcaois tn sdd wmaom eujotanjdh bdst. md prnbcdk wsuom dxpdrakdjts wis tmit tmdy ajhaoitdh tmd pciusabacaty ne odrtiaj ajtdrprdtanjs but jnt tmdar prnbibacaty. Aj eiot, at wis icrdihy `jnwj ernk dtmjnmastnra-oic snurods tmit skuhld pats onuch mivd bddj usdh aj twn haeedrdjt wiys sn tmidxpdrakdjtic iromidncnly hah jnt ujdquavnoiccy onjtrabutd tn i knrd lrnujhdheujotanjic ittrabutanj.

I sdonjh wiy ne akprnvajl tdst prnodhurds onjsastdh ne knvajl bdynjh tmdsakpcd onjearkitanj ne mypntmdsazdh nptanjs. At wis tmnulmt tmit ae i tdst wtn bd trucy ioouritd, at smnuch jnt gust vdraey tmd mypntmdsas but try tn rdeut_tijasciwsà (91<87 26) ihkattdh tmit ”soadjtaeao prnneas netdj akpnssabcd, ijhtmithas prnvajl ajihdquitd mypntmdsds as knrd rdcaibcd.‑ Kurriy ijh \ic`dr is`dhenr ”rdeutibacaty‑ is ”ij ihhatanjic onjhatanj enr tmd ioodptijod ne ijicnlaoic ajedrdjods‑ (91==7 259). Aj pmacnsnpmaoic tdrks, tmd Mdkpdcaij mypntmdsas-onjetanj mih tn ki`d rnnk enr Vnppdraij eicsaeaoitanjask7 tdsts hah jnt onjsast nedjukdritajl is kijy onjearkajl ajstijods is pnssabcd, but ne sdvdrdcy ittdkptajltn eajh rdeutajl oisds ne tmd eivnurdh mypntmdsas. Njcy ae i mypntmdsas stnnhiliajst suom ittio`s, onuch at bd siah tn pnssdss i odrtiaj hdlrdd ne vdrasakacatuhd

md knst dxpcaoat ippcaoitanj ne suom eicsaeaoitanjast prnlrikkd aj iromidncnnoourrdh aj tmd onjtdxt ne dircy mnkajah rdsdirom aj Dist-Ieraoi, pirtaoucircy atmd wnr` ne Lcyjj Asiio (Asiio 91=80 Bcukdjsomajd 9119). Ictmnulm Asiio oijjntbd siah tn mivd bddj ij dtmjniromidncnlast aj tmd straot sdjsd (md hah jnt ujhdr-ti`d dtmjniromidncnlaoic eadchwnr` maksdce), mas citd-9156s ajtdrprdtitanj ne VVcdastnodjd cavajl ecnnrs aj Dist-Ieraoi is mnkd bisds enr dircy mnkajah iotavawis onjsahdribcy ajecudjodh by Raomirh Cdd‑s stuhy ne tmd !@ujl Busmkdj aj tm@icimira. Mice i hdoihd citdr, enrodh by Bajenrh, sdranus hnubts stirtdh tn dkdrl

ibnut tmd vicud ne tmas dtmjnlripmao ajput7 ”_tirtajl aj tmd kah-91<6s tmdrd mbddj i lrnwajl rdonljatanj tmit ae wd wdrd jnt sakpcy lnajl tn hn prdmastnry byprngdotajl tmd prdsdjt ajtn tmd pist, tmdj tmdsd ajtdrprdtitanjs jddhdh ralnrnus aj-vdstalitanj ijh tdstajl‑ (Asiio 91=87 ?). _uom tdsts hah jnt onjsast ne sddàjl onj-earkitanj enr tmd mnkd-bisd knhdc but noourrdh aj ”i quisa-Vnppdraij ipprniomtmit iotavdcy ittdkpts tn nvdrturj tmd ajataiccy eivnrdh mypntmdsas‑ (2?). nldtmwatm mas stuhdjts Mdjry Bujj, Raomirh Vntts ijh Vit _mapkij, Asiio qudstanjdhwmdtmdr tmd iooukucitanjs ne bnjd ijh stnjd hábras it satds aj Nchuvia Lnrld ijhit @nnba Enri wdrd rdiccy tmd rdkiajs ne bisd oikps wmdrd mujtajl ijh litmdrajlmnkajahs issdkbcdh ijh rdturjdh watm tmd oitom ne tmd hiy. md sakpcd on-n

ourrdjod ne stnjd ijh bnjd it i satd wis jn cnjldr sueeaoadjt prnne ne tmd knhdcae tmdrd wdrd jn ocdir saljs ne ajtdriotanj bdtwddj bntm. Ocdir dvahdjod ne o



986

kir`s (tmd deedots ne stnjd tnncs nj bnjds) ijh usd wdir (tmd deedots ne bnjds njstnjd tnncs) wis tmdrdenrd rdquardh tn upmnch tmd mnkd-bisd mypntmdsas. Ictmnulmdvdjtuiccy Asiio bdcadvdh tmit mas knhdc watmstnnh tmd tdsts, eicsaeyajl mdcpdh tncabdritd tmd knhdc ernk ats dtmjnlripmao rnnts sn tmit at smnwdh mnw tmd dircy mn-

kajah wiy ne caed ”kiy mivd bddj vdry haeedrdjt ernk rdodjt prdmastnry ijh knh-drj takds‑ (55). Ajhddh, eicsaeaoitanj iccnwdh tn knvd bdynjh ”tmd tyrijjy ne tmddtmjnlripmao prdsdjt‑ (\nbst 91<=) aj nrhdr tn eajh prdmastnrao ujaqudjdssds.

mas wis icsn tmd onrd ahdi ujhdrcyajl icc ne Raomirh Lnuch‑s pubcaoitanjsit tmd takd (Lnuch 91<=b0 91=67 21-8<, 9?=-9890 Lnuch ijh \itsnj 91=2).Hdspatd mas panjddrajl rncd aj dtmjniromidncnly, md vdmdkdjtcy nppnsdh i rdca-ijod nj dtmjnlripmao ijicnly7 ” md usd ne dtmjniromidncnly tn hasonvdr ijicnladstn tmd prdmastnrao pist as hnwjralmt kascdihajl‑ (91=67 21). Ajstdih, md snulmt tnrdpciod tmd irlukdjt by ijicnly watm wmit md oiccdh ”tmd irlukdjt by ijnkicy‑.

mas onjsastdh ne twn irlukdjtitavd pmisds7 earst, njd mih tn enrkucitd i prdhao-

tanj ibnut pist bdmivanur nj tmd bisas ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly ijh ujaenrka-tiraij issukptanjs0 sdonjhcy, njd mih tn omdo` tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh enr aj-stijods wmaom hdvaitdh ernk tmas prdhaotdh nbsdrvitanj. Njcy suom ”onjstristavdipprniom‑ (?5), Lnuch irludh, djibcdh tmd iromidncnlast tn ”`jnw knrd ibnut tmdpist tmij njd icrdihy `jnws ibnut tmd prdsdjt‑ (?2). md irlukdjt by ijnkicytradh tn siedluirh tmd ujaqudjdss ne tmd pist ernk tmnsd iromidncnlasts wmn tradhtn subsukd icc oucturic bdmivanur ujhdr ldjdric ciws ijh prngdotavd ijicnlads.Lnuch ioodptdh tmit ujaenrkatiraij dxpcijitanjs ne tmd don-utacatiraij snrt smnuchbd enrkucitdh earst, but urldh tmit oucturic ahansyjorisads smnuch bd ajvn`dh tndxpciaj wmit wis jnt onvdrdh by suom ciws. mnulm Lnuch kihd usd ne ciws ijhijicnlads, tmd onjtristavd ipprniom wis kdijt tn cabdritd iromidncnly ernk tmdk.Lnuch‑s dildrjdss tn knvd ”bdynjh ijicnly‑ (tmd pmrisd rdturjs aj jdircy icc maswratajls) prdvdjtdh mak ernk rdicazajl tmit mas ipprniom wis stacc ijicnlaoic ijhsakpcy saljaeadh ”i onkkatkdjt tn i –eicsaeaoitanjast‛ tdstajl prnlrik‑ ne ijicnla-oic irlukdjts (\ycad 91=27 ?=?). Ajhddh, aj rdvadwajl tmd eiknus \itsnj-Lnuchhdbitd aj dtmjniromidncnly, \ycad mis ralmtcy irludh iliajst Lnuch tmit ”ij ijic-nly by ijy ntmdr jikd as gust is ijicnlaoic‑ (91=2).94 _icknj ilrddh tmit rdpcioajltmd irlukdjt by ijicnly watm njd by ijnkicy wis ”i kdrd tdrkajncnlaoic hdbitd‑(91=27 <4). \mit Lnuch hah, aj eiot, wis usajl ijicnlads tn ldjdritd mypntmdsdsijh sdd`ajl tn eicsaey tmdk by wmit md oiccdh ”tmd onjtristavd ipprniom‑, ”ajhardotrdisnjajl‑ nr ”tmd irlukdjt by ijnkicy‑. _ajod md mih jirrnwdh tmd kdijajl neijicnly hnwj tn prngdotavd ajedrdjods sncdcy bisdh nj sakaciraty (ij dquitanj, ajeiot, wmaom mdch trud enr kuom ne tmd mastnraoic usild ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly ajiromidncnly), mas ipprniom wmaom tradh tn stuhy sakaciratadsijh haeedrdjods mih tnbd lavdj ijntmdr jikd‘ictmnulm aj tmd djh at oikd ocnsdr tn tmd prnpdr cnlaoichdeajatanj ne ijicnly.

94 Xd rdisnj wmy A hn jnt hdic watm tmas hdbitd is i wmncd as tmit at wis jnt rdiccy i hdbitd it icc. \itsnj stitdh mdr prdvanus vadws, Lnuch rdatdritdh mas pnajts, ijh aj tmd djh tmdy ilrddh tn hasilrdd. Icnjl watm \ycad, tmd rdihdr mis tn ihkat at wis ritmdr ”hasippnajtajl‑ (91=27 ?=4). Xd ”hdbitd‑ ihh-dh jn surpcus vicud, sn A mivd onjsahdrdh at knrd prnhuotavd tn hasouss bntm pnsatanjs sdpiritdcy.



989

Dstibcasmajl ciws

Ae snkd somncirs wijtdh tn akprnvd tmd tdstajl prnodhurds by ajvn`ajl dxpdrakdjtic iromidncnly ijh eicsaeaoitanj, ntmdrs bdcadvdh tmit i knrd eujhikdjticrdtmaj`ajl ne ijicnly wis it sti`d. Ioonrhajl tn tmdk, at onuch jn cnjldr sueeaodtn stuhy tmd onjtdxt ne vdraeaoitanj ae tmdrd wis jn ittdjtanj enr tmd ldjdritanj neijicnlaoic irlukdjts. Knhaeadh enrks ne tdstajl snulmt tn akprnvd tmd trijsedrernk snurod tn tirldt, but at wis bdcadvdh tmit tmd tirldt atsdce, a.d. tmd rdcitabdtwddj stitaos ijh hyjikaos smnuch earst bd strdjltmdjdh. mas wis wmdrd tmittriotanj ne ciw-buachajl curdh7 ae at onuch bd smnwj tmit tmdrd wdrd rdlucir, cca`d pittdrjs bdtwddj bdmivanur ijh kitdraic rdsahud aj tmd prdsdjt, tmdj njd pns-sdssdh i strnjl wirrijt enr ijicnlaoic ajedrdjod. md stiujomdst hdedjod ne suomipprniom wis vnaodh by Kaomidc _omaeedr (91<=) wmn bcikdh ”tmd pirtaoucnradjtitanj ne dtmjniromidncnly‑7 ” md kignraty ne stuhads, pdrmips 16 pdrodjki`d jn prdtdjsanjs tn ldjdric saljaeaoijod ijh prdhaotibcy, iomadvd jnjd‑ (2?1).

mas pirtaoucirask rdsuctdh ernk ”tmd Bnisaij cdlioy P...[ ne lcnraeyajl tmd ujaqijh dsomdwajl tmd sdirom enr rdluciratads‑ (2?1). Aj onjtrist, md bdcadvdh tmit dtmjnlripmao prdsdjt mih tn bd usdh is ”i edrtacd ijh ipprnpraitd cibnritnry enrioquarajl tmd ciws jddhdh tn rdonjstruot tmd pist ernk iromidncnlaoic dvahdjod(2?1). Eajhajl ldjdric ciws aj tmd prdsdjt wis ij deeaoadjt kdijs tn ivnah ijicnly7at smnwdh tmit tmd pittdrj wis sn ujavdrsic tmit at onuch hn watmnut tmd spdoaeastijod ne tmd snurod ijicnlud. md pittdrj nbsdrvdh aj tmd snurod wis tmdj njcy ijdxdkpcaeaoitanj ne i kuom knrd ldjdric rdluciraty. Is i onjsdqudjod, tmd iknujtne hardot sakaciraty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt hah jn cnjldr kittdr0 jn spdoaicprnxakaty bdtwddj tmd ijicnlud sahds wis rdquardh. _omaeedr siah7

Xus at smnuch dvdj bd pnssabcd tn hdravd ciws ippcaoibcd tn tmd Vicdncatmao ernkstuhy ne Jioardki bdmivanr P”Jioardki‑ bdajl tmd wdcc-wnrj dxntao ijilrik enr Ikdraoij[. Enr dxikpcd, snkd ne tmd prajoapcds tmit ippcy tn jnjsdhdjtiry snoaicujats, suom is mujtdr-litmdrdr bijhs, kiy bd ioquardh ernk stuhy ne bio`pio`drs,oikpdrs, ijh kalrijt eirk wnr`drs. (_omastdr 91<=7 286)

md stuhy ne knhdrj kitdraic oucturd rdsuctdh hardotcy ernk tmd onjeahdjod tmornss-oucturic ciws ne mukij bdmivanur dxastdh ijh onuch bd enujh. _omaeedr bcadvdh tmit ”tmd hiy oijjnt bd eir nee wmdj dtmjniromidncnly wacc bdlaj tn supp

tmd stdihy ecnw ne ciws jddhdh‑ (28<). Md, tmdrdenrd, sdjt mas stuhdjts ”iknjl tmJioardki‑ aj nrhdr tn eajh ”ciws lnvdrjajl kijueioturd, usd, ijh dvdj hasoirh nepirtaoucir irtaeiot ocissds Pijh[ bisao prajoapcds rdcitajl tn tmd ldjdric eujotanjajlne kitdraic oucturd‑ (282). Enr ajstijod, njd ne tmdk nbsdrvdh mnw pdnpcd hdicwatm brn`dj ocno`s ijh oikd up watm tmd ”ciw‑ tmit ”is nbgdots ajordisd aj sazd, rdpiarkij tdjhs tn onkd tn tmd nbgdot ritmdr tmij vaod vdrsi‑, bdajl ij ajstijtai-tanj ne tmd ldjdric ciw tmit ”is tmd kiss ne ij dcdkdjt ajordisds, tmdrd wacc bd hdordisd aj tmd eujotanjic hastijod bdtwddj tmd usd ijh rdpiar cnoitanjs‑ (284). Jnwnjhdr tmit suom ”ciws‑ wdrd rahaoucdh by Ecijjdry is ”Kao`dy Knusd ciws‑‘tmdwdrd mirhcy knrd tmij dkparaoic ldjdricazitanjs nj eiarcy travaic ispdots, aj eiot stravaic tmit jn dtmjniromidncnlaoic eadchwnr` wis jddhdh tn onkd up watm tmd



98?

irk‑s cdjltm, mas oiusicaty prnlrikkd wis is i kittdr ne eiot vdry ocnsd tn Bnis‑hdkijh enr oiusic ujhdrstijhajl aj tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh. md jdn-dvncutanj-ast sykpitmads jntwatmstijhajl, Bajenrh‑s cnlao ne ijicnly domnds Bnis eir knrdtmij ycnr. Ca`d Bnis, Bajenrh wis icsn wiry ibnut tmd pnssabacatads ne dxtripncita

i oiusic ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd prdsdjt djtaty wis icrdihy ha ouct djnulm, cdt icnjd ijajedrdjod ernk at ibnut tmd pist. But wmdrdis Bnis wdjt eurtmdr aj mas ujhdrstijhajl neajhavahuic oucturds (ijh livd up tmd ikbatanj tn dxtripncitd), Bajenrh stirtdh tn wnr` njtmd cdist oucturic ispdots wmdrd dxtripncitanj wis stacc edisabcd.

Bajenrh omnsd tn enous nj eiujic issdkbcilds bdoiusd ne tmd ”onkpcdtdcy outurd-erdd tixnjnky ne bnjds‑ (99). Mukij mujtdrs wdrd jnt iotuiccy kiàjl tmdbnjds but njcy ”pirtatanjajl, sdlkdjtajl, ijh haeedrdjtaiccy hastrabutajl‑ sdlkdjtsne tmd ijakic oiroiss (99). Bdoiusd tmd lcnbic ijitnky ne ujlucitds wis tmd sikdaj tmd prdsdjt is aj tmd Vicidncatmao (aj tdrks ne snrt ijh jukbdr ne bnjds), njdhaspnsdh ne i ujaenrkatiraij ijomnr. Bajenrh earst ittrabutdh i ”ldjdric utacaty aj-

hdx‑ tn tmd haeedrdjt ijitnkaoic pirts ne tmd oirabnu nj tmd bisas ne tmdar jutratavd vicud ne kdit ijh kirrnw.9< Md tmdj ajvdstalitdh mnw tmas haeedrdjtaic utacatyonuch dxpciaj tmd haeedrdjtaic rdprdsdjtitanj ne bnjds it eujotanjiccy hastajot satdMd enujh tmit ibijhnjdh butomdry satds wdrd raom aj sùccs, ijtcdrs, kixaccid ijhntmdr pnnrcy jutratavd pirts ne tmd oiroiss tmit wdrd cdet bdmajh ietdr pirtatanjtmd ijakic0 bisd oikps, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, mih hasprnpnrtanjitdcy cirld jukbdrsne edkurs ijh mukdra, a.d. tmd bnjds issnoaitdh watm knst kdit ijh kirrnw tmitwdrd ajtrnhuodh tn tmd oikp0 wmacd mujtajl oikps wmdrd tmd cdist jutratanupirts ne erdsm àccs wdrd ditdj bdenrd trijspnrt tn tmd bisd oikp onjtiajdh kij-habcds, uppdr enrdcakbs ijh cakb dxtrdkatads. mas pittdrj prnvahdh ”tmd oruocajìld ne bdmivanric hyjikaos ijh stitaos‑ (92). Bajenrh bdcadvdh at onuch bd dxtripncitdh tnwirhs tmd pist7

Ky onjocusanj wis tmit tmd enrkitanj prnodssds ne iromidncnlaoic rdkiajs wdrdajhddh onkknj tn bntm onjtdkpnriry ijh pist dris. Kijy ne tmd ijakic spdoads prdsdjt aj issdkbcilds ird stacc dxtijt, ijh tmd prnodssds ne dxpcnatitanj ijh usdnpdritavd aj tmd pist ird stacc npdritavd tnhiy.(Bajenrh 91<=b7 92)

Nj tmd bisas ne tmas rdsdirom, Cdlld ijh Rnwcdy-Onjwy stirtdh tn rd-ijicysd tmdeiujic rdkiajs ernk tmd satd ne _tir Oirr. md onkpirasnj ne tmd haeedrdjtaic prds-

djod ne bnjds watm tmd Jujikaut dvahdjod sulldstdh tmit tmd satd kust mivd bddjusdh is ”i mujtajl oikp ernk wmdrd kdit wis rdknvdh tn i bisd oikp dcsdwmdrd‑(Cdlld ijh Rnwcdy-Onjwy 91==7 18). mas ajtdrprdtitanj wis haikdtraoiccy np-pnsdh tn tmit ne Ocir`, tmd satd‑s nralajic dxoivitnr, wmn bdcadvdh tmit at rdprdsdh tmd rdkiajs ne i onkkujaty ritmdr tmij ”tmd iotavatads ne i spdoaicazdh lrnup(91487 96). Ajtdrdstajlcy, Ocir` tnn mih onkd tn mas onjocusanj tmrnulm ij ijicn-ly watm knhdrj Dsàkns7 sajod sàj-wnràjl wis trihatanjiccy i edkajajd iotavaty

9< Bajenrh‑s issdsskdjt wis jnt gust bisdh nj tmd utacaty ne dvdry ajhavahuic bnjd. Md tnn ajonrpnritdhtmd eiot tmit i bnjd ne cdssdr utacaty kalmt ”rahd icnjl‑ njd watm malmdr utacaty ae at mippdjdh tijitnkaoiccy issnoaitdh tn at. Xas wis enr dxikpcd tmd oisd ne tmd pnnrcy jutratavd pmicijlds wmaowdrd ittiomdh tn knrd raomdr pirts ne tmd majh cdls.



988

aj Ajuat snoadty, tmd rdkiajs ne suom iotavaty it _tir Oirr sulldstdh tn mak tmitwnkdj kust mivd bddj prdsdjt, jdxt tn kdj wmnsd prdsdjod wis ittdstdh by tmdrdkiajs ne mujtajl dquapkdjt ijh tnnc kijueioturd. md noourrdjod ne twn sdxdsit tmd satd cdh mak tn onjocuhd md mih tn hn watm i onkkujaty. md wdi`jdss ne

tmas ajtdrprdtitanj rdsahdh aj tmd eiot tmit tmdrd wis jn ujaenrkatiraij lrnujh tnissukd tmit tmd sdxuic havasanj ne cibnur iknjl onjtdkpnriry Ajuat wis tmd sikdenr tmd Kdsncatmao ajmibatijts ne Bratiaj. Nj tnp ne tmit, tmd wdalmt ne tmd onjocu-sanj (”tmd satd wis ajmibatdh by i onkkujaty‑) rdstdh nj cakatdh sakaciraty (”ecajtsoripdrs ijh nx-bnjd soripdrs wmaom sulldstdh sàj-wnràjl‑).9= Ijh eajiccy, tmdrdwis jn hdknjstritanj ne ij ujikbalunus rdcitanjsmap bdtwddj tmd iotavaty nesàj-wnràjl nr mujtajl ijh tmd sdx pdrenrkajl tmit iotavaty, cdt icnjd bdtwddjtmd prdsdjod ne bntm sdxds nj i satd ijh tmd eiot ne mivajl i onkkujaty. md ajtdr-prdtitanj uttdrdh by Cdlld ijh Rnwcdy-Onjwy, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, bdjdeatdh ernktmd eiot tmit spdoads ca`d rnd hddr, rdh hddr, dc` ijh iurnoms rdonvdrdh it _tir Oirr

mih tmd sikd jukbdr ne bnjds is tmd oirabnu ijh rnulmcy tmd sikd hastrabutanjne jutratavd pirts iornss tmd oiroiss. md lrnujhs enr kiàjl i ujaenrkatiraij is-sukptanj wdrd tmdrdenrd kuom earkdr. Ne onursd, tmdrd wis jn rdisnj tn issukdtmit tmd mujtdrs it _tir Oirr dxpcnatdh ijakic oiroissds is sdjsabcy ijh donjnka-oiccy is tmd Jujikaut hah but sakacir pittdrjs ne dxpcnatitanjwdrdenujh sn tmit”at wnuch surdcy bd pdrvdrsd tn irlud tmit tmd sakacir pittdrjs it _tir Oirr ijh@njlukuvu` Pnjd ne Bajenrh‑s satds[ rdsuct ernk haeedrdjt, oucturiccy hdtdrkajdhbdmivanurs‑ (91==7 1?).

Tjikbalunus ijh ujaenrkatiraij

md deeaoadjoy ne ijicnlaoic irlukdjts, Bajenrh rdisnjdh, hdpdjhdh nj tmd uj-ikbalunus caj`s bdtwddj stitaos ijh hyjikaos ijh tmd ujaenrkatiraij issukp-tanj bdtwddj pist ijh prdsdjt. Jnt surprasajlcy, aj mas citdr wnr`, md wnuch turjtn tmnsd ispdots ne tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh wmdrd oucturic akpiot wis kajakicijh kdomijaoic oiusitanj kixakic7 tmd pmysaoic knhaeaoitanj ne bnjd issdk-bcilds by mukij ijh jnjmukij ildjts. Njcy aj suom eadchs onuch ujikbalu-nus ijh ujaenrkatiraij caj`s bd isodrtiajdh. Mas bnn`Bnjds7 Ijoadjt Kdj ijh Knhdrj Kytms(91=9) wis ij ittdkpt it dstibcasmajl oratdrai tmit hastajluasmdhmukij bnjd knhaeaoitanjs ca`d out kir`s, brdiìld ijh omnppajl ernk ijakic

knhaeaoitanjs ca`d ljiwajl, tnntm kir`s ijh trikpcajl‘oratdrai tmit wdrd cit-dr usdh aj mas ijicysds ne tmd eiujic rdkiajs ne @cisads Ravdr Knutm aj _nutm Ieraoi (Bajenrh 91=8i). Is tn ujikbaluaty, md wrntd7 ”Aj i vdry dssdjtaic wiy tmd

9= Ocir`‑s Dsàkn ijicnly enr _tir Oirr, hdspatd Isomdr‑s djtmusaisk enr at, wis sdranuscy hd oadjt. Ittmd bisd wis tmd prdsdjod ne ajt soripdrs wmaom wdrd ajtdrprdtdh is mahd-wnràjl tnncs ijh tmdprdsdjod ne odrtiaj djalkitao, mdivacy-pncasmdh nx-bnjds. Ocir` ajedrrdh tmit tmd cittdr tnn kustmivd bddj usdh is mahdsoripdrs bdoiusd tmd Ajuat usdh sakacir bnjds enr wnràjl oirabnu sàjs (tmdaccustritanjs wmaom ioonkpijadh tmit ijicnly wdrd ritmdr ujonjvajoajl). Xus i rst ijicnly wiskihd enr tmd eujotanjic ajtdrprdtitanj ne nx-bnjds is mahdsoripdrs. I sdonjh ijicnly buact nj tmitprdvanus njd by siyajl tmit sàjwnràjl wis i edkajajd iotavaty aj Lrddjcijh ijh tmus it _tir Oirr. Ijh jiccy, i tmarh, ae ritmdr akpcaoat, ijicnly wis kihd wmdj Ocir` rdisnjdh tmit tmd prdsdjod nebntm kdj ijh wnkdj it i satd akpcadh by hd jatanj i onkkujaty. Is suom, ij djtard onkkujatywis prngdotdh it _tir Oirr cirldcy nj tmd bisas ne snkd pncasmdh nx-bnjds.



984

onjtdjts ne tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh kust bd vadwdh is prnhuots ne i onkpcdxkdomijaoicsystdk ne oiusitanj‑ (91=97 25, nralajic aticaos). Md ujhdrcajdh tmitmd usdh tmd wnrh oiusitanj aj tmd straotdst cnlaoic sdjsd ne i jdodssiry, onjstijtijh ujaqud pittdrj ne issnoaitanj, sakacir tn tmd rdcitanj bdtwddj ij ijakic ijh

ats enntprajt. _uom oiusitanj onuch njcy bd nbsdrvdh aj tmd prdsdjt bdoiusd tmiromidncnlaoic rdonrh onjtiajdh njcy tmd oiusdh pittdrjs, jnt tmd oiusajl prno-dssds7 ”Njcy aj tmd prdsdjt oij wd nbsdrvd tmd bdir ijh tmd enntprajt tnldtmdr(21). Dtmjniromidncnlasts mih tmus tn eajh caj`s bdtwddj stitaos ijh hyjikaostmit wdrd bntm ”rdhujhijt ijh ujikbalunus‑ (25). Qdt, Bajenrh onjtajudh7 ”Ijihhatanjic prnpnsatanj kust bd kdt‘tmit tmd sikd rdcitanjsmaps nbtiajdh aj tmdpist is nbtiajdh aj tmd prdsdjt bdtwddj bdirs ijh tmdar enntprajts!‑ (2<). mas wistmd vdry dssdjod ne tmd ujaenrkatiraij issukptanj, wmaom md oiccdh ”tmd ajtdrajl ijh akpnrtijt, pdrmips oruoaic, prnbcdk iromidncnlasts kust sncvd‑ (2<). Is atprnvahdh ”ajtdccdotuic ijomnrs‑ bdtwddj pist ijh prdsdjt, md onjtdjhdh tmit, ca`d

aj ldncnly wmdrd tmd tdrk mih nralajitdh, ”wd kust issukd tmit `jnwcdhld liajdhernk iotuicastao stuhads as rdcdvijt ijh ippcaoibcd tn tmd cavajl systdks ne tmd pi(2=, 2<). Bajenrh ilrddh tmit suom wis njcy edisabcd enr odrtiaj ocissds ne hit”Doncnlaoic ijh ijitnkaoic omiriotdrastaos ne spdoads stacc dxtijt watm wmaomoadjt kij ajtdriotdh wdrd djhurajl nbgdots enr wmaom ujaenrkatiraij issukptanjskalmt bd sdourdcy wirrijtdh‑ (2=). \atm tmas onjstraotanj ne dtmjniromidncnly tntmd knst kdomijaoic ijh akkutibcd enrks ne pittdrjajl, wd ird eir rdknvdh ernktmd 9156s mypntmdtaon-hdhuotavd nptakask tmit wdconkdh ijy snurod ne ijicnlis cnjl is at wis tdstdh. Is tmd straot sdpiritanj ne tmd onjtdxt ne hasonvdry ernktmd onjtdxt ne gustaeaoitanj wis jn cnjldr tdjibcd, at hah iliaj kittdr wmdrd tmdijicnly oikd ernk. md bdst prnne ne tmas omijld as tmit Bajenrh npdjdh tmdBnjds bnn` watm i mastnranlripmao omiptdr. Njod ynu ihkat tmit tmd onjtdxt ne hasondry oij jdvdr tnticcy bd supdrsdhdh tmrnulm ajhdpdjhdjt vdraeaoitanj, at bdonkdakpdritavd tmit eurtmdr rdsdirom ”bd oirradh nut watm ij ipprdoaitanj ne tmd ajtcdotuic mastnry ne tmd eadch‑ (Bajenrh 91=97 8). \mdrdis prnodssuic iromidnmih icwiys mih i ritmdr kajakic ajtdrdst aj hasoapcajiry mastnry (ca`d knst eadchhnkajitdh by i pnsatavast dpastdkncnly), at wis jnw ihkattdh tmit tmd onjtdxt nehasonvdry wis knrd tmij pdrapmdric (oe. Vajs`y 91=1).

Vciod ijh pnpucitanj7 i oisd stuhy

md tdstajl tmrnulm dxpdrakdjtic iromidncnly ( rajlmik 91<=), tmd rdcaijod njeicsaeaoitanj (Lnuch 91=60 Asiio 91=8), tmd deenrts it ciw-buachajl (_omaeedr 9tmd ittdkpts it oiusic ujhdrstijhajl ne snurod ijicnluds (Bajenrh 91<=b), ijhtmd sdirom enr prnodssds watm ujikbalunus ijh ujaenrkatiraij quicatads (Bajenrh91=9) wdrd tmd kiaj stritdlads sukknjdh enr akprnvajl tmd jiturd ne dtmjnir-omidncnlaoic ajedrdjods. Bdoiusd somncirs wnr`dh aj haeedrdjt eadchs ne iromidoic ajquary, at as pdrmips usdeuc tn cnn` it i skicc oisd-stuhy aj nrhdr tn ipprdoaittmd haeedrdjods bdtwddj tmd ipprniomds nutcajdh ibnvd. Aj tmit rdspdot, tmd dkitanj ne pnpucitanj sazd ernk i lavdj sdttcdkdjt ne mujtdr-litmdrdrs prnvahds ij

accukajitajl dxikpcd.



985

Jirncc‑s onjstijt ijh Bnjjaomsdj‑s oiutanj

Icrdihy aj 9152, tmd hdknlripmdr Rinuc Jirncc ittdkptdh tn hdvasd i enrkucienr ajedrrajl tmd jukbdr ne nooupijts ne i lavdj sdttcdkdjt ernk ats onvdrdh ecnnrspiod. Nj tmd bisas ne i ornss-oucturic sikpcd ne 9= knhdrj oucturds, md irludhtmit ”tmd pnpucitanj ne i prdmastnrao sdttcdkdjt oij bd vdry rnulmcy dstakitdhby iromidncnlasts is ne tmd nrhdr ne njd-tdjtm ne tmd ecnnr irdi aj squird kdtdrsnooupadh by ats hwdccajls‑ (91527 4==). ”Jirncc‑s onjstijt‑, is tmd dquitanj bd-oikd pnpucircy `jnwj, prdhitdh tmd rasd ne dtmjniromidncnlaoic eadchwnr` ijhwis straotcy bisdh nj dxastajl catdriturd. Is suom, ornss-oucturic dtmjnlripmy wisajvn`dh enr tmd sikd ajsparitanjic purpnsds is aj To`n‑s stuhy ne knrtuiry bd-mivanur, ictmnulm at nbvanuscy wdjt eurtmdr aj tmit at onjtiajdh ij dircy dxikpcdne ciw-buachajl. Ajdvatibcy, tmd cnlao ne tmd Jdw Iromidncnlasts rdquardh tmit tmdprdhaotanjs ernk suom enrkuci mih tn bd ajhdpdjhdjtcy tdstdh iliajst iromidn-cnlaoic dvahdjod. Bnjjaomsdj‑s stuhy ne i rdodjtcy ibijhnjdh Ordd oikpsatd aj tmdOijihaij Rno`y Knujtiajs prnvahdh i oiutanjiry ticd enr tmd issdsskdjt ne pnp-ucitanj ealurds nj tmd bisas ne kitdraic rdkiajs (ealurd 1). \mdrdis md ajedrrdh njtmd bisas ne iromidncnlaoic dvahdjod tmit tmd satd kust mivd bddj nooupadh by ”twneikacy lrnups usajl sakacir editurds‑ (91<27 2=?-8), njd ne ats enrkdr ajmibatijtsrdotaeadh tmit onjocusanj by ajenrkajl tmit ”tmd pdrkijdjt rdsahdjts aj tmd oikpajocuhdh Kaccad Ptmd ajenrkijt[, mdr tddjild hiulmtdr, ijh mdr dalmt-ydir-nch snj.Nj wdd`djhs Kaccad‑s musbijh ijh twn ihuct snjs oikd mnkd ernk tmd LrijhdOiomd onic kajd wmdrd tmdy wdrd wnr`ajl‑ (2=4). md ”ajtuatavd kdtmnh ne ajedr-djtaic rdisnjajl‑ iromidncnlasts rdcadh upnj mih njod knrd prnvdj wrnjl (2<<).

Qdccdj‑s ldjdricazitanj

Dtmjniromidncnlast Gnmj Qdccdj rdlirhdh suom ”spnacdr‑ ipprniomds is ajsueeaoadjtbut rdicazdh it tmd sikd takd tmit tmd rdquardkdjts ne mypntmdtaon-hdhuotavd tdst-ajl wdrd ”nvdrcy rdstraotavd, lavdj tmd ajonkpcdtd jiturd ne knst iromidncnlaoichiti ijh tmd haeeaoucty ne –prnne‛‑ (91<<7 5). Nj tnp ne tmit, Qdccdj irludh tmitJirncc‑s onjstijt mih njcy cakatdh ippcaoitanj enr Vicidncatmao onjtdxts wmdrd tmddssdjtaic viraibcd ne ”onvdrdh ecnnr spiod‑ onuch njcy bd ludssdh it. Mas dtmjnir-omidncnly ne tmd !@ujl _ij, tmdrdenrd, ittdkptdh tn hdvasd i oratdranj tmit wisknrd rdcdvijt enr enrilajl snoadtads watm sakpcd ijh pdrasmibcd cavajl struoturds.Ernk tmd 94 !@ujl oikps wmdrd bntm snoaic ijh spitaic viraibcds wdrd `jnwj, mdoicoucitdh tmit tmd sazd ne tmd spiod bdtwddj tmd muts (tmd ”ajjdr rajl‑ nr mut oar-ocd) on-viradh watm tmd jukbdr ne nooupijts, ijh tmit tmd sazd ne tmd surrnujhajlspiod (tmd ”nutdr rajl‑ wmdrd iotavatads irdis wdrd enujh) onrrdcitdh watm tmd cdjltmne nooupitanj (ealurd 96). Tsajl tmdsd onrrdcitanjs, md hdvasdh i jukbdr ne dqui-tanjs wmaom mih tn djibcd tmd Vicidncatmao iromidncnlast tn prdhaot tmd pnpucitanjsazd ijh huritanj ne nooupitanj ne i lavdj satd. Qdccdj jikdh tmas knhdc ”tmd sajlcdknst akpnrtijt onjtrabutanj‑ md mih kihd but ihkattdh it tmd sikd takd tmit”aj tmd dvdjt tmit Piromidncnlaoic[ hiti hn jnt eat ajtn tmas knch, A ik ujodrtiaj gust wmit tmd jdxt stdp smnuch bd‑ (9?9). md rdisnj enr tmas wis, tmit hdspatd masajtdrdst aj tmd ”ujhdrcyajl kdomijasks‑ ne tmd lavdj onrrdcitanjs (969), md mih rd-



98<

eriajdh ernk ujrivdccajl tmd rdcdvijt oiusic prnodssds. Qdccdj‑s wnr` wis tmdrdenij ittdkpt it ciw-buachajl aj tmd sdjsd ne usajl dkparaoic ldjdricazitanjs ernkdtmjnlripmy tn ki`d prdhaotavd dquitanjs enr iromidncnly nj tmd bisas ne bdmiv

anur-kitdraic onrrdcitanjs wmnsd oiusicaty wis jnt eurtmdr spdoaeadh.

Ealurd 1. Bnjjaomsdj ilrddh tmit tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh rd dotdh snoaic bdmivanur but ajmas ajtdrprdtitanj ne Kaccad‑s oikp, i rdodjtcy-ibijhnjdh Ajhaij satd, md oikd tn tmd onjocu-sanj tmit tmd iromidncnlast‑s onjocusanjs wdrd netdj ajonrrdot. Dircy dtmjniromidncnly sdrvdh ioiutanjiry eujotanj (Bnjjaomsdj 91<27 lurd 2)



98=

Bajenrh‑s oiusds

Ioonrhajl tn Bajenrh, Qdccdj ”jdvdr asncitdh i oiusd‑ (91<=o7 ?22). Bajenrh vdmd-kdjtcy orataoazdh tmd !@ujl dtmjniromidncnly7 ” mas as i hdsoraptanj ne tmd wiytmd wnrch as nr ippdirs. At as jnt ij dxpcijitanj‑ (?29). Aj mas pipdr ”Hakdjsanjicijicysas ne bdmivanr ijh satd struoturd‑ (91<=o), Bajenrh ippcadh Qdccdj‑s dquitanjstn ij Ds`akn mujtajl stijh aj Icis`i ijh enujh tmit tmdy livd vdry wrnjl rdsuctsonkpirdh tn wmit md mih nbsdrvdh dtmjniromidncnlaoiccy. Bajenrh hah jnt sddtmd Jujikaut is hdvaitanjs ne tmd ldjdric rucd0 ajstdih md onjtdjhdh tmit ”snkd–ntmdr tmajls‛ ird oiusajl tmd Jujikaut oisd‑. md ujhdrstijhajl ne tmdsd oiusdswis tmd last ne Bajenrh‑s wnr` aj tmd citd 91<6s7

A mivd irludh tmit dkparaoic ldjdricazitanjs, jn kittdr mnw onkpcaoitdh (is, enr dxikpcd, Qdccdj‑s nbsdrvitanjs nj satd sazd ijh lrnup sazd ijh nooupitanjichuritanj), ird wmit wd sdd` tn ujhdrstijh, ijh njcy watm ujhdrstijhajl oij wd

ijtaoapitd mnw nbsdrvitanjs wacc viry ujhdr omijldh onjhatanjs. Xd cittdr as, neonursd, wmit wd kdij by prdhaotanjs. Nur ibacaty tn ijtaoapitd viraibacaty aj tmdwnrch as aj turj i kdisurd ne nur ujhdrstijhajl.(91<=o7 ?2?)

Ealurd 96. Qdccdj stuhadh !@ujl sd cdkdjts tn dxtriot ldjdricazitanjs ibnut mujtdr-litmdrdrspitaic bdmivanur. Md rdisnjdh tmit tmd onkkujic irdi wnuch ajordisd watm tmd jukbdr nemuts (juocdir irdis). Xmd ajjdr rajl wis tmus bdcadvdh tn bd ij dxprdssanj ne lrnup sazd. Xmd

nutdr rajl wis sddj is i eujotanj ne tmd takd hurajl wmaom tmd sd cdkdjt wis usdh, sajod tmasas wmdrd spdoaic iotavatads tnn` pciod (Qdccdj 91<<7 lurd 92)



981

Bajenrh wdjt ajtn lrdit deenrts tn hasdjtijlcd tmd rdcdvijt viraibcds wmaom mihbddj rdspnjsabcd enr tmd satd enrkitanj it ij Ds`akn mujtajl stijh (ealurd 99).Md mih spdjt sdvdric hiys aj tmd dircy 91<6s hdsorabajl Jujikaut bdmivanur itsuom likd nbsdrvitanj pnajt ijh ajvdjtnryajl tmd kitdraic rdkiajs cdet bdmajh

bdtwddj tmd lcioaic bnuchdrs tmit surrnujhdh tmd satd. Icc snrts ne kdisurdkdjtsca`d tmd hastijod ne diom mujtdr tn tmd eard ijh tmd tnssajl hastijod enr sirhajoijs wdrd ti`dj tn eajh nut tmd rdcdvijt bdmivanuric oiusds enr iromidncnlaoicsatd enrkitanj. Md irludh tmit tmd snrt ne iotavatads oirradh nut it tmd satd, tmtdomjncnlaoic nrlijazitanj ne tmnsd iotavatads, tmdar spitaic nrlijazitanj, ijh tmdenrk ne haspnsic ne kitdraic atdks (ca`d tnssajl ijh hrnppajl), enrkdh ij ajtraoitdijh onkpcdx wdb ne dxpcijitnry viraibcds. It sdvdric pciods aj tmd pipdr, Bajenrhstirtdh tn pciy watm tmnsd viraibcds aj nrhdr tn sdd tmd deedots nj tmd iromidncnrdonrh. ”Cdt us akilajd,‑ md siah enr dxikpcd, ”jn kirrnw bnjds ird bdajl ditdj,njcy hradh kdit‑ (?9=). Bnjd omaps ijh spcajtdrs wnuch tmus bd ibsdjt, sn tmit tmd

hrnp znjds aj ernjt ne tmd ajhavahuics wnuch bd eiarcy dkpty, tmd malmdst hdjsne kitdraics bdajl enujh aj tmd tnss znjds bdmajh tmd nooupijts, sn tmit haspnsicirdis wnuch bd bdttdr rdprdsdjtdh tmij iotavaty irdis. Ca`d i puppdtddr, Bajenrhpuccdh tmd rdcdvijt strajls aj nrhdr tn sdd mnw tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh rdiot

md pipdr wis jnt i kdtmnhncnlaoic stitdkdjt (ictmnulm tmd tdrks ”hrnp znjd‑ijh ”tnss znjd‑ liajdh wahdsprdih ittdjtanj) but ”ij dxdroasd aj tmdnry buachajl‑wmaom prdsdjtdh snkd pdrsnjic ahdis7

Xdy ird jnt dkparaoic ldjdricazitanjs. A ik jnt nstdrajl ajhuotavd irlukdjtsnr irlukdjts ernk dtmjnlripmao ijicnly.A ik jnt siyajl tmit icc kdj wacconjhuot tmd sikd iotavatads aj mujtajl oikps. A ik jnt siyajl tmit icc kdj wacc pciy oirhs aj satds watm lcioaic bnuchdrs aj tmdk. A ik jnt siyajl tmit icc tirldtsmnntajl wis jnrkiccy onjhuotdh iwiy ernk tmd lrnup bdoiusd ne tmd jnasd ne rad rd! A ik siyajl tmit ky stuhy mis prnkptdh ky akilajitanj. A mivd bddj ibcdtn akilajd pittdrjs ne ajtdriotanj iknjl viraibcds wmaom onuch rdsuct aj hastdrdjt pittdrjajl aj tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh.(91<=o7 ?26, nralajic dkpmisds)

Bajenrh mih irravdh it i oiusic ujhdrstijhajl ne satd enrkitanj aj njd dtmjn-lripmao snurod, but rdeusdh tn prngdot at tnwirhs ij iromidncnlaoic tirldt bdoiusdat cio`dh i ujaenrkatiraij lrnujh. Mas nralajic ajtdjtanj mih earst ijh enrdknstbddj nj tmd cdvdc ne kahhcd-rijld tmdnry, a.d. tmd stuhy ne stitaos ijh hyjikaos ajij njlnajl systdk0 aj tmd ibsdjod ne ujaenrkatiraijask, dxtripncitanj tn tmd pistwis sakpcy jnt ij nptanj. md omiccdjld mih bddj njd ne ”rdhuoajl ikbaluatyijh ajordisajl tmd ioourioy watm wmaom wd kiy ijicytaoiccy ahdjtaey pist oiusds nviraibacaty aj tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh‑ (Bajenrh 91=8b7 244). \mdrdis Bajenajordisajlcy turjdh tn hiti sdts wmdrd tmd oratdrai ne ujikbalunus oiusitanj ijhujaenrkatiraij issukptanj wdrd knrd disacy kdt, tmd rdsuct ne mas dtmjniromidncnly smnwdh tmit tmd dstakitanj ne pnpucitanj sazd nj tmd bisas ne dtmjnlripmahiti wis eir knrd onkpcdx tmij tmd ippcaoitanj ne i sakpcd enrkuci.



946

N‑Onjjdcc‑s snurod viradty ijh Lnuch ijh Qdccdj‑s prdhitnr tmdnry

md hdbitd nj satd struoturd onjtajudh ujibitdh aj tmd 91=6s. Bajenrh‑s stuhdjt Gikds N‑Onjjdcc stuhadh spitaic pittdrjajl iknjl tmd Icyiwiri, ij Iustricaijlrnup ne mujtdr-litmdrdrs (91=<). Md tradh tn hasdjtijlcd tmd rdcdvijt hdtdr-kajijts ne Icyiwiri satd struoturd but wdjt eurtmdr tmij Bajenrh‑s stuhy ne tmdDs`akn mujtajl stijh by onkpirajl mas oisd watm tmd satd struoturd ne twn ntm-dr dtmjniromidncnlaoiccy `jnwj mujtdr-litmdrdr snoadtads7 tmd !@ujl ijh tmdJujikaut. Md tmus cnn`dh enr rdcdvijt hakdjsanjs ne viraibacaty tmit wdrd ip-pcaoibcd bdynjh i sajlcd dtmjnlripmao ajstijod. !@ujl satd struoturd wis enujh tnbd ”vdry sakacir‑ (11) tn tmd Icyiwiri systdk aj tdrks ne ij ajtdrjic nrlijazitanj

Ealurd 99. Bajenrh irludh tmit bdenrd tmd prdsdjt snurod as dxtripncitdh tnwirhs tmd pist, atsmnuch bd prnpdrcy ujhdrstnnh, dvdj aj tmd knst kajutd hdtiacs. Mas stuhy it Kis` satd, ioirabnu mujtajl stijh usdh by onjtdkpnriry Jujikaut, hasdjtijlcdh tmd eiotnrs rdspnjsabcd

enr tmd prnhuotanj ne tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh, suom is wajh hardotanj, typd ne oriets, iotvatadsijh jukbdr ne nooupijts (Bajenrh 91<=o7 lurd 29.4)



942

oisd aj nrhdr tn ajordisd tmd jukbdr ijh viradty ne snurod onjtdxts ernk wmaomtn rdisnj.

\matdciw‑s wnrch sikpcd

mas wis tmd pnajt ne hdpirturd enr nhh \matdciw‑s wnr` nj onkkujaty spiodiknjl mujtdr-litmdrdrs. Iliajst Bajenrh‑s nbsdssanj watm kdomijastao ispdots nekitdraic oiusitanj, \matdciw wrntd7

\macd prnodssuic iromidncnly hardotdh tnwirh tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne kahhcd rijldtmdnry mis stuo` tn i rdcitavdcy sied pitm by ihhrdssajl pittdrjs aj kitdraic bdmiv-anur enr wmaom i ujaenrkatiraij issukptanj oij bd kihd, tmd rijld ne qudstanjs enr wmaom suom ij ipprniom as eruateuc ippdirs tn bd eiarcy cakatdh.(\matdciw91197 9=?).

\matdciw bdcadvdh tmit i haeedrdjt pitm aj iotuicastao stuhads onuch bd cdss rdstrao-tavd ijh dvdj ”ajvncvd ajedrdjods ibnut pist ajhavahuics‑ pdrodptanjs ijh hdoasanjswmdrd tmdrd kiy bd knrd tmij njd pntdjtaic pittdrj ne bdmivanur‑ (9?1). Mnwonuch njd iccdvaitd tmd ujaenrkatiraij ijh ujikbalunus rdquardkdjts ijh it tmdsikd takd kiajtiaj i malm hdlrdd ne ajedrdjtaic onjeahdjod> \matdciw‑s ijswdr tntmit qudstanj wis eiarcy ajldjanus ijh kdrats snkd ocnsdr ittdjtanj. Earst ne icc, njtmd bisas ne dtmjnmastnraoic, dtmjnlripmao ijh dtmjniromidncnlaoic pubcaoitanjsmd issdkbcdh i wnrch-wahd sikpcd ne ibnut =66 mujtdr-litmdrdr sdttcdkdjts ernk992 jnwj enrilajl snoadtads enr wmaom i lnnh pcij ijh ij dstakitd ne pnpucitanjsazd onuch bd nbtiajdh (nr it cdist rdonjstruotdh).91 Md tmdj stuhadh tmd pittdrjs ne

sdttcdkdjt spioajl ijh tmd hdknlripmao ealurds tn ajedr nooupitanj hdjsaty (eal-urd 92). Jnt hdjyajl tmd rdicaty ne haeedrdjods bdtwddj oucturds, md hdknjstritdhtmit tmdsd haeedrdjods onuch bd sddj ”is systdkitao viraitanjs watmaj haeedrdjt snoaicijh doncnlaoic onjtdxts‑ (9=9). md hdtdrkajijt viraibcds enr sdttcdkdjt spioajlmd enujh wdrd `ajsmap (ocnsd `aj tdjhdh tn cavd ocnsd tn diom ntmdr), lrnup sazd(cirldr lrnups smnwdh cnwdr nooupitanj hdjsatads), doncnlaoic onjtdxt (subirotaoijh irotao lrnups smnwdh cnw nooupitanj hdjsaty, lrnups cavajl aj sivijjim nrtrnpaoic onjtdxts mih malmdr hdjsatads), ijh tmd hdlrdd ne sdhdjtask (rdsahdjtaicspioajl ajordisds watm tmd cdjltm ne nooupitanj). Gust ca`d Bajenrh, N‑Onjjdcc,ijh Lnuch ijh Qdccdj mih hnjd bdenrd mak, \matdciw tradh tn hasdjtijlcd tmdrdcdvijt viraibcds ne tmd onkpcdx pmdjnkdjnj ne sdttcdkdjt spioajl. Gust ca`dtmdk, tnn, md hah jnt rdst watm gust ajhaoitajl onrrdcitanjs bdtwddj odrtiaj vira-ibcds but snulmt tn hdeajd tmd ujhdrcyajl oiusds. Enr ajstijod, md jntdh tmit tmddoncnlaoic viraibcd aj rdsahdjtaic spioajl mih tn bd ujhdrstnnh aj tdrks ne wmdtmdrnr jnt i odrtiaj bankd djonurildh onnpdritanj aj subsastdjod-rdcitdh iotavatads.Aj hdsdrt onjtdxts, enrildrs knstcy rdcadh upnj pcijt ennhs wmaom ird litmdrdhijh onjsukdh ajhavahuiccy sn tmit sdttcdkdjt spioajl tdjhs tn bd ritmdr cirld.Nj tmd ntmdr mijh, aj trnpaoic bankds, kdit bdonkds i kignr hadtiry onkpnjdjt

91 Virtaoucircy wdcc hnoukdjtdh onkkujatads dvdj prnvahdh eurtmdr ajenrkitanj nj sublrnups ijh has-ordtd spitaic ocustdrs, iknujtajl tmd sikpcd tn i tntic ne 9<52 hastdrdjt snoaic satuitanjs (\matdciw91197 989).



94?

wmaom rdquards kixakic onnpdritanj bntm aj ioquasatanj (mujtajl) ijh aj onj-sukptanj (onccdotavd ijh akkdhaitd onjsukptanj as akpdritavd is prdsdrvitanjonjhatanjs ird pnnr)0 nooupitanj hdjsaty as tmus vdry malm. Ictmnulm irotao enrdrs dquiccy subsast upnj ijakic rdsnurods ioquardh tmrnulm onccdotavd mujtajl, t

pnssabacaty ne stnrild by hryajl ijh erddzajl kdit kajakazds tmd jddh enr smirdhonjsukptanj, tmus djonurilajl ajhavahuic onjsukptanj ijh rdsahdjtaic spioajl. \mdrdis Bajenrh mih njcy nutcajdh tmd oiusic pittdrjs enr njd pirtaoucir satdijh N‑Onjjdcc, Lnuch ijh Qdccdj enr njcy i mijheuc ne mujtdr-litmdrdr snoadtads, \matdciw wdjt eurtmdr ijh hdvasdh i sdt ne lcnbiccy ippcaoibcd prnodssds. md hedrdjods bdtwddj tmd !@ujl ijh tmd Jujikaut snoaic usd ne spiod wmaom kihd Qdccdj‑s enrkuci ajipprnpraitd enr Bajenrh‑s ijicysas wdrd jnw ioonujtdh enr bytmd sikd sdt ne bdmivanuric rucds. \matdciw mih dxpijhdh Bajenrh‑s qudst eir oiusic ujhdrstijhajl ajtn i lcnbic, ornss-oucturic systdk ne enrilajl ihiptitanj.Ldjdriccy pirsaknjanus watm onkpcakdjts, Bajenrh ippciuhdh \matdciw enr miv-

ajl ”knst dcdlijtcy ciah nut‑ tmd prnbcdk ne satd struoturd (9119b7 24)0 ”\matdciwwnr` as akpnrtijt‑ bdoiusd md ”mis asncitdh snkd trucy prnvnoitavd pittdrjajl‑(9119i7 2<8, 251). Tjca`d _omaeedr, \matdciw hah jnt sdd` mnknldjazajl ornss-oucturic ciws ne mukij bdmivanur wmaom wdrd ujavdrsiccy vicah ijh ujaenrk btradh tn ioonujt enr ornss-oucturicviraibacatyaj mukij bdmivanur.

\mit wis tmd iromidncnlaoic vicud ne tmas wnr`> Mnw onuch tmd pittdrjs ne sdtcdkdjt spioajl ne tmd edw rdkiajajl mujtdr-litmdrdrs smdh ijy calmt nj tmd rijldne prdmastnrao bdmivanur wmaom wis prdsukibcy kuom knrd havdrsd> Ictmn \matdciw io`jnwcdhldh tmd rncd ne snoaic eiotnrs ca`d `ajsmap ijh lrnup sazd, mnptdh enr ”ij dxpcaoatcy doncnlaoic pdrspdotavd‑ bdoiusd tmas iccnwdh ”tmd hkdjt ne dxpdotitanjs ne viraitanj aj bdmivanur, bisdh nj haeedrdjt pittdrjs ne

Ealurd 92. I wnrchwahd dtmjnlripmao sikpcd issdkbcdh by \matdciw smnws i ldjdric tdj-hdjoy bdtwddj onkkujaty pnpucitanj ijh nooupitanj hdjsaty. \matdciw hassdotdh tmas ”ocnuh‑

ajtn viranus doncnlaoic znjds ijh snulmt tn ioonujt enr tmd rdsuctijt pi drjs (\matdciw 91197 lurd 8)



948

subsastdjod dxpcnatitanj‑ (9=?). Lavdj tmd bisao doncnly ne i rdlanj, njd onuchki`d i prdhaotanj nj sdttcdkdjt spioajl ernk \matdciw‑s knhdc. mas hah jntcdih tn i sakpcd prngdotanj bdoiusd tmd ntmdr sahd ne tmd dquitanj, a.d. sdttcdkdjtspioajl, onuch bd ajhdpdjhdjtcy issdssdh aj tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh. Bntm donc-

nly ijh rdsahdjtaic spioajl wdrd iromidncnlaoiccy nbsdrvibcd viraibcds. mdrdenrd, \matdciw‑s knhdc iccnwdh ”tn onpd watm haeedrdjods aj tmd onjtdxt bdtwddj tmdsnurod ijh subgdot ne ijicnlads, suom tmit nur rdonjstruotanjs wacc bd onjtdxt-spd-oaeao, ijh jnt sakpcy i prngdotanj ne tmd sikd sakpcd knhdc njtn tmd pist‑ (9=?).Aj eiot, tmd knhdc ”onuch bd eicsaeadh tmrnulm onkpirasnj watm tmd dxoivitdh dva-hdjod‑26 sn tmit ujaqudjdss ne tmd pist wis rdonvdribcd ”bdynjh tmd cakatdh sik-pcd ne mukij bdmivanur iotuiccy hnoukdjtdh mastnraoiccy ijh dtmjnlripmaoiccy‑(9=?). Is suom, \matdciw‑stnur hd enrod ajtdlritdh Lnuch‑s ociak enr rdonljazajliromidncnlaoic ”ijnkicads‑ tmrnulm eicsaeaoitanj, _omaeedr‑s sdirom enr ornss-oucturicprajoapcds, ijh Bajenrh‑s ajsastdjod nj oiusic ujhdrstijhajl, wmacd it tmd sikd

takd ki`ajl usd ne sdttcdkdjt hiti prnvahdh by tmd dtmjniromidncnly ne Qdccdj,Lnuch ijh ntmdrs. Ictmnulm tmd prdoasd dstakitanj ne pnpucitanj ealurds wis jnthardotcy wmit \matdciw‑s knhdc djvasildh, tmd rdcitanj bdtwddj snoaic ijh spitaicbdmivanur aj enrilajl snoadtads mih bddj lrditcy dcuoahitdh by bdjdeatajl ernk twnhdoihds ne ajtdjsd hdbitd nj tmd jiturd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly.

_nurod ijh subgdot-sahd stritdlads

Ernk Bnjjaomsdj‑s oiutanjiry ticd tn \matdciw‑s knhdc, tmd hdbitd nj satd struo-turd rdvdics mnw dtmjniromidncnly mis lnjd i cnjl wiy aj hasoussajl cnlaoic hae-

eaouctads ijh djmijoajl ajtdrprdtitavd pnssabacatads ernk tmd irlukdjt by ijicnly.md djnrknus lrnwtm ne dtmjniromidncnlaoic stuhads aj tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd91<6s, tmdrdenrd, wis knrd tmij i soicajl-up ne tmd Jdw Iromidncnly‑s ajtdrdst ajijtmrnpncnly but djtiacdh i prnenujh rdtmaj`ajl ne tmd onjodpt ne dtmjnlripmaoijicnly. md twn kiaj eujotanjs ne ijicnly aj tmd citd 9156s‘ajsparitanjic ijhorataoic‘picdh ajtn ajsaljaeaoijod it tmd knkdjt dtmjniromidncnlaoic eadchwnr`wis ujhdrti`dj it i kuom cirldr soicd tmij dvdr bdenrd. Njod tmd hdeaoadjoy neajhdpdjhdjt tdstajl is i kdijs ne mypntmdsas-dvicuitanj mih bddj hdknjstritdh,tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmy onuch jn cnjldr bd siah tn bd sakpcy mdurastao0 wmit wistmd pnajt ne mivajl i prneusanj ne ahdis ae tmdrd wis jn kdijs ne dvicuitajl tmdk>

Ca`dwasd, tmd ldjrd ne tmd oiutanjiry ticd cnst ittriotanj0 iliaj, wmit wis tmd pnajtne rdpditdhcy strdssajl tmd haeeaoucty ne ajtdrprdtitanj watmnut tryajl tn rdkdhyat>

It tmd outtajl dhld ne knhdrj dtmjniromidncnly somncirs strnvd tn ln bdynjhsuom kajakic eujotanjs ijh wdrd enrodh tn ihhrdss tmd assud ne ijicnly. \mdrdisiromidncnlasts aj tmd prdvanus hdoihd mih bddj it piajs tn oaroukvdjt ijicnly,jnw tmdy ipprniomdh at ernjticcy. Enccnwajl \ycad, tmdar ipprniomds oij bd ocissa-eadh ajtn ”snurod ijh subgdot-sahd stritdlads enr dstibcasmajl rdcdvijod‑ (91=47 966).

26 _uom eicsa oitanj wis njcy pnssabcd enr wdcc-prdsdrvdh ”sjipsmnt satds‑ watm issukdh rdsahdjtaiceujotanj (suom is odrtiaj sdotanjs ne Vajodvdjt). Xd knrd onkpcdx (ijh kuom knrd erdqudjt)picakpsdsts ird ne cattcd mdcp mdrd.



944

Vrnodssuicasts rdicazdh aj priotaod mdr hdvaod tmit ”iromidncnlasts kust wnr` illsavdcy it bntm sahds ne tmd ijicnlaoic –dquitanj‛ ‑ (969). It tmd subgdot sahd (nr tir-ldt sahd is wd wnuch oicc at), ijicnlaoic ajedrdjods wdrd strdjltmdjdh by akprnvajtmd prnodhurds ne iromidncnlaoic tdstajl. md knst knkdjtnus ne suom stritdlad

onjsastdh ne knjatnrajl ijicnlaoic prdhaotanjs ajtn eicsaeaoitanjast omijjdcs is tmaiccnwdh tn hdtdot ujaqud editurds ne tmd pist tmit wdrd dtmjnlripmaoiccy uj`jnwjEicsaeaoitanjask aj iromidncnly nralajiccy stirtdh is i kdijs tn djmijod tdstajlbut snnj hdvdcnpdh, pirtaoucircy aj tmd iromidncnly ne Ieraoij mnkajahs, ajtndjtardcy jdw eadchs ne rdsdirom ca`d tipmnjnky ijh satd enrkitanj prnodssds. mprajoapic ikbatanj wis tmd dcuoahitanj tmrnulm iotuicastao rdsdirom ne tmd rdcdprnodssds rdspnjsabcd enr tmd enrkitanj ne tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh. It tmd snusahd, wd eajh stritdlads ca`d ciw-buachajl, oiusic ujhdrstijhajl ijh tmd ujaenrka-tiraijask-ujikbaluaty prnlrikkd ne rdsdirom. Hdspatd tmdar typaoic haeedrdjods,icc tmdsd ipprniomds smirdh i enous nj tmd rdcdvijt prnodssds bdtwddj stitaos i

hyjikaos aj tmd snurod. _omaeedr snulmt ujavdrsic onrrdcitanjs aj tmd prdsdjt wnbdtwddj tmd systdkao onjtdxt ne bdmivanur ijh tmd iromidncnlaoic onjtdxt ne kitdraic rdkiajs. Bajenrh tradh tn ujhdrstijh suom onrrdcitanjs aj i oiusic wiy, earstaj ij dxpcijitnry eismanj wmaom wis straotcy onjeajdh tn i pirtaoucir satuitanjaj tmd prdsdjt, but dvdjtuiccy aj ij dxtripncitajl eismanj tmit wis bisdh nj tmdprajoapcd ne ujaenrkatiraijask. \matdciw ittdkptdh tn hdvasd i ornss-oucturic sdtne viraibcds rdspnjsabcd enr i pirtaoucir enrk ne kitdraic bdmivanur tmit onuch prajoapcd bd eicsaeadh iromidncnlaoiccy. Aj suk, tmdj, tmd knst stra`ajl editurdsuom snurod-sahd stritdlads wis tmdar ujavdrsic ittdjtanj tn tmd rdcdvijt rdcitanjsoiusitanj. Ij dtmjnlripmao ijicnly onuch njcy bd suoodsseuc ae hud onjsahdritanjwis earst lavdj tn tmd hyjikao prnodssds aj tmd snurod ernk wmaom tmd ijicnly wtn bd hriwj. Iotuicastao rdsdirom aj tipmnjnky mih wnr`dh ernk tmd sikd praj-oapcd7 earst ujhdrstijhajl prdsdjt prnodssds, tmdj turjajl tn pist pittdrjs. \macdtrihatanjic dtmjnlripmao ijicnlads mih ujavdrsiccy rdcadh upnj tmd mnraznjtic rdctanj ne sakaciraty, tmd lrdit kdrat ne dtmjniromidncnly wis ats enous nj tmd vdrtaordcitanj ne oiusicaty. md assud ne rdcdvijod tmus surpissdh tmd iknujt ne sakacaty is tmd prakd oratdranj enr ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl.

\mdrdis tirldt-sahd stritdlads djmijodh tmd dkparaoic onjtdjt ne ijicnlaoic irlu-kdjts, snurod-sahd stritdlads wdrd knrd hardotdh it akprnvajl tmd cnlaoic struoturdne tmd ijicnly. Jdxt tn tmd onjsahdritanj bdajl lavdj tn rdcdvijod, i jukbdr nentmdr strdjltmdjajl oratdrai rdodavdh eurtmdr ittdjtanj. \matdciw‑s sikpcd ne =66sdttcdkdjts ernk 992 haeedrdjt enrilajl snoadtads, brnulmt tmdjukbdr ne snurodonjtdxtswdcc bdynjh tmd oi. 46 jnwj sdttcdkdjt pcijs ernk ibnut eaetddj mujtdr-litmdrdr oucturds. _akacircy, _omaeedr‑s ittdkpt tn hriw ciws ernk onjtdxts is havdrsd is knhdrj Jnrtm-Ikdraoi ijh onjtdkpnriry mujtdr-litmdrdrs smnws mnwtmdviradty ne snurod onjtdxtswis ipprdoaitdh is ij akpnrtijt oratdranj. Eajiccy,Lnuch‑s ajtdrdst enr ijnkicy ijh tmd eicsaeaoitanj Asiio ijh \matdciw oiccdh enrird ajhaoitavd ne tmd pciodhassakaciraty onuch ti`d aj tmdar ijicnlaoic irlukdjts.Njod tmit enrkic sakaciraty wis jn cnjldr tmd sncd oratdranj, i odrtiaj hasordpijoybdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt onuch bd disacy ioonkknhitdh ijh dvdj wdconkdh.



945

md dtmjniromidncnly ne tmd citd 91<6s, tmdj, ldjuajdcy knvdh bdynjh tmdoratdranj ne enrkic sakaciraty. Ajhddh, at wis ldjdriccy io`jnwcdhldh tmit ”tmd caed-stycds ne prdmastnrao mujtajl ijh litmdrajl lrnups ird jnt jdodssiracy nr dvdj ca`d-cy rdpcaoitdh by rdodjt survavajl onujtdrpirts‑ (Qdccdj 91<<7 8). mas iwirdjdss ne

haeedrdjod hah jnt cdih tn hdspnjhdjoy. Yuatd nj tmd onjtriry, at sdrvdh is i omic-cdjld enr ajvdjtavd wnr` nj tmd struoturd ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl. Mih oucturd-mas-tnraoic iromidncnlasts bddj it piajs tn eajh knhdrj ijicnluds tmit wdrd is ocnsd ispnssabcd aj takd ijh spiod tn tmd prdmastnrao oucturd ujhdr onjsahdritanj, prnods-suic dtmjniromidncnly bcnssnkdh, jnt hdspatd tmd ilrddh upnj hastijod bdtwddjsnurod ijh tirldt, but tmij`s tn at. Onjtdkpnriry snoadtads eujotanjdh tmdrdenrdis akpnrtdh ijicnluds ritmdr tmij is kijaedst ijicnluds (Cditmdrhicd 91<8).

Onjonkatijt tn tmd substijtaic wnr` aj dtmjniromidncnly wis i lrditdr pnsa-tavd ippriasic ne tmd pciod ne ijicnly ijh tmd cnlao at ajvncvdh. I onupcd ne pubca-oitanjs aj tmd dircy 91=6s dxpcaoatcy hasoussdh tmd cnlaoic struoturd ne iromidncnla-

oic ijicnlads ernk i pmacnsnpmaoic pnajt ne vadw (_icknj 91=20 \itsnj, CdBcijoijh Rdhkij 91=80 \ycad 91=2 ijh dspdoaiccy \ycad 91=4). _icknj hdedjhdhtmd cnlaoic pnajt tmit ”ijicnlaoic irlukdjts ird jnt ajtrajsaoiccy wdi`dr tmij ijyntmdr ajhuotavd irlukdjts‑ (91=27 <1). \itsnj, CdBcijo ijh Rdhkij, njod tmdstiujomdst ihvnoitds ne hdhuotavd rdisnjajl aj iromidncnly, jnw ioodptdh tmit”tmd bisao prajoapcd ne icc iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj as ijicnlaoic,‑ dvdj ae suomrdisnjajl rdquardh ”ij ajhuotavd cdip‑ (91=87 241, 256). Ijh \ycad mdch tmit”tmnulm tmd irlukdjt by ijicnly as ajdvatibcy caibcd tn drrnr, at oij bd ocnsdcyonjtrnccdh ijh malmcy hasorakajitajl watm rdlirh tn hassakaciratads bdtwddj pistijh prdsdjt‑ (91=47 96<). Icc iutmnrs ilrddh tmit tmd iknujt ne sakaciraty wisi rdcitavdcy ujakpnrtijt ispdot ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl. I lnnh ijicnly hah jntrdquard tmit snurod ijh subgdot bd ahdjtaoic7 ”iromidncnlasts hn jnt irlud tmitpist oucturds ird dxiotcy sakacir tn prdsdjt njds‑ (\itsnj, CdBcijo ijh Rdhkij91=87 259). Bntm \ycad ijh _icknj hdsorabdh it cdjltm tmd cnlaoic oratdranjs enrissdssajl ijh strdjltmdjajl ijicnlaoic irlukdjts ijh tmdy bntm dkpmisazdh tmdicc-akpnrtijt oratdranj ne rdcdvijod7 ”Rdcdvijod as tmd knst akpnrtijt onjsahdri-tanj aj issdssajl tmd suoodss ne ij ijicnlaoic irlukdjt‑ (_icknj 91=27 =2). \ycadhrdw tmd vicuibcd hastajotanj bdtwddj enrkic ijh rdcitanjic ijicnlads wmdrdbynjcy tmd cittdr wdrd dxpcaoatcy bisdh nj onjsahdritanjs ne rdcdvijod. Enrkic ijicn-lads wdrd ajdvatibcy wdi`dr sajod tmdy straotcy rdcadh nj enrkic sakaciratads watmnutij iwirdjdss ne oiusicaty. Rdcitanjic ijicnlads, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, wdrd knrd aj-tdrdstajl sajod tmdy ajvncvdh ”i hdknjstritanj tmit tmdrd ird sakaciratads bdtwddjsnurod ijh subgdot watm rdspdot tn tmd oiusic kdomijasks, prnodssds, nr eiotnrstmit hdtdrkajd tmd prdsdjod ijh rdcitanjsmaps ne (it cdist snkd ne ) tmdar kijaedstprnpdrtads‑ (91=47 14). mdsd cnlaoic rdecdotanjs, aj eiot, rdenrkucitdh aj i knrdibstriot cijluild njd ne tmd knst eujhikdjtic omijlds tmit mih noourrdh aj dtm-jniromidncnly, a.d. tmd ahdi tmit prnxakaty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt wis jnt ijibsncutd, jnr i sueeaoadjt oratdranj.



94<

Hdocajd ijh eicc ne dtmjniromidncnly Ernk tmd hasoussanj nj mujtdr-litmdrdr satd struoturd, at bdonkds ocdir tmit dtmjniromidncnly hah jnt had nut ietdr tmd traukpmijt sdkahdoihd ernk 91<< tn91=2. Ij ajordisajl jukbdr ne iromidncnlasts spdjt snkd takd aj tmd dtmjn-lripmao eadch, gnajt tmd hasoussanj, ijh onjtrabutdh tn tmd ikissajl wdictm ne dtmjniromidncnlaoic catdriturd. Mih tmd stuhads nj onjtdkpnriry enrildrs nralajiccybddj cakatdh tn tmd !@ujl ijh tmd Jujikaut, jnw jdw eadchwnr` by Bajenrhijh N‑Onjjdcc brnulmt tmd Icyiwiri (Iustricai) ijh tmd Mihzi (Dist-Ieraoi)ajtn tmd paoturd hurajl tmd 91=6s (Bajenrh 91=8o0 91=50 91=<0 N‑Onjjdcc 91=N‑Onjjdcc, Miw`ds ijh Bcurtnj Gnjds 91==i0 91==b0 N‑Onjjdcc ijh Kirsmicc91=1). Ca`dwasd, Qdccdj‑s wnr` nj tmd !@ujl wis onjtajudh, dxpijhdh ijh enc-cnwdh up by somncirs ca`d Vnccy \adssjdr (91=?) ijh _usij @djt (911?). md sikdmnchs trud enr snkd ntmdr prngdots nutsahd tmd mujtdr-litmdrdr rdick7 Cnjliordodrikao stuhy aj tmd @icajli irdi (Vmacappajds) bdoikd tmd cnjldst onjtajunusajvdstalitanj aj dtmjniromidncnly wmdrd sdvdric ldjdritanjs ne Ikdraoij lrihuitdstuhdjts ernk tmd Tjavdrsaty ne Iraznji hah rdsdirom (Cnjliord 91190 Cnjliordijh _`abn 9118). Nj tnp ne tmit, dtmjniromidncnly rdkiajdh jn cnjldr snkd-tmajl ne i Jnrtm-Ikdraoij knjnpncy jnw tmit Bratasm somncirs (ca`d Aij Mnhhdrijh Mdjradtti Knnrd) ijh Erdjom somncirs (ca`d tmd Vdtrdquajs ijh Iciaj Licciy) gnajdh tmd rij`s.29

md eadch bdjdeatdh eurtmdrknrd ernk tmd cnlaoic ijh pmacnsnpmaoic dxptanjs nj tmd prnpdr usd ne ijicnly eurtmdr (_icknj 91=20 \ycad 91=20 91=4).Ajhuotavd cnlao wis onjsuctdh tn ujhdrstijh tmd ajtdrjic kdomijask ne tmd irlu-

kdjt by ijicnly, strdjltm oratdrai wdrd djukdritdh ijh omdo`dh, ijh tmd akpnr-tijod ne enrkic sakaciraty wis smnwj tn bd sdonjhiry tn rdcdvijt oiusicaty. mnulmijicnlads wdrd ihkattdh tn bd ajhuotavd irlukdjts wmaom ird ajmdrdjtcy wdi`drtmij hdhuotavd rdisnjajls, tmd ldjdric npajanj wis tmit tmdy ird jnt icc dquiccyvicah but oij bd issdssdh aj tdrks ne rdcitavd strdjltm. Njd ne tmd prajoapic onj-sdqudjods ne tmas cnlaoic ociraeaoitanj wis tmit ijicnly wis jn cnjldr onjsahdrdhtmd Iomaccds mddc ne dtmjniromidncnly but bdoikd tmd ioodptdh bisas enr iccjniromidncnlaoic ajedrdjod. Iutmnrs watm tmd knst havdrldjt tmdnrdtaoic ildjhisilrddh nj tmas pnajt wmdj tmdy dxociakdh tmit ”ijicnly as i bisao ijh eujhikdjtic

29 Iciaj Licciy, i _wass by bartm, mis kihd i cirld akpiot aj Erdjom ioihdkd (oe.Dtmjnirománcnlad7 Gusta oitanj, Vrnbcíkds, Cakatds7 ]AAd Rdjonjtrds Ajtdrjitanjicds h‑Irománcnlad dt h‑Mastnard h‑Ijtabds.Dhatanjs IVHOI, Guij-cds-Vajs, 9112). At hdsdrvds tn bd jntdh tmit aj ldjdric tmd Erdjom ir-omidncnlaoic trihatanj mis bddj ritmdr rdcuotijt tnwirhs tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmy (_io`dtt 91=9). \mdrdis Virasaijioihákaoadjs aj tmd dircy dalmtddjtm odjtury mih bddj ajstrukdjtic aj hriwajlupnj dtmjnlripmy tn ujhdrstijh ajt tnncs, tmas ajtdrdst wis brio`dtdh hurajl tmd enccnwajl odj-turads. Rdkdkbdr mnw Hd Knrtaccdt‑s picándtmjncnlad wis ij ittdkpt tn wratd ij dtmjncnly ne tmdVicidncatmao prdoasdcywatmnutrdonursd tn iotuic dtmjncnly. _akacircy, Cdrna-Lnurmij mis systdkita-oiccy oiccdh enrujd dtmjncnlad prámastnraqud aj mas ajtdrprdtitanj ne tmd Kilhicdjaij satd ne Vajodvdjt,tmit as, ij dtmjncnlaoic rdonjstruotanj ne tmd prdmastnrao pist sncdcy nj tmd bisas ne prdmastnraohdjod. Erijìnas Bnrhds, tmd ntmdr cdihajl Erdjom prdmastnraij ne tmd kah-twdjtadtm odjtury wmnldncnly-ajspardh rdsdirom prnlrikkd hastdrdh prnenujhcy ernk Cdrna-Lnurmij‑s knrd mastnraoicipprniom, hasivnwdh tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmy watm i sakacir vdmdkdjod.



941

by Bajenrh ijh Briaj wis oirradh nj by i mnst ne somncirs ca`d Vit _mapkij, HaijLaeenrh, Cdd Cykij, Raomirh Vntts, Mdjry Bujj, Ijji Bdmrdjskdydr, RnbdrtBcukdjsomajd, ijh Liry Miyjds ijh hdvdcnpdh ajtn njd ne tmd knst tdomjaoicijh havdrsaeadh rdicks ne iromidncnlaoic rdsdirom.

Earstcy, tmd rdsdirom nj bnjd knhaeaoitanj by mukij ijh jnjmukij ildjtsmih nralajiccy ào`dh nee is pirt ne tmd brnihcy rdcdvijt qudstanj ne dircy mnkajahadt ijh tmd rncd ne mujtajl tmdrdaj (Laeenrh 91=90 Cykij 91=<)7 Asiio ieearkdtmit tmd iooukucitanjs ne bnjd ijh stnjd aj Dist-Ieraoij satds wdrd mnkd bisdsne mujtajl mnkajahs0 Bajenrh hdjadh suom ociaks (ijh Briaj hah tmd sikd enrtmd _nutm-Ieraoij oivd satds)0 Asiio‑s stuhdjts stirtdh tn eicsaey tmd prnpnsata(by hastajluasmajl stnjd tnnc outkir`s ernk oirjavnrd tnntm soritomds ijh rnhdjtljiwajl kir`s0 oe. _mapkij ijh Rnsd 91=?)0 nralajiccy tmdy rdieearkdh tmd nrala-jic mypntmdsas enr dircy mnkajah mujtajl, butomdrajl ijh oiroiss prnodssajl itNchuvia Lnrld ijh @nnba Enri (Bujj ijh @rncc 91=5) but Bajenrh systdkitaoiccy

orataoazdh suom ociaks. Mih tmd hasoussanj nralajiccy bddj nj tmd rncd ne kdidircy mnkajah subsastdjod, jnw iutmnrs vdmdkdjtcy hasilrddh nj assuds wmdtmmnkajahs mih dxpcnatdh oiroissds bdenrd nr ietdr mydji soivdjlajl (Bajenrh, Kacijh _tnjd 91=<0 oe. Bajenrh ijh _tnjd 91=5). Viriccdc tn tmit, tmd rdquardkdjtne tdomjaoic sàccs nj tmd pirt ne tmd rdsdiromdrs bdoikd knrd strajldjt7 kiornsonpao ajspdotanj wis rdpciodh by nbsdrvitanjs nbtiajdh tmrnulm i soijjajldcdotrnj kaornsonpd0 ijicytaoic oitdlnrads enr hdsorabajl bnjd knhaeaoitanj bdoikd ajordisajlcy kajutd0 `jnwcdhld nj oirjavnrd ijh rnhdjt dtmncnly, omdkaoiconkpnsatanj ne bnjds, ldnknrpmncnlaoic ibrisanj ijh wmncd rijld ne ntmdr eadchsbdoikd prdrdquasatd. Ajtdrhasoapcajiry onnpdritanj bdtwddj kuctapcd somncirs wviryajl soadjtaeao bio`lrnujhs bdoikd tmd jdw rncd knhdc. md stuhy ne bnjdknhaeaoitanj tmus hdvdcnpdh ajtn i malmcy snpmastaoitdh, jituric soadjod brijone Vicidncatmao rdsdirom.

_donjhcy, tmd stuhy ne haeedrdjtaic bnhy pirt rdprdsdjtitanjs stirtdh ernk isakacir strialmtenrwirh qudstanj ijh hdvncvdh icsn ajtn i tdomjaoic onjujhrukwmdrd oiusds ijh onjsdqudjods bdoikd ajordisajlcy haeeaouct tn hasdjtijlcd. AjBajenrh‑s nralajic wnr`, tmd jutratanjic vicud ne i s`dcdtic pirt (dxprdssdh aj tdrksne kdit ijh kirrnw utacaty) wis tmd kiaj hdtdrkajijt ne tmd prdsdjod nr ib-sdjod ne at nj odrtiaj typds ne satds. Citdr rdsdirom smnwdh tmit kuom knrd eiotnrs wdrd aj pciy suom is prdy sazd, trijspnrt eioacatads, stnrild pnssabacaty, knhdonnàjl, enrk ne smirajl, prdhitnr iotanj, dtodtdri (Qdccdj 9119i, b0 @djt 911?0Cupn 9114). _omncirs wdrd it piajs tn hastac eurtmdr hakdjsanjs tmit bnrd nj tmprnhuotanj ne eiujic issdkbcilds tn tmd pnajt tmit ij dxpcijitnry knhdc bdoikdmirhdr ijh mirhdr tn rdiom. md puppdt ne tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh sddkdh tn stddrdh by kuom knrd strajls tmij prdvanuscy dxpdotdh0 tmd rdcdvijt kdomijaskbdoikd ajordisajlcy haeeaouct tn hasdjtijlcd7 ”kijy ne tmd prajoapcds ird jnt ocdirout ijh hn jnt prnvahd sakpcd caj`s tn rdcaibcd rdonjstruotanjs ne tmd pist,‑ snkdiutmnrs mih tn lrijt (Bujj, Birtrik ijh @rncc 91==7 84?). \mdrdis Bajenrh mihonjtdjhdh maksdce tn hassdotajl njd smddp ijh njd oirabnu, jnw ”tmd deedot nstruoturic hdjsaty nj kirknt s`dcdtic pirt rdprdsdjtitanj aj iromidncnlaoic satds‑ijh ”i kdit utacaty ajhdx enr pmnoah sdics‑ wdrd bdajl ajvdstalitdh, tn jikd but



956

twn irtaocds ne tmit pdranh. md hdbitd nj s`dcdtic dcdkdjt rdprdsdjtitanj turjdhajtn i spdoaicast ijh havdrsaeadh eadch tmit ras`dh cnnsajl tnuom watm tmd nralajiciromidncnlaoic qudstanj.

Aj i haeedrdjt onjtdxt, Cnjliord ijh _àbn (91187 xav) jntdh tmit hurajl

dtmjniromidncnlaoic wnr` at netdj ”bdonkds ocdir tmit tmd qudstanj as kuom knrdonkpcaoitdh tmij nralajiccy tmnulmt‑. Ijh ictmnulm tmas as prnbibcy tmd oisd watmknst dkparaoic rdsdirom, aj tmd oisd ne mujtdr-litmdrdr dtmjniromidncnly tmdrdwdrd Vicidncatmao rdsdiromdrs ”it mnkd‑ wiatajl enr ijswdrs7 ”at as disy tn sdd mnw iprdmastnraij onuch bdonkd erustritdh watm dtmjniromidncnly, is sddkajlcy sakpcdqudstanjs ird brn`dj hnwj ajtn viranus pirts tmit kiy sddk eir rdknvdh ernktmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh‑ (Cnjliord ijh _àbn 9187 xav). Ntmdr somncirs tnn mivdjntdh tmas. Laeenrh-Lnjzicdz (91197 285) wirjdh tmit ”iromidncnly is i wmncd misknvdh ajordisajlcy hddpcy ajtn spdoaicazitanj‑0 Mnhhdr (91=2b7 298) ajhaoitdhtmd ”kissavd erilkdjtitanj ijh onkpirtkdjticasitanj‑ ne rdsdirom is njd ne tmd

rdisnjs enr tmd hdocajd ne prnodssuicask.Dtmjniromidncnly bdoikd jnt njcy knrd tdomjaoic but icsn knrd cakatdh ajats sonpd. Nralajiccy, iotuicastao stuhads ijh kahhcd-rijld rdsdirom mih bddj enr-kucitdh is tmd jdodssiry stdp ne ujhdrstijhajl satd enrkitanj bdenrd assuds neldjdric tmdnry onuch bd ihhrdssdh. Aj tmd cnjl ruj, mnwdvdr, at bdoikd ij djhaj atsdce7 ”Aj tmdar mistd tn put isahd viounus tmdnrazajl, kahhcd-rijld tmdnrastssddk tn mivd ioodptdh tmd kytm tmit tmdar rdsdirom oij prnoddh aj tmd ibsdjod neldjdric tmdnry,‑ tmd rdsuct bdajl ”i wahdsprdih onjeusanj rdlirhajl tmd jiturd nekahhcd-rijld rdsdirom‑ (Bdttajldr 91=<7 9?=). Dvdj ae stuhdjts ne bnjd knhaeaoi-tanj bdoikd quatd suoodsseuc tmrnulm tmd usd ne iotuicastao rdsdirom aj ahdjtaeyajltmd oiusic ildjt rdspnjsabcd enr i lavdj triod, tmd wahdr bdmivanuric akpcaoitanjrdkiajdh knrd netdj tmij jnt ujocdir. Mnkajah-ajhuodh outkir`s onuch bd rdo-nljazdh is suom, tmd qudstanj wmdtmdr tmdy rdcitdh tn soivdjlajl nr mujtajl wisstacc ujijswdrdh. Ahdjtaeyajl tmd rdspnjsabcd oiusic ildjt wis tmus njd prnbcdk,ajtdrprdtajl at aj tdrks ne bdmivanur quatd ijntmdr. Bajenrh mih bddj tiàjl mascnlaoic prdkasds tn suom dxtrdkds tmit md mih hravdj maksdce ajtn i onrjdr wmdrdnjcy vdry kajakic stitdkdjts onuch bd kihd ibnut vdry kdomijaoic pittdrjs.2? Haijd Laeenrh-Lnjzicdz (9119) onjvajoajlcy irludh tmit stuhads aj znniromidncn-ly ijh bnjd tipmnjnky rdiomdh malm cdvdcs ne ajedrdjtaic onjeahdjod enr tmd knsteujotanjic ijh kdomijastao caj`s bdtwddj triods ijh oiusds, but stiydh ujhdrhd-vdcnpdh enr hriwajl brnihdr bdmivanuric ijh doncnlaoic onjocusanjs. md ajsast-djod nj eajhajl ujikbalunus ijh ujaenrkatiraij oiusic cajìlds mih turjdh tmdBajenrhaij kahhcd-rijld rdsdirom ajtn ij ajordisajlcy tdomjaoic djtdrprasd wmaomsmnwdh lrdit rdcuotijod tn knrd ajtdrprdtitavd stritdlads. _uom pmysaoicast-rdhuo-tanjast ijh hdtdrkajastao ipprniomds onjtajudh tn ”mikpdr us it nur jdxt stild nerdsdirom‑ , Laeenrh-Lnjzicdz irludh (91197 288)7

2? \mdj is`dh ibnut tmas kajakicask aj tmd dircy 91=6s hurajl i vasat aj _wdhdj, Bajenrh rdpcadh, trudtn tmd pnsatavast bdcade aj tmd lrnwtm ne `jnwcdhld, tmit iromidncnly jddhdh i edw knrd odjturads tnrdiom rdcaibcd ajedrdjods ibnut cdss kdomijaoic pittdrjs (@. @rastaijsdj, pdrs. onkk.).



959

Jn kittdr mnw hdtdrkajastao tmd rdcitanjsmap bdtwddj tmd akkdhaitd oiusds neodrtiaj iromidncnlaoic triods‘ijh dvdj tmdar caj`s tn spdoa o iotnrs‘ird, wmdjiromidncnlasts sdd` tn sdt tmdsd triods ijh iotnrs aj bdmivanric ijh doncnlaoic sys-tdks, tmd prnbibacastao jiturd ne tmd npdritanjs ne tmdsd systdks prdocuhd dxtdjh-

ajl –ae i, tmdj b‛ hdtdrkajastao stitdkdjts ajtn tmnsd rdicks.(Lastnrh-Lnjzicdz

91197 289)

Ae iromidncnly wijtdh tn bd i trucy bdmivanuric soadjod, knrd tmij suom sied bstdracd ociaks mih tn bd kihd. Laeenrh-Lnjzicdz tmdrdenrd rdissdrtdh ”tmd akptijod ne onkprdmdjsavd, onjgujotavd ijicysas‑ (285) ijh lrijtdh i pciod tn ”mastnr-aoic jirritavds‑ (282) is sitaseiotnry dvncutanjiry dxpcijitanjs. Hdspatd ”ij dxtrinr-hajiry suoodsseuc 26-ydir pmisd ne rdvdicajl ijoadjt oiusds ne bnjd knhaeaoitanj‑smd ajsastdh tmit knrd ajtdrprdtitavd wnr` bd ujhdrti`dj7 ”bnjds tmdksdcvds irdjnt djnulm‑ (285). N‑Onjjdcc (9114), tnn, ietdr castajl mujhrdhs ne pubcaoitanjs

sulldstdh tmit tmd quicaty ne tmd ijicnlads cilldh bdmajh watm tmd iknujt ne io-tuicastao rdsdirom onjhuotdh sajod tmd dircy 91=6s. md wdictm ne dtmjniromcnlaoic deenrts aj tmd stuhy ne satd struoturd ijh eiujic rdkiajs njcy sddkdh tnajhaoitd tmit tmdrd wdrd jn strialmtenrwirh oiusic caj`ilds bdtwddj bdmivanuricprnodssds ijh kitdraic pittdrjs. Is i rdsuct, tmd ourrdjt rncd ne iotuicastao rdsdiromsakpcy bdoikd ”tmd prnhuotanj ne oiutanjiry ticds ijh onjvdjtanjic ijicnlads‑(N‑Onjjdcc 91147 2??). mas kdijt ij ujibismdh rdturj tn wmit dtmjniromidnc-nly ajataiccy mih tradh tn dsoipd7 tmd orataoic ijh ajsparitanjic purpnsds ne ijicnlOcdircy, tmas wis njcy i vdry kajakic nutput enr i eadch wmaom rdquardh suom mtdomjaoic ajput ijh tmas akbicijod stirtdh tn ujhdrkajd dtmjniromidncnly‑sriasnj

h‑çtrd . Ijntmdr rdisnj wmaom onjtrabutdh tn tmd ajordisajlcy prnbcdkitao pnsatanj nemujtdr-litmdrdr dtmjniromidncnly onjodrjdh tmd vdry pncdkaoic ocakitd ne somircy hdbitd. Bajenrh, aj pirtaoucir, onjhuotdh i jukbdr ne hasoussanjs watm ivdmdkdjod ne stycd rirdcy sddj aj somncircy hasonursd. Dvdj ae aj tmd 9156s <6s md mih icwiys bddj i prnvnoitavd ijh vdry orataoic iutmnr wmn hah jnt smuj rmdtnraoic stycd, knst, ae jnt icc, mas pipdrs aj tmd 91=6s onjsastdh ne euckajitaittio`s iliajst tmd wnr` ne mas onccdiluds. \mdrdis mas onccdotanj ne pipdrs ernktmd 91<6s, i hdoihd typaeadh by mas substijtaic onjtrabutanjs aj tmdnry ijh dtmjniromidncnly, mih bddj ipprnpraitdcy djtatcdh\nr`ajl it Iromidncnly (91=?b),

tmd njd wmaom issdkbcdh mas wnr` ernk tmd 91=6s wis dvdj knrd iptcy jikdhHdbitajl Iromidncnly (91=1). Ietdr mas hasputds watm Qdccdj ijh Asiio, Bajenrhjnw ornssdh swnrhs, iknjl ntmdrs, watm _omaeedr nj tmd Vnkpdaa prdkasd, waBujj nj dircy mnkajah butomdrajl it tmd Wajgijtmrnpus satd (Nchuvia Lnrld),watm Erddkij nj Knustdraij bnjd tdomjncnly, watm _io`dtt nj tmd hdeajatanj nestycd, watm Mnhhdr nj tmd iaks ne iromidncnlaoic rdsdirom, ijh watm Lnuch ibnut dvdrytmajl tmd cittdr mih wrattdj sajod mas jdlitavd rdvadw neJujikautDtmjniromidncnly . mdsd ittio`s onjtiajdh i sdt ne eaxdh ajlrdhadjts7 Bajenrh‑sonkpciajt tmit md mih bddj kasrdih, kasujhdrstnnh, ijh kasrdprdsdjtdh (accus-tritdh by kdijs ne cnjl quntds ernk mas ijh ntmdrs‑ wratajls), tmd kdroacdsscy

omnppajl hnwj ne tmd ntmdr‑s irlukdjts, i cnjl, pnnrcy struoturdh sdotanj wmaom



952

s`dtomdh ij ictdrjitavd nj tmd bisas ne mas nwj dtmjnlripmao nbsdrvitanjs iknjltmd Jujikaut ijh tmd Icyiwiri ajonrpnritajl kuctapcd tibcds ijh lripms, ijh ea-jiccy ij ibstriot pcdi enr mnw i ”ldrkijd‑ iromidncnly smnuch bd hnjd. md tnjd nehdbitd wis netdj eir ernk ldjtcd. Bujj ijh @rncc onuch rdih tmit tmdar stuhy mih

”jn ajtdccdotuic ijomnr bdynjh ij akilajdh paoturd ne dircy mnkajah caed‑ (Bajenrhaj Bujj ijh @rncc 91=57 885). Erddkij, wmn mih hdjnujodh Bajenrh‑s ”onkpcdxcnlaoic lykjistaos‑, wis rdpcadh watm tmd issdrtanj tmit mas irlukdjt rdstdh nj”kijy tdjunus, ijh ujdxikajdh prdkasds‑, is wdcc is ”tmd usd ne jnjeiots‑ (Bajenrh91=?o7 =8-4). Mnhhdr‑sRdihajl tmd Vist , ”i cattcd bnn` watm i cattcd kdssild bdajlbcnwj tmrnulm i cirld mnrj watm i cnuh jnasd‑, wis ”pio`dh watm onjtrihaotanjs,kasrdprdsdjtitanjs, ijh hastnrtanjs‑7 ”Mncy-kncdy, Mnhhdr,‑ Bajenrh dxociakdh,”ynu mivd gust hasonvdrdh soadjod tmrnulm Onccajlwnnh!‑ (Bajenrh 91==b7 =<4-5).Eajiccy, Lnuch wis tnch tmit md ihvnoitdh ”vdry nuthitdh pnsatanjs‑, tmit md wis”strijldcy onkbajajl pmacnsnpmads‑, tmit mas wratajl wis ”npiqud ijh mirh tn enc-

cnw‑, mas prdsdjtitanj ”erdqudjtcy accnlaoic ijh pmacnsnpmaoiccy –ajjnodjt‛ ‑ ijh”mas jiavatd‑ ”knst ajtdrdstajl ijh ujaqud‑ (Bajenrh 91=47 4=9, 4=8, 4==), ipirternk tmd knrd ldjdric pnajt tmit ”mas jnjpirtaoapitanj aj soadjod‑ rdsuctdh ernktmd eiot tmit mas irlukdjts wdrd ”sdce-sdrvajl, kascdihajl, onjeusajl, ijh ldjdr-iccy ajvicah‑ (Bajenrh 91=17 998, 99<). Lnuch rdprniomdh Bajenrh enr erdqudjtcyusajl tmdirlukdjtuk ih mnkajdk (Lnuch 91=47 58?), but Bajenrh bcujtcy rd-pcadh tmit Lnuch‑s ociaks wdrd netdj dxikpcds ne tmdirlukdjtuk ih aljnrijtaik (Bajenrh 91=17 999). md cast onuch bd disacy dxpijhdh but tmdrd as jn jddh tn hnsn. mnulm suom pncdkaos rdjhdr tmd tis` ne tmd mastnraij ne soadjod snkdwmitknrd guaoy tmij at jnrkiccy as, tmd systdkitao uttdrajl ne suom hdvistitajl orata-oasks by tmd iromidncnlast wmn wis onkknjcy rdspdotdh is tmd ajstalitnr ne tmdJdw Iromidncnly cdet ij ikbavicdjt akpiot nj tmd hasoapcajd. Lnuch bdcadvdh tmitat wnuch bd ujenrtujitd ae suom varucdjt pncdkaos bdoikd ”tmd rncd-knhdc enr tmdonjhuot ne suom hdbitds‑ (91=47 588)7

Xd tnjd ne Bajenrh‑s rdodjt rdspnjsds tn ky wnr` as rdkajasodjt ne tmd rnbbdrbirnjs ne rdodjt Ikdraoij busajdss mastnry wmn valnrnuscy irludh enr ujrdstriajdh erdd djtdrprasd ijh onkpdtatanj but wmn hah tmdar utknst tn buach knjnpncads.Nj tmd njd mijh, md rdatdritds tmd pnsatanj tmit onjstijt orataoic dvicuitanj netmdnrads ijh issukptanjs as jddhdh P...[ ydt, wmdj njd as orataoic, dvdj ajhardotcyne Bajenrh‑s pnsatanj, tmd rdspnjsd as tmit njd as bdajl –mnstacd,‛ –sdce-sdrvajl,‛ nr–kascdihajl,‛ tmit njd as orditajl –kasluahdh hdbitds‛ ijh –hastnrtanjs,‛ tn kdj-tanj but i edw ne tmd pdgnritavd tdrks ippcadh wmdjdvdr tmdrd as hasilrddkdjt nvdrnur pirihalks. (Lnuch 91=47 58?)

Ne onursd, tmd rncd ne orataoic hdbitd, dvdj mnstacd onjtrnvdrsy, as netdj i vdryprnhuotavd njd aj tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne soadjod‘Bajenrh‑s nwj wnr` ne tmd 9156sijh <6s as i oisd aj pnajt‘but aj tmd onjtdxt ne i malmcy tdomjaoic hdbitd wmdrddvahdjod rdkiajdh ikbalunus (ijh tikpdrajl mirh tn hdtdot) suom pncdkaoicsciyajl tdjhdh tn bdonkd onujtdrprnhuotavd7 it bdst, at livd tmd iromidncnlaoiconkkujaty tmd akprdssanj tmit tmd prnbcdks aj dtmjniromidncnly wdrd eir ernkbdajl sncvdh ijh rdkiajdh uttdrcy onkpcdx0 it wnrst, at cdh tn i wdirajdss ijh



95?

hdspnjhdjoy ibnut dtmjniromidncnly bdoiusd jntmajl, at sddkdh, onuch bd hnjdwdcc. mas ippcads dspdoaiccy tn tmd eadch ne eiujic ijicysas watm ats kuctapcdne onjtdjtanj‑ (Cdwaj 911<), but at wis dquiccy trud ne tmd onjtrnvdrsaic stuhyne satd struoturd bdenrd \matdciw prdsdjtdh mas syjtmdsas, sddj ijh ipprnvdh b

Bajenrh. \mdrdis Bajenrh‑s dircadr wratajls mih npdjdh up djtardcy jdw vastis enriromidncnlaoic rdsdirom, mas nvdrhdedjsavd quirrdcs onjtrabutdh tn tmd asncitamujtdr-litmdrdr dtmjniromidncnly ernk knrd ldjdric tmdnrdtaoic tmdkds. Aj tmdcitd 91<6s dtmjniromidncnly ne enrilajl snoadtads stnnh it tmd mdirt ne prnodssuhdbitd0 tdj ydirs citdr at mih bdonkd i kirlajicazdh spdoaicask wmdrd pncdkaoswdrd ibujhijt but rdsucts ajonjocusavd.

Ijtmrnpncnlaoic hnubts ibnut mujtdr-litmdrdrs

md mastnraoast hdbitd aj mujtdr-litmdrdr ijtmrnpncnly icsn ieedotdh, icbdat aj ajhardot wiy, tmd dtmjniromidncnly ne onjtdkpnriry enrildrs. dj ydirs ietdr tmdKij tmd Mujtdr onjedrdjod, tmd Erdjom ijtmrnpncnlast Kiuraod Lnhdcadr onj-vdjdh i kddtajl aj Viras tn hasouss tmd ourrdjt stitd ne mujtdr-litmdrdr rdsdirom.At wis tmd stirt ne i prnenujh rdvasanj ne tmd Kij tmd Mujtdr akild, dspdoaiccy isat mih bddj prnkuclitdh by tmd @icimira rdsdirom prngdot ne Raomirh Cdd ijh mMirvirh tdik7 knhdrj mujtdr-litmdrdrs wdrd jn cnjldr siah tn cavd aj purd asnci-tanj, tn subsast dxocusavdcy nj enrilajl ijh tn rdprdsdjt i takdcdss enrk ne don-cnlaoic ihiptitanj (Barh-Hivah 91==). Ajstdih, tmd ictdrjitavd akild tmit dkdrldhernk tmas orataqud wis tmit knhdrj enrildrs mih enr odjturads, ae jnt kaccdjjai,bddj aj onjtiot watm jdalmbnurajl pistnric ijh ilraoucturic, ijh citdr dvdj oncn-

jaic ijh ajhustraic snoadtads ijh tmit tmdsd onjtiots mih mih i prnenujh akpiotnj tmd mujtajl-litmdrajl wiy ne caed. md !@ujl Busmkdj onuch jnt bd ujhdr-stnnh watmnut ti`ajl ajtn ioonujt tmdar cnjl-stijhajl onjtiots watm Bijtu-pis-tnricasts ijh tmdar ajvncvdkdjt watm kajajl-ajhustry aj Jikabai, Bntswiji ijh_nutm-Ieraoi. mdrd wdrd jn cnjldr mujtdrs cavajl straotcy aj i wnrch ne mujtdrijh tmd ahdi ne tmd prastajd, purd, iutmdjtao, ujieedotdh, ujspnacdh, ijh takdcdsenrildr wis smnwj tn bd i Rnussdiu-ca`d ocaomá tmit mih ordpt ajtn tmd eujotanjiast hasonursd ne 9156s ijh <6s oucturic ijtmrnpncnly. _dvdric ijtmrnpncnlasts dvdqudstanjdh tmd vicahaty ne ”mujtdr-litmdrdrs‑ is i hastajot oitdlnry ijh ibijhnjdhsuom ldjdricazajl onjodpt ictnldtmdr (Birjirh 91=?0 Kydrs, 91==). mas ictdrji-

tavd ajtdrprdtitanj ne knhdrj enrildrs wis aj tmd earst pciod lavdj aj by i tmdn-rdtaoic rdhdeajatanj (tmnulm at wis suppnrtdh by jdw dtmjnmastnraoic dvahdjoiliajst tmd eujotanjicast ijtmrnpncnlads ca`d jdn-dvncutanjask (_drvaod, _tdwirh)oucturic doncnly (Cdd), ijh oucturic kitdraicask (Mirras) watm tmdar onkknj en-ous nj tmd snoaic ijh donjnkao struoturds neajhavahuicsnoadtads aj tmdar doncnla-oic surrnujhajls, jnw aj tmd onjtdxt ne struoturic-Kirxast tmnulmt wmdrd wnrchsystdks tmdnry ijh onrd-pdrapmdry ahdis wdrd malm nj tmd ildjhi knrd ittdjtanjwis lavdj tn tmd mastnraoic akpnrtijod neajtdrsnoadticonjtiots. Aj tmd sikd ydirne tmd Viras onjedrdjod, Kirtaj \nbst (91<=) orataoazdh tmd asncitanjast, pirnomaenous ne mujtdr-litmdrdr rdsdirom ijh Drao \nce (91<=) pubcasmdh mas kiljuk

npus7Durnpd ijh tmd Vdnpcd watmnut Mastnry , bntm urlajl tmit sn-oiccdh takdcdss,prakatavd snoadtads bd ujhdrstnnh aj mastnraoic tdrks ne donjnkao trijsiotanjs ijh



958

pncataoic hnkajijod. Aj knrd tmij njd sdjsd, tmd hassitaseiotanj watm eujotanjic-ask wmaom wis siah tn bd ”imastnraoic ritmdr tmij ijtamastnraoic‑ (_omrard 91=8b79) ijh tmd oicc enr i euccdr ipprdoaitanj ne mastnry domndh Bnis‑ orataqud iliajstdvncutanjask ijh mas ajsastdjod nj tmd jdodssaty ne mastnraoic ujhdrstijhajl aj

ijtmrnpncnly.md mastnraoast nr rdvasanjast hdbitd bdoikd tmd `dy onjtrnvdrsy ne mujtdr-litmdrdr ijtmrnpncnly aj tmd 91=6s ijh dircy 9116s. It rdlucir kddtajls ij-tmrnpncnlasts ijh dtmjnmastnraijs dxpcnrdh tmd rncd ne onjtiot, djoipsucitanj,iooucturitanj aj tmd mastnry ne tnhiy‑s enrilajl snoadtads (oe. Cdiono` ijh Cdd91=20 _omrard 91=8i0 Ajlnch, Raomds ijh \nnhburj 91==). Gnurjics ca`dOurrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly ijh Ijtmrnpncnly nhiy pubcasmdh jukdrnus irtaocds nj tmd hdbitd(d.l. dstirt 91==0 Mdihcijh ijh Rdah 91=10 _ncwiy ijh Cdd 91160 \acksdj ijhHdjbnw 91160 Cdd ijh Ludjtmdr 91190 Ajlnch 91120 _tacds 91120 _mjardckij9118) ijh tmd syjnpsds ne onjtdkpnriry hdbitds prdsdjtdh by tmd Ijjuic Rdvadw

ne Ijtmrnpncnly oikd bio` tn at sdvdric takds (Birjirh 91=?0 Bdttajldr 91=<0Kydrs 91==). At bdoikdbnj tnj tn hdspasd tmd tdrk ”prastajd‑ ijh tn strdss mas-tnraoic ajtdriotanj, ictmnulm tmd dxtdjt tn wmaom iooucturitanj mih ti`dj pciodwis netdj mirhdr tn issdss (\nnhburj 91==). mrnulmnut, tmd @icimira hdbitdrdkiajdh tmd knst onjtdjtanus znjd ne hasilrddkdjt7 aj 9112 Icij Birjirh onk-pacdh i babcanlripmaoic dssiy nj tmd tmdkd, castajl jdircy 566 snurods rdcitdh tn tmdhdbitd (Birjirh 9112).

Onjsahdrajl tmd zdic ijh djdrly hdvntdh tn tmas tmdkd, tmd qudstanj kust bdis`dh is tn mnw mastnraoic rdvasanjask ieecaotdh mujtdr-litmdrdr dtmjniromidncnly.

akd ijh iliaj, mastnraoic rdvasanjasts ociakdh tmit, onjsahdrajl tmd prnenujhakpiot ne mastnraoic dxomijld ijh ajtdriotanj, knhdrj enrildrs onuch jnt bd usdhis cavajl stijh-ajs enr tmd rdkntd dvncutanjiry pist, i wirjajl onkpiribcd tn tmdHu`d ne Irlycc‑s pnsatanj aj tmd 9=56s. _tacc aj 91=1 twn ijtmrnpncnlasts enujh atjdodssiry tn orataoazd tmd ahdi tmit ”trabic pdnpcds, ijh dspdoaiccy jnkihao enrildrs,ird netdj hdsorabdh is –enssacazdh‛ rdkjijts ne asncitdh citd Vicdncatmao mujtdr-litmdrdrs wmn mivd gust dkdrldh, tmrnulm rdodjt onjtiot, ajtn tmd 26tm odjtury‑(Mdihcijh ijh Rdah 91=17 8?). Ictmnulm it earst salmt tmas sddkdh tn ajvicahitdtmd ikbatanj ne dtmjniromidncnly, at oijjnt bd enrlnttdj tmit dtmjniromidncnlymih ajonrpnritdh tmas vdry ahdi ajtn njd ne ats ixanks. At wis prdoasdcybdoiusdjajdtddjtm-odjtury-ca`d dtmjnlripmao prngdotanjs wdrd tn bd ivnahdh tmit dtm-jniromidncnly snulmt ictdrjitavd wiys ne cnn`ajl it onjtdkpnriry enrildrs0 at wisprdoasdcy bdoiusd dtmjniromidncnlasts wdrd iwird ne i hasordpijoy bdtwddj snurodijh tirldt tmit onjodjtritanj smaetdh ernk stuhyajl sakaciraty tn stuhyajl oiusic-aty. Knhdrj dtmjniromidncnly wis jnt gustaeadh ”tn tmd dxtdjt tmit pist enrks pdr-sast aj tmd prdsdjt‑ (Ajlnch 91127 <1?).

md mastnraoast hdbitd, tmdrdenrd, wis knrd djhdkao tn snoaic ijh oucturicijtmrnpncnly prnpdr tmij at wis tn iromidncnly. It tmd Kij tmd Mujtdr onj-edrdjod, iromidncnlasts ijh ijtmrnpncnlasts mih bddj nvdrtcy onkkujaoit-ajl watm diom ntmdr0 but it tmd Viras kddtajl tdj ydirs citdr (ijh ntmdr subsd-qudjt kddtajls), iromidncnlasts wdrd jntibcy ibsdjt (Bdjhdr ijh Knrras 91==75). At wis Cdd‑s (91<1) oucturic doncnly ne tmd !@ujl tmit oikd ujhdr eard, jnt



954

Qdccdj‑s (91<<) dtmjniromidncnly ne tmdk. Aj eiot, tmd jikds ne Qdccdj, BajenLnuch, N‑Onjjdcc ijh ntmdrs mirhcy, ae dvdr, pnppdh up aj tmd rdvasanjast pipdrs. Jn kittdr mnw cdlatakitd mastnraoic rdvasanjask aj ijtmrnpncnly wis, at hahjnt hardotcy ippcy tn mujtdr-litmdrdr dtmjniromidncnly bdoiusd ajhavahuics ca

Bajenrh ijh N‑Onjjdcc mih rirdcy jddhdh tmd issukptanj tmit tmdy wdrd wnràjlaj prastajd enrilajl onjtdxts7 it cdist aj tdrks ne kitdraic oucturd, tmd prdsdjod neakpnrtdh atdks ca`d raecds, sirhajd oijs, pnp oijs, smddts ne onrrulitdh arnj ijhsdonjh-mijh oirs wis io`jnwcdhldh aj tdxt, tibcds ijh pmntnlripms. Ijh dvdjae tmdrd cajldrdh i tdjhdjoy tn hdsorabd Jujikaut ijh Icyiwiri subsastdjod ijhsnoaic systdk aj tdrks ne sdce-sueeaoadjt, iutirào enrilajl ihiptitanjs (Bajenrh‑s(91=6) ahdic-typaoic hastajotanj bdtwddj onccdotnrs ijh enrildrs wis cirldcy i ujavdrsicazdh rdaeaoitanj ne tmd mastnraoiccy onjtajldjt subsastdjod stritdlads nbsdiknjl tmd !@ujl ijh tmd Jujikaut), tmd mastnraoast orataqud hah jnt eujhikdj-ticcy ictdr tmdar pdrodptanj bdoiusd aj ldjdric dtmjniromidncnlasts wdrd jnt cnn

ajl enr cavajl rdcaos ne pist snoan-donjnkao enrks but wdrd sakpcy ajtdrdstdh aj tmknhdrj wnràjls ne i oucturic systdk, rdlirhcdss ne wmdtmdr at wis prastajd. n tmdrdvasanjast orataqud enrkucitdh by Mdihcijh ijh Rdah, tmd iromidncnlaoic rdpcyOurrdjt Ijtmrnpncnlywis7 ”\macd tmd dtmjnlripmao rdonrh as aj atsdce ocdircy jnij iromavd ne dircadr dvncutanjiry enrks, at oij bd usdh is ij irdji watmaj wmaomtn ajvdstalitd nrlijazitanjic rdcitanjsmaps iknjl sdts ne viraibcds rdcdvijt tn tmdenrkucitanj ne knhdcs enr prdmastnrao satuitanjs‑ (Muttdrdr aj Mdihcijh ijh Rdah91=17 4<).

Ae tmd mastnraoast hdbitd ieedotdh dtmjniromidncnly, at mippdjdh it bdst ardotcy by swddpajl iwiy tmd ijtmrnpncnlaoic lrnujh ernk wmaom prnodssuic iromidncnly mih sprujl. Mih mujtdr-litmdrdr dtmjniromidncnly njod bddj ecij`dhijh buttrdssdh by jdn-dvncutanjast ijh eujotanjicast ijtmrnpncnly, tmd hikjajlorataqud iliajst tmd cittdr turjdh dtmjniromidncnly ajtn ij nrpmijdh prnvajodwatmaj iromidncnly. Dtmjniromidncnlaoic wnr` watm tmd !@ujl bdoikd kuom cprdstalanus tmd knkdjt Cdd‑s oucturic doncnly wis hdspasdh. _n wmdj tmd mastoast hdbitd hah jnt iak ats irrnws it dtmjniromidncnly, at jnjdtmdcdss onjtrabutdhtn tmd prnodss ne asncitanj tmit wis icrdihy sdt aj kntanj by dtmjniromidncnly‑ajtdrjic haeeaouctads. nn tdomjaoic, tnn rdstraotavd ijh tnn pncdkaoic, mujtdr-litdrdr dtmjniromidncnly wis jnw eurtmdr hdpravdh ne tmd pitrnjild ne ijtmrnpncnlyernk wmaom at mih sn cnjl bdjdeatdh.

Onjtdxtuic dtmjniromidncnly 28

Lrijtdh tmit struoturic-Kirxast ijtmrnpncnly onjtrabutdh njcy ajhardotcy tn tmdhdocajd ne mujtdr-litmdrdr dtmjniromidncnly, at ieedotdh tmd iromidncnly kuoknrd akkdhaitdcy by ajsparajl i jukbdr ne knstcy Bratasm somncirs aj tmd dircy91=6s wmn turjdh ats tmdnrdtaoic bisds ajtn i eucc-bcnwj orataqud ne prnodssiromidncnly. I Kirxast ajtdrdst mih bddj prdsdjt aj Jnrtm-Ikdraoij somncirsmapenr i cnjl takd, pirtaoucircy aj tmd wnr` ne ajhavahuics ca`d Bruod ralldr, mnkisVittdrsnj ijh Kir` Cdnjd, but cioàjl i onnrhajitdh deenrt, at hah jdvdr nvdrtmrnw

28 Xas ijh tmd enccnwajl sdotanj wdrd rdwnr`dh ajtn i sdpiritd irtaocd (Uij Rdybrnuo` 2666).



95<

eujotanjicask aj i sdrads ne bnn`s ijh irtaocds ernk tmd citd 91<6s nj. Mas ir-taocd ” mdnrdtaoic iromidncnly7 i rdiotanjiry vadw‑ (Mnhhdr 91=2h) sdrvdh sakacir oicc tn irks is Bajenrh‑s ”Iromidncnly is ijtmrnpncnly‑ wrattdj dxiotcytwdjty ydirs dircadr7 Mnhhdr wis snnj suppnrtdh by iutmnrs ca`d Hijadc Kaccd

Omrastnpmdr accdy, Ka`d Vir`dr Vdirsnj ijh Mdjradtti Knnrd. Nralajiccy jikd-cdss, tmas onujtdr-knvdkdjt oikd tn bd cibdccdh is ”sykbncao ijh struoturic ir-omidncnly‑, citdr is ”onjtdxtuic iromidncnly‑ ijh eajiccy is ”pnst-prnodssuic iromincnly‑, i jikd vilud djnulm tn smdctdr tmd viradty ne eikacy-rdcitdh ipprniomdswmaom mih dkdrldh sajod tmd ajoapadjod ne tmd ijta-prnodssuic orataqud.

Xmdnrdtaoic ajsparitanjs

_truoturicask, struoturic-Kirxask, struoturitanj tmdnry, jdn-Kirxask, orataoictmdnry, tmd snurods ne ajsparitanj enr tmas ictdrjitavd enrk ne iromidncnly wdritmdr jukdrnus. \mdrdis ajataiccy suom dxtdrjic bnrrnwajl ernk snoancnly, ij-tmrnpncnly ijh pmacnsnpmy wis bdjdeaoaic tn eajh i wiy nut ne tmd eujotanjicahdihcno`, aj citdr pmisds at bdoikd hnwjralmt eismanjibcd tn nptakiccy enrild tmcabriry bnn`smdcvds enr snoaic tmdnry, catdriry orataoask ijh onjtajdjtic pmacnsntmit substijtaitdh, nr it cdist ecij`dh, tmd iromidncnlaoic ociak (Uij Rdybrnuo`91150 Kurriy 9115). Hurajl tmd dircadst pmisd ne onjtdxtuic tmnulmt, twn rijldsne pdrspdotavds ernk tmd snoaic soadjods wdrd pirtaoucircy ajecudjtaic7 struoask ijh Kirxask wmaom, icbdat bntm aj i ritmdr katalitdh eismanj, livd rasd tntwn bisao tdjdts, a.d. tmd ”kdijajleuc onjstatutanj‑ ijh tmd ”iotavd rncd‑ ne kitdraioucturd. Ernk struoturicask oikd tmd ajtdrdst aj kdjtic ijh ahditanjic ispdots ne

snoadtads ijh, knrd pirtaoucircy, tmd ahdi tmit i snoadty‑s oucturic jnrks ijh vic-uds ird jnt gust rdecdotdh aj tmnulmt ijh cijluild but icsn aj sdttcdkdjt ciynut,mnusd iromatdoturd, onn`ajl, bnhacy hdonritanj, ijh sn nj. Kitdraic oucturd wis,tmdrdenrd, jnt sakpcy ij dxprdssanj ne eujotanjicast jdodssatads ijh dxtri-snkitaoihiptitanjs but onuch bd sddj is ”kdijajleuccy onjstatutdh‑, i pnajt rdpditdhcystrdssdh by Mnhhdr (91=2b7 29=0 91=2h7 9?). Ocnsd tn struoturicast cajluast(Hd _iussurd) ijh ijtmrnpncnly (Cáva-_triuss, urjdr, Hnulcis), at wis bdcadvdhtmit kdijajl ne i salj dkdrldh jnt sn kuom by dxtdrjic rdedrdjod tn i sdkijtaosaljaeadh, but by ajtdrjic onjtrist ijh nppnsatanj tn ntmdrs saljaeadrs. Ldnkdtraohdonritanjs nj i pnt wdrd jnt tn bd trijscitdh aj wmit tmdy rdprdsdjtdh ernk tmd

rdic wnrch, but aj mnw tmdy ajtdriotdh watm hdonritanjs nj ntmdr kitdraic atdksHart wis jnt ij ajtrajsao prnpdrty ne ij nbgdot, but hdtdrkajdh by ats struoturicrdcitanjs aj mukij oitdlnrazitanj. Mnhhdr, mnwdvdr, wis wiry ne tmd ralahaty neCáva-_triussaij struoturicask is at cdet cattcd rnnk enr mastnraoic omijld ijh ajhavahuic ildjoy. Md tmdrdenrd dkbriodh tmd jisodjt eadch ne struoturitanj tmdnry, knhaeadh enrk ne struoturicask ihvnoitdh by Bnurhadu ijh Lahhdjs wmn irludhtmit struoturds wdrd jnt gust sacdjtcy ijh nbdhadjtcy rdprnhuodh by snoaic iotnrbut sakuctijdnuscy prnhuodh ijh knhaeadh tmrnulm ajhavahuic iotanj. Mnhhdr‑sstruoturicast wnr` wis jnt gust ibnut sykbncs, but ibnut ”sykbncs aj iotanj‑(91=2b). mas lrditdr dkpmisas nj mukij ildjoy, ajhavahuic `jnwcdhldibacaty,

ijh pdrsnjic jdlntaitanj djibcdh tn ki`d i brahld tn jdn-Kirxast tmnulmt.



95=

mrnulm tmd wnr` ne Erdjom ijtmrnpncnlasts, pirtaoucircy Lnhdcadr, Kirxasttmnulmt watm ats trihatanjic enous nj ajeristruoturic tmdkds ca`d donjnky, tdom-jncnly ijh snoaic rdcitanjs ne prnhuotanj mih bddj djraomdh tn ajonrpnritd i eucc-dr ujhdrstijhajl ne pnwdr ijh ahdncnly. Ahdncnly, jdn-Kirxasts irludh, onuch jnt

gust bd sddj is i supdrstruoturic kis` enr tmd ujhdrcyajl snoaic rdicatads but wis,odrtiajcy aj prd-oipaticast snoadtads, ocnsdcy djtwajdh watm tmd knhd ne prnhuotanj0knrd tmij bcitijt eicsd onjsoanusjdss, ahdncnly ijh pnwdr mih tn bd ujhdrstnnhis ajmdrdjt enrods npdritavd aj icc enrks ne snoaic iotanj (ij ahdi tmit wis eurtmdrsuppnrtdh by tmd mastnranlripmaoic wnr` ne Enuoiuct). Ioonrhajl tn tmas vadw, ki-tdraic oucturd hah jnt gust bdcnjl tn tmd enrods ne tmd snoan-donjnkao ajeristruoturdbut pciydh i rncd aj ahdncnlaoic ijh pnwdr-rdcitdh stritdlads is wdcc. It i jnjhas-oursavd ijh jnjvdrbic cdvdc, kitdraic oucturd sdrvdh tn cdlatakitd ijh kijapucitdsnoaic rdicaty. Ictmnulm Mnhhdr icaljdh maksdce knrd ocnsdcy tn struoturicask tmijtn jdn-Kirxask, iromidncnlasts ca`d Kaccdr ijh Vir`dr Vdirsnj eurtmdr dcibnrit-

dh mas akpnrtijt jntanj ne ”tmd iotavd rncd ne kitdraic oucturd‑ (Mnhhdr 91=2b722=). mas oitompmrisd bdtriydh i oruoaic rupturd watm prdodhajl iromidncnla-oic tmnulmt. Kitdraic oucturd wis jn cnjldr sakpcy ikarrnr ne snoaic iotanj, butdquiccy ijajstrukdjt ne at, tmit as, ca`d cijluild, at onuch bd usdh tn onkkujaoitdijh jdlntaitd, tn omiccdjld ijh omijld tmd lavdj snoaic nrhdr. Kitdraic oucturdonuch bd ipprnpraitdh by ajhavahuics aj tmdar stritdlads ne sdce-rdprdsdjtitanj ijhsnoaic iotanj. ”Kitdraic oucturd pittdrjajl trijsenrks struoturiccy ritmdr tmij rd-ecdots bdmivanuriccy snoaic rdcitanjs‑ (Mnhhdr 91=2b7 29=). _uom onjodptuicazitanjne kitdraic oucturd wis haikdtraoiccy nppnsdh tn tmd rdecdotanjast tmdnry ne prnods-suic iromidncnly7 kitdraic stitaos mih jnw ij ajmdrdjt hyjikao pntdjtaic.

Hdspatd icc citdr ihhatanjs ijh dxtdrjic bnrrnwajls, at wis tmd struoturic-Kirxast cdlioy wmaom prnvahdh tmd twn paccirs ne subsdqudjt pnst-prnodssuictmnulmt. At rdsuctdh aj i onkprdmdjsavdcy jdw vadw ne kitdraic oucturd is i rdickne snoanoucturic priotaod akbudh watm ahditanjic ijh ahdncnlaoic kdijajl tmitonuch bd hriwj upnj aj snoaic iotanj. rud tn _pajnzi‑s haotuknkjas hdtdrkajitanjdlitan dst , onjtdxtuic iromidncnly tmus hdeajdh atsdce aj nppnsatanj tn tmd ixanksne prnodssuicask, gust ca`d tmd Jdw Iromidncnly bdenrd mih bddj i onujtdr-stijhiliajst oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnly. mnulm tmd rijld ne ahdis wis brnih, tdxt-bnn`s ijh rdvadws ldjdriccy djukdritd enccnwajl onjtrists watm tmd prnodssuicpirihalk is tmd knvdkdjt‑s bisao tdjdts (Rdjerdw ijh Bimj 91190 Hir` 9114)7ats pmacnsnpmy ne soadjod wis cdss rdicast, cdss nbgdotavast, cdss pnsatavast but knrdajocajdh tnwirhs ahdicask, subgdotavask ijh onjstruotavask0 aj tdrks ne dxpciji-tanj, at orataoazdh cnlaoic prnne aj eivnur ne mastnraoic ujhdrstijhajl0 at wis knrdieeacaitdh watm mastnry tmij watm eujotanjicast ijtmrnpncnly (ictmnulm it earst athdravdh kijy ne ats ahdis ernk struoturic-Kirxast ijtmrnpncnly)0 substijtaiccy,at urldh tn ti`d tmd uppdr rajls ne Miw`ds‑ cihhdr ne ajedrdjod sdranuscy, ritmdrtmij tn rdhuod tmdk tn tmd cnwdr njds is mih tnn netdj bddj tmd oisd watm prnods-suic wnr`0 at dkpmisazdh ahditanjic ispdots ne kitdraic oucturd bdsahds eujotanjicnjds0 at urldh tmit kitdraic oucturd wis kdijajleuccy onjstatutdh aj tmit at rd-ecdotdh jnrks ijh vicuds mdch by tmd kdkbdrs ne i snoadty0 at strdssdh tmd rncd neajhavahuic ildjoy ijh erddhnk iliajst tmd vadw ne i onccdotavast, ihiptitanjast,



951

doncnlaoiccy-stddrdh enrk ne mukij iotanj0 at irludh enr ij iotavd rncd ne kitd-raic oucturd ritmdr tmij at bdajl i pissavd rdecdotanj ne snoaic rdicaty0 aj tdrksiromidncnlaoic wratajl, at prdedrrdh catdriry stycd nvdr soadjtastao girlnj, jirritaprnsd nvdr stdracd cnlao, kdtipmnr nvdr kdtmnh.

I jdw dtmjniromidncnlaoic djtmusaisk

Mnw wis tmd ittatuhd tnwirhs dtmjniromidncnly> Onjsahdrajl tmd hristao onj-tripnsatanj iliajst icc prnodssuic prdkasds, njd wnuch dxpdot tmit i eadch wmaowis njod tmd micckir` ne iromidncnlaoic eujotanjicask bd akkdhaitdcy rdpuhaitdhby tmd ynujl orataos. Ajhddh, rdvadws ne tmd tmdnrdtaoic hdbitd ne tmd cist hdnetdj `ddp sacdjt ibnut suom i tmajl ca`d ”onjtdxtuic dtmjniromidncnly‑ (Rdjerdwijh Bimj 91190 Hir` 91140 _mij`s ijh Mnhhdr 9114), lavajl tmd akprdssanjtmit tmd wmncd eadch wis rdgdotdh aj tmd dircy 91=6s icnjl watm ntmdr prnodtmdkds ca`d enrkitanj prnodssds, nptakic enrilajl tmdnry, satd oitomkdjt ijicysas,ijh sn nj. 2= Jntmajl onuch bd cdss trud, tmnulm. Dvdj ae aj knrd rdodjt ydirs pnst-prnodssuic wratdrs mivd haspdccdh tmd tdrk ”dtmjniromidncnly‑ ernk tmdar vnociry, tmas nbcatdritds tmd quajtdssdjtaic rncd dtmjniromidncnly mis pciydh aj dircy pmisds ne onjtdxtuic iromidncnly. Onjsahdr tmd onrpus ne enujhitanjic tdxtsknjnlripms ijh dhatdh vncukds ica`d, pubcasmdh aj tmd earst eavd ydirs ne onjtdxtuic tmnulmt7 Mnhhdr‑s tmrdd 91=2 vncukdsmd Vrdsdjt Vist(91=2i),_ykbncsaj Iotanj (91=2b), ijh_ykbncao ijh _truoturic Iromidncnly(91=2o), Kaccdr ijh

accdy‑sAhdncnly, Vnwdr ijh Vrdmastnry(91=8), Kaccdr‑s Irtdeiots is Oitdlnrads(91=4), Knnrd‑s_piod, dxt ijh Ldjhdr(91=5), Mnhhdr‑sRdihajl tmd Vist(91=5),

mas dhatdh vncukds Iromidncnly is Cnjl- drk Mastnry(91=<i) ijh md Iromidncnlyne Onjtdxtuic Kdijajls(91=<b), ijh _mij`s ijh accdy‑s ”bcio` ijh rdh‑ vncukdsRd-Onjstruotajl Iromidncnly(91=<i) ijh_noaic mdnry ijh Iromidncnly(91=<b).Jnw, icc tmdsd vncukds, is as wdcc `jnwj, ajonrpnritdh tn i lrditdr nr cdssdr dxtdjti orataqud ne tmd kdtmnhs ijh prajoapcds ne prnodssuic iromidncnly. _urprasajlmnwdvdr, ijh tmas as i pnajt wmaom mis netdj bddj nvdrcnn`dh, dtmjniromidncnwis jdvdr ujhdr eard. Nj tmd onjtriry, icc onjtdxtuic iromidncnlasts mih it njdstild nr ijntmdr bddj ajvncvdh watm dtmjniromidncnlaoic rdsdirom7 Mnhhdr stuhhdonritavd sykbncask nj pnts, stnncs ijh pdrsnjs iknjl tmd Birajln pistnric-asts aj @djyi (91=2b0 91=57 96<-26)0 Kaccdr ajvdstalitdh tmd snoaic ijh tdom

cnlaoic oitdlnrads ujhdrcyajl Hijlwiri pnttdry aj Ajhai (Kaccdr 91=4)0 Knnrdwnr`dh nj sdttcdkdjt ciynut ijh rdeusd haspnsic watm tmd Kiri`wdt aj @djyi(Knnrd 91=5). Eurtmdrknrd, Mnhhdr (91=2i7 294-5) hrdw ittdjtanj tn tmd ki-tdraic oucturd atdks ipprnpraitdh by puj`s, _mij`s ijh accdy (91=<i7 9<2-286)stuhadh haeedrdjods aj hdsalj bdtwddj _wdhasm ijh Bratasm bddr oijs ijh Kacc(91=8) ijicysdh onjtdkpnriry suburbij iromatdoturd aj Bratiaj. md ajhustraic-azdh wnrch wis tmus dquiccy onjsahdrdh i prnkasajl eadch enr kitdraic oucturd stuads. Nj tnp ne tmit, tmd vncukds dhatdh by Mnhhdr (91=2o, 91=<i ijh 91=<b) ijh

2= Xd tdrk ”onjtdxtuic dtmjniromidncnly‑ jdvdr liajdh i wahd ourrdjoy ietdr at wis nralajiccy sul-ldstdh by Mnhhdr (91=2h7 9?). A wacc usd at tn hdsaljitd tmd dtmjniromidncnlaoic stuhads onjhuotby Mnhhdr ijh mas stuhdjts aj dircy ijh kah-91=6s.



9<6

Kaccdr ijh accdy (91=8) icc onjtiajdh pirts hdvntdh tn stuhads aj dtmjniromidnc-nly, dtmjnmastnry ijh knhdrj kitdraic oucturd. Ij iromidncnlaoic ipprniom tntmd prdsdjt, tmdj, wis i vdry pnpucir tmdkd watmaj dircy onjtdxtuic wnr`. Aj eiot,aj Bratiaj i ldjuajd ajtdrdst enr dtmjniromidncnly wis njcy ciujomdh watm tmd

rasd ne onjtdxtuic iromidncnly. Tjca`d tmd ocnsd ieeajaty bdtwddj dtmjniromidnc-nly ijh prnodssuicask aj Jnrtm-Ikdraoi hurajl tmd 91<6s, Bratasm prnodssuicastsmih njcy rirdcy smnwj kuom ajtdrdst aj iotavdcy ujhdrti`dj dtmjniromidncnla-oic eadchwnr`.21 md akpnrtijod ne dtmjniromidncnly wis njcy ipprdoaitdh aj tmdonjtdxt ne ij dkdrlajl onjtdxtuic ipprniom0 Mnhhdr wrntd tmit bdoiusd sn cattcdwis `jnwj ibnut tmd pciod ne kitdraic oucturd aj hiacy priotaod, tmd rncd ne ahdnc-nly, tmd hasoursavd ijh jnj-hasoursavd hakdjsanjs ne kitdraic sykbncazitanj, ”tmdkiaj rdspnjsd tn tmd jdw qudstanjs mis jituriccy bddj tn turj tn dtmjniromidnc-nly‑ (91=2h7 98). Ae Bratasm dtmjniromidncnly wis cirldcy onjtdxtuic, onjtdxtuiciromidncnly wis icsn cirldcy dtmjniromidncnlaoic. md earst kignr knjnlripms rd-

suctajl ernk tmas tmdnrdtaoic upmdivic wdrd icc dtmjniromidncnlaoic stuhads (Mnhhdr91=2b0 Kaccdr 91=40 Knnrd 91=5)0 at wnuch ti`d sdvdric ihhatanjic ydirs bdenrdtmd earst substijtaic bnn`-cdjltm trditkdjt nj ij iromidncnlaoic prnbcdk wnuchippdir, wmaom wis irluibcy Mnhhdr‑sHnkdstaoitanj ne Durnpdernk 9116.

mnulm dtmjniromidncnly wis eir ernk bdajl ibijhnjdh by onjtdxtuiciromidncnlasts, ats dkpmisds wdrd quatd haeedrdjt ernk tmd wnr` onjhuotdh aj iprnodssuic erikdwnr`. Earst, tmd dkpmisas wis jn cnjldr nj tmd edw survavajlmujtdr-litmdrdrs aj irah ijh irotao djvarnjkdjts, but nj snoadtads ne pistnric-asts ijh ilraoucturicasts, netdj aj Dist-Ieraoi wmdrd kdticcurly wis `jnwj, wmaomsmnwdh viryajl hdlrdds ne dxpnsatanj tn tmd \dstdrj wnrch.?6 mas omijld ne subgdot kittdr wis ocnsdcy piriccdcdh by i smaet ernk i rdsdirom ajtdrdst aj Vicidncatmaoiromidncnly tn njd aj knrd rdodjt pmisds ne Durnpdij prdmastnry (Jdncatmao,Brnjzd Ild, Arnj Ild). Onjonkatijtcy, tmd ittdjtanj tn iromidncnlaoic satd enrki-tanj prnodssds aj tdrks ne satd struoturd ijh eiujic issdkbcilds wis rdpciodh by ijdkpmisas nj tmd iotavd rncd ijh sykbncask ne pnttdry, vdrjioucir iromatdoturd, ijhrdeusd haspnsic. Knrd tmij hdvdcnpajl ”ornss-oucturic prdhaotavd ciws nr ldjdricasi-tanjs P...[ enr tmdsd kdomijaoic onjstriajts nj mukij bdmivanur‑ icnjd, ”tmd rncdne dtmjniromidncnly kust icsn bd tn hdeajd tmd rdcdvijt oucturic onjtdxt enr snoaicijh doncnlaoic bdmivanur‑ (Mnhhdr 91=2h7 4). mdrd wis icsn i omijld aj kdtm-nhncnly7 wmdrdis prnodssuic dtmjniromidncnly onuch aj prajoapcd sueeaod watm nb-sdrvajl mukij bdmivanur ijh kdisurajl viraibcds netdj onjsahdrdh ouranus ijhtravaic by tmd pdnpcd ujhdr stuhy, cnjl-tdrk pirtaoapitanj, ajsahd `jnwcdhld ijh

21 Ae tmdrd mih bddj ij ajtdrdst aj dtmjnlripmy, at jdvdr djtiacdh dtmjniromidncnlaoic dchwnr`. HivahOcir`d, is ajhaoitdh ibnvd, usdh tmd rdsucts ernk Bijtu dtmjnlripmy tn qudstanj tmd iromidncnlaoicoucturd onjodpt. Oncaj Rdjerdw wnr`dh watm snoaic-ijtmrnpncnlaoic jntanjs ca`d i-odpmicnus snoad-tads, ”bal kdj‑, bijhs ijh trabds tn dxpciaj citd-prdmastnrao Bratiaj, but tmas hah jnt djtiac dtmjnir-omidncnlaoic dxpdhatanjs tn Kdcijdsai ijh Vncyjdsai (wmdrd suom onjodpts mih bddj hdvdcnpdh byijtmrnpncnlasts ca`d _imcajs).

?6 A ik euccy iwird ne tmd dxastdjod ne i rijld ne prnodssuic dtmjniromidncnly tmit wis jnt enousdhnj mujtdr-litmdrdrs ca`d tmd wnr` nj ruric sdttcdkdjts aj Arij (@rikdr 91=20 \itsnj 91<1b) ijhodrikao priotaods aj tmd Vmacappajds (Cnjliord 91190 Cnjliord ijh _`abn 9118). Mnwdvdr, mujtdr-litmdrdr stuhads bdcnjldh tn tmd rdick wmdrd dtmjniromidncnly wis prnodssuicask pir dxodccdjod .



9<9

mastnraoic ijicysas wdrd hddkdh ajhaspdjsibcd by tmd onjtdxtuic iromidncnla(Mnhhdr 91=57 96=). mas akpcadh i smaet ernk tmd nutsahd tn tmd ajsahd, erndtao tn ij dkao pdrspdotavd, ernk nbsdrvajl tn pirtaoapitajl, ernk dxpciajajl satdenrkitanj tn ajtdrprdtajl kitdraic oucturd. Qdt icc tmdsd haeedrdjods oij njcy bd

ujhdrstnnh ae njd ipprdoaitds tmd rihaoiccy haeedrdjt eujotanj onjtdxtuic iromidncnlasts ioonrhdh tn stuhyajl tmd onjtdkpnriry wnrch. Ajhddh, dtmjniromidncnlyjn cnjldr sdrvdh tn ujrivdc tmd rdcdvijt oiusds tmit mih enrkdh tmd iromidncnlaoirdonrh, but tn ajhaoitd ldjdric prajoapcds rdlirhajl tmd rncd ne kitdraic oucturd ajsnoaic priotaod. Vrnodssuic dtmjniromidncnly, watm ats dkpmisas nj kahhcd-rijrdsdirom ijh iotuicastao stuhads, mih bddj cirldcy kdtmnhncnlaoic0 onjtdxtuic dtjniromidncnly wis cirldcy tmdnrdtaoic. \mdrdis prnodssuic dtmjniromidncnly miajordisajlcy smujjdh assuds ne ldjdric tmdnry, djtrdjomajl atsdce aj icc snrts ntdomjaoicatads, onjtdxtuic iromidncnly usdh dtmjnlripmao stuhads tn dxpcnrd, vdcnp, ijh hassdkajitd i rijld ne ictdrjitavd pdrspdotavds nj kitdraic oucturd.

mas oij bdst bd accustritdh watm twn dxikpcds. Mnhhdr‑s (91=2b) ocissaoic sdirom aj tmd Birajln hastraot, @djyi, nralajiccy stirtdh watm tmd mnpd tn sdd wiromidncnlaoic oucturds onuch mivd kdijt aj rdicaty, onkpiribcd tn mnw mas kdjtnHivah Ocir`d mih usdh Bijtu dtmjnlripmy tn irlud tmit iromidncnlaoic oucturdshn jnt rdprdsdjt dtmjao ahdjtatads.?9 Mnhhdr snnj enujh nut tmit dtmjao djtatadshah jnt jdodssiracy onrrdcitd watm i rdourrdjt sdt ne irtdeiots jnr tmit ajordisdh ajtdriotanj bdtwddj twn dtmjao lrnups cdh tn ajordisdh stycastao sakaciraty. Yuatd ntmd onjtriry, md jntdh tmit ajtdroucturic ajtdriotanj kalmt ritmdr enrtaey stycasthaeedrdjods0 aj onjtiot znjds, kitdraic oucturd wis ippirdjtcy ipprnpraitdh tn ie-eark dtmjao ahdjtaty ijh ieeacaitanj (ealurd 9?). mas iwirdjdss ne mnw ajhavahuonuch jdlntaitd tmdar snoaic pnsatanjs tmrnulm kitdraic stritdlads cdh Mnhhdr stuhy ntmdr bnujhirads wmaom ornssout straotcy dtmjao njds. Md nbsdrvdh tmittdraic oucturd pciydh ij dquiccy akpnrtijt rncd aj pncaoajl ild ijh sdx bnujhiradswmdj ynujl kdj usdh ild-rdcitdh spdirs ijh wnkdj spdoaeao enrks ne oicibismdstn omiccdjld tmd iutmnraty ne dchdr kdj. Kitdraic oucturd pittdrjajl wis knrdtmij i ”prdhaotibcd rdecdotanj ne mukij bdmivanur‑0 at djtiacdh ”ahdncnlaoic japucitanj ne kitdraic atdks aj snoaic ijh doncnlaoic stritdlads‑ (Mnhhdr 91=2b799, 221). Qdt knrd tmij ij ajstrukdjt ne ahdjtaty birliajajl ijh kijapucitanj,Mnhhdr irludh tmit icc ispdots ne kitdraic oucturd ijh rdcitdh snoaic priotaod wdrkijaedstitanjs ne i sikd ujhdrcyajl, sykbncao somdkd7 i oucturic cnlao bisdh njbajiry nppnsatanjs ca`d purd vdrsus hart, ijh ajsahdr vdrsus nutsahdr (wmaom btriys Mnhhdr‑s ajhdbtdhjdss tn tmd Bratasm somnnc ne struoturicask, aj pirtaoutmd wnr` ne Kiry Hnulcis ijh Uaotnr urjdr). Iotavd rncd ne kitdraic oucturd ijhkdijajleuc onjstatutanj ne at, dtmjniromidncnly wis ajstrukdjtic aj ciyajl tmdbisds ne onjtdxtuic tmnulmt. Enr Mnhhdr dtmjniromidncnly wis kdijt tn smnw

?9 It tmit pnajt aj mas ajtdccdotuic hdvdcnpkdjt Mnhhdr wis stacc strnjlcy ajspardh by Hivah Ocir`d7mas dtmjniromidncnlaoic wnr` ajataiccy stirtdh tn orataoazd tmd bisao prdkasd ne Omachdij oucturtnraoic iromidncnly (a.d. tmd issukptanj tmit iromidncnlaoic oucturds rdprdsdjtdh dtmjao ahdjtatadNjcy ietdr Ocir`d‑s hditm hah at hdvdcnp ajtn i orataqud ne tmd rddotanjast issukptanj ne prnodssuiromidncnly (Mnhhdr 91=9).



9<2

”mnw struoturds ne kdijajl rdcitd tn priotaod ‘ mnw sykbnc sdts ird jdlntaitdhijh kijapucitdh aj snoaic iotanj‑ (91=2b7 298).

md sikd mnchs trud enr Ka`d Vir`dr Vdirsnj‑s (91=2) stuhy ne knrtuiry bd-mivanur, dvdj ae at hdict watm tmd ajhustraicazdh wnrch. Md irludh tmit knrtuiry

priotaods aj Uaotnraij ijh knhdrj Bratiaj mih tn bd ujhdrstnnh by tmd ajtdrpciyne ahditanjic struoturds aj tdrks ne puraty ijh hijldr watm ahdncnlaoic stritdlads nesnoaic haspciy. \mdrdis aj tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury, dcibnritd tnkb iromatdoturd ijhntmdr enrks ne wdictm haspciy sdrvdh is enrks ne snoaic ihvdrtasdkdjt, tmd snbradtyne twdjtadtm-odjtury lrivds ijh tmd lrnwajl pnpuciraty ne ordkitanj rdecdotdhtmd ajordisajl akpiot ne myladjd, is haotitdh by soadjod ijh kdhaoajd, nj snoaicpriotaod. Jnt njcy hah tmd struoturic cnlao ujhdrln i prnenujh trijsenrkitanjijh rdhdeajatanj, tmd rncd ne kitdraic oucturd is ahdjtaty-kir`dr hah tnn. Vir`drVdirsnj‑s stuhy wis dxdkpciry ne tmd dircy onjtdxtuic iromidncnly aj tmit at usdh ionjtdkpnriry onjtdxt, dvdj ernk ij urbij sdttajl, tn hdvdcnp ijh onkkujaoitd

jnvdc tmdnrdtaoic ajsalmts ibnut tmd ajtdrpciy ne struoturicast ijh Kirxast prajoa-pcds aj kitdraic oucturd priotaod.

Xmd prnbcdkitao pciod ne ijicnly

Ocdircy, stuhyajl @djyij oicibism hdsalj ijh Uaotnraij tnkb iromatdoturd as quatdijntmdr enrk ne dtmjniromidncnly tmij quijtaeyajl tmd jukbdr ne brn`dj rdaj-hddr kdtitirsics it ij Ajuat satd. Eir iwiy ernk tmd isparitanjs ne kahhcd-rijldtmdnry, enr Mnhhdr ijh mas stuhdjts dtmjniromidncnly wis dssdjtaic aj hasonvdr-ajl, hdvdcnpajl ijh hassdkajitajl tmd bisao tdjdts ne onjtdxtuic iromidncnly is

ij ictdrjitavd tn kiajstrdik prnodssuic tmnulmt. Gust ca`d pdnpcd aj tmd Birajlnhastraot usdh kitdraic oucturd tn dxprdss dtmjao ahdjtaty ijh haeedrdjod, onjtdxtuiciromidncnlasts usdh kitdraic oucturd stuhads tn dxprdss havdrldjod ernk eujotanjic-ask ijh ieeacaitanj watm struoturic-Kirxask. Vrdhaotibcy, tmd rncd ne ijicnly wis iritmdr haeedrdjt njd. Mnhhdr nralajiccy dkbriodh \ycad‑s kdisurds enr akprnvajltmd irlukdjt by ijicnly7 md Vrdsdjt Vist , mas prnlrikkitao dxpnsá nj dtmjnir-omidncnly (91=2i7 95-2<), rdatdritdh mdr oicc enr rdcitanjic ijicnlads tmit ird bisdhnj rdcdvijt sakaciratads iornss i jukbdr ne haeedrdjt snurods ajstdih ne castajl enr-kic sakaciratads aj tmd bdcade tmit tdstajl nr eicsaeaoitanj wacc bd djnulm. Mnwdvdr,Mnhhdr jdvdr put tmas oicc ajtn priotaod.?2 md iwirdjdss ne oiusicaty, \ycad is`dh

enr, wis akkdhaitdcy ajvicahitdh by Mnhhdr wmdj md siah tmit ”tmdrd oij bd jnsakpcd eujotanjic caj`s‑ aj tmd snurod ne tmd ijicnly (91=2i7 28). \ycad is`dh enroiusds, Mnhhdr siah tmdy onuch jnt bd enujh7 ”\d sdd tmit tmdrd oij bd jn uja-vdrsic oucturic rdcitanjsmap bdtwddj stitaos ijh hyjikaos, bdoiusd tmd mastnraoiccy

?2 Citdr, ajRdihajl tmd Vist , Mnhhdr (91=57 98=-1) sulldstdh tmit tmd irlukdjt by ijicnly wmaomissdssds tmd rdcdvijod ne sakaciratads ijh hastdrdjods wis ”sakpcy ijntmdr ajstijod ne tmd ldjdric Ponj-tdxtuic[ ipprniom icrdihy nutcajdh‑7 tmd ajtdrprdtitanj ne kdijajl tmrnulm tmd onjtdxtuic kdtmnhmd ihvnoitdh wnuch icsn mivd wnr`dh ernk hdtdrkajajl tmd sakaciratads ijh hastdrdjods bdtwddjiromidncnlaoic nbgdots. At sddks, mnwdvdr, tmit Mnhhdr mis bddj kascdh mdrd by tmd ahdjtaty netmd tdrks ”sakaciraty‑ ijh ”hastdrdjod‑ usdh, bdoiusd tmd ijicnlaoic kdtmnh, ujca`d tmd onjtdxtuickdtmnh, rdquardh ij ujhdrstijhajl ne oiusicaty ijh ij issukptanj ne ujaenrkatiraijask, assuds tmitwdrd jnt onvdrdh by tmd onjtdxtuic ipprniom.



9<?

onjtdxtuic struoturajl prajoapcds ajtdrvdjd‑ (Mnhhdr 91=5, 926). Ijh dvdj ae suompirtaoucir mastnraoic onjtdxts onuch aj prajoapcd stacc suppcy rdcitanjic ijicnlatmd ahdi ne ”oiusic odrtiajty‑ wis rdpciodh by i viludr jntanj ne ”pntdjtaic onjjdo-tanj‑ (Mnctnre 2666).

Hdspatd Mnhhdr‑s ajataic wasm tn rdonjoacd ij ahdnlripmao ipprniom watm i rijod nj ijicnly (91=2h7 9?), tmd pirtaoucirast dkpmisas nj ittatuhds, onjodpts,vicuds ijh ahdis ujhdrkajdh tmd pnssabacaty ne hriwajl rdcitanjic ijicnlads ajtmd sdjsd \ycad sulldstdh. Jnt njcy wis tmd ujaenrkatiraij issukptanj bdtwddjsnurod ijh tirldt ijicnlud ujsubstijtaitdh, tmd ajtdrjic caj`s watmaj tmd snurodwdrd jdvdr ujikbalunus nr sueeaoadjtcy oiusic tn suppnrt ij ijicnly. Dvdj aetmd iotavd rncd ne kitdraic oucturd onuch rdvdrsd tmd oiusicaty irrnw bdoiusd iromidncnlaoic stitaos wdrd jnw (tn snkd dxtdjt it cdist) tmd oiusajl ildjt ne ouc-turic hyjikaos, tmas hah jnt disd tmd hriwajl ne ijicnlaoic ajedrdjods.?? Aj ldjdric,mnwdvdr, suom ajvdrsd oiusicaty strdjltmdjs tmd ijicnly (\ycad 91=2)7 bdoiusd tmijtdodhdjt (tmd hdtdrkajajl oiusd ne bdmivanur) as `jnwj enr bntm tmd snurodijh tirldt (prdsdjt ijh prdmastnrao kitdraic oucturd), tmd prnbcdk ne dquaeajicaty

?? Bajenrh (91=17 ?6) ralmtcy nbsdrvdh tmit aj onjtdxtuic ijh pnst-prnodssuic tmnulmt ”tmdrd as jn haedrdjod bdtwddj tmd stitao ijh hyjikao wnrchs, onjtriry tn wmit knst wmn mivd sdranuscy ihhrdssdhtmd prnbcdk ne enrkitanj prnodssds enr tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh mivd ocdircy sulldstdh.‑

Ealurd 9?. Mnhhdr usdh dtmjniromidncnly tn ajvdstalitd tmd iotavd rncd ne kitdraic oucturd.Oicibism hdsaljs aj tmd Birajln irdi ne @djyi ajordisdh watm oucturic onjtiot bdtwddj ha dr-djt dtmjao lrnups. Ajtdriotanj hah jnt rdsuct aj stycastao mnknldjazitanj, but aj ha drdjtitanj.

Kitdraic oucturd wis knrd tmij i rd dotanj ne tmd snoaic nrhdr (Mnhhdr 91=2b7 lurd ?<)



9<8

as kajakic (tmd trnubcd tmit i sikd pittdrj oij mivd haeedrdjt oiusds). At as kuomdisadr tn rdisnj ernk oiusd tn onjsdqudjod tmij vaod vdrsi. Qdt tmas wis jnt tmdoisd watm onjtdxtuic dtmjniromidncnly. md prajoapcd ne tmd iotavd rncd ne kitd-raic oucturd wis jnt sn kuom ibnut ajvdrtdh oiusicaty is at wis ibnut tmd ibsdjod

ne ocdir-out oiusicaty. At hah jnt stitd tmit kitdraic oucturd stddrdh nr haotitdhsnoaic iotanj, but tmit at onuch bd usdh is ij ajstrukdjt ne snoaic jdlntaitanj. Atwis jnt ibnut kitdraic oucturd is tmd oiusajl ildjt, but ibnut i rncd bdstnwdhupnj at by mukij iotnrs. Kitdraic oucturd hah jnt iot nut ne atsdce (ipirt ernktmd onjsdqudjods ujajtdjhdh by tmd njd wmn usdh kitdraic oucturd is jnj-vdrbichasonursd), at pciydh i rncd wrattdj ijh hardotdh by `jnwcdhldibcd mukij bd-ajls‘ijh tmdsd wdrd stacc quatd ibsdjt ernk tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh. \atm tmdhdocajd ne tmd rdecdotanjast vadw ne kitdraic oucturd, oiusicaty dvipnritdh ernk tmddtmjniromidncnlaoic hasoussanj7 is i karrnr, kitdraic oucturd onuch rdecdot njcy njdrdicaty0 is ij ajstrukdjt, mnwdvdr, at onuch pciy vdry haeedrdjt tujds.

Jnw tmit ujhdrstijhajl oiusicaty wis jn cnjldr watmaj tmd lrisp, onjtdxtuiciromidncnlasts netdj scah bio` ajtn ij nchdr ijh wdi`dr enrk ne ijicnlaoic rdi-snjajl, a.d. tmd usd ne nbsdrvdh but ujdxpciajdh ornss-oucturic sakaciratads aj tmdsnurod is i bisas enr ki`ajl prdhaotanjs ibnut tmd pist. md kdtmnh dssdjtaiccywdjt bio` tn tmd jnkntmdtao djhdivnurs ne _omaeedr o.s. aj tmd 91<6s ijh at as pdr-mips bdoiusd ne tmas prnodssuic skio` tmit onjtdxtuic dtmjniromidncnlasts ajgdotdhat icwiys tioatcy. Enr dxikpcd, aj stuhyajl Jdncatmao cnjl mnusds, Mnhhdr rdisnjdhernk tmd ornss-oucturic mypntmdsas tmit ”aj skicc-soicd cajdild-bisdh snoadtads ajwmaom tmd kignr onjodrj as tn ajordisd cibnur pnwdr, tmd onjtrnc ne wnkdj bykdj ijh tmd jdlntaitanj ne pnsatanj by wnkdj wacc bdonkd tmd hnkajijt edi-turd ne snoaic rdcitanjs ijh wacc netdj ajvncvd oucturic dcibnritanj ne tmd hnkdstaospmdrd‑ (91=87 59). Ictmnulm md wirjdh iliajst pcioajl ”kuom rdcaijod nj tmdsddtmjnlripmao ijicnlads watmnut i oirdeuc onjsahdritanj ne tmd onjtdxts ajvncvdh‑,md enujh ”tmd wahdsprdih rdcitanjsmap‑ bdtwddj tmd viryajl dcibnritanj ne mnus-ds ijh tmd viryajl pnsatanj ne wnkdj tn bd ”sulldstavd‑ (52)0 ajhddh, at dvdjenrkdh tmd bio`bnjd ne mas djtard irlukdjt. At wis i hnwjralmt ornss-oucturicijicnly7 tmd nbsdrvdh sakaciraty (”dcibnritdh mnusds‑) cdh tn i prdhaotdh sakacir-aty (”edkicd jdlntaitanj‑) nj tmd bisas ne i ornss-oucturic caj`ild bdtwddj tmd twnaj tmd prdsdjt. _mij`s ijh accdy, tmnulm ldjdriccy wiry ne ”tmd scdhld mikkdrne ornss-oucturic ldjdricazitanj‑ (91=<i7 14), rdcadh nj suom ij irlukdjt aj tmdarstuhy ne snutmdrj _wdhasm kahhcd Jdncatmao odrikaos wmdj tmdy wrntd tmit ”ajskicc-soicd –trihatanjic‛ snoadtads aj wmaom irtastao prnhuotanj as malmcy ratuicazdh,cattcd rnnk as cdet enr ajhavahuic dxprdssanj nr ajjnvitanj aj enrk nr tmd ajtrnhuo-tanj ne jdw nr rihaoic onjtdjt‑ (91=<b7 95?). Onjtriry tn wmit tmdy prdtdjhdh,tmdy wdrdjnt ”dsomdwajl ornss-oucturic ldjdricazitanj watm ats rdsuctijt prnbcdksne cio` ne dxpcijitanj ne spdoaeao editurds ne kitdraic oucturd‑ (91=<i7 99?). Njtnp ne tmit, tmd struoturic-Kirxast ujhdrpajjajls djonurildh i ornss-oucturic pdr-spdotavd7 Mnhhdr ajsastdh tmit dvdj ae dvdry oucturic onjtdxt wis ujaqud, ”ujavdr-sic prajoapcds ne kdijajl‑ dxastdh (91=57 92<). Onjtdxtuic iromidncnly mih tnrdonjoacd tmd spdoaeao watm tmd ldjdric7 ”diom pirtaoucir mastnraoic onjtdxt kust bdstuhadh is i ujaqud onkbajitanj ne ldjdric prajoapcds ne kdijajl ijh sykbncask,



9<4

jdlntaitdh ijh kijapucitdh aj spdoaeao wiys‑ (Mnhhdr 91=2b7 29=). Aj priotaodtmas oikd hnwj tn onvdrtcy usajl ornss-oucturic ldjdricazitanj wmacd nvdrtcy hspasajl tmdk.

md hasordpijoy bdtwddj tmd eajao`y sorutajy ne prnodssuic dtmjniromidnc

lasts aj tmd 91=6s ijh tmd swddpajl ociaks ne tmd onjtdxtuic somncirs wis sn cirtmit hasoussanj bdtwddj tmdk rdkiajdh ibsdjt. Bajenrh‑s (91=17 2<-<9) prdhaot-ibcd ijh kuctaeiranus ittio`s iliajst tmd pnst-prnodssuicasts hah mirhcy, ae dvdr,tnuom upnj tmd prnbcdk ne dtmjniromidncnly ijh ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl. Mnhhdrwis njd ne tmd rird iutmnrs tn ihhrdss tmd prnbcdk knrd dxpcaoatcy. AjRdihajl tmdVist (91=57 96<-26), md qudstanjdh tmd vicahaty ne prnodssuic iotuicastao rdsdi

\macd tmd ahdi ne Kahhcd Rijld Xdnry aj rdcitanj tn pmysaoic prnodssds (d.l.hdoiy ne O 98 ) as edisabcd, at as ha ouct tn sdd mnw tmdrd oij dvdr bd ujavdrsic ciwsne oucturic prnodss wmaom ird ajhdpdjhdjt ne njd‑s malmdr-cdvdc oucturic tmdnrads.(Mnhhdr 91=57 96<)

Onjsahdrajl tmd ujaqudjdss ne oucturic jnrks ijh vicuds, Mnhhdr sulldstdh tmitdtmjniromidncnlasts smnuch ajonrpnritd tmd kdtmnhs ne snoaic ijh oucturic ijtmrnpncnly ritmdr tmij bdonkajl i pnsatavast hasoapcajd ne pmysaoic prnodssds kdomijaoic oiusitanj. Mnwdvdr, tmd qudstanj tmdj dkdrldh ae tmdrd wis stacc ijhaeedrdjod bdtwddj suom pirtaoapitnry dtmjniromidncnly nj tmd njd mijh ijh tri-hatanjic ijtmrnpncnly nj tmd ntmdr. ”_mnuch dtmjniromidncnly jnt hasippdir, tnbd rdpciodh by nr ajtdlritdh watm tmd ijtmrnpncnly ne kitdraic oucturd ijh snoaiomijld>‑ md wnjhdrdh (96=). Ajhddh, ijtmrnpncnly wis icrdihy watjdssajl ij aj-ordisdh ajtdrdst aj kitdraic oucturd sn tmit dtmjniromidncnly mih pdrmips njcybddj i ”stnp-lip‑ nr i ”pdranh padod‑ ajvdjtdh by iromidncnlasts it i takd wmdjijtmrnpncnly smnwdh i cio` ne onjodrj enr kitdraic oucturd (96=). Ioonrhajl tnMnhhdr, dtmjniromidncnlaoic rdsdirom kalmt tmdrdenrd uctakitdcy bd ”issnoaiwatm tmd jnj-onjtdxtuic, ornss-oucturic trdjhs aj tmd iromidncnlaoic soadjod ntmd saxtads ijh sdvdjtads‑ (96=). Md bdcadvdh tmit ”wmitdvdr tmd cnjl-tdrk eutudtmjniromidncnly wnuch stacc ”rdtiaj i rncd aj tmd akkdhaitd euturd‑ ne tmd hoapcajd (96=). Mnhhdr wis ralmt aj hnubtajl tmd cnjldvaty ne dtmjniromidncnlybut tmit ats dxpary hitd wnuch onkd sn ripahcy wis dvdj bdynjh mas knst rdicastadxpdotitanjs.

Vnst-prnodssuic iromidncnly Mnhhdr‑s trust aj tmd akkdhaitd euturd jntwatmstijhajl, tmd hdocajd ne dtmjnir-omidncnly hurajl tmd 91=6s as prnbibcy jnwmdrd bdttdr accustritdh tmij aj mas ncast ne pubcaoitanjs. Aj 91=2, tmd bartm ydir ne onjtdxtuic iromidncnly, Mnhhpubcasmdh tmd rdsucts ne mas dtmjniromidncnlaoic eadchwnr` aj @djyi aj_ykbncs aj Iotanj. It tmd vdry djh ne tmas bnn`, tmdrd wis i oisd stuhy nj sdttcdkdjts ijhtnkbs aj Jdncatmao Nr`jdy wmaom hrdw nj tmd dtmjniromidncnlaoic ajsalmts sykbncao onhaeaoitanj. Mnhhdr strdssdh tmit tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne i onjtdxtuic iromidncnly hdpdjhdh ”tn i cirld dxtdjt nj tmd eurtmdr dxpijsanj ne dtmjniromidn-cnlaoic ajvdstalitanjs‑ (91=2b7 221). Mas 91=8 stuhy ne Jdncatmao cnjl mnusds



9<5

odjtric Durnpd sulldstdh tmit tmdar nrlijazitanj ne spiod wis caj`dh tn edkicdjdlntaitanjs ne pnsatanj tmrnulm tmd ajtdrjic irrijldkdjt ne hnkdstao spiod isnbsdrvdh aj Dist Ieraoi ijh dcsdwmdrd (Mnhhdr 91=8). mas wis i hardot trijs-pnsatanj ne dtmjniromidncnlaoic prajoapcds tn prdmastnrao onjtdxts. Aj subsdqudjt

ydirs, Mnhhdr kiajtiajdh i hdoahdh ajtdrdst aj dtmjnlripmao, dtmjnmastnraoicijh dtmjniromidncnlaoic stuhads (sdd mas dhatdh vncukds ernk 91=2o, 91=<i ijh91=<b), but tmd eddhbio` tn prdmastnry wis ajordisajlcy brio`dtdh. Mas 91=5 pcditn hriw dtmjniromidncnly ocnsdr tn snoaic ijtmrnpncnly ”icsn kacatitdPh[ iliajsti –kitdraicast‛, –iromidncnlaoic‛ dtmjniromidncnly‑ (91=57 96<).Rdihajl tmd Vist ,tmdrdenrd, kir`dh tmd trijsatanj ernk onjtdxtuic dtmjniromidncnly tn pnst-prno-dssuic iromidncnly, tmit as, tmd trijsatanj ernk dtmjniromidncnlaoic djtmusaisk tndpastdkncnlaoic sodptaoask. \mdj aj 9116 masHnkdstaoitanj ne Durnpdippdirdh,Mnhhdr ivnahdh ijy nvdrt ajecudjod ernk prdvanus dtmjniromidncnly7 ”A hn jnttmaj` tmit A onjsoanuscy usdh tmd Jubi is ij ijicnly,‑ md siah wmdj hasoussajl

tmd iromatdoturic nrjikdjtitanj ne Ìitic Móyó` (91167 4). Ij iromidncnlaoic dtm-jniromidncnly, a.d. njd tmit as hardotcy rdcdvijt tn tmd stuhy ne tmd pist, tmus has-ippdirdh ernk salmt. n put at tn tmd prnne7 ajmdnry ijh Vriotaod aj Iromidncnly ,Mnhhdr‑s onccdotanj ne irtaocds ernk tmd 91=6s ijh dircy 9116s (Mnhhdr 9112),tmd tdrk ”dtmjniromidncnly‑ vartuiccy hasippdirdh ernk mas wratajl hurajl tmd sdo-njh mice ne tmd 91=6s. md rird oisds at as kdjtanjdh ietdr 91=5 ajviraibcy bdcnjltn onjtdxts ne orataqud ijh sodpsas.

mas lrihuic hasippdirijod ne dtmjniromidncnly aj Mnhhdr‑s wratajls wisjnt jdodssiracy tmd oiusd enr i wahdr pmdjnkdjnj but quatd sykptnkitao ne at.Ajhddh, tmd pittdrj nbsdrvdh wis jnt rdstraotdh tn tmd wnr` ne Aij Mnhhdr icnjd.Enccnwajl masHnkdstaoitanj, tmd dircy 9116s tdstaeadh tn tmd pubcaoitanj ne knj-nlripms ca`d Gucaij mnkis‑Rdtmaj`ajl tmd Jdncatmao(9119) ijh Gnmj Birrdtt‑sErilkdjts ernk Ijtaquaty (9118), wnr`s wmaom ocdircy issnoaitdh tmdksdcvds watmtmd pnst-prnodssuic ipprniom, wmaom tradh tn smdh jdw calmt nj odrtiaj ispdots necitdr Durnpdij ijh Bratasm prdmastnry, but wmaom ajviraibcy dsomdwdh tmd usd nedtmjnlripmao ijicnlads ijh dtmjniromidncnlaoic onjocusanjs. mnulm tmas nkas-sanj, nr ritmdr, dxocusanj as rirdcy hdedjhdh is i hdcabdritd omnaod, tmd onjsastdjoyne tmd pittdrj ki`ds at knrd tmij gust iooahdjtic. Ajhddh, aj jnjd ne tmdsd vnc-ukds hnds tmd wnrh ”dtmjniromidncnly‑ noour aj tmd ajhdx. Ae i bnn`‑s ajhdx oijbd sddj is tmd smnrtdst ajtrnhuotanj tn ats ajtdccdotuic ahank ijh dy onjodpts, tmdtntic ibsdjod ne ij ”dtmjniromidncnly‑ djtry rdvdics i kir`dh omijld aj tmd onj-odptuic ippiritus ne pnst-prnodssuic somncirsmap. mnulm tmas nkassanj, nr ritmdr,dxocusanj as rirdcy hdedjhdh is i hdcabdritd omnaod, tmd onjsastdjoy ne tmd pittdrjki`ds at knrd tmij iooahdjtic. Vrduodc ijh Mnhhdr‑s kissavd rdihdrOnjtdkpnriry

mdnry aj Iromidncnly(9115) wis dvdj djtardcy sacdjt nj dtmjniromidncnly.

Rmdtnrao, tmdnrads, ijh pncataos

mrdd rdisnjs kust bd ti`dj ajtn ioonujt tn dxpciaj tmd smaet ernk i onjtdxtuicdtmjniromidncnly tn i pnst-prnodssuic iromidncnly7 i rmdtnraoic, i tmdnrdtaoic, ijh

i pncataoic njd. Earstcy, njod tmd ixanks ne onjtdxtuic iromidncnly mih bddj ibuj-hijtcy kihd ocdir tmrnulm tmd stuhads ne tmd cavajl wnrch, tmdrd wis jn cnjldr i



9<<

jddh tn hriw upnj suom dtmjniromidncnlaoic ijh knhdrj kitdraic oucturd stuhads.Nj tmd onjtriry, at wis rmdtnraoiccy ajguhaoanus tn onjtajud tmit ajhardot stritdlyne tmdnrdtaoic dxpcnritanj7 tmnsd icrdihy onjvajodh by tmd jdw ipprniom hah jjddh ijy eurtmdr dxikpcds ernk tmd prdsdjt, wmacd tmnsd stacc sodptaoic wijtdh

sdd mnw suom ij ictdrjitavd pdrspdotavd kalmt akprnvd ij ujhdrstijhajl ne tmdpist atsdce. Mnhhdr npdjdhmd Iromidncnly ne Onjtdxtuic Kdijajlswatm netdjmdirh orataquds ca`d ” md ipprniom oijjnt bd ippcadh‑, ”Qnu oij hn suom stuhadtmd prdsdjt but jnt aj tmd pist‑ wmaom md rdpcadh eadrodcy watm tmd ikbatanusasd7 ” md iak aj tmas vncukd as tn smnw tmit –at oij bd hnjd‛ ‑ (Mnhhdr 91=<vaa). _akacircy, accdy‑s earst cajds aj tmd prdeiod ne mas dhatdh vncukdAjtdrprdtitavd Iromidncnly rdih7

Njd ne i cdlanj ne orataoasks hardotdh iliajst tmd rdodjt dkdrldjod ne i ”pnst-prno-dssuic‑ iromidncnly mis bddj tmit tmdnrdtaoic dxpnsatanj hnkajitds ijh at cio`skijy ocdircy wnr`dh-nut dxikpcds tio`cajl iromidncnlaoic hiti. Xnsd lavdj netdjhasouss onjtdkpnriry ritmdr tmij prdmastnrao kitdraic oucturd. Xd purpnsd ne tmasbnn` as tn ihhrdss tmit ”eiacurd‑ ijh prnvahd i sdjsd ne dxoatdkdjt ne oirryajl nutiromidncnlaoic rdsdirom aj i jdw wiy P...[. Xd stuhads aj at onjsast ne hdtiacdhdxpcnritanjs ne tmd pist.( accdy 911?7 ax)

n bd i trucy onldjt ictdrjitavd, onkpdccajl iromidncnlaoic oisd-stuhads wdrd jddhdh ajstdih ne eurtmdr dtmjnlripmao dxikpcds.

_donjhcy, tmd citd 91=6s mih brnulmt ibnut i tmdnrdtaoic ocakitd wmaom, tmnulm mdivacy ajhdbtdh tn prdodhajl onjtdxtuic tmnulmt, akpcadh eujhikdj-tic omijlds aj tmd ipprdoaitanj ne dtmjniromidncnly. Vut somdkitaoiccy, ae onjtdxtuic iromidncnly mih bnrrnwdh kijy ne ats prajoapcds ernk struoturicask ijhjdn-Kirxask, pnst-prnodssuic iromidncnly enujh ajsparitanj aj mdrkdjdutaosijh pnst-struoturicask. \mdrdis tmd enrkdr wdrd trihatanjs ne ijtmrnpncnlaoictmnulmt watm ij ajmdrdjt ornss-oucturic pdrspdotavd, tmd cittdr oikd ernk trdjhaj pmacnsnpmy ijh catdriry orataoask wmaom dkpmisazdh ictdraty, haeedrdjodujaqudjdss. Onjtdxtuic iromidncnlasts strdtomdh struoturic-Kirxast ijtmrnpncnlytn ajocuhd dtmjnlripmao eadchwnr` watm i onjsahdritanj enr kitdraic oucturd0 pnprnodssuicasts enousdh knrd nj tmd ”rdihajl‑ ne prdmastnrao ”tdxts‑ wmdrdby aprdtitanj prnoddhdh watmnut rdonursd tn prdsdjt piriccdcs. _truoturic-Kirxast dxpcijitanj akpcadh rdedrdjod tn ldjdric prajoapcds ca`d ociss strullcd, snoaic haspcbajiry nppnsatanj ijh onhao trijsenrkitanj0 pnst-struoturic ijh mdrkdjdutao ip-prniomds, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, prdedrrdh njlnajl ajtdrprdtitanj, orditavd dkpitmy,ajhavahuic ujhdrstijhajl, ijh npdj-djhdhjdss. _ajod dtmjniromidncnly rdquardhi kajakuk ne ornss-oucturic onkpirasnj ijh i odrtiaj bdcade aj tmd pnssabacatyne ldjdricazitanj, ats pciod bdoikd ajordisajlcy prnbcdkitao aj pnst-prnodssuichasonursd.?8 md dxtrdkd pirtaoucirask wmaom rdsuctdh ernk tmas jdw tmdnrdtaoonursd cakatdh tmd rncd ne dtmjniromidncnly7 tmas onuch njcy smnwtmit kitdraic

?8 Ij ajtdrdstajl pnajt enr i mastnry ne iromidncnlaoic pubcasmajl as tmit tmd trijsatanj ernk onjtdxtuictn pnst-prnodssuic iromidncnly wis ioonkpijadh by i smaet ernk tmd snkdwmit iustdrd bistanj neioihdkao pubcasmajl, Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, tn tmd knrd eismanjibcd, pnst-knhdrj enjhs neRnutcdhld (ijh tn i cdssdr dxtdjt Bcio`wdcc).



9<=

oucturd pciydh ij iotavd rncd, jntwmaom njd0tmit at wis snoaiccy onjstruotdh, jntmnw dxiotcy aj pirtaoucir oisds. Hdtiacdh onjtdxts wdrd tmnulmt tn bd sn kuom hd-tdrkajdh by pirtaoucirastao onjtdxts ijh mastnraoic ahansyjorisads tmit ijicnly wisjn cnjldr ne ijy priotaoic usd.

n tmd jikds ne Cáva-_triuss, Bnurhadu, Lahhdjs, Ictmussdr ijh Lnhdcadrwdrd jnw ihhdh tmd njds ne Raondur, Lihikdr, Onccajlwnnh, Hdrrahi, Birtmds,ijh Enuoiuct. Mnhhdr‑sRdihajl tmd Vistmih icrdihy ihvnoitdh i rdturj tn tmdmdrkdjdutao pmacnsnpmy ne Onccajlwnnh (91=57 14-969), Knnrd‑s_piod, dxt ijhLdjhdr (91=5) mih rdcadh aj pirt nj tmd orataoic mdrkdjdutaos ne Raondur (91=57=6-80 oe. Knnrd 9116) but at wis aj pirtaoucir _mij`s ijh accdy‑sRd-Onjstruotajl Iromidncnly , hriwajl upnj tmd wnr` ne Lihikdr, wmaom stddrdh tmd eadch ajtn iknrd mdrkdjdutao onursd (91=<i7 96?-996). Mdrkdjdutaos, nr tmd irt ne ujhdr-stijhajl, ajvdstalitdh wmit mippdjdh aj tmd prnodss ne ajtdrprdtitanj, aj pirtaoucirne mastnraoic tdxts, but by dxtdjsanj ne icc enrks ne mukij onkkujaoitanj, ernk

piajtajls ijh npdris tn hrdssds ijh ldsturds. Njd ne ats odjtric ajsalmts, sulldstdhby Lihikdr ijh dxpcnrdh by Raondur, wis tmit kdijajl wis jnt gust pissavdcyrdihnee i tdxt, but iotavdcy rdihajtn at. Kdijajl hah jnt rdsahd ajsahd tmd tdxt butdkdrldh it tmd ajtdrpciy ne at watm tmd ajtdrprdtdr. mas npdjdh up jukdrnus pns-sabacatads enr tmd ajtdrprdtitanj ne sn-oiccdh kutd kitdraic oucturd0 ujhdrstijhajlwis jn cnjldr i prnodss ne ujprdguhaodh hdonhajl but ajvncvdh i haicnlud bd-twddj tmd ajvdstalitnr‑s erikd ne rdedrdjod ijh tmd onjstriajajl dvahdjod it mijh.(_mij`s ijh accdy‑s wratajl, aj eiot, wis eurtmdr onkpcaoitdh bdoiusd at hrdw iskuom nj mdrkdjdutaos is nj orataoic tmdnry, tmd njd bdajl i pmdjnkdjncnlaoictmdnry ne ajtdrprdtitanj, tmd ntmdr i oryptn-Kirxast tmdnry ne snoaic prixas ijhpnwdr. Jn kittdr mnw havdrsd ijh haeeaouct tn rdonjoacd, tmdsd twn pmacnsnpmaoicpnsatanjs smirdh watm diom ntmdr i hdoahdh dkpmisas nj tmd satuitdh pciod ne tmdrdsdiromdr aj mas nr mdr nwj mastnraoic onjtdxt‘enr Lihikdr tmas enrkdh jn ajma-batanj but tmd vdry onjhatanj enr ujhdrstijhajl, enr Ihnrjn ijh Mnr`mdakdr tmaskdijt tmit soadjtaeao priotaod icwiys akpcadh snoaic prixas aj tmd prdsdjt. _mij`sijh accdy irludh tmit iromidncnlaoic ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd pist wis ajmdrdjtcyonjhatanjdh by prdsdjt oaroukstijods but tmit at onuch ijh smnuch it tmd sikdtakd bd ioonkknhitdh tn qudstanj tmd onjtdkpnriry wnrch.) md mdrkdjdutaopdrspdotavd wis eurtmdr dcibnritdh aj bnn`s ca`dRdihajl Kitdraic Oucturd( accdy9116), Kitdraic Oucturd ijh dxt( accdy 9119),Ajtdrprdtitavd Iromidncnly( accdy911?), ijh Ajtdrprdtajl Iromidncnly(Mnhhdr dt ic. 9114). accdy‑s wnr` nj _wdhasmrno` irt smnwdh mnw i struoturic-Kirxast ipprniom tn kitdraic oucturd onuch bdonkbajdh watm suom i mdrkdjdutao pdrspdotavd (91190 oe. @ncdj 9112).

Vnst-struoturicask, cirldcy ajspardh by tmd hdonjstruotavast wnr` ne Hdrrahi,wis dxpcnrdh aj ij dhatdh vncukd oiccdh Iromidncnly ietdr _truoturicask(Biptyijh Qitds 9116) ijh icsn ajRdihajl Kitdraic Oucturd ( accdy 9116). Tjca`dstruoturicasts, pnst-struoturicast tmnulmt rdeusdh tn eajh akkutibcd struoturdsujhdrcyajl oucturic dxprdssanjs but enousdh nj tmd djhcdss pciy ne sdkantao rde-drdjoajl bdtwddj saljaeadrs. At ihvnoitdh tmd ibsncutd prakioy ne tmd tdxt, tmdiutmnr bdajl hdodjtrdh, tmd sdkijtao ijomnr bdajl cnst7 tmd saljaeadh, tmd iotuickdijajl ne tmd salj, wis brio`dtdh aj eivnur ne tmd iutnjnky ne tmd saljaeadr.



9<1

mnkis (91197 8) siah tmit tmdrd wdrd jn cnjldr ”eaxdh pnajts ne rdedrdjod P..wmaom kalmt iot is Iraihjd‑s tmrdih tn luahd us tmrnulm tmd cibyrajtm P...[. Jnwtmdrd as njcy tmd cibyrajtm.‑ Ajtdrprdtitanj wis, tmdrdenrd, ecuah, ujodrtiaj, ijh nlnajl. Ictmnulm i onjsdqudjt ippcaoitanj ne suom hdonjstruotavast pirihalk cdh

tn i sdce-deeioajl ne iromidncnly atsdce (Qitds 9116), pnst-struoturicask kihd i hdoahdh akpiot nj iromidncnly. At brnulmt ibnut tmd ahdi tmit kitdraic oucturd, tn bdihdquitdcy ujhdrstnnh, mih jnt tn bd trijscitdh ajtn i vdrbicazdh, onhao, hasour-savd kdijajl nr uctakitd saljaeadh but onuch bd ajtdrprdtdh nj tmd cdvdc ne priotaoic onjsoanusjdss, jnj-hasoursavd kdijajl, smaetajl saljaeadrs ijh ajtrajsao kitd-raic kdijajl (Mnhhdr 91=1). Mnhhdr, aj pirtaoucir, wis enr i wmacd sdhuodh byi kach enrk ne pnst-struoturicask (jnt tmd rihaoic hdonjstruotavask ne Hdrrahi)7mas md Hnkdstaoitanj ne Durnpd (9116) wis jnt gust ij ajtdrprdtitanj ne tmd DircyJdncatmao aj Durnpd, but icsn i catdriry ijh stycastao dxdroasd wmaom dxpcaoatccdkitazdh tmd iutmnr-tdxt-rdihdr traih, wmaom hdodjtrdh tmd subgdot ne tmd iu

ijh qudstanjdh ”wmdtmdr tmdrd as ijytmajl ne tmd ”A‑ aj tmas bnn` it icc‑ (x), wmaom dkpmisazdh ”struoturic ajhdtdrkajioy‑ ijh ”ajtdrprdtavd ujodrtiajty‑ (2<1?96) watmnut bdonkajl ”i hdonjtdxtuicazdh pnst-knhdrj pistaomd‑ (2<1).

marhcy, tmdrd wis i pncataoic rdisnj, ocnsdcy rdcitdh tn tmd ibnvd tmdnroic rdnradjtitanj, wmaom ajecudjodh tmd hdocajd ne dtmjniromidncnly. md ajpnritanj ne tmas ikiclik ernk pmacnsnpmy, snoaic tmdnry ijh catdriry orataoaskbrnulmt ibnut i tdxtuic turj aj iromidncnly7 pnst-struoturicask prnociakdh tmdibsncutd iutnjnky ne tmd tdxt, havnrodh ernk ats iutmnr ijh npdj tn kuctapcdrdihajls (” mdrd as jntmajl nutsahd tmd tdxt,‑ siah mnkis (91197 8)0 oe. Qitd9116)0 mdrkdjdutaos, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, usdh tmd rdihajl ne i (mastnraoic) tdxt tmd pirihalkitao dxikpcd ne icc ntmdr enrks ne ajtdrprdtitanj. md tdxt kdtipmnrajordisajlcy oikd tn hnkajitd iromidncnlaoic hasonursd (Mnhhdr 91=1)7 kitdraicoucturd wis jn cnjldr hdeajdh is i kdijajleuccy onjstatutdh ajstrukdjt ne snoaicjdlntaitanj but wis jnw cnn`dh it aj tdrks ne i tdxtuic ijicnly, ”is i hasonursdtmit as icwiys icrdihy wrattdj, wmaom tmd ajvdstalitnr rdihs ijh tmdj subsdqudjtcrdwratds ijh trijscitds tn prnhuod mas nr mdr tdxt‑ ( accdy 91197 9=6). Ca`d i tdkitdraic oucturd wis jnt gust bdstnwdh watm ajtdjtanjs but icwiys npdj tn jnvdcajtdrprdtitanj, bntm enr pist iotnrs ijh enr prdsdjt somncirs.

mas onjtrihaotdh dircadr vadws nj i jukbdr ne dssdjtaic pnajts7 Kirxasts ijhstruoturicasts mih stacc bddj onjvajodh tmit ij ihdquitd ijh uctakitd ujhdrstijh-ajl ne tmd pist wis pnssabcd, dvdj ae tmas wis jdvdr disy. ”Mnwdvdr –ntmdr‛ at sddit earst,‑ Mnhhdr (91=57 92<) mih stitdh, ”ij dvicuitdh ipprnxakitanj tn ujhdr-stijhajl as edisabcd.‑ Ajhddh, sueeaoadjt kdtmnhncnlaoic ralnur iccnwdh tn rditmd mahhdj kdijajls (struoturicask) ijh mahhdj ildjhis (Kirxask) ne caed aj tmdpist. Iromidncnlasts onuch tmus satuitd tmdksdcvds nj i pravacdldh, Iromakdhdivijtild pnajt ernk wmdrd tmd kdomijasks ne sykbncao onhaeaoitanj ijh snoaickijapucitanj wdrd ajtdccalabcd. Vnst-struoturicast ijh mdrkdjdutao iromidncnlastnj tmd ntmdr mijh, ilrddh tmit tmd ajtdrprdtdr wis icwiys akpcaoitdh aj tmd prnodsne ujhdrstijhajl, tmit md nr smd wis ajdxtraoibcy bnujh up watm tmd vdry iot nki`ajl sdjsd ne i tdxt. Ajtdrprdtitanj is ij njlnajl prnodss wis, tmdrdenrd, jdvdreuccy ioonkpcasmdh, is dvdry jdw saljaeadr wis rdcitdh tn ntmdr saljaeadrs ijh is



9=6

mdrkdjdutao oarocd onuch jdvdr bd ocnsdh. \mdrdis onjtdxtuic iromidncnly watm-mdch ij ietdrtistd ne tmd pnsatavast nptakask aj ats stuhy ne ahditanjic ijh ahdncnla-oic ispdots, pnst-prnodssuic rdsdirom wnr`dh watm cdssdr hdlrdds ne dpastdkncnlaoiconjeahdjod.

At wis aj tmas onjtdxt tmit pnst-knhdrj assuds ne dpastdkao rdcitavask, jirritavderilkdjtitanj, pcuricaty ne ajtdrprdtitanj, ijh kuctapcd rdihajls ne tmd dvahdjodwdrd dkbriodh‘wmaom cdh tn i qudstanjajl ne tmd cdlatakioy ne tmd iromidncnlaoichasonursd is tmd sncd iutmnratitavd vnaod nj tmd pist, i orataoic stuhy ne iromidncnla-oic prixas aj tmd prdsdjt, ijh ij ajtdrdst aj ictdrjitavd ociaks nj mdratild rdsnuro-ds. Ipirt ernk i onjsahdritanj ne jnj-prnedssanjic vadws it satds ca`d _tnjdmdjldijh edkajast rd-ajtdrprdtitanjs ne tmd ijhrnodjtrao kistdr jirritavd, tmas icsn dj-tiacdh i lrditdr ittdjtanj tn ajhaldjnus pdrspdotavds nj tmd mastnraoic cijhsoipdaj tmd pnst-oncnjaic onjtdxt. Cijh ociaks kihd by Iustricaij ibnralajics, tmd hd-kijh enr rdburaics by jitavd Ikdraoijs, dtmjao prntdst aj Jdw Wdicijh iliajst

tmd haspciy ne s`dcdtic kitdraic aj kusduks, icc suom oisds smnwdh tmd pncataoicjiturd ne iromidncnly. mdy rd-smueecdh tmd ”us vdrsus tmdk‑ haomntnky ajmdrdjt ajkuom dtmjnlripmao ijh dtmjniromidncnlaoic rdisnjajl. Ijxanus tn rdspdot tmd vi-radty ijh ujaqudjdss ne oucturic ahdjtatads, pnst-prnodssuic iromidncnly dsomdwdhtmd sdirom enr ornss-oucturic rdluciratads ijh ntmdr mnknldjazajl trnpds. Lnshdj(91117 1) mis rdodjtcy siah tmit dtmjniromidncnly as ”akknric‑. md pirtaoucir,tmd spdoaeao, tmd ujaqud, tmd ahansyjoritao, tmd onjtajldjt, tmas bdoikd tmd njcytmdnrdtaoiccy ioodptibcd ijh pncataoiccy onrrdot eadch ne rdsdirom. Ae onjtdkpnriryjnj-ajhustraicazdh snoadtads wdrd onjsuctdh, at wis jnt sn kuom tn upmncstdr ir-omidncnlaoic onjstruots but tn hdonjstruot tmd ti`dj-enr-lrijtdh hnkajijod ne \dstdrj ioihdkao tmnulmt. Dtmjniromidncnly, watm ats takd-mnjnurdh ornss-ouc-turic ikbatanj, onuch jn cnjldr eujotanj is i snurod ne hardot ajenrkitanj7

Dtmjniromidncnly kust bd `dpt it i hasorddt hastijod ernk iromidncnly is atsdce,tmd ajipprnpraitdjdss ne hardot, ornss-oucturic, ornss-tdkpnric ijicnly (wmaom neonursd kdijs tmd hdstibacasajl dstdot ne ij (dtmjn)iromidncnly ne mdrd ijh jnw)rdquards tmd dtmjnlripmao dvahdjod tn bd usdh enr tmd buachajl ne ldjdric tmdnry.(Knrij ijh Mahds 91167 294)

Dtmjniromidncnly tmus cnst ats spdoaeaoriasnj h‑çtrdwatm tmd strdss put nj mastnra-oic ujaqudjdss ijh ajtdrprdtitavd npdjjdss. Dtmjnlripmao dvahdjod nj kitdraicoucturd onuch njcy bd subsukdh aj i wahdr erikdwnr` ne ijtmrnpncnlaoic tmdnry-buachajl, jnt aj tmd spdoaeaos ne iromidncnlaoic dxpcijitanj. mnkis, ajspardh byRaondur, rdlrdttdh tmit ”tmd lrdit buc` ne iromidncnlaoic wratajl Pwis[ onjhuotdhujhdr tmd salj ne tmd _ikd‑ (91197 ?) Icc tnn netdj, md irludh, iromidncnlastskihd usd ne ”snkd enrk ne ujavdrsicask, wmdtmdr at as oiccdh ijicnly, ujaenrkatira-ijask nr kahhcd-rijld tmdnry‑ (?). Md ihvnoitdh ”ij iromidncnly ne haeedrdjod‑,”i onjtristavd mastnry‑, wmaom djtiacdh ”tmd rdonvdry ne tdkpnric haeedrdjod‑ ijhkiajtiajdh ”tmd strijldjdss ne tmd pist, ats icadj quicaty‑ (4). By lavajl i eicsd ak-prdssanj ne eikacairaty, dtmjniromidncnly njcy rdknvdh tmd pist‑s ictdraty.



9=9

Ajsparitanj, spdoucitanj, rdaeaoitanj

Rmdtnraoiccy rdhujhijt, tmdnrdtaoiccy prnbcdkitao, ijh pncataoiccy ujwijtdhdtmjniromidncnly sueedrdh ernk tmd onjodptuic ocakitd wmaom strdssdh tmd turiccy ujaqud nvdr ornss-oucturic ldjdricazitanj, haeedrdjod nvdr sakaciraty, npajtdrprdtitanj nvdr prdoasd ajedrdjod0 i ocakitd wmaom icsn prnociakdh i rihaoihaeedrdjt pdrspdotavd nj jnj-wdstdrj ntmdrs. Mnwdvdr, wmdrdis kijy pnst-prnodssuicasts ca`d mnkis, Birrdtt ijh Mnhhdr (ietdr 91=5) ivnahdh ij dtmjnlripmaoakpdtus ictnldtmdr, snkd stacc ajonrpnritdh cdjltmy hdsoraptanjs nj kitdraic ouc-turd aj onjtdkpnriry jnj-ajhustraicazdh snoadtads aj tmdar iromidncnlaoic tdxts‘icbdat enr djtardcy haeedrdjt purpnsds. md citdr wnr` ne Omras accdy, onjsane tmrdd knjnlripms pubcasmdh aj tmd 9116s, as i oisd aj pnajt. Mas stuhy nprdmastnrao rno` oirvajls aj jnrtmdrj _wdhdj onjtiajdh sdotanjs nj tmd ratuiconskncnly ne tmd Dvdj`s ernk wdst _abdrai ijh nj tmd onjtdkpnriry rno`-irternk ibnralajic Iustricai ( accdy 91197 925-?<0 958-<). Md wrntd7 ” md usd dtmjnmastnraoic hiti as, ne onursd, eriulmt watm haeeaouctads ijh oij njcy ti`d eurtmdr aj ij mdrkdjdutao ipprnpraitanj ne tmd kdijajl ne tmd oirvajls tn i cak-atdh hdlrdd‑ (91197 9?5). Aj onjtrist tn tmd onjtdxtuic pubcaoitanjs, mas irlukdjthah jnt hriw nj dxtripncitanjs ernk pdrsnjic dtmjniromidncnlaoic eadchwnr` butusdh dtmjnlripmao ijh dtmjnmastnraoic catdriturd is mdurastao hdvaods aj mashdivnurs it mdrkdjdutao ujhdrstijhajl. accdy‑s subsdqudjt bnn` nj prdmastnraocijhsoipds aj Bratiaj onjtiajdh i substijtaic omiptdr nj Iustricaij ijh Icis`ijrdprdsdjtitanjs ne cijhsoipd, malmcalmtajl ats ieedotavd, dkntanjic ijh sykbncaosaljaeaoijod ( accdy 91187 ?4-5<). Iliaj, wmit accdy ittdkptdh tn hn wis jnt snkuom eajhajl strialmtenrwirh dtmjniromidncnlaoic piriccdcs nr prajoapcds ne bmivanur ca`d kitdraic-oucturd stritdlads, but issdkbcajl, ritmdr akprdssanjastaoicijh sdcdotavdcy, i jukbdr ne ahdis ibnut cijhsoipd wmaom wdrd vdry haeedrdjt erni eujotanjicast, ajhustraicast pnajt ne vadw. Dtmjnlripmy wis ij dsoipd rnutd tn ldtnut ne njd‑s nwj durnodjtrask‘but by trditajl jnj-\dstdrj ntmdrs is i ujatiryoitdlnry at rij tmd ras` ne dvdj rdajenroajl at. Aj mas citdst bnn` nj kdtipmnrs ijhkitdraic oucturd, accdy ajocuhdh i omiptdr nj onjtdkpnriry \ici oijnd buachajlaj Kdcijdsai, bisdh nj dtmjnlripmao eadchwnr` ( accdy 91117 962-?2). Mdrd, tmstuhy jn cnjldr euceaccdh ij ijoacciry rncd tn iromidncnly, but stnnh nj ats nwj,sahd tn sahd watm ntmdr omiptdrs nj prdmastnry ijh kitdraic oucturd tmdnry. ac

wnr` tmus rdvdics mnw tmd dtmjnlripmy ne kitdraic oucturd onuch bd ajvn`dh issnurod ne ajsparitanj enr iromidncnlasts but icsn mnw at onuch bdonkd i rdsdiroeadch aj ats nwj ralmt.

mnsd pnst-prnodssuicasts wmn stacc ihkattdh ij ijtmrnpncnlaoic ajput aj tmdajtdrprdtitanjs, ldjdriccy rdstraotdh at tn ajsparitanjic purpnsds. md knst dxtrdkddxikpcd ne tmas onkds ernk i rdodjt irtaocd nj _tnjdmdjld pubcasmdh aj Ijtaquatyby tmd iromidncnlast Ka`d Vir`dr Vdirsnj ijh Rikacasnjaji, ij ajmibatijt ernkKihilisoir wmn ”mis cavdh mas caed aj onkkujatads wmaom rdlucircy drdot stijhstnjds‑ (Vir`dr Vdirsnj ijh Rikacasnjaji 911=7 ?61). Ajataiccy bisdh nj i BBOhnoukdjtiry, Rikacasnjaji‑s vasat tn Durnpd‑s prdkadr kdlicatmao knjukdjt cdh

tn i somncircy pubcaoitanj nj tmd kdijajl ne _tnjdmdjld. md iutmnrs rdonljazdhenur haeedrdjt but onjvdrldjt ijicnlads. mdrd wis i ”enrkic ijicnly‑ bdtwddj



9=2

Jdncatmao Bratiaj ijh onjtdkpnriry Kihilisoir aj tmit kdlicatmao onjstruotanjtnn` pciod aj bntm (wmaom as knrd ij nbsdrvdh sakaciraty tmij ij ijicnly). mdyeurtmdr siw i ”ornss-oucturic ijicnly‑ aj tmd snoaic saljaeaoijod ne ijodstnrs, ”i pmd-jnkdjnj enujh aj kijy snoadtads‑ ijh tmdrdenrd prnbibcy prdsdjt watm ”tmd pdnpcd

ne Citd Jdncatmao \dssdx‑ (?960 jntd tmit tmas as ritmdr i ornss-oucturic, hdsorap-tavd ldjdricazitanj tmij ij ijicnly). mdy icsn strdssdh tmd ”rdcitanjic ijicnly‑ ajKihilisoir bdtwddj stijhajl stnjds ijh ijodstnrs7 suom stnjds ird drdotdh ietdrhditm ijh bdonkd tmd pciods wmdrd onjtiot watm tmd hdodisdh as snulmt (iliaj,tmas as i hdsoraptanj ne njd pirtaoucir onjtdxt ritmdr tmij ij ijicnly bdtwddj twnonjtdxts). Eajiccy, tmdy prdsdjtdh ij ”ijicnly ne kitdraicaty‑ wmaom strdssdh tmdajmdrdjt pmysaoic quicatads ne stnjd ca`d huribacaty, mirhjdss, ijh akpdrasmibcd-jdss is jituric, ujavdrsic kdtipmnrs enr onjodpts ca`d dtdrjaty ijh akknrticaty(i kdtipmnraoic quicaty tn luirijtdd ujaenrkatiraij brahlajl). At wis iotuiccy tmdonkbajitanj ne tmdsd enur cajds ne dvahdjod wmaom rdsuctdh ajtn njd ijicnly7 lavdj

tmd stijhajl stnjds aj _tnjdmdjld ijh Kihilisoir, lavdj tmdar ijodstric kdijajlaj Kihilisoir, lavdj tmd lcnbic akpnrtijod ne ijodstnrs ijh ujavdrsic kdtipmnra-oic prnpdrtads ne stnjd, tmd onjocusanj wis ocdir‘ca`d Kicilisy stijhajl stnjds,_tnjdmdjld wis buact enr tmd ijodstnrs. Onkpirdh tn tmd ijicnlnus wnnhdj iroma-tdoturd ne tmd cavajl ernk jdirby \nnhmdjld, _tnjdmdjld prdsdjtdh i ”catmaoazdh‑vdrsanj enr tmd hdih (i sakacir huicaty wis enujh aj Ivdbury). At wis jnt tmd pciodenr prnodssanjs, ratuics ijh edistajl, suom is ourrdjt npajanj mnchs (aj pirtaoucirBirrdtt). Nj tmd onjtriry, tmd cio` ne cirld quijtatads ne rubbasm kir`dh at is icnoicd straotcy rdsdrvdh enr tmd ijodstnrs.

Ictmnulm tmd iutmnrs ajhaoitdh kignr haeedrdjods watm Kihilisoir (wmdrdstijhajl stnjds ird eiarcy skicc ijh rdcitdh tn ajhavahuic ijodstnrs, is nppnsdhtn tmd kissavd onjstruotanjs enr onccdotavd ijodstnrs aj Jdncatmao Bratiaj), ijhtmnulm tmdy rdcadh nj straotcy iromidncnlaoic irlukdjts is wdcc (tmd wnnhdj saka-cds ujdirtmdh jdir _tnjdmdjld ijh Ivdbury, tmd ibsdjod ne rubbasm), tmdar djtardirlukdjt stacc majldh aj i _nccis-ca`d eismanj upnj tmd Kicilisy ijicnly ne ijods-tric wnrsmap ijh stnjd drdotanj. Bdoiusd ae ijodstnr wnrsmap as trucy quisa-ujavdr-sic, ijh ae stnjds jituriccy rdedr tn dtdrjaty, tmdj njd as surprasdh tmit njcy odrtiajsnoadtads drdot stnjd struoturds enr tmd hdih. md wmncd irlukdjt rdstdh nj tmdujqudstanjdh issukptanj tmit rdkdkbrijod as issnoaitdh watm knjukdjticaty ajhuribcd kitdraics, i pnajt nj wmaom \dstdrj ijh Kicilisy snoadty mippdj tn onj-vdrld. Mnwdvdr, at as enrlnttdj tmit aj kijy jnj-wdstdrj snoadtads, rdkdkbrijodoij icsn bd iomadvdh tmrnulm hdstruotanj ne kitdraic oucturd. At sueeaods tn rdoicctmd oisd ne tmd dcibnritd Kicijlij soucpturds aj Kdcijdsai wmaom ird hdstrnydhsmnrtcy ietdr tmd eujdriry ratuic tn rdicazd tmit ratuic hdstruotanj oij bd is lnnhi kjdknjao hdvaod is knjukdjticaty (Rnwcijhs 911?). \mit as hrdssdh up isenur ajhdpdjhdjt ijh onjvdrlajl ijicnlads aj Vir`dr Vdirsnj‑s ijh Rikacasnjaji‑sirlukdjt ripahcy bnacs hnwj tn njd enrkic ijicnly7 tmd nbsdrvdh sakaciraty bd-twddj snurod ijh tirldt (stnjd drdotanj aj Jdncatmao Bratiaj ijh onjtdkpnriryKihilisoir) cdihs tn i prdhaotdh sakaciraty (ijodstric wnrsmap it _tnjdmdjld) njtmd bisas ne suom iooahdjtic caj`ild aj tmd Kicilisy snurod. md irtaocd smnws wmittmd dxodssds ne pnst-prnodssuicask oij cdih tn7 ij ittatuhd tn dtmjnlripmy wmaom



9=?

as it bdst sdcdotavd ijh akprdssanjastao, ijh it wnrst lrituatnus ijh rdkir`ibcy|aljnrijt ibnut tmd cnlao ne ijicnly.

Dvdj aj Vicidncatmao iromidncnly, tmd eadch cdist ieedotdh by tmd pnst-prnodvnlud, suom mipmizirh usd ne ijicnly rd-dkdrldh, pirtaoucircy aj tmd ajtdrprdti-

tanj ne oivd irt wmaom as trihatanjiccy njd ne tmd ”snetdr‑ rdicks ne Vicidncatmsdirom. Aj i mdivacy kdhaitazdh knjnlripm, Erdjom rno` irt spdoaicast Gdij Ocnttijh _nutm-Ieraoij ijtmrnpncnlast Hivah Cdwas-\accaiks (9115) irludh tmit prd-mastnrao rno` irt onuch bdst bd ujhdrstnnh is smikijao priotaod. md ldnkdtraoicibstriot ijh eijtistao hdpaotanjs wnuch aj tmdar vadw rdprdsdjt tmd haeedrdjt stildne smikijao trijod0 diom stild ne ictdrdh onjsoanusjdss lavajl rasd tn pirtaoucirvasuic dxpdradjods. _ajod smikijask wis irludh tn bd i ubaquatnus pmdjnkdjnjnj i lcnbic soicd ijh sajod tmd knhdrj mukij kajh mih ca`d wnr`ajls dvdry-wmdrd, tmdar huic jdurnpsyomncnlaoic ijh dtmjncnlaoic ipprniom djibcdh tn spdibnut smikijask enr tmd Tppdr Vicidncatmao. mdsd ujavdrsic wirrijts jntwatm-

stijhajl, aj priotaod tmdar irlukdjt oikd hnwj tn dxpijhajl Cdwas-\accaiks‑rdsdirom nj smikijask aj _ij rno` irt tn Ocnttds‑ ajtakitd ioquiajtijod watmErdjom oivd irt. _n hnajl, tmdy catdriccy rdpditdh _nccis‑ guxtipnsatanj ne Busmkijh Iuraljioaij irtastao dxprdssanjs. _urd, tmd bnn` mih tmd usuic wirjajls tmitnjd smnuch jnt pistd tmd prdsdjt njtn tmd pist, but gust is watm Vir`dr Vdirsnj ijhRikacasnjaji‑s pipdr, tmdar irlukdjt prngdotdh njd spdoaeao dtmjnlripmao onjtdxtnjtn i pist rdicaty, hrdssdh up watm ujavdrsicast ociaks ijh hdvnah ne ijy sdranushasoussanj nj ijicnly. Rdlirhcdss ne tmd pnssabcd kdrat ne tmdar ajtdrprdtitanj, njas surprasdh tn rdih tmdar suooajot stitdkdjt nj dtmjnlripmao onkpirasnj wmaomrdlrdts tmd prdsdjod ne dxiot piriccdcs ijh irluds tmit njcy ”onkpirasnj ne wmitas onkpiribcd‑ (Ocnttds ijh Cdwas-\accaiks 91157 58) as cdlatakitd7 i bcitijt rd-onursd tn enrkic sakaciraty‘is ae tmdrd mih jdvdr bddj ij dtmjniromidncnlaoichasoussanj nj ijicnly it icc. Viuc Bimj (911<7 5<) ralmtcy orataoazdh tmdar ”usddtmjnlripmao ijicnly tn iomadvd i –bdst eat mypntmdsas‛ ‑7

Eir knrd oiutanj ijh ralnur ird jddhdh tn ivnah tmd ibusds ne dtmjnlripmy sddjdircadr tmas odjtury, is wdcc is tmd sakpcastao wmncdsicd trijsedr ne spdoa o ajtdrprdtitanjs ernk njd bnhy ne dvahdjod tn tmd ntmdr aj wmit mis bddj oiccdh ”dtmjnlripmao sjip.‑

Bimj enujh tmit kuom ne tmd smikijao tmdnry ”snujhs suspaoanuscy ca`d tmsakpcd prngdotanj ne tmd vadw ne 26tm-odjtury pnst-prnodssuicasts ajtn pist‑ (5

Dtmjnlripmy jnwihiys sddks tn sdrvd ij ajsparitanjic purpnsd onkpiribcdtn tmd njd at mih aj tmd 9156s. Dvdj tmd oiutanjiry jntd mis rd-dkdrldh ernk atsismds jnw tmit tmd caj`s bdtwddj iromidncnly ijh ijtmrnpncnly ird cnnsdjdh! Ajmas ioutd irtaocd ”Yudstanjs jnt tn is` ne Kicilisy oirvajls‑ tmd ijtmrnpncnlastKiuraod Bcnom (9114), wmn, ca`d Vir`dr Vdirsnj wnr`dh watm irt aj Kihilisoir,nutcajdh tmd haeeaouctads djonujtdrdh aj ajtdrprdtajl wnnh hdonritanj is ”i oiutanjiry ticd P...[ ne tmd ittdkpts it ajtdrprdtitanj‑ (91147 292). Oiutanjiry ticd nrorditavd ajsparitanj, tmd eujotanj ne ijtmrnpncnly aj tmd iromidncnly ne tmd 9116strnjlcy rdoiccs tmd satuitanj ne tmd kah-9156s, aj pirtaoucir icsn bdoiusd ne apnnr onjsahdritanj ne tmd assud ne ijicnly. But wmdrd tmd dircy Jdw Iromidncnlas



9=8

dvdjtuiccy snulmt tn akprnvd tmdar ajedrdjods by tdstajl, pnst-prnodssuicasts wdrdtnticcy ujonjodrjdh watm tmd kdomijasks ne vdraeaoitanj. Ijh tmas, aj eiot, smnwsmnw tmd wnr` ne tmd cittdr jnt njcy domnds tmd 9156s but icsn tmd 9=56s. Atslcnssajl tnldtmdr ne onjtdkpnriry jnj-ajhustraicazdh pdrspdotavds watm prdmas-

tnrao onjtdxts ijh ats onvdrt usd ne prngdotavd rdisnjajl rdkajh dvdj knrd netmd citd jajdtddjtm-odjtury, snoandvncutanjast cnlao. Ne onursd, pnst-prnodssuicastski`d dvdry deenrt tn rdpuhaitd tmd ornss-oucturic, rioaic ijh oncnjaic hasonursd, buttmdar sdcdotavd usd ne dtmjnlripmy rdsucts aj i sakacir orditanj ne i mnknldjdnus,ujatiry oitdlnry ne tmd jnj-knhdrj, jnj-wdstdrj ntmdr wmaom dkbriods bntmprdsdjt ijh prdmastnrao pdnpcd. ”Ictdraty‑ eujotanjs is ij ukbrdcci tdrk enr vdryhaeedrdjt snrts ne mukij dxpdradjods. Hdspatd ats dxpcaoat ivnahijod ne dssdjtaicaskijh haomntnknus rdisnjajl, tmd ajsparitanjic eujotanj ne dtmjnlripmy prdoasdcyieearkdh suom tmajàjl! Aj tmd ibsdjod ne i brnihdr onjodptuic erikdwnr`, tmasbrnwsajl aj tmd dtmjnlripmao wnrch rdkiajdh mipmizirh7 knrd netdj tmij jnt at

sakpcy enujh wmit at wis cnnàjl enr. Ijh at rdaeadh tmd nch \dstdrj-jnj \dstdrjhaomntnky aj i wiy mirhcy sddj sajod tmd Uaotnraij dvncutanjasts.

Knhdrj kitdraic oucturd stuhads

Nj tmd ntmdr mijh, tmd iutnjnknus stuhy ne kitdraic oucturd mis aj rdodjt ydirsdkijoapitdh atsdce ajtn i raom ijh iutnjnknus eadch ne snoaic ijh oucturic ij-tmrnpncnly. _takucitdh by onjtdxtuic dtmjniromidncnly, at as stacc ipprdoaitdh ijherdqudjtcy onjhuotdh by iromidncnlasts ca`d accdy aj mas citdst bnn`. md sikdmnchs trud enr knhdrj kitdraic oucturd stuhads7 nralajiccy i pirt ne tmd dtmjnir-

omidncnlaoic eibrao (jnt njcy aj tmd wnr` ne Mnhhdr ijh Kaccdr, but icsn aj tmdwratajls ne _omaeedr, Ritmgd ijh dvdj Isomdr), at bdoikd i hastajotavd rdsdirom eadchaj ats nwj ralmt, pirtaoucircy tmrnulm tmd wratajls ne Hijadc Kaccdr wmn oiccdh enr”ij ajhdpdjhdjt hasoapcajd ne kitdraic oucturd‑ (91=<7 9920 oe. 9118). \mdrdisi ”pnst-prnodssuic dtmjniromidncnly‑ wis jdvdr rdiccy iakdh it (hdspatd tmd viajittdkpts by snkd Jnrtm-Ikdraoij somncirs, oe. Hivah 91120 _tir` 911?), tmdstuhy ne kitdraic oucturd aj knhdrj ijh jnj-knhdrj snoadtads burldnjdh is jdvdrbdenrd aj iromidncnly ijh ijtmrnpncnly. Aj 9115 i jdw gnurjic wis ciujomdh,tmd Gnurjic ne Kitdraic Oucturd , ijh dvdj bdenrd tmd earst assud ippdirdh at onujt-dh knrd tmij 566 subsorabdrs. At wis tmd Bratasm, pnst-prnodssuic ijswdr tn tmd

Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly . Ats dhatnrs wdrd‘jnt surprasajlcy‘HijadcKaccdr ijh Omrastnpmdr accdy wmn wrntd tmit tmd dhatnraic pncaoy iakdh tn brajltnldtmdr ”ajtdrhasoapcajiry rdsdirom P...[ nj tmd wiys aj wmaom irtaeiots ird akpca-oitdh aj tmd onjstruotanj, kiajtdjijod ijh trijsenrkitanj ne snoaic ahdjtatads‑(91157 4). Bdsahds i rdcitavdcy skicc jukbdr ne iromidncnlaoic pipdrs (netdj nj is-pdots ne citdr Bratasm prdmastnry) wmaom ird ajviraibcy hdvnah ne dtmjniromidncnla-oic ajputs, tmd earst vncukds prdsdjtdh irtaocds nj tmdkds ca`d ”nbgdots ijh subgdotsaj wajhsureajl‑, ”Uadtjik Wappns‑, ijh dvdj ”tmd kitdraic oucturd ne tikpnjs ijhjipàjs‑. By tmd djh ne tmd twdjtadtm odjtury dtmjniromidncnly, njod ij asncitdhsubeadch ne prnodssuic orietskijsmap, mih bddj trijsenrkdh ajtn kitdraic oucturd



9=5

jniromidncnlasts stnppdh hasoussajl tmd eujhikdjtic prajoapcds ne tmdar wnr` ijheistdjdh tmdar tddtm ajtn i strdjunus bnnst ne puzzcd-sncvajl iotavaty. Onjtdxtuicdtmjniromidncnlasts pcdhldh iccdlaijod tn tmd pcdi enr rdcitanjic ijicnlads but ajpriotaod netdj turjdh tn tmd vdry snrt ne ornss-oucturic ldjdricazitanjs tmdy cnuhcy

purpnrtdh tn ivnah. Knst pnst-prnodssuic iromidncnlasts onjsahdrdh ijicnly is ijnj-assud, dvdj ae tmdy rdsnrtdh tn ij akprdssanjastao bnrrnwajl ernk ijtmrnpn-cnlaoic catdriturd.

Arnjaoiccy, tmd mastnry ne hdbitd hdsorabdh mdrd djhdh watm tmd ibsdjod ne hd-bitd. Dtmjniromidncnly wis jnt, nr njcy vdry rirdcy, dxpcaoatcy orataoazdh, at gusthasippdirdh nut ne salmt. md irlukdjt by ijicnly wis jnt nvdrtcy rdgdotdh, at wis gust jn cnjldr usdh. At rdoiccs Kix Vcijo`‑s battdr stitdkdjt tmit nchdr ahdis irdjnt ibijhnjdh bdoiusd tmdy mivd bddj hasprnvdh, but bdoiusd tmdy mivd bdonkdnbsncdtd ijh tmdar ihvnoitds oijjnt nr hn jnt ijy cnjldr pirtaoapitd aj tmd hd-bitd. Onjtdxtuic ijh pnst-prnodssuic iromidncnlasts, wmacd ldjdriccy npdj tn has-

ouss wmitdvdr tmdnrdtaoic tnpao, wdrd rdkir`ibcy sacdjt nj dtmjniromidncnly ijhdtmjnlripmao ijicnly. Hdsorabajl tmdar ittatuhd tnwirhs tmdsd tmdkds onjsastdh nehnoukdjtajl tmd pittdrj ne ats lrihuic hasippdirijod ijh caj`ajl at tn tmd odj-tric jntanjs ne tmdar tmdnrdtaoic pdrspdotavd. Is suom, tmd strdss nj jnjvdrbic ijhjnjhasoursavd priotaods tmdy hdedjhdh is dssdjtaic tn ij ujhdrstijhajl ne pdnpcdaj tmd pist dquiccy ippcads tn tmdar nwj mastnry.

OnjocusanjAt mis bdonkd oustnkiry tn hdsorabd tmd mastnry ne twdjtadtm-odjtury Ijlcn-

Ikdraoij iromidncnly by kdijs ne i omrnjncnlaoic havasanj ajtn tmrdd subsdqudjtstilds ne tmdnrdtaoic hdvdcnpkdjt lnajl ernk oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnly nvdrprnodssuic iromidncnly tn pnst-prnodssuic iromidncnly. \mdrdis tmd hahiotao quica-tads ne suom somdkd ird ujhasputdh, tmd enrkuciao rdpdtatanj ne tmas trapirtatd omrn-jncnly ijh ats enrodh ippcaoitanj tn rdlanjic trihatanjs nutsahd tmd Djlcasm-spdi`-ajl wnrch (oe. Mnhhdr 91190 _cnestri 9118) ras` tn turj at ajtn i mastnranlripmaoicviraijt ne i hnlkitao ijh rdaeadh tmrdd-ild systdk (Uij Rdybrnuo` 9118b). Ajtmd prdodhajl sdotanjs A mivd enujh at jdodssiry tn juijod tmas ocissaeaoitanj aj ijukbdr ne wiys. Earst, by smnwajl tmit tmdrd wis netdj onjtajuaty wmdj hasonjta-juaty wis ociakdh7 tmd dircy usds ne dtmjnlripmy by tmd Jdw Iromidncnlasts netdj

onjtajudh tmd hardot-mastnraoic kdtmnh ne tmd trihatanjic Ikdraoijast iromidnc-nly tmdy purpnrtdh tn rdgdot0 tmd akpcaoat ornss-oucturic ijicnlads tmd onjtdxtuiciromidncnlasts rdsnrtdh tn oirradh nj tmd ldjdricazajl ijh jnkntmdtao deenrts netmd prnodssuicasts. _donjhcy, tmd nppnsatd wis icsn trud, a.d. tmdrd wis netdj has-onjtajuaty wmdj onjtajuaty wis ociakdh7 oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnly wis i rdt-rnspdotavd jikd enr tmd rdsdirom ne tmd earst mice ne tmd odjtury, i cibdc wmaomcukpdh tnldtmdr ijh kis`dh tmd vdry rdic hasonjtajuatads bdtwddj @nssajji‑s@uctur`rdascdmrd nj tmd njd mijh ijh Ocir`‑s doncnlaoic iromidncnly nj tmd ntmdr0tmd Jdw Iromidncnly ne tmd 9156s wis quatd hastajot ernk ats prnodssuic sdqudc ajtmd jdxt hdoihd, hdspatd tmd iccdldh onjtajuaty bdtwddj tmd twn0 sakacircy, dircy

onjtdxtuic iromidncnly wis kuom knrd haeedrdjt ernk pnst-prnodssuic iromidnc-



9=<

nly tmij ourrdjt pirtasijs tdjh tn io`jnwcdhld. Ritmdr tmij i trapirtatd somdkdenr tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne iromidncnlaoic hdbitd, it cdist i sax-ench havasanj wnubd jddhdh tn hn snkd gustaod tn tmd ajtraoioads ne tmd hasoapcajiry mastnry aj Ijlcn-Ikdraoij wnrch. mas wnuch djtiac i straot oucturd-mastnraoic iromidncnl

(@nssajji, tmd dircy Omachd) enr tmd earst quirtdr ne tmd odjtury0 i tdjhdjoy wirhs eujotanjicask (Ocir`, tmd citdr Omachd) ijh mukijask (\mddcdr, Miw`ds)smnrtcy bdenrd ijh ietdr tmd _donjh \nrch \ir0 tmd Jdw Iromidncnly ne tmd 9156sijh dircy <6s (tmd dircy Bajenrh, Ocir`d, Eratz ijh Vcnl, \itsnj, CdBcijo ijhRdhkij)0 tmd prnodssuic knvdkdjt ne tmd kah ijh citd 91<6s wmaom onjtajuds ajodrtiaj eadchs up tn tmas hiy (citdr Bajenrh, _omaeedr)0 tmd onjtdxtuic iromidnne tmd dircy 91=6s (tmd dircy Mnhhdr, Knnrd)0 ijh tmd pnst-prnodssuicast somprnpdr wmaom dkdrldh aj tmd citd 91=6s (tmd citdr Mnhhdr, _mij`s, accdy).

\mdrdis prnodssuicask as jnw stdrdntypaoiccy issnoaitdh watm dtmjniromidnnly ijh tmd oucturd-mastnraoic ijh pnst-prnodssuic trihatanjs watm tmd ibsdjod n

at, tmas rdeajdh erikdwnr` iccnws i knrd hdtiacdh ipprdoaitanj ne tmd rncd ne dtjnlripmy aj tmd mastnry ne iromidncnly. Ocdircy, ribah oucturd-mastnraijs rderiajernk usajl tmd dvahdjod ernk onjtdkpnriry ijicnluds, is typncnlaoic ocissaea-oitanj ijh irtdeiot sdraitanj wdrd onjsahdrdh tmd ipprnpraitd ijh sueeaoadjt iv-djuds enr hdtdotajl kalritanj ijh haeeusanj. Eujotanjicasts ca`d Omachd ijh Ocir`,mnwdvdr, ioonrhdh i odrtiaj, ae cakatdh, akpnrtijod tn dtmjnlripmy. Jn kittdrwmdtmdr tmd pdrspdotavd ti`dj wis Kirxast nr doncnlaoic, bntm rdjnujodh tmswddpajl ornss-oucturic onkpirasnjs ne tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury ijh bdcadvdh tmitaj oisds ne mastnraoic onjtajuaty, nr dcsd wmdj doncnly, donjnky ijh tdomjncnlywis eujhikdjticcy sakacir, prdsdjt snurods onuch bd ajvn`dh tn ociraey snkd bi-sao qudstanjs ne eujotanj ijh nrlijazitanj. _uom hardot-mastnraoic ipprniom wisicsn pnpucir aj kah-odjtury Jnrtm-Ikdraoij iromidncnly. Isomdr‑s rdiotanj ijhoicc enr rdissdssajl tmd knrd ldjdric-onkpiritavd ipprniom wis jnt akkdhaitdcyenccnwdh by tmd Jdw Iromidncnlasts wmn netdj stuo` tn tmd siedr oratdranj mastnraoic onjtajuaty. Ajhdpdjhdjt tdstajl ijh orataoic wirjajl wdrd twn prnod-hurds tmdy usdh tn oaroukvdjt tmd prnbcdkitao assud ne ornss-oucturic ijicnlyAt wis njcy wmdj tmd akpnssabacaty ne suom tdstajl ijh tmd wdirasnkd jiturd nsuom oiutanjiry ticds wdrd dxpnsdh tmit dtmjniromidncnly stirtdh tn pciy ij ds-sdjtaic rncd aj tmd dcibnritanj ne prnodssuic tmnulmt. md ittdkpts it ciw-buachajl, tmd akpnrtijod ne eicsaeaoitanj, tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne kahhcd-rijld tmdnry ijhtmd dkdrldjod ne tipmnjnky wdrd icc ajhdbtdh tn wnr` aj dtmjniromidncnly. Qdttmd ydirjajl enr cnlaoic odrtiajty rdstraotdh tmd sonpd ne rdsdirom tn tmd rdicksujikbalunus ijh ujaenrkatiraij oiusitanj. Aj citdr ydirs, tmdrdenrd, tmd eadchbdoikd rdstraotdh tn tmd iotuicastao stuhy ne kdomijaoic satd-enrkitanj prnodssd It tmd sikd takd, onjtdxtuic iromidncnlasts, ajspardh by odrtiaj trdjhs aj snoaicijtmrnpncnly, usdh dtmjniromidncnly aj i cnnsdr, cdss ralah sdjsd is at mdcpdh tmtn hasonvdr ijh hastrabutd ij ictdrjitavd pdrspdotavd nj kitdraic oucturd. Njodtmas ipprniom hdvdcnpdh ajtn i pnst-prnodssuic somnnc ajecudjodh by i pmacnsnijh catdriry orataoask wmaom strdssdh ictdraty ijh pirtaoucirask, dtmjniromidncnhasippdirdh nut ne salmt. md onjtrist watm prnodssuic iromidncnly as rdkir`ibcwmdrdis prnodssuic iromidncnly mih it ats stirt jn akkdhaitd jddh enr dtmjnir-



9=1

euc ne dtmjnlripmao onjtdxts. mas rdstraotanj rdsuctdh jnt sn kuom ernk i bdcatmit i bdst snurod onuch bd enujh, but ernk tmdar wasm tn ”knvd iwiy ernk enrkicornss-oucturic stuhads‑ tn i knrd oirdeuc onjsahdritanj ijh ujhdrstijhajl ne ”wmy kitdraic as pittdrjdh aj i pirtaoucir wiy aj diom oucturic kacadu‑ (Mnhhdr 91=2i7

86, nralajic aticaos). Knrdnvdr, sajod nj i knrd ibstriot cdvdc suom kitdraic-oucturdstritdlads wdrd tmnulmt tn bd npdritavd aj icc snoadtads, pist ijh prdsdjt, ajhustraiazdh nr jnt, tmd stuhy ne njd snoadty iccnwdh ”tn sdd tmd wnrch aj i lriaj ne sijhis Bci`d wnuch mivd siah.

mdviradty ne snurod onjtdxtsicsn iulkdjtdh tmrnulmnut tmd odjtury. Ihvnoitdsne tmd hardot-mastnraoic ipprniom wdrd stacc prdedrrajl i cakatdh sikpcd ne mndjnus snurod ijicnluds (ca`d ruric snoadtads aj tmd Odctao erajld), but citdr prnosuicasts djtmusaistaoiccy wdconkdh mdtdrnldjdaty. Uiraibacaty wis jnt ivnahdh biotavdcy snulmt. \matdciw ajecitdh mas knhdrj sikpcd bdoiusd ”i wahd ornss-outuric hitisdt as dssdjtaic‑ (\matdciw 91197 989). _omaeedr (91<=) bdcadvdh tmit b

jitavd ijh ”Jioardki‑ snoadtads onuch bd ajstruotavd tn hdravd ciws ippcaoibcd ttmd Vicidncatmao‘suom ciws wdrd bdcadvdh tn mnch iornss tmd knst havdrsd ne snoadty. Ocir`d dvdj wdconkdh knhdcs ernk tmd pmysaoic soadjods‘kncdoucijh kiljdts wdrd is usdeuc is mujtdrs ijh litmdrdrs. md onjtdxtuicasts, tnn, ip-pciuhdh havdrsaty ne ijicnluds. Mnhhdr bdcadvdh tmit ”\dstdrj snoadty as is lnni snurod enr ijicnlads is ird cdss ajhustraicasdh pdnpcds‑ (91=2i7 86). Dvdj ae tqudst enr onvdrajl ciws wis jn cnjldr nj tmd ildjhi, tmdy jnjdtmdcdss bdcadvdhtmit tmdrd wdrd ldjdric stritdlads ne kitdraic oucturd ipprnpraitanj. Mdjod tmd dk-pmisas nj dtmjnlripmao eadchwnr` aj bntm knhdrj ijh jnj-knhdrj sdttajls. mdknrd viradh tmd dxikpcds, tmd knrd onkpdccajl tmd onjodpts ne kitdraic oucturd‑iotavd rncd ijh kdijajleuc onjstatutanj.

Ihkattajl viraitanj aj tmd snurod onjtdxt dvdjtuiccy hdordisdh tmd ittdjtanjenr tmd oratdranj nesakaciraty . Iliaj, tmnsd rdisnjajl ernk mastnraoic onjtaju-aty stacc rdlirhdh sakaciraty is tmd icc-akpnrtijt yirhstao`. Ocir` ijh Omachd earsnulmt tn dstibcasm is kuom onkknj lrnujh bdtwddj twn oucturds bdenrd hriw-ajl ijicnlads, ae jnt aj tdrks ne hardot hdsodjt tmdj it cdist aj tdrks ne struoturicrdsdkbcijod. md dircy Jdw Iromidncnlasts, tnn, strdssdh tmd iknujt ne onjvdr-ldjod bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt. ”Ocnsdjdss ne eat‑ wis stacc tmd oratdranj ijh tmtdrk usdh aj Isomdr‑s jdw ijicnly (91597 ?2?), aj To`n‑s sdirom aj tmd dtmjn-lripmao catdriturd (91517 25), aj Lnuch‑s dircy dtmjniromidncnly (91<87 ?<-=ijh aj _tijasciws`a‑s pnttdry stuhads (91<87 26). Ijhdrsnj prdedrrdh tn rdisnjernk ”sakacir nr ahdjtaoic akpcdkdjts‑ (91517 9?8) ijh _tacds vdry dxpcaoatcy stittmit ”tmd hdlrdd ne sakaciraty aj tmd twn sdts ne hiti wnuch hdtdrkajd tmd prnibacaty ne tmd ijicnly bdajl onrrdot‑ (91<<7 15). Mnwdvdr, watm tmd eurtmdr vdcnpkdjt ne prnodssuic tmnulmt, tmas rdcaijod nj sakaciraty icnjd oikd ujhdreard. Erddkij (915=7 254) mih icrdihy orataoazdh ”tmd usd ne issukdh sakacirataj dtmjniromidncnlaoic rdisnjajl but at wis Hivah Ocir`d wmn enrkucitdh tmdstrnjldst nppnsatanj wmdj md wrntd tmit ”lnnhjdss ne eat as jnt sueeaoadjt gustaetanj enr sdcdotajl njd pirtaoucir ijicnly‑ (91<2b7 86). Aj subsdqudjt ydirs, hurajltmd mdyhiy ne dtmjniromidncnly, sakaciraty wis ibijhnjdh is tmd pavntic oratdranj enr ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl. Lnuch kihd i 9=6-hdlrdd turj7 ”Dtmjniromidncnly



916

smnuch jnt bd sddj is ij ittdkpt hardotcy tn iomadvd i ocnsd –eat‛ bdtwddjcirldr ijh cirldr jukbdrs ne rdsdkbcijods noourrajl aj bntm pist ijh prdsdjt-hiyoisds. P...[ Ijicnluds, bisdh is tmdy ird nj rdsdkbcijods, ird sdce-euceaccajl‑ (Lnuchijh \itsnj 91=27 ?<8, ?<4). At wis aj tmas onjtdxt tmit tmd jukbdr ijh viradty

ne snurod ijicnluds wis ajordisdh ijh tmit tmd oratdranj ne rdcdvijod wis knrdeuccy hasoussdh0 enrkic sakaciraty onuch sakpcy jn cnjldr hn. Bajenrh wrntd7 ” mdsakpcd eiatm tmit sakacir enrks mih sakacir oiusds sddks tn bd i vdry jiavd pnsatanj‑(91=47 4=9). Njod tmd micckir` ne dtmjnlripmao onkpirasnjs, sakaciraty wis jnwrdgdotdh is i rdcaibcd hdvaod. Onjtdxtuic iromidncnlasts hah jnt sdt i malm praod njtmas oratdranj datmdr. Is tmdar usd ne dtmjnlripmy wis nj i knrd ldjdric cdvdc netmdnrdtaoic hdvdcnpkdjt, prnxakaty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt wis jnt rdquardh.Njcy tmd knst rdodjt dxikpcds ne dtmjnlripmao onkpirasnj stravd iliaj tn eajhibujhijt rdsdkbcijod‘Ocnttds ijh Cdwas \accaiks kiajtiajdh tmit njd onuchnjcy onkpird wmit as onkpiribcd0 Vir`dr Vdirsnj ijh Rikacasnjaji‑s irlukdjt

rdstdh, ietdr icc, nj ”lnnhjdss ne eat‑. _mnwajl snkd bisao ca`djdssds bdtwddj _ijsmikijask ijh prdmastnrao rno` irt ijh bdtwddj Kihilisoir ijh _tnjdmdjld asonjsahdrdh ij ipprnpraitd ijh sueeaoadjt stritdly ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl, dspd-oaiccy ae tmdsd ca`djdssds ird hrdssdh up is ujavdrsic prnpdrtads aj tdrks ne bisaojdurnpsyomncnlaoic prajoapcds nr jituric ajmdrdjt kdtipmnraoic quicatads.

md ibacaty tn hdic watmhassakaciratywis icsn cirldcy hdpdjhdjt upnj tmd dka-jdjod njd ittiomdh tn sakaciraty. Iutmnrs wmn malmcy vicudh tmd iknujt ne rd-sdkbcijod wdrd ne onursd it piajs tn ivnah, kajakazd, nr onjodic tmd hasordpijoadsbdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt. Iutmnrs, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, wmn hah jnt sdirom enri ocnsd eat, onuch mippacy ioonkknhitd ijh dvdj ipprdoaitd haeedrdjods. Lnuch‑sirlukdjt by ijnkicy, hdspatd ats kascdihajl jikd, onjsastdh aj eiot ne ijicnlaoicrdisnjajl wmaom rdspdotdh haeedrdjods. Md wrntd tmit ”tmd haeedrdjods nr onjtristsirasajl ernk suom onkpirasnjs onuch prnvd knrd rdwirhajl tmij tmd sakacira-tads‑0 sakaciratads ”onuch njcy onjeark wmit njd icrdihy `jdw‑, but onjtrists ”onuchenrod us tn rdonljazd mnw tmd prdmastnrao pist kiy mivd haeedrdh ernk prdsdjt-hiyijicnluds‑ (Lnuch 91=67 ?4). Qdccdj, tnn, ioodptdh tmd ujca`dcamnnh tmit prdsdjtenrildrs wnuch rdpcaoitd tmd pist, but onjtajudh hnajl dtmjniromidncnly sajodhavdrldjod bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt ijicnluds wis jnt bdcadvdh tn bd hdtrakdj-tic tn at (91<<7 8). Kurriy ijh \ic`dr `jdw tmit ”tmd pist wis jnt jdodssiracy iticc ca`d tmd prdsdjt7 tmajls bdoikd dxtajot‑0 tmdy tmdrdenrd jikdh ”tmd akpcaoatiwirdjdss ne tmd dxastdjod ne haeedrdjod P...[ knst akpnrtijt‑ (91==7 2<4, 252).Laeenrh-Lnjzicdz onjourrdh watm tmit vadw wmdj smd wrntd tmit ”ijicnluds irdjnt dxpdotdh tn bd mnkncnluds, P...[ tmd haeedrdjods kiy aj eiot bd djcalmtdjajl‑(91197 229). md wmncd pnajt aj znniromidncnlaoic rdsdirom, smd onjtajudh, wistn sdd wmdtmdr tmdsd haeedrdjods wdrd tmrditdjajl tmd ijicnly nr jnt. Bnjds ernki knhdrj rdedrdjod onccdotanj kalmt haeedr kir`dhcy ernk enssac njds aj wdalmt,oncnur, ijh omdkaoic onkpnsatanj7 ”Mnwdvdr, wd hddk tmdsd triats arrdcdvijt P...[bdoiusd tmdy rdecdot prnodssds wmaom ieedotdh tmd ijoadjt bnjd pnstknrtdk‑ (224).Haeedrdjods wdrd wdalmdh aj tdrks ne rdcdvijod.



919

mas brajls us akkdhaitdcy tn tmd oratdranj nerdcdvijod . n Laeenrh-Lnjzicdz”nur sdouraty aj tmdsd ijicnlaoic ajedrdjods stdks ernk i bio`lrnujh `jnwcdhldP...[ ne tmd oiusic ijh eujotanjic caj`s‑ bdtwddj tmd rdcdvijt viraibcds aj tmd snuro(91197 224). Ijicnlads wdrd suoodsseuc tn tmd dxtdjt tmit ”tmd caj`s bdtwddj snur

nr onjtdxt nj tmd njd mijh, ijh rdcdvijt oratdrai ne rdsdkbcijod nj tmd ntmdr, irdtmus systdkitao ijh oiusiccy bisdh‑ (Laeenrh-Lnjzicdz 91197 228). md ittdjtanjenr tmd vdrtaoic rdcitanj ne oiusicaty, ijh tmus enr tmd rdcdvijod ne sakaciratadshassakaciratads rdiomdh ij ipdx aj prnodssuic dtmjniromidncnly. Qdccdj‑s cibnritnipprniom, Bajenrh‑s enous nj stitaos ijh hyjikaos, _omaeedr‑s bdmivanuric iromincnly, Laeenrh-Lnjzicdz‑s znniromidncnly, icc tmdsd pdrspdotavds wdrd bisdh nj ahdi tmit prdsdjt prnodssds mih tn bd ihdquitdcy ujhdrstnnh bdenrd pist prdhaotanjs onuch bd kihd. mdrd wis jn pnajt aj prngdotajl onjtdkpnriry snurodsnjtn tmd Vicidncatmao ae tmd ajtdrjic eujotanjajl ne tmdsd snurods wis jnt ociraeJn kittdr mnw kijy sakaciratads snurod ijh tirldt smirdh, aj tmd ibsdjod ne i

onjsahdritanj ne rdcdvijod, tmdy wdrd prdtty usdcdss. Vrnodssuicasts wdjt ajtn sulrdit deenrts it ijicysajl oiusicaty aj tmd prdsdjt tmit aj tmd cnjl ruj at bdoikd atssncd enous0 dxtripncitanj tnwirhs tmd pist bdajl ajordisajlcy smujjdh. Mnwdvdrat wnuch bd ujeiar tn ioordhat njcy prnodssuic iromidncnly watm ij ajtdrdst enoiusicaty ijh rdcdvijod. Ocir`‑s ijh Omachd‑s ajtdrdst aj ijicnly icsn ittiomdh rdc-dvijod tn tmd sakaciratads rdisnjdh ernk. At wis bdoiusd doncnly, donjnky, ijhtdomjncnly wdrd rdlirhdh is tmd eujotanjic (Ocir`) nr ajeristruoturic (Omachd)hdtdrkajijts ne snoadty tmit tmdy wdrd stildh is tmd rdcdvijt bisds enr onkpira-snj. Onjtdxtuic iromidncnlasts, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, smnwdh vdry cattcd ittdjtanj entmas oratdranj. Bdcadvajl tmit oiusicaty wis jnt ij ipprnpraitd tdrk tn spdi` ibnutujaqud oucturic onjtdxts, tmd jntanj ne rdcdvijod snnj hasippdirdh nut ne salmt.

md ajtdrdst aj tmd vdrtaoic rdcitanj ne oiusicaty tmus hakajasmdh, watm tmd rdodjt usds ne dtmjnlripmy (nj _tnjdmdjld ijh smikijask) dvdj jirrnwcy rdcyajliliaj nj tmd mnraznjtic rdcitanjs ne sakaciraty.

md ittdjtanj lavdj tn tmd saxtm oratdranj, tmdwdalmtne tmd ijicnlaoic onjocu-sanj, viradh onjsahdribcy hurajl tmd odjtury. Nralajiccy, tmd onjocusanj irravdhit hah jnt nutwdalm tmd prdkasds ne tmd ijicnly. Oriwenrh njcy usdh ijicnly tnajedr tmd ldjdric eujotanj ne ntmdrwasd djalkitao eajhs. Ocir` ijh Omachd, tnn,sulldstdh tmit ijicnly onuch njcy bd ajvn`dh enr ajtdrprdtajl tmd knst kujhijdispdots ne prdmastnrao caed. Bdenrd tmd ihvdjt ne tmd Jdw Iromidncnly, tmd rndtmjnlripmao onkpirasnj wis tmus satuitdh it tmd cnwdst rujls ne Miw`ds‑ cih-hdr7 at ldjdriccy hdict watm tdomjncnlaoic kittdrs (ittrabutanj ne eujotanj, knhdne kijueioturd), nooisanjiccy watm donjnkao tmdkds (Ocir`‑s ajtdrprdtitanj neonistic eirkdrs), ijh njcy vdry rirdcy watm snoaic tnpaos (Ocir`‑s ajtdrprdtitanjne _tir Oirr is i onkkujaty). Vrnodssuic dtmjniromidncnlasts wmn wnr`dh njmujtdr-litmdrdrs wdrd knrd dildr tn ihhrdss donjnkao ijh snoaic tmdkds ca`d, njtmd njd mijh, rdsnurod stritdlads, dxpcnatitanj systdks, enrilajl knhds, ijh, njtmd ntmdr, satd struoturd, pnpucitanj hdjsaty, ijh cdjltm ne nooupitanj. Mnwdvdrhdspatd tmdsd malmdr ikbatanjs, tmd ijicnlaoic ajedrdjods hah jnt bdonkd nutrildnus, prnbibcy bdoiusd prnodssuic iromidncnly wis sn ijtatmdtaoic tn spdoucitanNjcy wmdj oiusds wdrd kdomijastao onuch vdry prdoasd ajedrdjods bd hriwj0



912

oisd ne cdssdr ajedrdjtaic onjeahdjod, tmd wdalmt ne tmd onjocusanj hakajasmdh io-onrhajlcy. Onjtdxtuic iromidncnlasts, mnwdvdr, wdrd knstcy eir cdss pruhdjt7 spd-oaeao kitdraic oucturd stritdlads onuch bd haspciodh ernk njd onjtdxt tn ijntmdr,knstcy nj tmd bisas ne njcy issukdh sakaciratads nr iccdldh ujavdrsics0 tmaj` enr aj-

stijod ne Mnhhdr‑s ociak tmit aj cajdild-bisdh snoadtads, wnkdj typaoiccy usd hn-kdstao iromatdoturd is i kdijs ne snoaic dxprdssanj. mas bdajl siah, aj knst oisdstmd onjocusanjs rdkiajdh vilud djnulm tn rdspdot tmd bicijod bdtwddj prdkasdsijh onjocusanj. Mnhhdr hah jdvdr ociak tmit aj icc ilraoucturic snoadtads pnttdryhdonritanj wis ij ajstrukdjt ne ahdjtaty birliajajl0 njcy tmit kitdraic oucturdwis i pnwdreuc ajstrukdjt ne snoaic jdlntaitanj. Cdss ralah tmij prnodssuicask,onjtdxtuicasts ijh citdr pnst-prnodssuicasts wdrd djibcdh tn ocakb tmd snoaic, syk-bncaoic ijh ahditanjic rujls ne Miw`ds‑ madriromy. At as jn onajoahdjod tmit tmdcitdst dxikpcds ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly hdict watm onskncnlaoic tmdkds rdcitdhtn kdlicatmao knjukdjts ijh rno` irt. At as jn onajoahdjod datmdr tmit tmdsd

dxikpcds sdvdrdcy akbicijod ajput ijh nutput. At as quatd i stdp tn rdisnj ernktmd enrkic sakaciraty bdtwddj stijhajl stnjds aj Kihilisoir ijh _tnjdmdjld tnijodstric wnrsmap. At dquiccy rdquards quatd i cdip ne akilajitanj tn rdisnj ernkvasuic rdsdkbcijods bdtwddj _ij rno` irt ijh Vicidncatmao oivd irt tn smikijaoratuics, ajataitanj ratds, ijh kdkbrijnus wiccs tmit sdpiritd tmd lavdj wnrch ernktmd ujhdrwnrch. Ajhddh, suom akbicijodh ijicnlads ripahcy turj ajtn i ”birrild neujenujhdh spdoucitanj,‑ is Viuc Bimj jikdh at (911<7 54).

_urvdyajl mnw iromidncnlasts aj tmd twdjtadtm odjtury hdict watm strdjltm ora-tdrai ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl, twn kir`dh smaets oij bd jntaodh. \mdrdis hdedjh-ijts ne hardot-mastnraoic ijicnly stacc rdcadh nj tmd mnraznjtic rdcitanj ne sakaciraty,prnodssuic iromidncnlasts turjdh tn tmd vdrtaoic rdcitanj oiusicaty. rud tn tmdarjikd, prnodssuic iromidncnlasts wdrd knrd ajtdrdstdh aj prnodssds tmij aj triatcasts. _ajod tmd stuhy ne mujtdr-litmdrdrs wis njd ne tmdar prakd irdis ne ajtdrdst,tmd djtard assud ne onjtajuaty ijh sakaciraty wis nut ne tmd qudstanj. \nr`ajl njtmd Knustdraij, tmd Ieraoij Cnwdr _tnjd Ild, nr tmd citd Vicidncatmao rdajhddrmujtdrs, prnodssuic iromidncnlasts mih tn hdvasd ajldjanus stritdlads tn oaroukvdjttmd prnbcdk ne rdisnjajl ernk sakaciraty. Jn njd wijtdh tn onkkat tmd sikd eic-cioads is _nccis mih hnjd, sn ntmdr ivdjuds ne rdsdirom wdrd snulmt enr kdijajleucdxtripncitanj ernk tmd prdsdjt. md prnodssuic ajtdrdst enr oiusicaty dvipnritdhwatm tmd rasd ne onjtdxtuic ijh pnst-prnodssuic iromidncnlads ijh hdspatd ociaks tntmd onjtriry, ijicnlaoic rdisnjdh rdturjdh tn ornss-oucturic prngdotanjs, akprds-sanjastao sikpcajl ijh ajsparitanjic purpnsds.

Nptakask, pdssakask ijh tmd rdhujhijoy ne ijicnly @nssajji ijh Bajenrh kalmt jnt bd tmd knst dvahdjt iromidncnlaoic pirtjdrs, buttmdy onjvdrldh nj njd oruoaic pnajt7 tmdar ujkatalitdh nptakask is tn tmd pntdj-taics ne iromidncnlaoic rdsdirom. @nssajji‑s ahdjtaeaoitanj ne ”õpedr kat Uõc`drj‑wis ocnsdcy piriccdcdh by ynujl Bajenrh‑s trust tmit ”tmd tntic dxtajot oucturic sys-

tdk‑ wis rdprdsdjtdh aj tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh. Aj bntm oisds, tmdrd wdrd malmmnpds tmit wmit wis cnn`dh enr (oucturds enr tmd njd, systdks enr tmd ntmdr) onuch



91?

bd rdisnjibcy wdcc rdonvdrdh ernk tmd dvahdjod. Iromidncnly‑s kitdraic ijh enrkinbgdot wdrd dxpdradjodh is bdajl jnt eir ipirt ernk diom ntmdr. _nujh iromidn-cnlaoic kdtmnhs, at wis bdcadvdh, wdrd djnulm tn brahld bntm djhs. Dtmjnlripmijicnly wis jnt rdiccy jddhdh, aj eiot, ats ajecudjod kalmt dvdj mivd hastnrtdh tmd

stuhy ne tmd pist.At kust bd siah tmit enr knst pirt ne tmd twdjtadtm odjtury suom nptakask wisritmdr rird ijh tmd hdpdjhdjod nj ijicnly tmdrdenrd knrd erdqudjt. Ajhddh, aetmdrd as njd ldjdric tdjhdjoy aj twdjtadtm-odjtury iromidncnly, at as tmit tmd rdctanj bdtwddj kitdraic rdkiajs ijh prdmastnrao pdnpcd mis bdonkd knrd ijh knrdprnbcdkitao. @nssajji‑s dquitanj ne pnts watm pdnpcd wis icrdihy qudstanjdh ajtmd Ajtdrbdccuk wmdj ”tmd Ajhaij bdmajh tmd irtdeiot‑ wis snulmt. Kitdraic oturd wis njod bdcadvdh tn rdprdsdjt pdnpcd, jnw at wis bdcadvdh tn mahd tmdk. sdonjh quirtdr ne tmd odjtury wis kir`dh by ij ajodssijt hravd tn ln bdynjh tmdstuhy ne kdrd nbgdots tn rdiom i euccdr ujhdrstijhajl ne snoadtads‘is wdcc is by

tmd erustritanj ne rdiomajl suom ikbatanus djhs. At wis aj tmas onjtdxt tmit tmnch prnodhurd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly wis hustdh, tmnulm icc onjjntitanjs watmtmd swddpajl jajdtddjtm-odjtury onkpiritavd kdtmnh wdrd ivnahdh. Mih tmd ouc-turd-mastnraoic dquitanj bdtwddj pnts ijh pdnpcd bddj qudstanjdh by eujotanjicasijh mukijast iromidncnlasts, at wis rdgdotdh by prnodssuicasts. Jnt sn kuom enrtmd nbvanus rdisnj tmit tmdy hasca`dh kalritanjask ijh haeeusanjask, but bdoiusdtmd rdcitanjsmap bdtwddj bdmivanur ijh rdkiajs, bdtwddj hyjikaos ijh stitaos,bdtwddj systdkao onjtdxt ijh iromidncnlaoic onjtdxt bdoikd tmd prakd enous neittdjtanj. Dtmjniromidncnly prnvahdh i cibnritnry sdttajl wmdrd tmas rdcitanjsmaonuch bd stuhadhaj vavn ijh at turjdh nut tn bd knrd onkpcdx, kuctaeiodtdh ijhprnbcdkitao tmij dvdr dxpdotdh. Is i onjsdqudjod, onjtdxtuicasts dsomdwdh tmeiatm tmit oiusic cajìlds onuch bd enujh, dspdoaiccy sajod tmdy ihhdh tmit kitdraoucturd icsn onjstatutdh tmd snoaic nrhdr. Dtmjniromidncnly mih mdcpdh tn hdvdsuom ahdis, but wis dvdjtuiccy haskassdh aj tmd pirtaoucirast ocakitd ne npajanj

Dtmjniromidncnly, ijh knrd brnihcy dtmjnlripmao ijicnly, tmus tmravdh bd-twddj twn dxtrdkds7 bdtwddj tmd sncah cajìld ne iromidncnlaoic rdkiajs ijh prd-mastnrao rdicaty it tmd bdlajjajl ne tmd twdjtadtm odjtury ijh tmd prnenujh sodptaoask rdlirhajl tmd dxastdjod ne suom cajìld it tmd djh ne at0 bdtwddj i vdrtaordcitanj ne oiusicaty tmit wis hdpaotdh is bnch cajd ijh njd tmit wis hdpaotdhwatmnut cajds it icc. Dtmjniromidncnly rdquardh i hnttdh cajd, i kajakuk ne trustaj oiusic caj`s tmit onuch bd dxpcnrdh, ijicysdh ijh ujrivdccdh. Ijh tmas as wmdrdprnodssuic iromidncnly prnspdrdh‘aj tmd stuhy ne oiusicaty, aj tmd issdsskdjt nerdcdvijt sakaciratads ijh haeedrdjods, aj tmd ajordisd ijh viradty ne snurod onjtdxtaj tmd bicijod bdtwddj prdkasd ijh onjocusanj.



914

Omiptdr 8

Vrakitd knhdcs

Xmd ahdi ne i prakitd knhdc \my hah at ti`d sdvdric odjturads tn eajh nut tmd pnssabacaty ne pncypmnjao omaj tmd citd jajtm odjtury> \my hah at ti`d sn cnjl bdenrd pdrspdotavd hriwajl wishasonvdrdh by Aticaij irtasts aj tmd eaetddjtm odjtury> \my wis tmd baoyocd najvdjtdh aj tmd dircy jajdtddjtm odjtury> Cnn`ajl it tmd mastnry ne \dstdrj irtijh tdomjncnly, wd ird struo` by tmd jukbdr ne citd ippdirijods ne wmit wd jnwsdd is rdcitavdcy sakpcd ajjnvitanjs. md onkbajitanj ne sdvdric kdcnhao vnaoajtn njd snjl, tmd onjvdjtanjic rdprdsdjtitanj ne i tmrdd-hakdjsanjic wnrch njoijvis ijh tmd onjgnajajl ne twn wmddcs watm i sakpcd erikd icc sddk suom sakpcittiajkdjts tmit, is snnj is tmdy dxast, wd stirt tn wnjhdr wmy at tnn` sn cnjl tnhasonvdr tmdk ijh mnw wd kijildh tn cavd watmnut enr sn cnjl. Mnwdvdr, wd tdjhtn enrldt tmit tmdsd ajvdjtanjs njcy rirdcy rdspnjh tn i cnjl-stijhajl jddh0 vdrynetdj suom i jddh dxastdh njcy smnrtcy bdenrd nr wis dvdj orditdh tnldtmdr watmajvdjtanj. Aj eiot, jnbnhy cnjldh tn oyocd bdenrd tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury7 at tnn`knrd tmij eaety ydirs ietdr tmd earst baoyocd wis issdkbcdh tmit pdnpcd onkknjcvdjturdh nj tmd wnbbcy vdmaocd. md ajvdjtanj ne tmd baoyocd wis jnt tmd onqudjod ne i pubcao hdkijh but ats oiusd.9

Kuom tmd sikd mnchs trud enr tmd ahdi ne prakitd knhdccajl, a.d. tmd ajsalmtmit cavajl ipds ijh knj`dys oij smdh calmt nj tmd rdkntd mukij pist. At as mirhtn bdcadvd tmit suom ippirdjtcy sakpcd ahdi wis njcy vdry rdodjtcy dcibnritdh, pirtaoucir sajod pnpucir oucturd mis kihd us eikacair tn sdd omakpijzdds is snkdcavajl enssac ijodstnrs. Qdt tmd ahdi ne i prakitd knhdc, dvdj wmdj jnt rdstraotdh omakpijzdds icnjd, as ne i surprasajl ynujl hitd. Ajhddh, at wis njcy aj tmd 9146stmit tmd rdcdvijod ne jnjmukij prakitds enr ujhdrstijhajl mukij bdmivanuricdvncutanj stirtdh tn bd systdkitaoiccy dxpcnrdh. Aj tmas ajtrnhuotnry sdotanj, wijt tn bradecy nutcajd tmd mastnraoic pdhalrdd ne tmas ahdi ijh icsn ajhaoitd onjtdxts watmaj wmaom at wis dvdjtuiccy ”hasonvdrdh‑. A wacc irlud tmit tmd jdi prakitd knhdc, wis njcy sdranuscy edct ietdr \nrch \ir AA, pirtaoucircy aj tmd

9 Knrd tmij i hahiotao npdjdr, ky brade rdedrdjod tn tmd mastnry ijh snoancnly ne tdomjncnly stdksernk tmd onjvaotanj tmit tmdsd stuhads ird quatd accukajitajl aj ujhdrstijhajl tmd mastnry ne soadjod” domjncnly as tmd smabbncdtm tmit tdsts tmd quicaty ne soadjod stuhads,‑ Oiccnj ijh Citnur njod w(91127 ?4=).



915

onjtdxt ne ij ahdncnlaoic rdenrkucitanj ne tmd hdeajatanjs ne mukijaty ijh ija-kicaty ijh tmd hasonvdrads ne enssacs nchdr tmij ijytmajl matmdrtn `jnwj.2

Jnjdtmdcdss, tmas rdodjt ahdi buact nj prdvanus trihatanjs ne ioihdkao somncir-smap aj hasoapcajds suom is ijitnky, znncnly ijh psyomncnly, gust ca`d Rdjiassijod

piajtajl wis ajhdbtdh tn tmd oijnjs ne kdhadvic ijh ocissaoic irt nr gust ca`d dircypncypmnjy hrdw upnj trihatanjic Lrdlnraij omijt. mnulm rdodjt, tmd ahdi neprakitd knhdccajl wis jnt djtardcy jdw, but ij ajjnvitavd dcibnritanj wmaom aj-onrpnritdh nchdr ahdis aj jdw onjtdxts. _nkdwmit sakpcaeadh, wd oij havahd tmdpdhalrdd ne tmas ahdi ajtn enur dpasnhds ne ujdquic cdjltm, diom hnkajitdh by iodjtric issukptanj7

Ijtaquaty tn Djcalmtdjkdjt7 tmd ijitnky ne prakitds oij dcuoahitd tmd ijit-nky ne knhdrj mukijs.Jajdtddjtm odjtury7 tmd ijitnky ne jnjmukij prakitds oij dcuoahitd tmdijitnky ne enssac mukijs.

Dircy twdjtadtm odjtury7 tmdbdmivanur ne jnjmukij prakitds oij dcuoahitdtmd bdmivanur ne knhdrj mukijs.Vnstwir pdranh7 tmd bdmivanur ne jnjmukij prakitds oij dcuoahitd tmd bd-mivanur ne enssac mukijs.

_uom i stdp-by-stdp havasanj djtiacs tmd ras` ne sulldstajl i lrihuicast ijh prdsdj-tast mastnry ne soadjod wmaom sdds pist `jnwcdhld njcy is i cihhdr tn tmd prdsdjtpajjiocd ne ujhdrstijhajl. Mnwdvdr, tmdsd dpasnhds hn jnt akpcy ijy isodjhajlnrhdr ne pdredotanj0 is pdranhs omiriotdrazdh by njd bisao issukptanj, tmdy ritmdrrdsdkbcd iutnjnknus, Enuoiuctaijdpastdkds . Aj eiot, tmas pdranhazitanj as ocnsdcyrdcitdh tn tmd hasoapcajds aj wmaom prakitds wdrd suoodssavdcy stuhadh, kdhaoajd,znncnlaoic systdkitaos ijh jituric mastnry, psyomncnly ijh ijtmrnpncnly. It odr-tiaj knkdjts ne tmdar hdvdcnpkdjt, tmdsd hasoapcajds rdicazdh tmd vicud ne stuhy-ajl prakitds. md rasd ne i jdw stdp hnds, tmdrdenrd, jnt jdodssiracy akpcy tmd djhne tmd enrkdr0 njcy tmit jdw hasoapcajds bdoikd ajtdrdstdh, buachajl nj prdvanussomncirsmap nj prakitds7 prakitd ijitnky wis stacc stuhadh aj picidnjtncnly ietdrtmd jajdtddjtm odjtury, but psyomncnly oikd aj0 psyomncnlasts wdrd stacc ajtdrdstdh

2 Enr tmas sdotanj A mivd knstcy rdcadh nj tmd dxodccdjt, ae netdj nch, catdriturd iviacibcd. Xd ocissaoicstuhy as by Qdr`ds ijh Qdr`ds (9121) wmn issdkbcdh icc mastnraoic snurods nj ijtmrnpnah ipds bdenrdtmd twdjtadtm odjtury. Rdcyajl nj tmas wnr`, Knrras ijh Knrras (9155) prnvahd i usdeuc nvdrvadw,is hn Huorns ijh Huorns (9114). Nj spdoa o pdranhs, Gdjjasnj (91?<) ijh KoHdrkntt (91?=)enous nj tmd ipd aj Ijtaquaty ijh smnuch bd rdih icnjl watm Gijsnj‑s supdrb stuhy (9142) ne sakaijrdprdsdjtitanjs aj kdhadvic ijh Rdjiassijod irt. Enr pnpucir ijh soadjta o pdrodptanjs ne prakitdsietdr 9566 tn tmd prdsdjt hiy, kuom vicuibcd ajenrkitanj oij bd enujh aj i vncukd dhatdh byOnrbdy ijh Xdujassdj (91140 sdd icsn Onrbdy 9115). Xd mastnry ne Ikdraoij pmysaoic ijtmrnpnc-nly, ajocuhajl prakitncnly, as wdcc `jnwj tmrnulm i spdoaic assud ne tmd Ikdraoij Gnurjic ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly (91=9, 8) ijh tmrnulm i vncukd dhatdh by Erij` _pdjodr (91=2). Hnjji Miriwiy‑sbirnqud, onjtrnvdrsaic ijh swddpajlVrakitd Uasanjs(91=1) as ij ajordhabcy raom but arratibcy hdjsdiutmnratitavd snurod nj prakitncnly ijh ipd cnrd aj tmd 26tm odjtury. Kaomidc _omwabbd ernk tmdHdutsomds Vrakitdjzdjtruk Lõttajldj vdry ldjdrnuscy sdjt kd mas ujpubcasmdh kijusoraptLrnÞd Istd7 Kytmdj, Ei`tdj ujh Ea`tanjdjwmaom prdsdjts i hdtiacdh mastnry ne \dstdrj ujhdrstijhajl nelrdit ipds, i takdcy uphitd ne Qdr`ds ijh Qdr`ds (9121).

9.

2.

?.

8.



91<

aj prakitd onljatanj ietdr tmd _donjh \nrch \ir, but ijtmrnpncnly gnajdh. mashavasanj sulldsts tmd rasd ne jdw ahdis nut ne nchdr njds, jnt tmd djh ne nch njdis suom.

Earst dpasnhd7 ernk prakitd ijitnky tn mukij ijitnky Knj`dys ijh ipds ealurd aj kytms tmrnulmnut tmd wnrch. mdar hardotcy nbsdrvibcd, ujoijjy sakaciratads watm mukijs, onkbajdh watm tmdar dquiccy nbvanus haedrdjods, ki`d tmdk ahdic orditurds enr kytmncnlazitanj. mdy prnvahd i raom ijhonkpcdx tdxturd nj wmaom kuctapcd ahdis ibnut mukij jiturd oij bd prngdotdh. \mdrdis knj`dys wdrd wnrsmappdh aj tmd ijoadjt oavacazitanjs ne Dlypt, Ajhaiijh pnssabcy Kdsnpntikai, aj tmd Guhidn-Omrastaij ijh Lridon-Rnkij trihatanjtmdy wdrd issnoaitdh watm trao`dry, kasomade ijh cisoavanusjdss (Gdjjasnj 91KoHdrkntt 91?=0 Knrras ijh Knrras 9155). _uom dxtrdkdcy havdrldjt ouctur-ic ittatuhds ird typaoic enr cakajic bdajls wmaom vancitd tmd bnujhiry bdtwddkij ijh bdist, bdtwddj oavacazdh ijh sivild, bdtwddj oucturd ijh jiturd (Onrbdy911?). md haeeaoucty tn issalj tmdk i pciod aj nur kdjtic oitdlnrads, a.d. tmdar oidlnraic ikbaluaty as dcakajitdh datmdr by wnrsmap nr by sonrj. \mitdvdr ittatuhdas ti`dj, tmd kytmncnlaoic pnsatanj ne tmd prakitd as icwiys hdeajdh aj tdrks ne asakaciraty tn mukijs.

Dircy soadjtasts wdrd icsn eisoajitdh by tmd ca`djdssds bdtwddj mukij ijh jnj-mukij prakitds (_pdjodr 9114). Aj masMastnrai Ijakicauk Irastntcd (?=8-?22B.O.) hdsorabdh tmd tmrdd `jnwj knj`dys ne mas ild‘tmd odronpatmdoajd, tmbibnnj ijh tmd tiaccdss kioiqud‘jntajl mnw tmd ajtdranr ijh dxtdranr ne tmd

ijakics rdsdkbcdh mukij ijitnky. Licdj (o. 9?6-266), tmd lrdit pmysaoaij ernkVdrlikuk, pursudh tmas nbsdrvitanj watm ij akpnrtijt priotaoic onjsdqudjod7wmdj stuhyajl tmd ijitnky ne mukij onrpsds wis prnmabatdh aj mas takd, mdurldh tn hassdot knj`dys ajstdih. Mas vadws nj tmd mukij bnhy liajdh sn kuomiutmnraty tmit tmdy wnuch cist ujomijldh enr jdircy 9466 ydirs. At wis njcy wmd Ijhrdis Udsicaus pubcasmdh mas knjukdjticHd eibraoi onrpnra mukijas (948?),cirldcy tmd rdsuct ne mas jnoturjic dsoipihds tn tmd liccnws ijh ocijhdstajd hassdtanjs ne orakajics‑ onrpsds, tmit Licdj‑s onjocusanjs prnvdh tn bd wrnjl aj sdvdricrdspdots (Hnulmdrty 9114). Licdj‑s wnr`, tmnulm, as akpnrtijt bdoiusd at ocdircysmnws mnw tmd ijitnky ne prakitds wis tmnulmt tn bd rdcdvijt tn ujhdrstijhajl

mukij ijitnky. md stuhy ne knj`dys wis tmus earkcy rnntdh aj tmd ocissaoic ijhkdhadvic trihatanj ne kdhaoajd. mrnulmnut tmd Kahhcd Ilds, tmas ijitnkaoicsakaciraty wis io`jnwcdhldh but tmd kdjtic haeedrdjod wis tmnulmt tn bd eujhi-kdjtic. Knst kdhadvic tmdncnlaijs ijh irtasts rdlirhdh tmd knj`dy is i haibnca-oic orditurd, ijiturid hdldjdrijtas mnkn, i eiccdj kij omiriotdrazdh by ulcajdss,ujtrustwnrtmajdss, cust ijh saj (Gijsnj 91427 <?-180 96<-88).

\atm Udsicaus‑ hassdotanjs ne mukijs, at sddks is ae jnjmukij prakitds wdrdjn cnjldr jddhdh tn ujhdrstijh mukij bancnly. mas wnuch mivd bddj trud, wdrdat jnt tmit it tmd sikd takd tmit Udsicaus ruj mas soicpdc tmrnulm mukij s`aj, dx-pcnritnry trivdccdrs mih onkd ajtn onjtiot watm orditurds wmaom wdrd dvdj kn

mukijca`d tmij tmd birbiry ipd nr mikihryis bibnnj tmus eir `jnwj aj tmd \dst.md hasonvdry ne tmd lrdit ipds aj dircy knhdrj takds pnsdh i jdw omiccdjld tn



91=

hdeajatanjs ne mukijaty ijh ijakicaty aj \dstdrj tmnulmt (Gijsnj 91427 ??2-4).Vnrtuludsd Gdsuats wnr`ajl aj _adrri Cdnjd hurajl tmd saxtddjtm ijh sdvdjtddjtmodjtury wrntd ibnut tmd bdmivanur ne omakpijzdds, dvdj ajocuhajl tnnc-usd (_dptijh Brnn`s 9118). Aj 9589, prnbibcy tmd earst ijtmrnpnah tn rdiom Durnpd wis i

omakpijzdd hdsorabdh by tmd Hutom ijitnkast Jaonciis ucp is ij ”nrijl-nutijl‑. Ijh tmd Djlcasmkij Dhwirh ysnj wis tmd earst tn hassdot i omakpijzdd aj 9511(Knjtilu 918?0 Jism 9114). Md mdch tmit tmd ijakic wis ij ajtdrkdhaitd (butjnt ij dvncutanjiry) caj` bdtwddj kij ijh ipd, ijh ihhdh tmit icc kytmncnlaoicorditurds suom is pylkads, oyjnodpmica, sityrs ijh spmajxds wdrd aj eiot knj`dysnr ipds. Ernk ij ajstrukdjt aj tmd kdhaoic stuhy ne tmd mukij bnhy ijh tmdn-cnlaoic ajquary, aj pnstkdhadvic takds prakitd ijitnky bdoikd ij nbgdot ne znn-cnlaoic ittdjtanj ijh pmacnsnpmaoic hasonursd ibnut tmd cakats ne mukijaty.

Onjernjtdh watm ij ajordisajl jukbdr ne ijtmrnpnah dvahdjod ernk omak-pijzdds, nrijls, ijh icsn labbnjs, somncirs aj tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd dalmtddjtm

odjtury strullcdh nvdr tmd tixnjnkao pnsatanj ne tmd lrdit ipds (Qdr`ds ijh Qdr`ds91217 95-250 Rõmrdr-Drtc 91==0 Hnulmdrty 9114). Labbnjs, wmaom mih gust bddjhasonvdrdh, wdrd jnt disacy ocissaeadh bdoiusd ne tmd lrdit haeedrdjods bdtwddj tmdspdoads. Omakps ijh nrijls wdrd netdj kaxdh up, suppnrtajl tmd cnjl-stijhajltmdnry nj tmdrd bdajl twn viradtads ne nrijl-utij, tmd bcio` aj Ieraoi ijh tmdrdh aj Isai. md lrdit sdxuic haknrpmask aj nrijl-utijs ijh tmd eiot tmit tmds`dcdtnjs ne ynujl nrijls cnn` knrd ca`d omakp s`dcdtnjs tmij ca`d kiturd nr-ijls nbsourdh kittdrs dvdj eurtmdr, dspdoaiccy sajod tmd s`ajs ijh s`dcdtnjs, tmitwdrd akpnrtdh hrnwjdh aj iconmnc nr tnticcy hdsaooitdh, wdrd netdj ne pnnr quic-aty watm vilud ajhaoitanjs ne tmdar iotuic pciod ne nralaj. (\atm tmd Vnrtuludsdhnkajitajl tmd wdst onist ne Ieraoi, kijy akpnrts ernk _nutm-Dist Isai mih tnpiss tmrnulm tmdar pnrts, sn tmit ”Ijlnci‑ wis netdj lavdj is pciod ne nralaj ne ispdoakdj, dvdj ae tmas wis jnt tmd oisd. Oe. Rõmrdr-Drtc 91==.)? mas onjeusanjwis njcy sdttcdh wdcc ajtn tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury, pirtaoucircy tmrnulm tmd iji-tnkaoic stuhads ne Raomirh Nwdj. md lrditdst tixnjnkao hasputd aj tmd ild neDjcalmtdjkdjt, mnwdvdr, onjodrjdh tmd pnsatanj ne kijvas-æ-vas tmd lrdit ipds.Aj i vdry somdkitao wiy, njd onuch siy tmit soadjtasts datmdr cukpdh mukijs ijhijtmrnpnah ipds nj tmd bisas ne nbsdrvdh sakaciratads nr spcattdh tmdk ipirt nj tmdbisas ne dquiccy nbvanus haeedrdjods. Iknjl tmd earst, Cnrh Knjbnhhn ajocuhdhtmd nrijl-utij watmaj tmd mukij spdoads (Birjirh 9114) ijh aj mas earst dhatanjne tmd_ystdki Jiturid , pubcasmdh aj Cdahdj aj 9<?4, Cajjidus pciodh kij ijhipd aj tmd sikd nrhdr ne Ijtrnpnknrpmi, citdr rdjikdh is Vrakitds. Cajjidus‑onjtdkpnriry, tmd lrdit Erdjom jituricast Bueenj, irludh strnjlcy iliajst tmascukpajl tnldtmdr bdoiusd ne kij‑s ujaqud oipioaty enr rdisnj. md prdsdjod nespddom ijh mijhs cdh tmd Ldrkij Bcukdjbiom tn hdvasd dvdj i sdpiritd nrhdrstraotcy rdsdrvdh tn mukijs. md hdbitd wis i pirtaoucircy tmnrjy njd onjsahdrajltmd wahd-sprdih bdcade aj dalmtddjtm-odjtury bancnly ne wmit Cnvdgny mis oiccdh”tmd Lrdit Omiaj ne Bdajl‑ (Cnvdgny 91?57 22<-890 Lójtmdr 916<7 2=-?=)7 tmd

? n onkpcaoitd kittdrs dvdj eurtmdr, Ijlnci kiy mivd bddj icsn onjenujhdh watm Ijl`nci, i rdlanjaj _ukitri wmdrd nrijls ird rdpnrtdh tn mivd cavdh (Onrbdy, pdrs. onkk.)



911

ahdi tmit icc nrlijasks aj jiturd onuch bd irrijldh aj ij ajeajatd ijh onjtajunussdqudjod, ernk tmd knst sakpcd tn tmd knst onkpcdx, isoici jiturid hdvnah ne ijymaitusds. Kuom knrd tmij jnw, haeedrdjods bdtwddj lrdit ipds ijh mukijs wdrdtmnulmt tn bd kajakic‘wmaom dxpciajs tmd tul-ne-wir onjodrjajl tmd hdeajatanj

ne wmit wis mukij vdrsus wmit wis ijakic. md hdkiroitanj cajd bdtwddj tmdMnttdjtnts ijh tmd nrijl-utij (catdriccy, ”tmd kij ne tmd wach wnnhs‑) wis dxpd-radjodh is ritmdr tmaj.

Hdspatd prnenujh haeedrdjods, tmd Durnpdij rdiotanj tnwirhs knj`dys ijhipds bdenrd 9=66 onjsastdh kiajcy ne onkajl tn tdrks watm tmdar ijitnkaoic saka-ciraty tn mukijs. Knst iutmnrs io`jnwcdhldh tmit tmd bnhads ne tmdsd ijakicswdrd vdry ocnsd tn tmdar nwj pmysaoic onjstatutanj, but tmas ahdi wis knrd tmnetdj kajakicazdh by strdssajl tmd kdjtic ajedranraty ne tmd jnjmukij prakitds.Mukijs mih ”snuc‑ nr ”rdisnj‑ (tmd dxiot tdrk hdpdjhajl nj wmdtmdr ynu wdrdi kdhadvic somncir nr ij dalmtddjtm-odjtury djoyocnpdhast)0 ipds ijh knj`dys

cio`dh suom kdjtic eioucty. mdy wdrd knriccy ajedranr, hdpravdh ne irtaoucispddom ijh ajoipibcd ne ritanjic tmnulmt‘ahdis wmaom domndh tmd patmdonpmne tmd Lridon-Rnkij ijh Guhidn-Omrastaij trihatanj. At wis tmas ikbaluaty nepmysaoic ocnsdjdss ijh psyomao hastijod iliajst tmd bio`lrnujh issukptanj ne isoici jiturid tmit cdh tn tmd vdmdkdjt tixnjnkaoic hasoussanjs aj tmd sdonjh micene tmd dalmtddjtm odjtury.

\atm knst dvahdjod onkajl ernk hdih ritmdr tmij cavajl ijakics, at as jnsurprasd tmit rdsdirom nj jnjmukij prakitds wis by ijh cirld ijitnkaoic0 bd-mivanur wis sakpcy jnt ydt it sti`d. Ipds djtdrdh Durnpd is oiroissds smappdhaj ernk Ieraoi ijh Isai nr, ae icavd, is ouransi haspciydh aj kdjildrads tn bd has-sdotdh ietdr hditm (Wuo`drkij 91=6). Eráhárao Ouvadr, tmd ynujldr brntmdr netmd eiknus znncnlast, nbsdrvdh tmd ijtaos ne i ynujl oiptavd nrijl-utij tmit wisbrnulmt tn Viras aj 9=96 (Kirtajdz-Onjtrdris 9115). Ipirt ernk tmd ijdohnticijh netdj eijoaeuc ioonujts by trivdccdrs ijh znn-`ddpdrs, vdry cattcd wis `jnwjibnut ijtmrnpnah bdmivanur. mas cdh tmd dalmtddjtm-odjtury jituricast Mnppaui stuhdjt ne Cajjidus, tn siy tmit ”at wnuch cdih jnt i cattcd tn Vmacnsnpmy, ae nwdrd tn spdjh i hiy Pwatm ipds[ dxpcnrajl mnw eir mukij wat dxoddhs tmdars, wmhastijod cads bdtwddj Brutasm ijh ritanjic hasorakajitanj‑ (quntdh aj Qdr`ds ijh Qdr`ds 91217 91). _nkd Erdjom pmacnsnpmdrs wdjt dvdj eurtmdr by issukajl tmij ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd wiy prakitds cavdh kalmt rdvdic snkdtmajl ibnut kij ajmas jituric stitd (Mistajls 91?57 961-?2). Uardy siah7 ” Iajsa, c‑mastnard jiturdccd hdssajlds, gdtijt ujd vavd cukaírd sur odccd hd c‑mnkkd nralajdc, dst trnp utacd pnur qu‑nj puassd ci jálcaldr.‑8 Ijh aj i jntd tn mas eiknusHasonurs sur c‑nralajd dt cds enjhd-kdjts hd c‑ajálicatá pirka cds mnkkds (9<44), Rnussdiu dvdj irludh tmit snkd netmd ijtmrnpnahs suom is tmd nrijl-utij wdrd jn ipds but ”hd váratibcds mnkkdssiuvilds ‑, tmd nralajic kdj wmn mih jnt hdvncvdh ajtn knhdrj kij but wmn cavdh”djonrd hijs c‑átit prakatae hd ci jiturd ‑ (quntdh aj Mistajls 91?57 926). Ioonrhajltn Uardy ijh Rnussdiu, tmd caedstycd ne prakitds mih snkdtmajl tn siy ibnut tmd

8 \a`tnr _tnoz`nws`a hrdw ky ittdjtanj tn tmas cajd aj Uardy‑sMastnard jiturdccd hu ldjrd mukiaj(9=6671?-8).



266

mukij pist. Qdt at wnuch bd wrnjl tn sdd tmdk is hardot prdoursnrs ne knhdrj prakitdknhdccajl0 suom ij dvncutanjast rdihajl hnds jnt hn gustaod tn tmd ajtraoioads ne tmdartmnulmt ijh takd (Knrij 911?), jnr tn tmd onjtdxts aj wmaom prakitd knhdcs dkdrldhsmnrtcy ietdr tmd _donjh \nrch \ir.4

_donjh dpasnhd7 ernk cavajl tn enssac ijitnky

\atm Cajjidus pcioajl kij ijh ipd aj njd ijh tmd sikd nrhdr, i earst dpasnhd ajtmd rasd ne tmd ahdi ne prakitd knhdccajl mih onkd tn i ocnsd. I sdonjh dpasnhdoij bd sddj tn mivd kiturdh bdtwddj tmd djh ne tmd dalmtddjtm odjtury ijh tmdsdonjh mice ne tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury wmdj snkd iutmnrs hdvdcnpdh tmd ahditmit tmd ijitnky ne knhdrj prakitds wis jnt gust sakacir tnknhdrj mukijs buticsn ajstruotavd njijoadjt mukijs‘wmn kalmt mivd bddj vdry haeedrdjt ernkwmit wd ird jnw. Ipirt ernk kdhaoic ijh ijitnkaoic stuhads nj prakitds, jdweadchs ca`d onkpiritavd znncnly ijh picidnjtncnly (hasoapcajds netdj priotasdh bysomncirs watm i kdhaoic bio`lrnujh) bdoikd ajtdrdstdh aj tmdk. mas ajtdrdst wisecij`dh by tmd rasd ne trijsenrkitanjast tmdnrads. _omncirs ca`d Irastntcd, Licdj,

ysnj ijh Cajjidus mih ajtdrprdtdh tmd ijitnkaoic rdsdkbcijods aj dssdjtaicasttdrks7 tn tmdk, spdoads wdrd ujictdribcd, jituric `ajhs. Ijh dvdj ae tmdy rij`dhijakics icnjl i soicd ne bdajls (Cnvdgny 91?5), tmas oitdlnrazitanj wis straotcy lri-hitanjic ijh jdvdr dvncutanjiry aj tmit njd spdoads onuch jnt dvncvd ajtn ijntmdr(_pdjodr 9114).

md dkdrldjod ne trijsenrkitanjast tmdnrads aj tmd citd dalmtddjtm ijh dircyjajdtddjtm odjtury, suom is Cioápíhd‑s ijh Cikiro`‑s, iccnwdh tn sdd tmd ijitnka-

oic rdsdkbcijods ijh havdrldjods is saljs ne omijlds tmrnulm takd. mas vasanj cdhtn Omircds Hirwaj‑s onjtrnvdrsaic tmdnry ne dvncutanj tmrnulm jituric sdcdotanj. Ictmnulm md mirhcy spdjt i sajlcd sdjtdjod aj tmdNralaj ne _pdoads (9=41) nj tmdassud ne mukij dvncutanj, tn mas suppnrtdrs ca`d Muxcdy ijh Mido`dc at bdoikdocdir tmit prakitd spdoads wdrd onjjdotdh tmrnulm ijodstric caj`s. Hirwaj mak-sdce turjdh tn tmd subgdot aj masHdsodjt ne Kij, pubcasmdh aj 9=<9. Nj tmd bisasne dkbryncnly ijh onkpiritavd ijitnky (kuom cdss nj tmd bisas ne tmd soijtenssac dvahdjod), md onjocuhdh tmit ”kij as hdsodjhdh ernk i miary quihrupdh,eurjasmdh watm i tiac ijh pnajtdh dirs, prnbibcy irbnrdic aj ats mibats, ijh ij aj-mibatijt ne tmd Nch \nrch‑ (9=<9, 27 ?=1). Hirwaj prnvahdh mas rdihdrsmap watm

i rdonjstruotanj ne tmd ijitnkaoic pdoucairatads ne ”nur dircy prnldjatnr‑, ajedrrdhernk wmit md siw iknjl dkbryns ijh dxtijt prakitds. md dkpmisas wis njijitnky0 bdmivanuric ispdots njcy ki`ajl ij djtrijod aj mas stuhy ne eioaic dx-prdssanjs (9=<2). Hriwajl ernk mas nbsdrvitanjs ijh kajnr dxpdrakdjts watm tmdprakitds aj tmd Cnjhnj Wnncnlaoic Lirhdjs, md sulldstdh tmit mukijs‑ dkntanjichaspciys piriccdcdh tmd sakaij pittdrj ijh wdrd tmdrdenrd tmd rdsuct ne dvncutanj(Cny 911<). mas wis i rird oisd ne dvncutanjiry rdonjstruotanj aj tmd jajdtddjtmodjtury bisdh nj bdmivanuric nbsdrvitanj, tmnulm ”bdmivanur‑ wis mdrd cakatdh tn

4 Rnussdiu‑s vadw ne tmd jituric stitd, enr ajstijod, as dssdjtaicast ijh hnds jnt mivd tmd tdkpnricakpcaoitanj ne mukij dvncutanj.



262

dxtdjsavd onjtiots watm jitavd pnpucitanjs0 `jnwcdhld nj prakitds rdkiajdh onj jdhtn ijdohntic ioonujts ne smnrt-tdrk nbsdrvitanjs nr sdonjh-mijh ajenrkitanj nbtiajdhernk kassanjirads nr jitavds. ”_nujh jnwcdhld rdspdotajl tmd mibats ijh knhd ne caed netmd kij-ca`d Ipds,‑ Xnkis Muxcdy (9=5?7 28) rdlrdttdh, ”mis bddj dvdj knrd ha ouct

ne ittiajkdjt tmij onrrdot ajenrkitanj rdlirhajl tmdar struoturd.‑ Aj nrhdr tn dxpciajtmd iromidncnlaoic dvahdjod ijh tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne mukij oavacazitanj, onjtdkpnrirysivilds wdrd ippirdjtcy ”sivild djnulm‑ tn tmd dyds ne citd-jajdtddjtm odjtury somncirs.Cubbno` enujh at ”vdry akprnbibcd tmit kij oij mivd dxastdh aj i cnwdr onjhatanj tmijtmit tmus ajhaoitdh‑ by onjtdkpnriry riods (9=547 8<4). _ajod tmd nvdrwmdckajl dva-hdjod ne prdmastnrao kij onjsastdh ne stnjd tnncs, tmd caj` watm sivilds ijh tmdar kitd-raic oucturd wis kuom knrd disacy hriwj tmij watm vilud prakitds. _ivilds wdrd ldjdr-iccy bdcadvdh tn ipprnxakitd jnjmukij prakitds ijywiy, bntm aj tmdar ijitnky ijh ajtmdar ijtaos. _n wmdj lavdj tmd omijod bdtwddj datmdr kuctapcd ijh hdtiacdh ioonujts nesivild priotaods rdcdvijt tn Vicidncatmao rdkiajs nr soirod ijh netdj eijoaeuc hdsoraptanjs

ne lrdit ipd bdmivanur, kijy iutmnrs omnsd tmd rst nptanj, dspdoaiccy sajod tmdy siwtmdksdcvds is rdic soadjtasts wnr`ajl watm rdcaibcd dvahdjod, jnt stnrads.5 Muxcdy‑s (9=5?748) guhldkdjt nj Hu Omiaccu‑s akilajitavd hdsoraptanj ne tmd lnracci wis7 ”At kiy bdtrutm, but at as jnt dvahdjod.‑ Ae ij ijicnly dxpciajs tmd uj`jnwj aj tdrks ne tmd jnwj,tmd jnjmukij prakitds sddk tn mivd bddj tnn rdcitavdcy uj`jnwj aj onkpirasnj watmjnj-Durnpdij sivilds.< Xas wis tn omijld scnwcy.

Xmarh dpasnhd7 ernk prakitd bdmivanur tn mukij bdmivanur It tmd turj ne tmd odjtury tmd earst jituricastao eadch stuhads nj prakitds wdrd bdajl

ujhdrti`dj aj Ieraoi by Raomirh Lirjdr ijh Dulíjd Kirias. Djocnsajl maksdceaj ij arnj oild aj nrhdr tn witom omakpijzdds aj \dst-Ieraoi hurajl tmd 9=16s,Lirjdr wis tmd earst tn stuhy prakitd bdmivanur aj tmd wach, ictmnulm tmd omakpswdrd quatd rdcuotijt tn smnw tmdksdcvds (Oijhcijh 911?). Ralmt ietdr tmd djh netmd Bndr \ir (9=11-9162), tmd _nutm-Ieraoij pndt, gnurjicast, ciwydr, ijh knr-pmajd-ihhaot Dulíjd Kirias cavdh enr tmrdd ydirs watm tmd omioki bibnnjs aj masjitavd cijh. Mas pubcaoitanjs, wrattdj aj Iera`iijs, rdodavdh cattcd ittdjtanj ernksoadjtasts0 mas knst akpnrtijt kijusorapt wis cnst enr knrd tmij enrty ydirs ijh

5 Muxcdy (9=5?7 28-48) hrdw tnldtmdr tmd iviacibcd dvahdjod. At wis rdisnjibcd enr tmd labbnj ijhtmd nrijl, but kajakic enr tmd lnracci ijh tmd omakpijzdd. Md bisdh maksdce nj tmd rdpnrts ne Hr._ivild, i kassanjiry wmn aj tmd rst mice ne tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury mih onccdotdh ajenrkitanj ernktmd jitavds icnjl tmd ravdr Libnj. Muxcdy rdlirhdh mak is ij ”dxodccdjt nbsdrvdr‑ (85) , but strdssdhtmit nur `jnwcdhld ne tmdsd ipds wis stacc ”kuom aj jddh ne suppnrt ijh djcirldkdjt by ihhatanjictdstaknjy ernk ajstruotdh Durnpdij dyd-watjdss‑ (24). Muxcdy rdicazdh, mnwdvdr, tmit njcy ”njod aj ildjdritanj, i \icciod kiy bd enujh pmysaoiccy, kdjticcy, ijh knriccy quica dh tn wijhdr ujsoitmdhtmrnulm tmd trnpaoic wachs ne Ikdraoi ijh Isai‑ (24).

< dccajlcy, ae Uaotnraij somncirs mih ij ajtdrdst aj ijakic bdmivanur, at knstcy onjodrjdh wdcc nbsdrv-ibcd ijakics ca`d bdds, ijts ijh bdivdrs. Knrlij maksdce stuhadh bdivdrs, wmacd Cubbno` nbsdrvdhajsdots (Ajlnch 91==0 _wdtcatz 91==0 Ocir` 911=). Muxcdy (9=5?) issdkbcdh tmd soirod rdpnrts njlrdit ipd bdmivanur aj tmd wach (oe. prdvanus jntd)0 Cubbno` (9=<6) hasoussdh watm Irlycc tmd tnnc-usajl ibacaty ne knj`dys0 Hirwaj (9=<2) nbsdrvdh prakitd eioaic dxprdssanjs aj tmd Cnjhnj Wnn0ijh \dstdrkiro` (9=19) kdjtanjdh tmd pirdjtmnnh iknjl tmd lrdit ipds. Ictmnulm icc tmas kitd-raic wis bdcadvdh tn bd prnkasajl, ats akpnrtijod aj tmd rdonjstruotanj ne prdmastnrao bdmivanur staccwis kajakic onkpirdh tn tmd dtmjnlripmao ajput.



26?

wmdj at dvdjtuiccy ippdirdh aj Djlcasm, prakitncnly mih onkd ne ild ajhdpdjh-djtcy (sdd Irhrdy 9159 ijh mas ajtrnhuotanj aj Kirias 91510 but icsn Wuo`drkij91<5). Hdspatd tmd nralajicaty ne tmdar wnr`, Lirjdr ijh Kirias ird jnw knrdrdputdh is prd-soadjtaeao doodjtraos tmij is prakitncnly‑s panjddrs.

Aj tmd hdoihds prdodhajl \nrch \ir AA ipds ijh knj`dys wdrd enr tmd rst takdsystdkitaoiccy stuhadh, bntm aj oiptavaty ijh aj tmd dch (Kipcd 91<10 Lacknrd 91=Rabjao` 91=2). Rdsdirom, knstcy onjhuotdh by onkpiritavd psyomncnlasts, wis ajataitdaj Russai, Ldrkijy ijh Bratiaj0 at wis ”tmd dri ne kizd cdirjajl, nbstruotanj bnxds, tmdhdciydh rdspnjsd, kuctapcd-omnaod kdtmnhs, ijh tmd tdkpnric kizd‑ (Cnoìrh 91<991). Mnwdvdr, at wis tmd Ikdraoij Rnbdrt Qdr`ds wmn bdoikd tmd sdce-ornwjdh ijhwahdcy io`jnwcdhldh enujhdr ne prakitd rdsdirom.= Qdr`ds wis ajudjtaic nj twn cdv-dcs7 md ujhdrtnn` dxpdrakdjtic stuhads watm oiptavd omakpijzdds ijh md stakucitjituricastao nbsdrvitanjs ne wach ijakics. n pdrenrk mas dxpdrakdjts, md onjstruotdhrdsdirom cibnritnrads aj Onjjdotaout ijh Ecnrahi wmdrd tmd ”psyomnbancnly‑ ne oip

prakitds onuch bd tdstdh (oe. Bnurjd 91<97 <2-981). (Vsyomnbancnly wis tmd acc-hdtdrk Qdr`ds usdh tn hdsaljitd mas dxpdrakdjtic stuhads ne onljatanj, ajvdjtavdjdss ijhntmdr stakucus-ajhuodh rdspnjsds ne oiptavd lrdit ipds watm tmd iak ne jhajl tmd bacnlaoic rnnts ne mukij psyomncnly.) n akprnvd tmd brddhajl prnlrikkd ne mas oiptavoncnjads Qdr`ds jdw tmit knrd jituricastao ajenrkitanj wis jddhdh. Ictmnulm md jdvdrhah dchwnr` maksdce, md sdjt tmrdd ne mas stuhdjts tn tmd trnpaos7 Jassdj (91?9Bajlmik (91?2) stuhadh tmd dcusavd omakpijzdds ijh lnraccis, wmacd Oirpdjtdr (91?nbsdrvdh mnwcdr knj`dys aj Vijiki. Xd cittdr‑s wnr` turjdh nut tn bd tmd knst suo-odsseuc jituricastao prakitd stuhy bdenrd tmd wir.

_tuhyajl tmd bdmivanur ijh onljatanj ne wach ijh oiptavd prakitds wis enr Qdr`ds jnt ij djh aj atsdce. mrnulmnut mas oirddr md strdssdh mnw ujhdrstijhajtmd ipds onjtrabutdh tn ”tmd prnbcdk ne akprnvajl mukij jiturd ijh tmd pns-sabacatads ne ats sncutanj‑ enr tmd ”ldjdriccy rdonljazdh mukij smnrtonkajls, suis dxtrdkd sdceasmjdss, hasmnjdsty, scntmeucjdss, orudcty‑ (Qdr`ds 918?7 96). _omakpijzdds wdrd ”psyomnbancnlaoic lnch kajds‑ (Qdr`ds 918?7 <), `jnwcdhld tmdar bdmivanur mih ij ”akkdhaitd sdrvaodibacaty‑ tn prnbcdks ne mukij wdcei(Qdr`ds ijh Qdr`ds 91217 416). Ca`d Licdj, Qdr`ds usdh prakitds tn ociraey is-pdots ne knhdrj mukijs, tmas takd tmdar psyomncnly. Qdt aj mas tmrdd ocissao w(Qdr`ds 91950 Qdr`ds ijh Qdr`ds 91210 Qdr`ds 918?), md jdvdr usdh mas omakpsspdoucitd ibnut mukij dvncutanj.

= Xas as ocdir ernk tmd jukbdr ne banlripmaoic stuhads (Oirkaomidc 91510 Rnmcds 91510 Bnurjd 91<ijh sdvdric irtaocds aj Bnurjd 91<<0 Jihcdr 9115) ijh mas prnkajdjt pciod aj ajtrnhuotnry omiptdrsne jdircy icc tdxtbnn`s aj prakitncnly (oe. Miriwiy 91=17 41-=?). \mdj tmd Vrdkio`s hdvdcnpdhij irta oaic cijluild enr omakpijzdd dxpdrakdjts, tmdy biptazdh at ”Qdràsm‑. Mas lrdit akpiot nj(Ikdraoij) prakitncnly, mnwdvdr, nvdrsmihnws tmd akpnrtijod ne ntmdr, cdss enrtujitd lurds, suomis tmd Ldrkij \ncelijl @õmcdr wmn wis enrodh tn ibijhnj mas lrnujhbrdiàjl cibnritnry stuhadsnj tmd Oijiry Ascijhs ietdr tmd rst \nrch \ir ijh tmd Russaij Jihad @nmts, wmnsd wnr` sustdrdhernk ij nbvanus cijluild birradr. Qdr`ds `jdw ijh ihkardh tmdar wnr`‘md wis aj ocnsd tnuom watm@õmcdr ijh dvdj pubcasmdh (tnldtmdr watm i Russaij onccdilud) ij irtaocd nj @nmts‘but tmdy wdrsnkdwmit enrlnttdj aj pnstwir prakitncnly, ictmnulm aj psyomncnly tmd wnr` ne @õmcdr (9124) asio`jnwcdhldh tn tmas hiy (Lcisdr 9115).



264

wirjdh @rndbdr iliajst ”tmd piuoaty ne dstibcasmdh eiots ijh tmd erdqudjoy ne ijtmrnpknrpmao kasajtdrprdtitanj‑‘wmaom wis i bat supdrunus sajod @rndbdr mih jnt hriwjijy spdoa o onjocusanjs ibnut tmd pist nj tmd bisas ne omakpijzdds. Ajstdih md bdcadtmit eurtmdr stuhy ne tmd ijtmrnpnahs wnuch bd ”ajvicuibcd aj tmd accukajitanj ne

bisao prnbcdks ne ijtmrnpncnly ijh icc tmd snoaic soadjods‑ (912=7 ?89) ijh onjocuhjdircy prnpmdtaoiccy watm tmd wnrhs7 ”\d mivd njcy bdluj.‑md ajtakitanjs ne @rndbdr ijh Wuo`drkij brahld tmd lip bdtwddj nur tmarh

ijh enurtm dpasnhd. Bdenrd \nrch \ir AA, tmdrd wis i prncaedritanj ne bdmivanuristuhads nj jnjmukij prakitds, wmaom wdrd ldjdriccy kntavitdh by tmd prnkasdne liajajl knrd ajsalmt ajtn tmd mukij kdjtic onjhatanj (Cny ijh Vdtdrs 9119). Ictmnulm tmdsd stuhads tnn` pciod watmaj psyomncnly, snkd ijtmrnpncnlaoic ajtdst aj prakitds ijh mnw tmdy kalmt accukajitd mukij nralajs dkdrldh. Mnwdvdr,is ynujl soadjtasts wdrd sukknjdh enr kacatiry wnr` hurajl tmd wir, tmd lrnwajlajtdrdst aj prakitd bdmivanur wis ajtdrruptdh aj tmd \dst ujtac tmd kah-eaetads. A

tmd kdijtakd, rdsdirom nj prakitds stirtdh quatd ajhdpdjhdjtcy aj Gipij (pirtaou-circy nj tmd ajhaldjnus Gipijdsd kioiqud), but cijluild haeeaouctads prdvdjtdhenr kijy ydirs i ornss-edrtacazitanj ne ahdis watm \dstdrj somncirs (Erasom 9141@atimiri-Erasom 91190 Isquatm 91190 91140 Edhalij ijh Isquatm 9119).

Enurtm dpasnhd7 ernk prakitd bdmivanur tn dircy mukij bdmivanur

Ictmnulm tmd vicud ne prakitds aj tmd rdonjstruotanj ne dircy mukij bdmivanuwis icrdihy iccuhdh tn by Uardy, Rnussdiu, Muxcdy, Wuo`drkij ijh @rndbdr, atwis njcy ietdr tmd wir tmit prakitd knhdccajl liajdh eucc knkdjtuk. md dk-

pmisas smaetdh ernk psyomncnly tn pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnly, ernk cibnritnry tn svijjim, ernk wnr`nj prakitds tn wnrwatm prakitds (_omuctz 91<97 <). Knhdrjkdijs ne trijspnrt suom is tmd idrnpcijd ijh tmd gddp tnldtmdr watm ihvijods ajtrnpaoic kdhaoajd onjsahdribcy eioacatitdh eadchwnr` aj tmd trnpaos (_omuctz 9 \ismburj 91<<). _omuctz, tmd lrditdst prd-wir iutmnraty nj prakitd ijitnkywmnsd eibucnus onccdotanjs ne spdoakdjs, netdj nbtiajdh tmrnulm dxpdhatanjs, mdirjdh mak tmd jao`jikd ne ”tmd knj`dy ujhdrti`dr ne Bictaknrd‑ (Dra`snj 91=90Miriwiy 91=17 264), rdoiccdh7

Enr dch wnr` i cnt ne takd as sivdh tnhiy watm knhdrj trijspnrtitanj by gdt-pcijdijh cijh rnvdr oir ajstdih ne by snkd scnw trikp-stdikdr, hul-nut oijnd nr nj ennt, is nj ky rst dxpdhatanjs. Aj tmnsd ihvdjturnus dircy hiys jn jntdwnrtmy jijoaic suppnrt onuch bd nbtiajdh enr suom suppnsdhcy wach somdkds, sn wd mihtn cavd nst tmd cijh nj bijijis, knj`dy cavdr, aluiji tiacs ijh irkihaccns, rnistdhaj tmd smdcc, but wd kijildh tn brajl bio` i cnt ne usdeuc kitdraic ijh hiti,bdsahds kicirai.(_omuctz 91<97 98)

But knrd tmij tmdsd tdomjaoic akprnvdkdjts, i omijlajl vadw nj ”prakatavd sn-oadtads‑ wis tmd cirldst ajodjtavd enr sdranuscy stirtajl tn stuhy tmd jnjmukijprakitds ernk i mukij dvncutanjiry pdrspdotavd. mas omijld hah jnt njcy tnn`pciod aj ijtmrnpncnlaoic oarocds, but bdcnjldh tn i kuom wahdr rdonjodptuicazi

tanj ne tmd jiturd ne mukijaty aj tmd \dstdrj wnrch. Aj tmd battdr ietdrkitm



265

ne tmd _donjh \nrch \ir wmdj tmd hdvistitajl dxtdjt ne tmd mncnoiust stirtdhtn bd rdvdicdh, rioast tmdnrads bisdh nj ajtrajsao madriromads ernk sivild tn oava-cazdh bdoikd mirh tn upmdch. Iusomwatz, Bar`djiu ijh rdbcajì kihd piajeuccyocdir tn wmaom onjsdqudjods suom vadw ne mukijaty onuch cdih. Ae aj tmd Tjdson

ild enccnwajl tmd wir mukijaty wis jn cnjldr kihd up ne supdranr ijh ajedranrriods (Miriwiy 91=17 91<-26?), at wis mirh tn upmnch tmit njd lrnup ne mukijsonuch bd sddj is rdprdsdjtitavd ne ij ijodstric stild ne tmd ntmdr (Oirtkacc 91160_pdrcajl 9119). Ajedranr riods turjdh ajtn jnj-wdstdrj oucturds, sivild mnrhds bd-oikd trabic bijhs, ijh prakatavd irt dvncvdh ajtn malm oucturd.

Aj ijtmrnpncnly, tmas omijlajl pdrodptanj as jnwmdrd bdttdr accustritdh tmijaj tmd wnrhs ne Dirjdst Mnntnj, tmd sajlcd-knst ajecudjtaic Ikdraoij pmysaoicijtmrnpncnlast ne tmd 9186s (Miriwiy 91=17 268-4). Ictmnulm kuom ne mas prd-wir wnr` wis ujibismdhcy rioast, aj i rdkirìbcd pipdr pubcasmdh smnrtcy ietdrmas hditm md ajtrnhuodh i jnj-dvncutanjiry pdrspdotavd nj enrildrs ajtn tmas rioaic

hasonursd7 ”Onjtdkpnriry sivilds,‑ md hdocirdh, ”ird jnt –prakatavd,‛ jnt nj tmddvncutanjiry uplrihd, jnt tmd stuee ne wmaom snoadtic prnlrdss as kihd‑7

A smicc jn hnubt dvn`d tmd ajhaljijt hasilrddkdjt ne snoaic ijtmrnpncnlasts wmdjA sulldst tmit knrd as tn bd cdirjdh ibnut tmd ldjdsas ne tmd mukij eikacy ijh tmdbdlajjajl ne snoaic nrlijazitanj ijh onkkujaty caed aj dircy kij by tmd stuhyne onjtdkpnriry ajeri-mukij prakitds cavajl ujhdr jituric onjhatanjs tmij bytmd stuhads ne rdtirhdh mukij lrnups cavajl tnhiy ujhdr onjhatanjs viranuscyhdsorabdh is –prakatavd,‛ –ujoavacazdh‛ nr –sivild.‛(Mnntnj 91447 <-=)

Aj tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury mukij enrildrs mih bddj sivild djnulm0 ietdr tmd wirtmdy wdrd jn cnjldr sn. mas kdijt tmit ijntmdr snurod enr akilajajl tmd mukijpist jddhdh tn bd tippdh. n Mnntnj, prakitds‘ijh prakitds njcy‘onuch prn-vahd ocuds ibnut mukij dvncutanj. Md wis sahdh by tmd prdmastnraij _cntàj wmnbdcadvdh at wis cnlaoiccy ijh dkparaoiccy ajvicah ”tn usd ldjdricazitanjs ernk knh-drj kij P...[ aj ajtdrprdtajl tmd prdmastnry ne ntmdr mnkajah enrks‑ ijh oiccdh enr”i onkpiritavd stuhy ne tmd rdcdvijt prnodssds aj P...[ tmd malmdr prakitds‑ (91427882). Ioonrhajl tn Mnntnj, Oirpdjtdr‑s eadch stuhads wdrd eir knrd ajstruotavd njmukij dvncutanj ”tmij ijy ne tmd stuee nj prdsdjt-hiy sivilds wrattdj by ijtmrn-pncnlasts‑ (=). md mict aj prakitd stuhads oiusdh by tmd wir wis tmdrdenrd kuomtn bd rdlrdttdh7

A `jnw ne jn stuhads bdirajl upnj kij‑s oucturic ijh snoaic nralajs tmit mivdbddj bdluj sn braccaijtcy, tmit mivd prnlrdssdh sn kilja odjtcy, ijh tmit mivdbddj ibijhnjdh sn kasdribcy ijh aljnkajanuscy. At as is ae njd wdrd tn hal enr nac,stra`d i lusmdr, ijh tmdj akkdhaitdcy oip at up ijh ln iwiy ijh enrldt ibnut at. Ijtmrnpncnly jddhs knrd stuhads ne prakitd snoancnly.(Mnntnj 91447 =)

Gust ca`d nac wis tmd quajtdssdjtaic rdsnurod enr knhdrj Jnrtm-Ikdraoij donjnk-aos hurajl tmd dkdrldjt Onch \ir, tmd jnjmukij prakitd wis tmd onjtdstdh,but oruoaic eudc enr \dstdrj spdoucitanj ibnut mukijaty aj tmd pnstwir wnrch.

Mnntnj‑s wnrhs hah jnt eicc nj hdie dirs7 njd ne mas enrkdr stuhdjts, _mdrwnnh



26=

”kalritanj, hraet, ijh sdcdotanj‑ (\ismburj 91497 211). Md wrntd dkpmitaoiccy7 ”Riodskust bd bisdh nj tmd stuhy ne pnpucitanjs. P...[ At as jnt djnulm tn stitd tmit riodssmnuch bd bisdh nj ldjdtao triats7 riods wmaom oij jnt bd rdonjoacdh watm ldjdtaos smnuchbd rdknvdh ernk onjsahdritanj‑ (\ismburj 91497 211). \ismburj wis tmus jnt sakpcy

ajudjodh by tmd ahdncnlaoic ocakitd ne tmd pnstwir ydirs, but iotavdcy onjtrabutdh tntmd hasquica oitanj ne rioaic madriromads ijh tmdar rdpciodkdjt by i knrd uja dh onj-odpt ne mukijaty.

Kntavitdh by Mnntnj ijh onjvajodh tmit riods wdrd njcy pnpucitanjs, \ismburj stirtdh tn tmaj` ibnut tmd jnjmukij prakitds is snurods tn cdirj ibnuttmd dvncutanj ne mukij bdmivanur. Aj tmd kah-eaetads md stddrdh mas rdsdirom aj iknrd bdmivanuric hardotanj. \atm majhsalmt, md mis netdj ittrabutdh tmas omijldtn i cuo`y onajoahdjod it tmd 9144 Vij-Ieraoij Onjlrdss aj Cavajlstnjd7

Ietdr tmd Onjlrdss P...[ A irrijldh enr i skicc onccdotanj ne bibnnjs. But kuomknrd akpnrtijtcy, is at turjdh nut, tmdrd wdrd trnnps ne bibnnjs ocnsd tn tmdUaotnrai Eiccs Mntdc wmdrd A wis stiyajl. Xd suppcy ne bibnnjs wis arrdlucir,ijh A spdjt ijy dxtri takd witomajl tmd cnoic trnnps. Xas wis sn kuom knrdrdwirhajl tmit A ocnsdh nut tmd onccdotajl ijh spdjt ky takd witomajl tmd tikdbibnnjs‑ (\ismburj 91=?7 95).

Ernk tmdj nj, md wdjt tn tmd jdirby \ij`ad Likd rdsdrvd ijh bdlij ”gust cnn`-ajl it bibnnjs ajstdih ne hassdotajl tmdk‑ (aj HdUnrd 91127 826). It tmd onjedr-djod, Hirt mih prdsdjtdh mas vadw nj tmd nstdnhnjtn`dritao oucturd but \ismburjwnjhdrdh wmdtmdr tmd haeedrdjtaic bnhy prdsdrvitanj wis rdiccy tn bd ioonujtdhenr aj oucturic tdrks ijh bdlij tn stuhy bibnnj bdmivanur (\ismburj 914<).

nldtmdr watm mas rdsdirom stuhdjt Arvdj HdUnrd md nbsdrvdh trnnps ne bibnnjsaj _nutmdrj Rmnhdsai (jnw Wakbibwd) ijh @djyi bdoiusd md bdcadvdh tmas onuchdjmijod kijy ne tmd qudstanjs onjodrjajl mukij dvncutanj0 tmd rdsucts ne tmasrdsdirom prnlrikkd wacc bd hasoussdh aj tmd jdxt sdotanj. md ajecudjod ne pdnpcdca`d Mnntnj ijh \ismburj oij mirhcy bd nvdr-dstakitdh. Mnntnj prnhuodh knstne tmd hnotnritds aj pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnly bdenrd tmd wir ijh mas stuhdjts wnuchti`d odjtric pnsatanjs aj Ikdraoij ioihdkd, \ismburj bdajl njd ne tmdk (_miparn91=90 _pdjodr 91=9). Ne tmd earst 91 hnotnric hdlrdds aj knhdrj prakitncnly, 94wdrd supdrvasdh by \ismburj (Lacknrd 91=90 Miriwiy 91=17 29=, 222-?). mdajtdccdotuic pdhalrdd rujs ernk Mnntnj tn \ismburj tn HdUnrd tn knst ne tmdpriotasajl prakitncnlasts aj Ikdraoi jnwihiys (Cny ijh Vdtdrs 9119).

Icc ajlrdhadjts enr tmd prdpiritanj ne i prakitd knhdc wdrd jnw aj pciod. mdeajic tmajl wmaom wis jddhdh, wis i eddcajl, ae tmd oucajiry kdtipmnr kiy bd eur-tmdr strdtomdh, ne mujldr, a.d. tmd dxpdradjod ne ij ajtdccdotuicordux , i onjodptuicvnah, i maitus aj nur ujhdrstijhajl nr akilajitavd rdonjstruotanj. Dircy mnka-jahs ernk _nutm-Ieraoi mih icrdihy wmdttdh Mnntnj‑s ippdtatd, but tmd eurtmdrhasonvdry ne enssacs by Cnuas ijh Kiry Cdi`dy aj tmd Vcan-Vcdastnodjd ciydrs neNchuvia Lnrld aj ijzijai brnulmt witdr tn tmd knutm. mdy jnt njcy rappdhHirt‑s onjtrnvdrsaic iujl omach nut ne asncitanj, but bdlldh enr ij akilajitavdajtdrprdtitanj, bdajl knrd ijoadjt, knrd ipdca`d ijh knrd ijodstric tmij ijy-tmajl matmdrtn sddj. md oruoaic eajh wis tmit ne ”NM 4‑ wmaom Kiry Cdi`dy uj-



261

dirtmdh aj 9141. Mnw wis tmas djalkitao sùcc tn bd ajtdrprdtdh> n wmit snrt nbdajl mih at bdcnjldh> Mnw wdrd wd tn vasuicazd tmd spdoads at rdprdsdjtdh> earst ittdkpt ne onkajl tn tdrks watm tmas wdcc-`jnwj oisd ne ”Cdi`dy‑s cuo`‑, tmenssac wis swikpdh watm knrd jikds tmij ijy ntmdr enssac mih matmdrtn rdodavd

Wajg, Hdir Bny, Jut-orioàjl Kij, Wajgijtmrnpus , Iustricnpatmdous bnasda , dtodt-dri. Dvdj tnhiy, tmdrd as jn enssac watm suom dcibnritd bartm odrtaeaoitd is tmaBut jikd-lavajl, ne onursd, wis gust i bdlajjajl.

Xd djdrldtao ijh omiraskitao Cnuas Cdi`dy bdcadvdh tmit i bdttdr `jnwcdhld ne dx-tijt lrdit ipds onuch mdcp tn ociraey tmd enssacs ijh cavajl nnrs ne dircy mnkajahs. stnry mis netdj bddj tnch ne mnw md sdjt tmrdd ynujl wnkdj watm kajnr dtmncnlaodxpdradjods ijh ioihdkao ordhdjtaics tn hastdrdjt spdoads ne lrdit ipds (Lnnhicc 91<91160 Enssdy 91=?0 Lichaìs 91140 sdd icsn Oncd 91<47 ?28-460 @dvcds 91<50 ijhtaoucircy Knrdcc 9114). Gijd Lnnhicc stirtdh mdr lrnujhbrdiàjl dchwnr` it Lnkbd aj9156, Haij Enssdy wis sdjt tn tmd knujtiaj lnraccis aj Rwijhi ijh Onjln aj 9155 ijh

Barutá Lichaìs mis bddj stuhyajl Bnrjdij nrijl-utijs sajod 91<9. Lnnhicc‑s cnjl-tdrknbsdrvitanjs it Lnkbd rdvdicdh kijy ujdxpdotdh bdmivanuric pittdrjs aj tmd omakpij-zdd rdpdrtnard suom is tnnc-usd, kdit-ditajl ijh mujtajl (Lnnhicc 91=5).92 Icnjl watmtmd bankncdoucir hdknjstritanj ne i ocnsd i jaty bdtwddj mukijs ijh omakpijzdds,tmas rdsdirom npdjdh tmd hnnr enr kijy spdoucitanjs nj mukij dvncutanj. Hud tn mashasonvdry ne ”enssac kdj‑ ijh mas tdik ne ynujl wnkdj, Cdi`dy wis i kuom knrd sdka-jic lurd aj tmd mastnry ne prakitd knhdccajl tmij onkknjcy io`jnwcdhldh.

Bntm \ismburj ijh Cdi`dy wdrd `dy- lurds aj tmd rd-iwi`djajl ijtmrnpncnlaoicajtdrdst aj prakitd bdmivanur ietdr tmd wir. Bntm wdrd hravdj by i hdsard tn liaj i bdttdr ujhdrstijhajl ne mukij dvncutanj. Xdar prnlrikkd ijh tmit ne tmdar rdspdotavdstuhdjts HdUnrd ijh Lnnhicc livd hardotcy nr ajhardotcy rasd tn tmd twn kiaj onkpdtajlprakitd knhdcs enr mukij dvncutanj, tmd bibnnj knhdc ijh tmd omakpijzdd knhdc,wmaom wacc bd hasoussdh aj tmd subsdqudjt sdotanjs. Aj tmas sdjsd, knhdrj prakitnwis it ats nralaj tmd ijswdr tn i picidnijtmrnpncnlaoic qudstanj. Xas as odrtiajcy trudenr Ikdraoij prakitncnly wmaom, hud tn tmd ajtdccdotuic cdlioy ne Mnntnj, rnsd is pine ijtmrnpncnly‘watm tmd akpnrtijt onjsdqudjod tmit ipds ijh knj`dys wdrd stuh-adh sdpiritdcy ernk ntmdr nrlijasks (Raomirh 91=9). At as cdss trud enr Durnpd wmprakitncnly dkdrldh watmaj tmd ocissaoic dtmncnlaoic trihatanj is ajiuluritdh by Ja`n

ajbdrldj ijh @njrih Cnrdjz watm ats enous nj ajstajotavd bdmivanur aj gio`hiws, lddsd

92 nnc-usd by jnjmukij prakitds wis icrdihy wdcc hnoukdjtdh bdenrd \nrch \ir AA. _axtddjtm- ijhsdvdjtddjtm-odjtury Gdsuats mih hdsorabdh omakpijzdd tnnc usd aj tmd wach (_dpt ijh Brnn`s 9118Cubbno` `jdw tmit ”knj`dys usd stnjds tn brdi` juts‑ (9=<67 8=9). Hirwaj mih sddj i oiptavdnrijl-utij pnujhajl tmd lrnujh watm i stnjd (Cny 911<). @õmcdr mih icrdihy jntdh aj tmd 9126stmit i cibnritnry omakpijzdd ”wacc cao` up ijts, nr mnch nut i striw enr tmd ijts tn oriwc nj ijh cao`tmdk nst‑ (@rndbdr 912=7 ??5, oe. Bdo` 91<4).Icc tmas `jnwcdhld sddks tn mivd scappdh tmrnulmkizds ne mastnry0 nr dcsd at wis enrlnttdj aj tmd mdrnazajl ne Gijd Lnnhicc. Onjtriry tn i wahd-sprdibdcade, Lnnhicc wis jnt tmd rst tn hdsorabd omakpijzdd tnnc usd suom is tdrkatd- smajl aj tmd wasmd wis tmd rst tn hn sn sajod tmd ajiuluritanj ne prakitncnly ietdr tmd _donjh \nrch \ir.



296

ijh stao`cdbio`s (Cnoìrh 91<90 Rnàcc 91150 Edhalij ijh _truk 911<).9? HdsknjhKnrras (915<b7 5) ralmtcy irludh tmit Bratasm ijh onjtajdjtic prakitncnlasts ”ipprniomdhknj`dys ijh ipds ernk tmd mukbcdr sahd ne tmd dvncutanjiry soicd, cnnàjl up it tmdkernk sakpcdr, cdss briajy spdoads, ritmdr tmij hnwj ernk tmd hazzy bdmivanuric mdalmts

ne kij.‑ ajbdrldj enujhdh ij ajudjtaic rdsdirom somnnc wmdj md wis aj Nxenrh ijhsupdrvasdh ajhavahuics ca`d Rnbdrt Majhd wmn supdrvasdh nj mas turj Xdcki Rnwdcc,i enrdst bibnnj spdoaicast. n tmdk, tmd stuhy ne prakitds wis i cdlatakitd djh aj atsdce,arrdspdotavd ne ijy ijtmrnpncnlaoic akpcaoitanjs0 knj`dys ijh ipds wdrd pirt ne tmdijakic àjlhnk, jnt mnkajahskijquás . I sakacir kntavitanj wis icsn prdsdjt aj tmdwnr` ne tmd _wass znncnlast Mijs @ukkdr nj mikihryis bibnnjs (@ukkdr 9114). Qdt enr bdttdr nr wnrsd, at turjdh nut tmit tmnsd wmn wnr`dh nj lrdit ipds, pirtaou-circy omakpijzdds, stacc lnt ajvncvdh watm assuds ne mukij dvncutanj. Hdsknjh Knrras, Ihraiij @nrtcijht, Udrjnj Rdyjnchs ijh citdr icsn Gijd Lnnhicc (wmn wnr`dh watmCdi`dy aj Dist-Ieraoi but wis supdrvasdh by Majhd aj Oikbrahld) onjtrabutdh tn ij

ujhdrstijhajl ne mukij dvncutanj, tmnulm jdvdr tmrnulm tmd dkpmisas ne rdedrdjtaicknhdc-buachajl wmaom typa dh Ikdraoij prakitncnly. (Lnnhicc‑s hiti livd ajhardotcyrasd tn tmd omakpijzdd knhdc, but tmas wis, is wd wacc sdd, aj rst ajstijod ij ajvdjtanjne Ikdraoij edkajast ijtmrnpncnly, jnt mdrs.)98

md ahdi ne prakitd knhdccajl wis i rdodjt ajvdjtanj watm i cnjl prdmastnryaj kdhaoajd, znncnly, psyomncnly, ijh eajiccy pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnly. Vrakitds mihbddj usdh tn tdcc snkdtmajl ibnut knhdrj mukij ijitnky (Licdj) ijh enssacmukij ijitnky (Hirwaj), but tmd rdcdvijod ne tmdar bdmivanur enr mukij snoaicdvncutanj wis njcy dxpcnrdh ietdr tmd _donjh \nrch \ir. \my hah at ti`d sn cnjl> I edw eiotnrs oij bd ajhaoitdh.

Onjvdrlajl oaroukstijods

Njd ne tmd `dy eiotnrs aj tmd rasd ne prakitd knhdccajl wis tmd dstibcasmkdjt nedvncutanjiry tmnulmt. Aj nrhdr tn sdd jnjmukij prakitds is ajstruotavd ibnutnur nwj ijodstnrs, njd wis ne onursd lrditcy mdcpdh by tmd sulldstanj tmit wdhdsodjhdh ernk tmd sikd stno` (Knrras 915<b). \mdtmdr tmd prdoasd kdomijaskne tmit dvncutanj wis Hirwajaij jituric sdcdotanj nr Cikiroàij ajmdratijod neioquardh omiriotdrastaos wis pdrmips cdss akpnrtijt0 wmit kittdrdh wis tmd ioodpt-ijod ne i sakaij hdsodjt ne mukijaty. Ijh tmas wis cirldcy dstibcasmdh tmrnulm tmd

Hirwajast rdvncutanj aj tmd cist quirtdr ne tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury.md ahdi ne dvncutanj icnjd, mnwdvdr, wis jnt i sueeaoadjt oiusd0 at tnn` jdircyi odjtury bdtwddj tmd Hirwajaij rdvncutanj ijh tmd ippdirijod ne tmd earst bd-mivanuric knhdc bisdh nj bibnnjs. Njd rdisnj enr tmas hdciy wis tmd cio` ne rdcai-

9? Xd Hutom dtmncnlast G.I.R.I.K. vij Mnnst, njd ne ajbdrldj‑s stuhdjts it Nxenrh, rdoiccdh aj irdodjt ajtdrvadw7 ”A wijtdh tn stuhy prakitd bdmivanur but ajbdrldj ijswdrdh md `jdw jntmajlne kikkics. Md enujh tmdk tnn onkpcdx. Md catdriccy siah7 –Ae at misj‑t lnt js nr editmdrs, A `jnwjntmajl ibnut at‛ ‑ (ajBANjaduws , = Jnvdkbdr 911<7 8, ky trijscitanj). At wis Hdsknjh Knrraswmn dvdjtuiccy brnulmt ajbdrldj aj onjtiot watm ipd rdsdirom (oe. Uij Mnnst, enrtmonkajl).

98 Xas hastajotanj bdtwddj pnstwir prakitncnly aj Ikdraoi ijh Durnpd domnds tn i odrtiaj dxtdjt tmddircadr hasoussanj watm Qdr`ds‑ bdcadvajl aj tmd mukij rdcdvijod ne prakitd stuhads ijh Wuo`drkij‑sibmnrrajl suom ij ahdi.



299

bcd dvahdjod nj prakitd bdmivanur is tmd earst eadch traps stirtdh njcy aj tmd 91?Bisao haeeaouctads ne ioodss ijh nbsdrvitanj ajmabatdh enr i cnjl takd eadchwnrtmd trnpaos ijh at as trud tmit pnstwir prakitncnly (ijh knhdc-buachajl) bdjdeatdhernk kijy tdomjaoic ajjnvitanjs aj trnpaoic kdhaoajd ijh trijspnrt. Jn kittdr

mnw rdic tmdsd prnbcdks wdrd, tmdy hn jnt ihdquitdcy dxpciaj tmd dkparaoic hciy is tmdy onuch icc mivd bddj nvdronkd aj tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury. Aj eiot, tmdwdrd nvdronkd it tmd takd7 trivdccdrs hah pdjdtritd ajtn ”tmd mdirt ne hir`jdssijh ae pncataoic ijh donjnkao ajodjtavds wdrd it sti`d tmd gujlcd onuch bd ornssdhae jdvdr disacy. md ihvdjturdr Viuc hu Omiaccu suooddhdh aj trio`ajl lnraccis smnnt tmdk, sn wmy wnuch at mivd bddj akpnssabcd tn nbsdrvd tmdk> Edir odrtipciydh ats pirt. Aj tmd oisd ne Hu Omiaccu, jn snnjdr mih md spnttdh i lrnup ne lnraccis, tmit md puccdh tmd tralldr. Hu Omiaccu nbsdrvdh prakitds tmrnulm tmd bne mas luj0 Lirjdr tmrnulm tmd birs ne mas arnj oild. Qdt tmd kaxturd ne edir ijheisoajitanj wis jn haeedrdjt enr lrdit ipds tmij enr ”mdih-mujtdrs‑‘ijh tmdy wdrd

dcibnritdcy hdsorabdh by onjtdkpnrirads.Ae tdomjaoic haeeaouctads ijh onccdotavd edir hn jnt euccy ioonujt enr tmd ippdirijod ne eadchwnr`, wmit dcsd hnds> Vdrmips at wis jnt tmd brutasm akild prakitds wmaom prdvdjtdh eadchwnr` but tmd brutasm akild ne prakatavds wmaomkihd at rdhujhijt. Is siah bdenrd, tn tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury dvncutanjast tmd siv-ilds wdrd sivild djnulm. Njd hah jnt jddh tn bd i strnjl rioast tn bdcadvd tmitsub-_imirij Ieraoijs wdrd nj i kuom cnwdr soicd tmij Durnpdijs, tmit tmdy wdrdbdstaic ijh tmit tmdy, tmdrdenrd, onuch sdrvd is stijh-ajs enr prdmukij ijodstnrs.Vdrmips at wis tmd oisd tmit prakitdsonuch jnt bd stuhadh, but tmdy odrtiajcy hahjnt jddh tn bd stuhadh watm icc tmas rdcaibcd ajenrkitanj nj mukij sivildjdssirnujh. Dvdj aj znns, wmdrd rdsdirom eioacatads wdrd disy ijh sied, njcy vdry estuhads nj prakitd bdmivanur (ipirt ernk Hirwaj‑s stuhy ne eioaic dxprdssanjs)wdrd ujhdrti`dj bdenrd Wuo`drkij aj tmd 91?6s.

At wis njcy ietdr tmd _donjh \nrch \ir tmit njd onuch jn cnjldr eicc bio` njknhdrj enrildrs, is ocdircy dxprdssdh by tmd wnrhs ne dvdj i rioast tmaj`dr ca`dMnntnj ijh by tmd prnlrdssavd hasippdirijod ne dpatmdts suom is ”sivild‑ ijh”prakatavd‑. Nj tnp ne tmit, tmd enssacs wmaom wdrd jnw bdajl ujdirtmdh wdrdkuom nchdr ijh knrd ipd-ca`d tmit tmdy kihd dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs ritmdr uj-ajtdrdstajl. Onkpirdh tn tmd Jdijhdrtmic nr Givi kij, tmd prakatavd s`uccs ca`d

iujl (9124), Wajgijtmrnpus (9141) ijh Mnkn mibacas (9158) jdircy bdlldh tnbd onkpirdh watm jnjmukij prakitds, jnt gust enr ijitnkaoic stuhy but icsnenr bdmivanuric rdonjstruotanj. Njod rihankdtrao hitajl ne sdhakdjts ujvdacdhsurprasajlcy malm ilds ne 9.= Kyr ijh nchdr, at bdoikd jdodssiry tn onjsahdr tmitprakitds is knrd prnkasajl snurods ne ajsparitanj tmij enrildrs. Aj tmd pnstwirwnrch, ”dircy kij‑ wis ”cdss ca`d knhdrj kij lnjd wach tmij ca`d i prakitd tikdh‑(Enx 91<47 99).

At wis tmas onjvdrldjod ne vdry ijoadjt ijh ipd-ca`d enssacs watm i omijlajlpdrodptanj ne mukij enrildrs ijh tmd onjtajuajl prdwir bdcade tmit ipds wdrd rd-vdicajl ne tmd mukij psyomd wmaom livd rasd tn tmd earst ajtdrdst aj prakitd knhaj tmd kah-9146s. md ahdi ne prakitd-knhdccajl wis jnt bnrj nut ne ldjaicatybut nut ne jdodssaty. At wis i rdcitavdcy nbvanus sncutanj enr tmd snoanoucturic



29?

orataquds> ” md tmdkds tmit dkdrldh hardotcy ernk tmd bibnnj knhdc,‑ _truk ijhKatomdcc (91=<7 ==) rdonujt, ”ajocuhdh7 tmd ihiptavd jiturd ne illrdssanj, ats uijh onjtrnc tmrnulm i kicd hnkajijod madriromy, tmd haeedrdjods aj rncds bdtwddkicds ijh edkicds, ijh tmd rdcitanjsmap bdtwddj illrdssanj, hnkajijod ijh rd-

prnhuotavd suoodss.‑ By knvajl ajtn ij npdj djvarnjkdjt watm kuctapcd prdhi-tnrs, bibnnjs ijh onjsdqudjtcy dircy mnkajahs mih bddj enrodh tn hdvdcnp i ralah,madriromaoic snoaic struoturd bisdh nj hnkajijt kicds wmn prntdotdh tmd lrnupiliajst nutsahd prdhitnrs ijh onkpdtdh watmaj tmd lrnup enr ioodss tn edrtacd ed-kicds. md knrd hnkajijt ijh illrdssavd ij ihuct kicd bibnnj wis, tmd knrdkitajl nppnrtujatads ijh onjtrnc nvdr edkicds md rdodavdh.

mas ritmdr lrak-cnn`ajl pnrtriyic ne dircy mukij snoaicaty as aj kijy wiys ioiraoiturd vadw ne dircadr tmdnrads ernk tmd 9156s. At wnuch bd ij dxilldritanj stitd tmit at wis gust i striw kij drdotdh tn bd `jno`dh hnwj aj nrhdr tn ki`d tmdomakpijzdd knhdc knrd pciusabcd, but tmd trutm as tmit bntm tdjdts ne tmas ioonu

(a.d. tmd doncnlaoic ijicnly ijh tmd odjtricaty ne kicd illrdssanj) nwd knrd tnpnpucirazajl bnn`s ijh tdxtbnn`s ne tmd citd saxtads ijh dircy sdvdjtads tmij tn tmdnralajic irtaocds ne tmd bibnnj spdoaicasts pubcasmdh bdenrd. Knrd tmij ijytmadcsd, at as tmd wnr` ne iutmnrs ca`d Irhrdy (91550 91<6), Knrras (915<i), aldijh Enx ( aldr 91510 aldr ijh Enx 91<9) tmit kust bd mdch rdspnjsabcd enr tmdlcnnky piriccdc bdtwddj bibnnjs ijh knhdrj mukijs. Njcy tmdrd, tmd bibnnjwis ”tmd knst illrdssavd ne submukij prakitds‑ wmnsd ”wiys ird sn ujonkenrtibcyrdkajasodjt ne kij‑s‑ (Irhrdy 91557 22=). At wis njcy aj ldjdric tdxtbnn`s pub-casmdh snkd ydirs citdr tmit bibnnjs wdrd usdh is i knhdc enr tmd pist nj tmd bisane ij doncnlaoic ijicnly (Oikpbdcc 915<0 Barhsdcc 91<20 Vedaeedr 91<2).

Iutmnrs ca`d Irhrdy, Knrras, aldr, Enx, Barhsdcc, Oikpbdcc ijh Vedaeedr miujhdrti`dj cattcd nr jn eadchwnr` watm bibnnjs. mdy brnwsdh tmrnulm tmd pubcaoitanjs ne \ismburj, HdUnrd ijh Micc tn onjstrud tmdar irlukdjts. Irhrdy, enrdxikpcd, rdlirhdh \ismburj ”is nur lrditdst ijtmrnpncnlast‑ (91<6795) ijh enujhaj Micc i ”eradjh ijh onujsdcnr ijh hraj`ajl onkpijanj‑ (Irhrdy 91557 j.p.) Ictmnulm bibnnjs wdrd dquiccy bdajl nbsdrvdh by ntmdrs ca`d @ukkdr (915=)Rnwdcc (9155) ijh tmd Ictkijjs (91<6), tmdar wnr` rdodavdh eir cdss ittdjtanjernk tmd soadjod wratdrs‘pirtcy bdoiusd at hah jnt hriw akpcaoitanjs ibnut mu-kij dvncutanj, pirtcy bdoiusd at needrdh i knrd knhdritd akild ne bibnnjs.Rnwdcc‑s enrdst bibnnjs hah jnt hdedjh tmd trnnp iliajst prdhitnrs but ecdh iwiyaj tmd trdds0 @ukkdr‑s mikihryis bibnnjs mih jn kicd hnkajijod madriromy butstibcd njd-kicd ujats ajstdih. \ismburj, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, hah dxpcaoatcy spdou-citd nj tmd nralaj ne kij, ijh HdUnrd ijh Micc‑s sdkajic hdsoraptanjs ne bibnnjsnoaic caed enousdh nj illrdssanj ijh kicd hnkajijod (HdUnrd ijh Micc 91540Micc ijh HdUnrd 9154).

\ismburj‑s bibnnjs7 ernk typaoic prakitds tn tdrrdstraic spdoaicasts

Aj i jukbdr ne irtaocds pubcasmdh bdtwddj 914= ijh 915= \ismburj, diom takdioonkpijadh by i sdonjh iutmnr (njod Ivas, twaod HdUnrd), hdvdcnpdh mas ahdi

ibnut tmd usd ne jnjmukij prakitds aj dvncutanjiry rdsdirom. mdsd wdrd tmdvdry earst ittdkpts it usajl dxtijt prakitds aj tmd rdonjstruotanj ne dircy mnkajah



298

bdmivanur. I ocnsd rdihajl smnws mnw cattcd ne mas irlukdjts wdrd bisdh nj ijdoncnlaoic ijicnly. Md dvdj jdvdr usdh tmd tdrk ”knhdc‑ wmdj tic`ajl ibnut tmdrdcdvijod ne bibnnjs, jnr hah md trijsedr jntanjs ne kicd illrdssanj ijh hnka-jijod tn dircy mnkajahs. Aj eiot, tmdrd wis onjsahdribcd ajtdrdst enr tmdkds wmaom

knhdrj onkkdjtitnrs wnuch knrd ripahcy issnoaitd watm omakpijzdd rdsdirom ajtmd 91<6s, suom is pciy, kntmdr-omach rdcitanjs ijh tmd icknst djtardcy vdldtir-aij hadt ne tmd bibnnj. mdsd eajhajls ird sn haeedrdjt ernk tmd rdodavdh vadw ne \ismburj, is prnkuclitdh by mas dpalnjds, tmit tmd nralajic tdxts hdsdrvd eurtmdrajspdotanj.

Xmd qudst enr haeedrdjods

Aj tmd ajtrnhuotanj ne tmdar 914= pipdr ”Dvncutanj ne mukij bdmivanr‑, _mdrwnnh \ismburj ijh Uarlajai Ivas rdicazdh tmit tmd prnbcdk ne mukij dvncutanj mihbddj ”lrditcy ociraeadh by rdodjt enssac hasonvdrads ijh jdw tdomjaquds ne hitajlijh ijicysas‑ (\ismburj ijh Ivas 914=7 829). md iustricnpatmdoajd eajhs ernk Ieraoi smdh akpnrtijt jdw calmt nj mukij dvncutanj, but i ldjuajd ajtdrprdti-tanj ne ”tmd nralaj ne mukij jiturd‑ onuch bd ujhdrti`dj ”njcy watm tmd iah neakilajitavd rdonjstruotanj‑ (822).

Mnw wis suom ”akilajitavd rdonjstruotanj‑ tn bd hnjd> Aj tmd cajd ne wmitMnntnj mih prdhaotdh, tmd iutmnrs bdcadvdh tmit ij ujhdrstijhajl ne jnjmukijprakitds onuch ”djraom nur ajtdrprdtitanjs ne tmd bnjds‑ (822)7

kuom ne mukij bdmivanur as smirdh watm kijy ntmdr prakitds, ijh i ldjdricvadw ne tmd nralaj ne mukij jiturd ernk ij dvncutanjiry pnajt ne vadw kusthdsorabd tmdsd editurds mdch aj onkknj is wdcc is tmnsd wmaom hastdrdjtaitd kij.(829)

Qdt sajod tmd sakaciratads bdtwddj mukijs ijh sakaijs mih bddj rdpditdhcy hd-sorabdh, \ismburj ijh Ivas omnnsd tn dkpmisazd ajstdih ”tmd nralaj ne tmnsd edi-turdshaeedrdjtaitajl kij ernk ipd‑ (829, aticaos ihhdh). mdar hdvasd wis strialmt-enrwirh7 cnn` it mukijs ijh prakitds, cast tmd haeedrdjods bdtwddj tmdk ijhdxpciaj tmdsd aj tdrks ne mukij ihiptitanjs. n tmdk, jnjmukij prakitds eujo-tanjdh is stitanjiry orditurds ernk wmaom tmd mukij brijom mih sprnutdh0 tmdybdcadvdh ajhddh tmit ”kijy ne tmd cavajl enrks Pne jnjmukij prakitds[ mivdomijldh eir cdss tmij mis kij‑ (822). Mukij dvncutanj mih stirtdh tmdrd wmdrdjnjmukij prakitd dvncutanj mih stnppdh. Aj tmd ruj tnwirhs mukijaty, dxtijtprakitds prnvahdh tmd stirtajl pnajt, ”knhdrj kij‑ tmd djh pnajt, ijh tmd haeedr-djods bdtwddj tmdk tmd sti`ds ne mnkajazitanj. md issukptanj tmit tmd jnjmu-kij prakitd wis knrd onjsdrvitavd tmij tmd mukij prakitd ciy it tmd bisd netmdar (ijh kijy ntmdrs‑) ”akilajitavd rdonjstruotanj‑.

md bnhy ne tmdar pipdr onjsastdh ne tmrdd pirts7 i onkpirasnj bdtwddj knj-`dys, ipds ijh ”kij‑, i hasoussanj ne iustricnpatmdoajd enssacs ijh i tdjtitavd sd-qudjod ne tmd dvncutanj ne mukij bdmivanur. md earst sdotanj castdh tmd iviacibcddvahdjod, dvdj ae at wis ”ne vdry haeedrdjt oicabdr‑ (829), nj tmdkds ca`d rdprnhuo-tanj ijh lrnwtm, snoaic lrnup, spdoaic sdjsds, briaj, cnonkntanj, pnsturd, ijh



294

knvdkdjt. md ajenrkitanj, jditcy irrijldh aj tmrdd oncukjs enr knj`dys, ipdsijh ”kij‑, wis cirldcy ijitnkaoic sajod cattcd wis `jnwj ibnut bdmivanur. Knstdvahdjod oikd ernk prdwir iutmnratads ca`d Qdr`ds, Wuo`drkij, Mnntnj ijh_omuctz0 tmd njcy eadch stuhy rdedrrdh tn wis Oirpdjtdr‑s 9186 wnr` nj tmd labb

Is i rdsuct ne tmas onkpirasnj, bapdhicask, tnnc usd, cirld briaj sazd ijh cijluildstnnh nut is ”tmd eiotnrs haeedrdjtaitajl bdtwddj tmd mukij wiy ne caed ijh tmit netmd ipd‑ (829). mdy ioonujtdh enr tmd ippdirijod ne ujaqud mukij triats suomis scnw kituritanj, ajordisdh ajeijt hdpdjhdjoy, oijajd rdhuotanj, cirld tdrratnryijh kicd prnvasanjajl. Mujtajl wis jnt kdjtanjdh aj tmd tibcds, but tmd iutmnrsbdcadvdh tmit ”kij as ocdircy hastajluasmdh ernk icc cavajl knj`dys ijh ipds by bdajl kuom knrd oirjavnrnus, mujtajl ijh `accajl cirld ijakics‑ (8?2).

Xd jdxt stdp wis tn hdtdrkajd wmdj tmdsd oruoaic ittiajkdjts mih bddj rdiomdh ajtmd onursd ne mukij dvncutanj. Xd jhs ne iustricnpatmdoajds aj _nutm-Ieraoi by HirtBrnnk ijh Rnbajsnj prnvahdh i lnnh stirtajl pnajt ( nbais 91=4). \ismburj‑s stuhy ne

tmd pdcvds onjvajodh mak ”tmit tmdsd oij njcy bd rdonjstruotdh is bdcnjlajl tn i bapdhijakic‑ (821). Rdpditajl ij nch irlukdjt icrdihy sulldstdh by Hirwaj, tmdy bdcadvdhtmit onjsahdribcd rdhuotanj aj iustricnpatmdoajd oijajd tddtm aj onkpirasnj tn knj`dysijh ipds kihd at ”quatd prnbibcd tmit tmdy wdrd usajl tnncs‑ (8?6).95 Iustricnpatmdoajdbriaj sazd wis stacc vdry skicc, wmaom dxpciajdh tmd ibsdjod ne ”tnnc ki`ajl ioonrhajhd jdh trihatanjs‑ (8?2). Hah tmd iustricnpatmdoajds mujt> Xas qudstanj onuch njcy ijswdrdh by iromidncnlaoic dvahdjod but \ismburj ijh Ivas siah7 ”Nur bdcade as tmit tmiustricnpatmdoajds wdrd kiajcy vdldtiraij but mih bdluj tn suppcdkdjt tmdar hadt watmknrd ijakic ennh tmij as omiriotdrastao enr tmd ipds‑ (8??). Eucc mujtajl njcy hdvdcnpwatm tmd dkdrldjod ne cirld-briajdh orditurds ne tmd Kahhcd Vcdastnodjd, is rdprdsdby tmd enssacs ne rajac ijh Wmnu`nuhaij.

Xd rdsuctajl dvncutanjiry jirritavd onjsastdh ne twn stilds. \atm Iustricnpatmdous wd mih i bapdhic, skicc-briajdh, tnnc-usajl ijh cirldcy vdldtiraij mnkajah wmaom mihknvdh ajtn tmd sivijjims, wmdrdis ajordisdh briaj sazd, onkpcdx tdomjncnly, irtaou-citd spddom ijh mujtajl ne cirld kikkics njcy hdvdcnpdh watm tmd mnkajahs ne tmdKahhcd Vcdastnodjd wmaom wd wnuch jnw oiccMnkn drdotus . Xd kntnr bdmajh tmashristao trijsatanj wis mujtajl. \ismburj ijh Ivas hdsorabdh mnw mujtajl ”mih tmrddakpnrtijt dstdots nj mukij bdmivanur ijh mukij jiturd7 psyomncnlaoic, snoaic, ijhtdrratnraic‑ (8??). \atm mujtajl, kij stirtdh tn ”djgny tmd omisd ijh tmd acc‑0 md bdoikicsn donjnkaoiccy rdspnjsabcd tmrnulm smirajl tmd prdy aj tmd lrnup wmacd mas tdrwis lrditcy ajordisdh. Mujtajl wis tmd `dy bdmivanur ihiptitanj aj mukij dvncutanj0

95 \ismburj ijh Ivas ird ritmdr ikbalunus ibnut tmd eujotanj ne dircy tnncs. Aj njd pciod, iustricnp-atmdoajd tnncs ird siah tn bd hdedjsavd wdipnjs (8?6)0 aj ijntmdr, tmdy kalmt mivd bddj pirt ne tmmujtajl dquapkdjt (8?2)0 stacc eurtmdr, tmdy wdrd ”prnbibcy usdh tn dxtdjh tmd quijtaty ijh viradtyne tmas Pvdldtibcd ennh[ ritmdr tmij tn nbtiaj kdit‑ (8??). nncs onuch mivd bddj usdh enr lmtajl,mujtajl nr ”hallajl, orusmajl, ijh tdirajl tmajls npdj‑ (8??)‘tmd cittdr nptanj wnuch bdonkd tmdedkajasts‑ eivnuratd (oe. ajeri).



29<

mijh, rdsdkbcdh mukijs aj tmd ”donjnkao rdspnjsabacaty ne tmd ihuct kicds ijhtmd priotaod ne smirajl ennh aj tmd lrnup‑ (8?8). Onjsdqudjtcy, ”tmd vdry sikd iotanjs wmaom oiusdh kij tn bd edirdh by ntmdr ijakics cdh tn knrd onnpdritanj,ennh smirajl, ijh donjnkao hdpdjhdjod watmaj tmd lrnup‑ (8?8). Illrdssanj,

njcy kdjtanjdh njod aj tmd pipdr, wis jnt ajmdrdjt tn tmd prakitd rdpdrtnard butnralajitdh watm tmd mujtajl mibat7 ”oirjavnrnus ouransaty ijh illrdssanj mivd bddihhdh tn tmd ajquasatavdjdss ijh hnkajijod stravajl ne tmd ipd‑ (8?8).

Onjtriry tn tmd rdodavdh vadw, aj tmas dircy \ismburj pipdr prakitds hah jntsdrvd is i knhdc wmaom ajgdotdh hnsds ne illrdssanj, madriromy ijh sdxuic pncaajtn nur vadw ne mukij nralajs. Mujtajl, netdj sddj is tmd rdsuct ne tmd bibnnjknhdc, wis icrdihy \ismburj‑s kignr dxpcijitnry prajoapcd wdcc bdenrd ”stuhadsne lrnups ne cavajl prakitds dkdrldh is i kignr oipstnjd tn mas ioihdkao dhaeaod‑(Miriwiy 91=17 29<-=). At sdrvdh tn ioonujt enr tmd knrd rdodjt omijlds aj mu-kij dvncutanj (jnt tmd wmncd prnodss ne mnkajazitanj), ijh at wis knrd rdihacy

issnoaitdh watm i oirjavnrd knhdc (jnt i bibnnj knhdc).

Bibnnjs it tmd cnwdr cakat

mrdd ydirs ietdr tmd ”Dvncutanj ne mukij bdmivanr‑ ippdirdh, \ismburj pub-casmdh ij irtaocd tnldtmdr watm mas lrihuitd stuhdjt Arvdj HdUnrd (\ismburj ijhHdUnrd 9159). Aj tmd kdijtakd, bntm mih bddj hnajl eadchwnr` watm ncavd bibnnjs aj jitanjic pir`s aj _nutmdrj Rmnhdsai (jnw Wakbibwd) ijh @djyi, nb-sdrvitanjs wmaom mih tiulmt tmdk knrd tmij tmit bibnnjs rij iwiy ernk mukijsijh ntmdr oirjavnrds (tmas wnr` enrkdh tmd onrd ne HdUnrd‑s Vm.H. tmdsas er

9152 nj tmd snoaic nrlijazitanj ne bibnnjs). Aj 9159 tmd takd wis rapd ”tn prdsdjti brade ioonujt ne tmd hiacy caed ne bibnnjs tn sdrvd is i bio`lrnujh enr tmd hasoussanj ne tmd snoaic caed ne dircy kij‑ (19) ijh tmas wis dxiotcy wmit tmd ”_nbdmivanr ne bibnnjs ijh dircy kij‑ hah.

It earst salmt, tmd haeedrdjods watm tmd 914= pipdr onuch jnt mivd bddj lrditmd swddpajl stitdkdjts nj prakitds mih turjdh ajtn hdtiacdh hdsoraptanjs ne

bibnnjs0 tmd dkpmisas nj ijitnky mih omijldh ajtn ij dxocusavd ittdjtanj tnbdmivanur. \is tmd 914= pipdr i tmdnrdtaoic spdoucitanj nj mukij dvncutanj,tmd 9159 pubcaoitanj cnn`dh ca`d ij dtmjnlripmy ne i prakitd snoadty watm njcycakatdh cirldr akpcaoitanjs. Hdspatd tmas ajataic akprdssanj, tmd pipdr smnws p

enujh sakaciratads watm dircadr wnr`0 bntm tmd iak, kdtmnh ijh onjocusanjs ocnsrdsdkbcdh tmd prdvanus irtaocd.md uctakitd iak ne \ismburj ijh mas on-iutmnr onjsastdh ne ajtdrprdtajl

tmd onursd ne mukij dvncutanj ijh ”rdonjstruotajl tmd snoaic caed ne dircy kij‑(14). n tmas djh, tmdy usdh tmd sikd onkpiritavd rdisnjajl is bdenrd. Enousajlnj tmdkds ca`d trnnp sazd, rijld, hadt ijh pnpucitanj struoturd, tmd bdmivanur netmd bibnnjs wis onkpirdh watm ”prdilraoucturic mukijs‑ (962) ijh watm wmitwis `jnwj ibnut enssac mnkajahs. _nkd ldjdric sakaciratads wdrd jntdh (d.l. ajtrnnp sazd) but aj ldjdric tmd iutmnrs ”tradh tn nutcajd snkd ne tmd wiys aj wmatmd wiy ne caed ne onjtdkpnriry bibnnjs haeedrs ernk tmit ne kij‑ (96?). mdsd

haeedrdjods, dvdjtuiccy sukkirazdh aj i tibcd it tmd djh ne tmdar pipdr (ealurd 98)sdrvdh tn pnajt nut wmit wis hastajotavdcy mukij. Tjca`d tmd bibnnjs, mukijs



29=

mih i kuom cirldr tdrratnry watm mnkd bisds, i oirjavnrnus onkpnjdjt tn tmdarhadt, ij ivnahijod ne ajbrddhajl, ij dxtdjhdh kntmdr-omach bnjh, ij ajordisdhdonjnkao hdpdjhdjoy ne tmd ajeijt, i prncnjldh kicd-edkicd rdcitanjsmap, i rd-huodh hnkajijod ijh tmd eioucty ne spddom. mdsd haeedrdjods wdrd tn bd ajtdr-

prdtdh aj tdrks ne mukij dvncutanj7 ”bdoiusd ne tmd lrdit bdmivanric lip bdtwddjkij ijh mas jdirdst rdcitavds, snkd rdonjstruotanj ne bdmivanr as pnssabcd‑ (96?). Is aj 914=, kijy ne tmdsd pittdrjs dkdrldh is hardot nr ajhardot onjsdqudjods tnmujtajl. ” md bisas enr knst ne tmdsd haeedrdjods kiy cad aj mujtajl,‑ tmdy wrntd aji knrd pnpucir irtaocd aj_oadjtaeao Ikdraoij pubcasmdh tmd sikd ydir (9159b7 91).

md Kahhcd Vcdastnodjd wis iliaj tmd turjajl pnajt aj mukij dvncutanj7 ”By tmdKahhcd Vcdastnodjd tmdrd as hardot dvahdjod ne mujtajl ijh ajhardot dvahdjod enron-npdritanj, havasanj ne cibnr, ijh smirajl ne ennh. mas mukij pittdrj haeedrsnj diom ne tmdsd pnajts ernk tmit ne bibnnjs, wmn hn jnt mujt, smird, nr on-npdr-itd, ijh wmdrd tmdrd as jn sdxuic havasanj ne donjnkao iotavaty‑ (1=).

mdar eajic onjocusanj rdoipturds tmd dircadr ahdis ne \ismburj ijh at as wnrtmquntajl tmdar djtard cist pirilripm7

\d sdd twn stilds ne bdmivanric dvncutanj sdpiritajl tmd ipds ernkMnkn sipadjs.Xd rst ne tmdsd as tmit ne tmd iustricnpatmdoajds ne tmd Cnwdr Vcdastnodjd. Ictmnulmtmdsd enrks wdrd bapdhic ijh tnnc-ki`ajl Ponjtri 914=[, tmdrd as cattcd tn sulldsttmit tmdar snoaic caed wis vdry hastdrdjt ernk tmit ne ipds nr knj`dys. Xdy wdrd prnbibcy prakiracy vdldtiraij, ijh tmd skicc-briajdh ynujl onuch mivd kiturdhripahcy. Vdrmips njcy tmd ruhakdjts ne tmd mukij wiy ne caed wdrd prdsdjt. But, bytmd Kahhcd Vcdastnodjd, cirld-briajdh kdj wmn mujtdh bal ijakics wdrd prdsdjt,ijh tmas kiy wdcc mivd bddj tmd pdranh hurajl wmaom tmd hastajotavdcy mukijittatuhds nj mujtajl, tdrratnry, ijh tmd eikacy nralajitdh. It cdist tmd bancnlaoicijh donjnkao prnbcdks tmit uctakitdcy cdh tn tmd snoaic oustnks ne tnhiy mih tmdarrnnts aj tmd mujtajl snoadtads ne mice i kaccanj ydirs iln.(96?)

Ernk tmd prdvanus pissild at as ocdir tmit bibnnjs hah jnt sdrvd is rdedrdjtaic knhdcsnj tmd bisas ne doncnlaoic ijicnly. Xdy wdrd usdh tn malmcalmt, tmrnulm onjtrist, i sdtne ujaqud mukij triats. Is cattcd wis `jnwj ibnut tmd viraibacaty ne prakitd bdmivanur,pittdrjs ne bibnnj bdmivanur wdrd tmnulmt tn bd prntntypaoic. Xd_oadjta o Ikdraoij iuhadjod onuch rdih tmit ”bibnnj omiriotdrastaos P...[ kiy bd ti`dj is rdprdsdjtitavd neipd ijh knj`dy bdmivanr aj ldjdric‑ (\ismburj ijh HdUnrd 9159b7 9=-1). \ismburjijh HdUnrd bdcadvdh tmit tmd kiaj pnajts ne tmdar onkpirasnj ”wnuch jnt bd lrditcyomijldh by substatutajl ntmdr jnjmukij prakitd spdoads enr bibnnjs‑ (9159i7 96?).Bibnnj bdmivanur wis prntntypaoic prakitd bdmivanur, jnt ij ihiptitanj tn i spdoa odjvarnjkdjt. Xd wnrh ”doncnly‑ hah jnt dvdj noour aj tmd wmncd pipdr! n put at uj-odrdknjanuscy, aj 9159 at hah jnt dvdj kittdr wmdtmdr bibnnjs cavdh aj sivijjims,



291

Ealurd 98. \ismburj ijh HdUnrd ajataiccy stuhadh bibnnjs is rdprdsdjtitavd ne i prakitd pi drj pranr tn mnkajazitanj. Aj tmas tibcd, tmdy guxtipnsdh dvahdjod nj bibnnjs ijh prdilra-

oucturic mukijs aj nrhdr tn ajhaoitd tmd dxtdjt ne mukij ujaqudjdss (\ismburj ijh HdUnrd91597 962).



226

wnnhcijhs nr enrdsts.9= Xdy wdrd gust i onjordtd dxikpcd ne tmd ldjdrao prakitd paoturdis nutcajdh aj 914=. Onjsdqudjtcy, bibnnjs wdrd jnt cavajl rdprdsdjtitavds enr njd netmd twn stilds ne tmd dvncutanjiry sodjiran but prdodhdh tmdk is prntntypaoic rdprd-sdjtitavds ne tmd sakaij substritd ernk wmaom mukijaty mih stirtdh. Iustricnpatmdous

rdtiajdh kuom ne tmdar ruhakdjtiry snoaic caed, wmdrdisMnkn drdotus knrd ocnsdcy rd-sdkbcdh knhdrj mujtdr-litmdrdrs.Jnt njcy wdrd bibnnjs ibsdjt is rdedrdjtaic knhdcs, dvdj tmd oirjavnrds bd-

oikd knrd hnubteuc enr tmd gnb. mnulm tmdy smirdh ennh ca`d mukij mujtdrs,bdoiusd ne ats lrditdr onkkujatads ”tmd mukij satuitanj wis eir knrd onkpcaoitdhsnoaiccy tmij tmit ne ntmdr oirjavnrds‑ (966). Is ”jn onkpiribcd satuitanj dxastsiknjl ntmdr oirjavnrds‑ (966), tmd iutmnrs rderiajdh ernk cnn`ajl enr eurtmdrknhdrj ijicnluds enr tmas ”jdw snoaic prnbcdk‑ (969). Is suom, tmd 9159 pipdrdrihaoitdh icc rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl.

md pnrtriat ne tmd bibnnj tmit irnsd ernk \ismburj ijh HdUnrd‑s hdsorap-

tanj as jdircy ijldcaoic onkpirdh tn ats citdr oiraoiturd. Ictmnulm ”tmd rdihajdsstn dit kdit as prdsdjt‑, tmdar hadt as ”nvdrwmdckajlcy vdldtiraij‑ (18). Ajstdih neillrdssanj, ”pciy as ij akpnrtijt iotavaty, wmaom nooupads kijy mnurs dvdry hiy‑(15). Onjsnrt piarajls ird siah tn ”cist i kittdr ne mnurs nr hiys ijh usuiccy has-sncvd pdiodeuccy,‑ tmd nhh ealmt jntwatmstijhajl (1<). Aj ldjdric, mnwdvdr, ”ealmt-ajl watmaj tmd trnnp sdchnk noours, bdoiusd tmd pnsatanj ne diom ijakic as rdonl-jazdh‑ (966). mdsd quntds ird jnt tmd rdsuct ne sdcdotavd rdihajl0 tmdy gust smnwmnw hastnrtdh tmd citdr rdonjstruotanjs ird.

\mdj at oikd tn \ismburj ijh HdUnrd‑s vadws nj tmd mukij pist, kicd mujtajlwis ajhddh sddj is knrd akpnrtijt tmij edkicd donjnkao iotavaty, it cdist aj haiomrnjaopdrspdotavd, a.d. aj tdrks ne ats akpiot nj mukij dvncutanj.91 Citdr orataos, mnwdvdr, mivdeiacdh tn jntaod mnw mujtajl ”rdquardh tmit on-npdritanj ijh smirajl ajordisd ijh tmithnkajijod bdonkd cdss akpnrtijt aj snoaic onjtrnc‑ (969). Ajstdih ne knrd, ioonrhajltn \ismburj ijh HdUnrd, wd lntcdss hnkajijod aj mukij dvncutanj is i onjsdqudjodne mujtajl! On-npdritanj, ennh smirajl, ennh trijspnrt, mnkd bisds, litmdrajl‘icctmdsd sn-oiccdh citdr onrrdotavds tn tmd mujtajl mypntmdsas ird prdsdjt aj \ismburj‑sdircy wnr`. Ictmnulm tmd cdihajl prajoapcd wis tmit ”kij‑s suoodss onkds ernk mujtajl‑(12), tmd onjjntitanjs ne illrdssanj ijh hnkajijod wdrdjnt issnoaitdh watm tmas dircyvdrsanj ne tmd bibnnj knhdc.

9= Xd wnr` ne Xdcki Rnwdcc (9155) wnuch citdr hdknjstritd tmit tmd bdmivanur ne enrdst-cavajlbibnnjs wis quatd hastdrdjt ernk tmd sivijjim bibnnjs nbsdrvdh by \ismburj ijh HdUnrd but atjdvdr rdodavdh ittdjtanj ernk i prakitd-knhdccajl pdrspdotavd, pirtcy bdoiusd doncnlaoic ijicnlybdoikd knrd akpnrtijt aj tmd citd 9156s (tmdar enrdst mibatit wis tmus onjsahdrdh arrdcdvijt tntmd mnkajah sivijjim), pirtcy bdoiusd tmdar bdmivanuric pittdrjs rdspnjhdh cdss tn tmd jntanj neillrdssanj tmit bdoikd prdvicdjt aj tmd citd 9156s ijh dircy <6s. Xdy tmus cavdh aj tmd wrnjldjvarnjkdjts ijh pdrenrkdh tmd wrnjl bdmivanurs.

91 Aj syjomrnjao pdrspdotavd, tmd akpnrtijod ne litmdrajl ijh tmd vdldtibcd onkpnjdjt ne tmd hadtwis wahdcy io`jnwcdhldh but tmas wis tmnulmt tn djtiac cattcd dvncutanjiry onjsdqudjod. Is HnjjiMiriwiy (91=17 29<) pnaljijtcy nbsdrvdh7 ”Litmdrajl as ibnut cnoic ennhs0 mujtajl as ibnut ujavdr-sic prajoapcds.‑



229

Cavajl iustricnpatmdoajds

Ae tmd 9159 irtaocd cnn`dh vdry haeedrdjt but turjdh nut tn bd vdry sakacir tn prdhdodssnr, nur jdxt pipdr smnws tmd dxiot nppnsatd. Vubcasmdh by HdUnrd \ismburj aj 915?, ats dxtdjsavd hdsoraptanjs ne bibnnj caed cnn`dh vdry kuom ca`dtmd prdvanus pubcaoitanj, but tmd ujhdrcyajl ritanjicd enr stuhyajl bibnnjs wisquatd haeedrdjt.

md irtaocd ”Bibnnj doncnly ijh mukij dvncutanj‑ npdjs watm tmd nbsdrvi-tanj tmit tmdsd ijakics ird ”tmd knst suoodsseuc lrnujh-cavajl prakitds, ijh tmdarwiy ne caed lavds snkd ajsalmt ajtn tmd prnbcdks wmaom onjernjtdh dircy kij(??4). md ajtdjtanj ne tmd iutmnrs wis jn cnjldr tn prdsdjt ij ioonujt ne mu-kij dvncutanj (tmdar twn-stildh vadw ne tmd kittdr wis prdsdjtdh aj tmd ajtrnhuo-tanj is i ti`dj-enr-lrijtdh watm mujtajl is tmd `dy ihiptitanj)0 jnw tmdy wdrdajtdrdstdh aj ”tmd prnbcdks wmaom onjernjtdh dircy kij‑. Njod i lrihuic isodjternk tmd ipds, mukij dvncutanj mis jnw icc ne i suhhdj bdonkd i prnbcdkitaoijh onjtdstdh strullcd. md jdw wnrh wis ”survavic‑, tmd jdw pirihalk ”doncnly‑,tmd jdw ujat ne ijicysas ”tmd lrnup‑. md ujhdrstijhajl ne bdmivanur aj tdrks neats djvarnjkdjtic pirikdtdrs bdoikd sn hnkajijt tmit stuhads nj bibnnj snoaicnrlijazitanj stirtdh tn bd oiccdh ”bibnnj doncnly‑ (tmd pmrisd noourrdh aj sdvdritatcds0 oe. HdUnrd ijh \ismburj 915?0 HdUnrd ijh Micc 9154 ijh Ictkijj ijh Ictkijj 91<6).

Onjsdqudjtcy, tmd bibnnj wis jn cnjldr tmd spn`dspdrsnj enr tmd ntmdr 266-nhh spdoads ne jnjmukij prakitds. Aj tmd earst pilds ne tmd irtaocd, HdUnrd ijh \ismburj hastajluasmdh enr tmd earst takd bdtwddj haeedrdjt spdoads ne bibnnjijh onjtristdh tmd ldjusVipan watm ntmdr ldjdri ne knj`dys, tmus ajhaoitajl tmddxtdjt ne bdmivanuric viraitanj. Ae bibnnjs wdrd spdoaeao ajstdih ne ldjdricazwmit onuch eurtmdr gustaey tmdk is i snurod enr ijicnly> md ijswdr wis sakpcbdoiusd tmdy cavdh nj tmd lrnujh. Jnt bdoiusd tmdy cavdh aj sivijjims nr bdoiusdtmdy priotasdh mujtajl, but sakpcy tmas7 tmd mibat ne smueecajl, rujjajl, eddhapciyajl, onpucitajl, ealmtajl ijh hyajl nj tmd lrnujh. ”Isahd ernk kij, tmdsdknj`dys ird tmd knst suoodsseuc lrnujh-cavajl prakitds,‑ HdUnrd ijh \ismburjmdch (915?7 ??4). I tdrrdstraic caed-stycd ajdvatibcy cdh tn i lrditdr dvncutanjecdxabacaty, enccnwajl tmd kixak7 ”tmd knrd lrnujh-cavajl, tmd cdss spdoait(??<). _ajod ”tmd kdj ne tmd Kahhcd Vcdastnodjd, ldjusMnkn, nooupadh tmd sikd

rijld is tmd bibnnj-kioiquds watmnut spdoaitanj‑ ijh sajod ” Iustricnpatmdous kiymivd nooupadh ij ihiptavd pnsatanj kahwiy aj deedotavdjdss bdtwddj tmd lrnujhknj`dys ijh dircyMnkn‑, tmd sdqudjod ernk bibnnjs tn iustricnpatmdoajds tndircyMnkn onuch bd siedluirhdh is aj 9159. Bibnnjs wdrd jn cnjldr rdprdsdjti-tavd ne ntmdr jnjmukij prakitds, but tdrrdstraicaty ijh cio` ne spdoaitanj lnttmdk bio` aj dvncutanjiry rdonjstruotanj by tmd bio` hnnr.



222

\atm tmas jdw dkpmisas nj survavic ijh tdrrdstraicaty, tmd cdihajl rdsdiromqudstanj bdoikd7 tn wmit dxtdjt ird bdmivanuric ijh ijitnkaoic pittdrjs tmd rd-suct ne ”ihiptitanjs tn caed nj tmd lrnujh‑ (?82) aj i prdhitnr-raom djvarnjkdjt>Kijy ne tmd dircadr nbsdrvitanjs wdrd jnw rd-ajtdrprdtdh aj eujotanj ne doncnly

ijh survavic. \is pciy njod onjsahdrdh tn buach ”snoaic s`accs‑ aj 9159 (15), jnw atlivd kicds ”ealmtajl priotaod‑ (?8<). \is tmd pnsatanj ne diom ijakic rdonljazdhaj tmd trnnp aj 9159, twn ydirs citdr ”ajtdrihuct kicd ijtilnjask‑ rdaljdh (?8<).Kicd hnkajijod, sdxuic haknrpmask ijh snoaic madriromy wdrd icc hdsorabdh ajtdrks ne tdrrdstraic ihiptitanjs.

Xd knst typaoic dxikpcd ne tmas jdw ipprniom wis HdUnrd ijh \ismburj‑s hd-soraptanj ne mnw bibnnjs knvdh aj tmd npdj, trddcdss pciajs7 subhnkajijt kicds ijhnchdr guvdjacd kicds wic`dh nut aj ernjt ne tmd trnnp ijh it ats rdir djh0 bdtwddj tmdkoikd prdljijt ijh dstrus edkicds is wdcc is guvdjacds0 aj tmd odjtrd ynu enujh i juocdusne hnkajijt kicds, edkicds watm ajeijts ijh ynujl guvdjacds. Aj oisd ne prdhitnr ittio`,

suom irrijldkdjt ajsurdh ”kixakuk prntdotanj enr tmd ajeijts ijh guvdjacds aj tmdodjtdr ne tmd trnnp‑ (?88). Xas ajtdrprdtitanj dpatnkazds tmd doncnlaoic ipprniom7 snoaicbdmivanur wis sddj is ij ihiptitanj tn odrtiaj doncnlaoic prdssurds (prdhitanj), at wishdsorabdh aj tdrks ne ild lrnups ijh sdx ocissds, ijh at uctakitdcy onjtrabutdh tn lrnupsurvavic. Xd stuhy ne tmd bibnnjs‑ kiromajl nrhdr bdoikd pirihalkitao enr tmas jdwdoncnlaoic ipprniom tn prakitncnly ijh enujh ats pciod aj kijy tdxtbnn`s‘rdlirhcdssne tmd eiot tmit at mih icrdihy bddj hdsorabdh is dircy is 952?.26

Aj ldjdric, bibnnj bdmivanur wis ajtdrprdtdh tmrnulm i kacatiry ijh kirtaic kdti-pmnr. Xd snoaic lrnup, salja oijtcy oiccdh tmd ”trnnp‑, mih bdonkd tmd ujat ne dvncutanj.29 Diom trnnp haspnsdh ne i ”mnkd rijld‑ watm i ”onrd irdi‑, rnikdh by ajakaoic prdhitnrs.”_urvavic‑ wis ats njcy purpnsd7 ”_dx hastdrdjods, pdrapmdric ijakics, ijh rijld‘diomne tmdsd mis kdijajl njcy aj tdrks ne tmd survavic,‑ HdUnrd ijh \ismburj irludh(?55). Ats snoaic struoturd rdsdkbcdh i kacatiry madriromy watm wdcc prdsorabdh eujotanjsbisdh nj ”ild, sdx, pdrsnjic prdedrdjods, ijh hnkajijod‑ (?82)7 tmd cdss hnkajijt ihuctkicds ijh guvdjacds hdedjhdh tmd knvajl trnnp ca`d snchadrs aj tmd rajl cajd, wmdrdistmd hnkajijt ihuct kicds prntdotdh tmd mdcpcdss kntmdrs ijh ynujl ajeijts ajsahd tmdtrnnp. Ennh smnrtild ijh jhajl sied scddpajl trdds wdrd tmd trnnp‑s cnlastaoic prnbcdks.Xd ictdrjitanj bdtwddj rdstajl ujhdr trdds ijh knvajl aj bittcd-irriy tmrnulm dxpnsdh

26 Raomirh Gnbsnj wrntd7 ”But tn spdi`d ne tmd Bibnwjd, A kust siy, at as i wnjhdreucc tmajl P...[ istmdy trivdcc, tmdy lnd aj rijo`d, wmdrdne tmd cdihdrs ird odrtiajd ne tmd lrditdr snrt, ijh tmdrd as islrdit, ijh cirld ne tmdk, is i Cynj, tmd skiccdr enccnwajl, ijh dvdr jnw ijh tmdj is i Onkkiujhdri lrdit njd wic`ds0 tmd edkicds oirry tmdar ynjl ujhdr tmdar bdccads. P...[ Aj tmd rdir onkds up i lrditonkpijy ne tmd balldst snrt, is i luirh iliajst ijy pdrsuajl djdky, ijh aj tmas kijjdr hnd tmdykirom icnjl‑ (quntdh aj Qdr`ds ijh Qdr`ds 91217 1).

29 Xd trnnp wis sddj is tmd cdvdc wmdrd sdcdotavd prdssurds wmdrd it wnr`, ujca`d knrd rdodjt vadwswmaom onjsahdr tmd ajhavahuic nr tmd ldjd is tmd ujat ne dvncutanj (Lacknrd 91=90 Lmalcadra 91=<).”Xd lrnup as ij ihiptavd ujat, tmd iotuic enrk ne wmaom as hdtdrkajdh by doncnlaoic prdssurds‑(Lirtcij 915=7 994). HdUnrd (91547 ax) hd jdh tmd trnnp is enccnws7 ”I –trnnp‛ sn hd jdh onjsastsne i hasordtd lrnup ne ihucts ne bntm sdxds, tnldtmdr watm guvdjacds ijh ajeijts, tmit kiajtiajssnoaic ahdjtaty ijh spitaic ujaty nvdr cnjl pdranhs. _uom i trnnp as ij disacy rdonljazibcd ujat watmrdcitavdcy akpdrkdibcd snoaic bnujhirads, ictmnulm ynujl kicds nr lrnups ne ynujl kicds kiy cavdnutsahd tmd trnnp.‑



22?

onujtry rdkajhdh ne trnnp knvdkdjts aj wir. Bibnnj snoaic struoturd sddkdh ca`d iwdcc-nacdh bittcd-kiomajd aj tmd cijh enrods ne tmd Dist-Ieraoij sivijjim.

md rdsuctajl bibnnj akild wis onjsahdribcy haeedrdjt ernk tmd prdvanus pi-pdr by \ismburj ijh HdUnrd ijh sddks knrd eikacair tn us tnhiy. Bibnnjs wdrd

”knrd illrdssavd ijh hnkajijod-nradjtdh‑ (??5) tmij ntmdr knj`dys. Bdtwddji trnnp ijh ats prdhitnrs, bdtwddj haeedrdjt trnnps, but knstcy watmaj tmd trnnpatsdce, illrdssanj wis tmd nrlijazajl prajoapcd ijh hnkajijt kicds enrkdh tmdpavnt ne tmd trnnp. ” md rncd ne ihuct kicd bibnnjs is hdedjhdrs ne tmd trnnp Pwvatic tn tmd survavic ne tmd trnnp, ijh dspdoaiccy tn tmd survavic ne tmd knst mcdss ijakics‘edkicds watm jdw bibads, skicc guvdjacds, ijh tdkpnriracy sao` nrajgurdh ajhavahuics‑ (?85). _nkd ydirs citdr, Micc ijh HdUnrd (91547 48) bdlijtmdar stuhy ne bibnnj snoaic nrlijazitanj watm tmd ixankitao pmrisd7 ” md bibnnlrnup as nrlijazdh irnujh tmd hnkajijod madriromy ne ihuct kicds.‑ Kicd il-lrdssanj, kicd hnkajijod ijh kicd hdedjod‘tmdsd wdrd tmd eaxdh pirikdtdrs ne

bibnnj bdmivanur. md irtaocd ne HdUnrd ijh \ismburj onjtiajdh i paoturd ne itmrditdjajl ihuct kicd bibnnj wmaom knrd tmij ijytmajl dcsd sukkirazdh ijhhassdkajitdh tmas jdw vadw (ealurd 94).

But mnw ibnut mujtajl> At as tdkptajl tn sdd HdUnrd‑s ijh \ismburj‑s hdtiacdhhdsoraptanjs ne mujtajl dpasnhds is ijntmdr sykptnk ne i omijld aj tmdar pdrodp-tanj ne bibnnjs. Aj 9159, tmdy spdjt njcy twn sdjtdjods nj bibnnj mujtajl (”Iskicc cavd ijakic aj tmd lriss wacc icsn bd àccdh ijh ditdj. \d siw twn jdwbnrj

mnkpsnj‑s lizdccd, twn mice-lrnwj mirds, ijh tmrdd jdstcajls ne lrnujh-jdst-ajl barhs àccdh aj tmas wiy‑, p. 18)0 aj 915?, tmdsd sikd dpasnhds wdrd lnnh eknrd tmij enur, guaoy pilds (”Ij ihuct kicd bibnnj lribbdh at, brnulmt at ibnvdats mdih, ijh scikkdh at tn tmd lrnujh. Md akkdhaitdcy tnrd ajtn tmd stnkiom netmd lizdccd ijh bdlij ditajl at.‑ p. ?56). mdsd ippdtazajl sodjds jntwatmstijhajl,bibnnjs wdrd stacc hdsorabdh is ”vdry ajdeeaoadjt prdhitnrs‑ (?52) ijh tmdar ittatutnwirhs ntmdr ijakics wis ”jnt tmit ne i prdhitnr‑ (?5?). _ajod ”tmd akpnrtijodne kdit aj tmd bibnnj hadt mis bddj onjsahdribcy nvdrstrdssdh‑, \ismburj ijhHdUnrd enujh at knrd rdisnjibcd ”tn issukd tmit kdit mis bddj i onjsastdjt butvdry kajnr pirt ne tmd bibnnj hadt tmrnulmnut tmdar dvncutanjiry mastnry‑ (?5?Mujtajl rdkiajdh tmd mukij prdrnlitavd pir dxodccdjod .

\mit rncd hah tmd bibnnjs eajiccy pciy aj tmd rdonjstruotanj ne mukij dvncu-tanj> HdUnrd ijh \ismburj (?54) wdrd vdry ocdir ibnut tmas7

Nbvanuscy, kij as jnt hdsodjhdh ernk i bibnnj, ijh tmd bdmivanr ne nur ijodstnrskiy mivd bddj vdry hastdrdjt ernk tmit ne cavajl bibnnjs. But wd tmaj` tmit aj i ldjdric wiy tmd prnbcdks eiodh by tmd bibnnj trnnp kiy bd vdry sakacir tn tmnsdwmaom onjernjtdh nur ijodstnrs. It tmd cdist, onkpirasnj ne mukij bdmivanr watmtmit ne bibnnjs dkpmisazds hastdrdjods. It tmd knst, suom i onkpirasnj kiy lavdjdw ajsalmts.

mas huic dkpcnykdjt oij bd ocdircy sddj aj tmd tdxt. Earst, kijy pissildsrdkajh ne tmd ”onkpiritavd‑, haeedrdjod-sddàjl kdtmnh ne tmd twn prdvanus ppdrs. Bibnnjs ird tmus siah tn mivd knrd ocnsdh snoadtads, cirldr trnnp sazds ijhlrditdr pnpucitanj hdjsatads aj onkpirasnj watm mukijs. ”\atm tmd onkajl ne



228

kij, dvdry oitdlnry as eujhikdjticcy ictdrdh. P...[ _nkd kdisurd ne mnw haeedrdjttmd jdw hardotanjs ird kiy bd liajdh ernk tmd stuhy ne tmd doncnly ne bibnnjs‑(?55). Jdxt tn tmas ”kajakic‑ ipprniom, tmd ”prngdotavd‑ kdtmnh prnvahds jdw aj-salmts by prngdotajl bibnnj doncnly bio` njtn i spdoaeao pdranh. Mdrd, bibnnjsjn cnjldr prdodhd tmd `jnwj enssac spdoads but stirt tn rdprdsdjt odrtiaj `jnwj,pirtaoucircy nchdr stilds. Aj i sdotanj nj iustricnpatmdoajds, tmd iutmnrs wratd7 ”Atkiy bd pnssabcd tn rdonjstruot knrd ne tmas stild aj mukij dvncutanj watm i knrdtmnrnulm stuhy ne tmd doncnly ne bibnnjs‑ (??=). mdar hasoussanj nj soivdjlajl,

Ealurd 94. Kicd hnkajijod ijh illrdssanj onkd tnldtmdr aj tmas dkbcdkitao paoturd ne i ynujl ihuct kicd bibnnj haspciyajl mas oijajd tddtm (HdUnrd ijh \ismburj 915?7 lurd 5).Xmas pnwdreuc akild wis rdprajtdh aj Oikpbdcc‑s ujhdrlrihuitd tdxtbnn` nj mukij dvncutanj(915<7 2<8). _akacir pmntnlripms ippdirdh aj Micc ijh HdUnrd‑s ocissao bibnnj stuhy (Miccijh HdUnrd 91547 4=-1), aj Veda dr‑s mijhbnn` nj mukij dvncutanj (91<27 2?1) ijh aj tmd

pnpucir Xakd vncukd nj tmd prakitds (Dakdrc ijh HdUnrd 91547 41, 99<). Xmd ci dr paoturddvdj ajspardh tmd onvdr accustritanj enr tmd Vdjluaj dhatanj ne Kirias‑Xmd _nuc ne tmd Ipd

(9151). Xmd illrdssavd bibnnj akild wis tmus wahdcy hassdkajitdh nvdr tmd \dstdrj wnrch. Ae ynu mihj‑t nbsdrvdh bibnnjs aj Ieraoi ynursdce, tmd kdssild ajmdrdjt aj tmas accustritanj wisocdir.



224

i subgdot ”sn akpnrtijt, dspdoaiccy aj tmd ajtdrprdtitanj ne tmd hdpnsats aj wma Iustricnpatmdous as enujh‑ (?58), dxpcnrds tmas sdonjh ipprniom.

At sddkdh rdisnjibcd tmit soivdjlajl njod wis ij akpnrtijt pmisd aj mukijdvncutanj, but nbsdrvitanjs aj tmd eadch tiulmt tmdk tmd nppnsatd7 tmdrd wdrd

edwdr àccs tmij dxpdotdh (tmd canj-bibnnj ritan wis 97966)0 knst àccs by prdhtnrs wdrd kihd ijh onjsukdh it jalmt0 ae ijytmajl wis cdet, canjs wnuch usuiccystiy jdirby tmd kdit hurajl tmd hiy0 ijh bibnnjs hah jnt ti`d tmd scalmtdst ajtdr-dst aj tmd rird oisds tmdy rij ajtn i ”sied‑ àcc (?58-4). HdUnrd ijh \ismburj onj-ocuhdh tmit tmdar ”npajanj ne tmd akpnrtijod ne soivdjlajl mis omijldh tmrnulmnbsdrvitanj ne tmd iotuic satuitanj it tmd accs‑ (?55). mas dxdroasd wis tmd earsne bibnnjs is ldjuajd ijicnluds enr iustricnpatmdoajds.

_ajod bibnnjs ijh iustricnpatmdoajds ird bntm tdrrdstraic ijakics (nbsdrvdhsakaciraty), tmd ibsdjod ne soivdjlajl watm tmd enrkdr onuch bd dxtripncitdh tnwirhs tmd cittdr (prdhaotdh sakaciraty). But mnw strnjl wis tmd ociak tmit ”tm

soivdjlajl tmdnry as jnt suppnrtdh by tmd dvahdjod‑ (?58)> md kijy haeedrdjodbdtwddj bibnnjs ijh iustricnpatmdoajds (rdcdvijt hassakaciratads), suom is bapdhiask ijh ajoapadjt tnnc-usd, wdi`djdh tmd irlukdjt. mdrd wis jn jdodssiry caj`bdtwddj lrnujh-cavajl ijh tmd ibsdjod ne soivdjlajl (wdi` rdcdvijod ne saka-ciraty). Nj tnp ne tmit, tmd nbsdrvdh sakaciraty wis vilud (lrnujh-cavajl oij bdhnjd aj kijy djvarnjkdjts). Nbsdrvitanjs tnn` pciod aj njcy twn jitanjic pir`s(cakatdh jukbdr ijh viradty ne snurod onjtdxts), wmdrd tmd prdhitnr-bibnnj ritankalmt mivd bddj vdry haeedrdjt ernk pist djvarnjkdjts. md onjocusanj wis jnttdstdh jnr eicsaeadh. Onjsahdrajl tmd cnlaoic nbstiocds tmas earst prakitd knhdc ajtn, at smnuch jnt onkd is i surprasd tmit iustricnpatmdoajd soivdjlajl mis bddji bnjd ne onjtdjtanj dvdr sajod.Aj tmd pipdrs wrattdj by \ismburj ijh mas on-iutmnrs bdtwddj 914= ijh 915?,wd sdd tmrdd ittdkpts tn usd jnjmukij prakitds aj tmd rdonjstruotanj ne mu-kij dvncutanj. Ajataiccy bisdh nj ldjdricazdh stitdkdjts ibnut knj`dys ijh ipds,spdoucitanjs nj mukij dvncutanj oikd tn ajvn`d onjtdkpnriry bibnnjs, earstis prntntypaoic prakitds (_tradr 9118), citdr is tdrrdstraic spdoaicasts. md bibnnsmaetdh ernk i cnwdr cakat ne mukij dvncutanj tn i rdedrdjtaic knhdc enr dircy iutricnpatmdoajds. Aj tmd earst oisd, tmd kdtmnh wis onkpiritavd ijh cnn`dh enr haedrdjods0 aj tmd sdonjh oisd, at wis prngdotavd ijh cnn`dh enr sakaciratads. Viri

tn tmd smaet ernk i onkpirasnj tn ij ijicnly, tmd bibnnj tnn` nj tmd rncd ne tmdkicaoanus, kicdvncdjt, illrdssavd prakitd.Bdenrd stuhyajl tmd onjsdqudjods ne tmas smaet, wd jddh tn ujhdrstijh ats oius

ds. md dircy 9156s watjdssdh i trdkdjhnus ajordisd aj jituricastao eadch stuhadnj knj`dy ijh ipds (oe. tmd onkpacitanjs by Budttjdr-Gijusom 91520 HdUnrdijh Cdd 915?0 HdUnrd 9154 ijh _. Ictkijj 915<), wmaom odrtiajcy ieedotdhtmd ibnvd-s`dtomdh omijld aj ipprniom. Aj 915?, HdUnrd ijh Cdd onuch icrdihyonkpacd i cast ne jdircy eaety onjtdkpnriry eadch stuhads nj jnjmukij prakitds,nj spdoads rijlajl ernk trdd smrdws tn lnraccis (HdUnrd ijh Cdd 915?). Mnwdvdr,ibnut mice ne tmd stuhads enousdh nj kioiquds ijh bibnnjs sn tmit i knrd dj-

onkpissajl ujhdrstijhajl ne viraibacaty aj prakitd bdmivanur bdynjh tmd odr-onpatmdoajd rdick wis jnt ydt rdicazdh (ealurd 95). Ae njd wijtdh tn ujhdrti`d i



225

onkpiritavd stuhy nj prakitd tnnc usd, ca`d @nrtcijht ijh @nnag (915?) hah, atwis stacc jdodssiry tn rdcy nj qudstanjjiards sdjt tn znn`ddpdrs ijh eadch bancnlasts

tn hnoukdjt viraibacaty. Knrd stirtdh tn bd `jnwj ibnut prakitds but hiti hahjnt iooukucitd sn ripahcy tmit at onuch nvdrtmrnw \ismburj‑s irlukdjt nj tmdbibnnj‑s rdprdsdjtitavdjdss aj gust i edw ydirs takd. Nj tmd onjtriry, ”onjodptsibnut prakitd snoadty wdrd, enr kijy ydirs, iotuiccy ldjdricazitanjs ibnutbibnnj snoadty‑ (_truk ijh Katomdcc 91=<7 =1).

I kuom knrd akpnrtijt rdisnj enr tmd omijld aj dkpmisas bdtwddj 9159 ijh 915?cads aj tmd kajnr hdtiac ne iutmnrsmap7 aj 915?, HdUnrd wis tmd rst iutmnr ijh md `dpthastdrdjt ahdis nj tmd stuhy ijh rdcdvijod ne bibnnjs.22 \ismburj nbsdrvdh bibnnjscirldcy arrdspdotavd ne tmdar djvarnjkdjt0 enr HdUnrd tmas wis ujtdjibcd. Aj tmas, md wisstrnjlcy ajudjodh by tmd snoandoncnlaoic wnr` ne @.R.C. Micc wmnsd ”jntanj ne ij

ihiptavd rdcitanjsmap bdtwddj snoaic nrlijazitanj ijh djvarnjkdjt ripahcy bdoikd i en-ous enr syjtmdsds ne prakitd dch rdsdirom, ijh tmd hdknjstritanj ne tmas rdcitanjsmap ajspdoa o ajstijods bdoikd tmd lnic ne kijy dch stuhads‑ (Raomirh 91=97 49=). Vrakitdbdmivanur, a.d. tmd snoaic struoturd ne tmd lrnup, onuch njcy bd ujhdrstnnh tmrnulm pra-kitd doncnly. Xd knst ajudjtaic nvdrvadw wis lavdj by Ornn` ijh Lirtcij (9155)aj Jiturd wmn hastajluasmdh bdtwddj vd ihiptavd lrihds ne prakitd bdmivanur, diomnjd ”ajtakitdcy caj`dh tn spdoads doncnly‑ (9266). _ajod tmd djvarnjkdjt haotitdh bd-mivanuric ihiptitanj, tmd tdrrdstraic sakaciraty bdtwddj bibnnjs ijh iustricnpatmdoajdswis i rdcdvijt bisd enr ijicnly7 ujhdr i lavdj doncnly (ujhdrstnnh is tmd onjhatanjs ne

22 Xd 915? pipdr wis njd ne tmd rird aj \ismburj‑s oirddr wmdrd md wis jnt tmd rst iutmnr, wmaomrdiccy ajhaoitds tmd dxtdjt ne HdUnrd‑s onjtrabutanj tn at.

Ealurd 95. Xmas lripm, onkpacdh by _tuirt Ictkijj (915<7 lurd 9), smnws mnw tmd ajordisdaj prakitd stuhads hurajl tmd dircy 9156s wis by ijh cirld cakatdh tn bibnnjs ijh kioiquds,rdsuctajl aj ”tmd kytm ne tmd typaoic prakitd‑(_tradr 9118)



22<

ennh iviacibacaty, ennh haspdrsanj ijh prdhitnr prdssurd) njcy i vdry cakatdh jukbdr nihiptitanjs wdrd pnssabcd, dvdj aj pmycnldjdtaoiccy hastijt spdoads suom is bibnnjs ijiustricnpatmdoajds.

HdUnrd wis rdspnjsabcd enr tmas omijld aj ipprniom. \mdj eavd ydirs citdr

\ismburj, tnldtmdr watm O._. Cijoistdr, wrntd mas ocissaoic ijh netdj-quntdh vdr-sanj ne tmd mujtajl mypntmdsas enr tmd Kij tmd Mujtdr vncukd, md ibstiajdh ernkhardotcy ippcyajl bibnnjs tn mukij prdmastnry (\ismburj ijh Cijoistdr 915=). Ictmnulm tmd bibnnj stuhads ijh tmd mujtajl mypntmdsas ird netdj brio`dtdh tn-ldtmdr‘ujhnubtdhcy bdoiusd ne tmdar kutuic rdcaijod nj kicd hnkajijod ijhillrdssanj‘tmd bibnnj knhdc wis jnt dssdjtaic tn at. Ajhddh, tmd mujtajl my-pntmdsas dxastdh icrdihy wdcc bdenrd \ismburj stirtdh cnn`ajl it bibnnjs ijh atscirldst akpiot wis ritmdr nj tmd oirjavnrd knhdc. HdUnrd ijh \ismburj oiccdhbibnnjs ”vdry ajdeeaoadjt prdhitnrs‑. md njcy rdedrdjods tn dxtijt jnjmukij pra-kitds aj \ismburj‑s Kij tmd Mujtdr onjtrabutanj pipdr wdrd iliaj ne tmd snrt

ne ”ldjdric haeedrdjods watm kij‑, onkpiribcd tn mas dircadr wnr`. HdUnrd, nj tmntmdr mijh, onjtajudh tn stuhy bibnnjs ijh pubcasmdh twn stijhirh irtaocds tn-ldtmdr watm Micc (HdUnrd ijh Micc 91540 Micc ijh HdUnrd 9154) but tmd ikbatanj tn smdh calmt nj mukij dvncutanj wis djtardcy ibsdjt mdrd. By tmd kah-saxtads bibnnjs mih bdonkd cdlatakitd nbgdots ne stuhy aj tmdar nwj. Aj tmd wnrne HdUnrd wd sdd tmd dkijoapitanj ne prakitncnly is ij iutnjnknus hasoapcajdernk ats ajataic bio`lrnujh aj mukij dvncutanj rdsdirom (HdUnrd 9154).

md prngdotavd bibnnj knhdc is at earst dkdrldh aj tmd 915? pipdr wis tmustmd rdsuct ne tmd twn ritmdr hastajot prdnooupitanjs ne ats iutmnrs7 \ismburj‑s ikbatanj tn smdh calmt nj mukij dvncutanj ijh HdUnrd‑s pdrspdotavd nj doncnly istmd `dy tn ujhdrstijhajl bdmivanur. At wis tmas onjvdrldjt kaxturd wmaom wnucbdonkd tmd bisas enr citdr irtaoucitanjs ne tmd bibnnj knhdc ijh tmd tirldt enr iccsubsdqudjt orataquds. Ijh, is sn netdj watm nralajic ijh prnvnoitavd wnr`, at wisciuhdh ijh hdspasdh it tmd sikd takd.

\ismburj rdturjdh tn ldjdric stitdkdjts, HdUnrd jn cnjldr hrdw akpcaoitanjs njmukij dvncutanj, Micc mih jdvdr ittdkptdh tn hn tmas. Xd bibnnjs wdrd jnw aj tmdmijhs ne jnj-spdoaicasts.2?

Xmd oijnjazitanj ne tmd bibnnj knhdc

Akilajd i ciy pdrsnj aj tmd dircy 91<6s wmn as ajtdrdstdh aj mukij bancnly ijhdvncutanj ijh wijts tn `jnw knrd ibnut at. Md wnuch ln tn i cabriry nr i bnn`-smnp ijh pao` up ernk tmd smdcvds i bdst-sdccdr ca`d Irhrdy‑sdrratnraic Akpdritavd (9155) nr Knrras‑Ji`dh Ipd (915<i). Ae pissanjitdcy hdvntdh, md kalmt dvdj lntmrnulm snkd ne tmd rdodjt ujhdrlrihuitd tdxtbnn`s wmaom kihd tmd soadjtaea

2? I ynujldr ldjdritanj ne bibnnj dxpdrts ca`d tmd Ictkijjs ijh Rnwdcc icsn stuhadh bibnnjs aj tmdarnwj ralmt. Xd knkdjt bibnnjs stirtdh tn bd systdkitaoiccy stuhadh, tmdy wdrd jn cnjldr stildh iscavajl ijodstnrs by tmdar nbsdrvdrs. Gust ca`d _pdjodr ijh Laccdj‑s ajtdjsavd dchwnr` watm tmd Irukihd ocdir it tmd turj ne tmd odjtury tmit enrildrs wdrd quatd onkpcdx ijh onuch jnt sakpcy bd usdhenr dvncutanjast prngdotanj, tmd bibnnj stuhads ne tmd citd 9156s wmaom hnoukdjtdh tmd viraibacaprakitd bdmivanur prnbcdkitazdh tmd strialmtenrwirh usd ne tmdsd ijakics is picidnijtmrnpncnlaoicknhdcs.



22=

hdbitd ne tmd cist hdoihd ioodssabcd ijh onkprdmdjsabcd. Aj ijy oisd, nur `ddjrdihdr wacc trust tmit wmit md onjsucts as ij ioouritd, tmnulm sakpcaeadh, rdecdotanjne tmd stitd ne tmd irt. mas, mnwdvdr, wis jnt tmd oisd.

n ujhdrstijh icc subsdqudjt hdbitds nj prakitd knhdccajl rdquards tn uj-

hdrstijh tmd rncd ne tdxtbnn`s ijh pnpucir-soadjod pubcasmajl aj tmd dircy 91<6s.

Xmd hir` sahd ne tmd bibnnj

I jukbdr ne bnn`s pubcasmdh aj tmd citd 9156s enrldh tmd nbsdrvitanjs ne \ismburj, HdUnrd ijh Micc ajtn i lrak oiraoiturd ne bibnnj caed. i`d, enr dxik-pcd, tmd akild prdsdjtdh aj tmd wnr` ne tmd enrkdr Ikdraoij pciywralmt Rnbdrt Irhrdy, wmnsd hrikitao prnsd icwiys ki`ds enr lnnh quntitanj7

Xd stuhdjt ne kij, pdrturbdh by tmd euturd ne mukij wireird, by tmd ippirdjtcyajvancitd ciws ne tdrratnraic onjaot, ijh by mukij rdcuotijod tn ibijhnj tmd aj-

truhajl wiy, kiy jh tmd bibnnj tmd knst ajstruotavd ne spdoads. Iknjl prakitdsmas illrdssavdjdss as sdonjh njcy tn kij‑s. Md as i bnrj buccy, i bnrj orakajic,i bnrj oijhahitd enr tmd mijlkij‑s jnnsd. Is onkpirdh watm tmd lnracci‘tmit ldjtcd, ajnstdjsavd, subkassavd orditurd enr wmnk i kajakuk ne tyrijjy yadchs ikixakuk ne rdsucts‘tmd bibnnj rdprdsdjts jiturd‑s knst cistajl omiccdjld tn tmd pncaod stitd. Md as is subkassavd is i truo`, is ajnstdjsavd is i bucchnzdr, is ldjtcdis i pnwdr-hravdj ciwjknwdr. Md as ulcy. Md mis tmd ydccnw-tn-ikbdr dyds tmitnjd issnoaitds watm tmd ravdrbnit likbcds. Md mis prdhitnry ajocajitanjs, ijh ajodrtiaj sdisnjs md djgnys jntmajl bdttdr tmij àccajl ijh hdvnurajl tmd jdwbnrj eiwjs ne tmd hdcaoitd lizdccd. Ijh md wacc stdic ijytmajl.(Irhrdy 91557 22<)

Dvdj ae dxtrdkd, tmas stitdkdjt as rdprdsdjtitavd ne tmd illrdssavd bibnnj akild ajpnpucir soadjod wratajl ne tmd takd. Cdwas Bajenrh, tmd vdmdkdjt onkbitijt netmd Jdw Iromidncnly, kihd tmd enccnwajl sirhnjao rdkir` aj 91<27 ”A ik odrtiajtmit ky hiys ne hdcavdrajl pipdrs it jitanjic kddtajls, wmdrd ky bdmivanr misbddj onkpirdh tn tmit ne i kicd bibnnj, mueeajl, pueeajl, ijh tmrnwajl dydcahtmrdits aj icc hardotanjs, as jnt nvdr‑ (91<2i7 849). Irhrdy bdcadvdh tmit tmd bi-bnnj, bdajl ”sn ujpcdisijtcy rdkajasodjt ne kij‑ (22=), onuch smdh calmt nj tmdprnbcdks ne kij, ijh aj pirtaoucir mukij wireird‘ioihdkao pncdkaos ippir-djtcy bdajl njd enrk ne at.

I sakacir ikbatanj tn dcuoahitd mukij jiturd by cnnàjl it ntmdr jnjmukij pra-kitds omiriotdrazdh tmd wnr` ne Irhrdy‑s Bratasm pdjhijt, Hdsknjh Knrras. Mas bnn`Xd Ji`dh Ipd (915<i) wis salja oijtcy subtatcdh ”i znncnlast‑s stuhy ne tmd mukij ija-kic‑. Gust ca`d Irhrdy, md wrntd enr i brnih iuhadjod, sukkirazdh prakitd dch stuhads(tmnulm knrd nj omakps), ijh livd bancnlaoic dxpcijitanjs enr nur oucturic mibats, tmusnstdrajl tmd wnrch i jukbdr ne disy stnrads nj wmy wnkdj put nj capstao` ijh wic`nj malm mddcs. Mas cdjltmy, ae ocajaoic, hdsoraptanjs ne ”tmd ji`dh ipd‑s‑ sdxuic bdmivanur(”bnuts ne nric stakucitanj‑ enr àssajl0 ”sàj kijapucitanj‑ enr oirdssajl) ajgdotdh i eiarhnsd ne mukij drntaoask aj tmd ioodptibcd enrkit ne znncnlaoic prnsd ijh kihd tmdbnn` i ldjuajd bdst-sdccdr.28

28 Enr i varucdjt orataqud nj tmas priotaod, sdd Wuo`drkij (91=97 ?=<-1<).



221

\ratajl enr i knrd spdoaicazdh iuhadjod, Canjdc aldr ijh Rnbaj Enx dquiccysnulmt tn brahld tmd lip bdtwddj i oucturic ijh i bancnlaoic pdrspdotavd nj kij.Aj i sdkajic irtaocd, pubcasmdh aj tmd vdry earst assud ne Kij , tmdy oiccdh enr ”ikir-raild ne tmd twn hasoapcajds‑ ne bancnly ijh snoancnly watm tmd enrkdr, mnwd

is tmd ujhasputdh pitdr eikacais 7 ”snoancnlaoic eajhajls, aj tmas pdrspdotavd, prn-vahd hiti enr i knrd onkprdmdjsavd, znncnlaoic ipprniom‑ ( aldr ijh Enx 9155722). \atm bnn` tatcds is Kdj aj Lrnups ( aldr 9151) ijh md Akpdraic Ijakic ( aldr ijh Enx 91<9), at wis ajdvatibcd tmit kicd-hnkajitdh bibnnjs wdrd aj-vn`dh tn suppcy tmd jdodssiry prakitd dvahdjod. Jnt sn kuom bdoiusd tmdy wdrdrdprdsdjtitavd prakitds but bdoiusd tmdy ”mivd spdjt i onjsahdribcd pnrtanj netmdar dvncutanj nutsahd tmd enrdst djvarnjkdjt‑ (Enx 915=7 49). HdUnrd mih hedjhdh bibnnjs is knhdcs bdoiusd tmdy wdrd lrnujh-cavajl 0 watm aldr ijh Enx atwis bdoiusd tmdy wdrdsivijjim -cavajl (oe. Kirtaj ijh Unnrmads 91<47 9?4). masomijld wis hud tn tmd ajordisajl jukbdr ne stuhads nj bibnnjs aj haeedrdjt don-

cnlaoic djvarnjkdjts. Rnwdcc‑s (9155) stuhy ne bibnnjs aj tmd enrdsts ne Tlijhismnwdh i cdss kicd-hnkajitdh enrk ne prakitd snoadty. @ukkdr‑s (915=) stuhy nemikihryis bibnnjs aj vdry hry, hdsdrt-ca`d djvarnjkdjts ne Dtmanpai rdvdicdh isnoaic struoturd bisdh nj njd-kicd, pncyliknus eikacads. Mnwdvdr, tmdsd pnrtriy-ics wdrd haskassdh is hdvaitanjs ernk tmd typaoic pittdrj ne bibnnjs wmaom cavaj tmd sivijjim wmdrd dircy mnkajahs mih njod rnikdh7 ”Bdoiusd md P”kij‑[ as lrdliranus, tdrrdstraic prakitdwatm i mastnry ne sivijji cavajl , at wacc mdcp us tncnn` it ntmdr tdrrdstraic prakitds watm i sakacir mastnry‑ ( aldr ijh Enx 91<97 2dkpmisas ihhdh0 oe. Enx 915=7 420 aldr 91517 85). Bibnnjs wdrd jnw hdedjhdnj tmd bisas ne tmdar sivijjim mibatit sn tmit tmd jntanj ne kicd hnkajijod onuchbd watmmdch.

Xd dircy snoanbancnly ne aldr ijh Enx rdodavdh ikpcd ittdjtanj ernk snoancnlastsbancnlasts ijh ijtmrnpncnlasts ica`d, gust ca`d tmd pnpucirazitanjs by Irhrdy ijh Knrraittriotdh ij djnrknus ciy iuhadjod.24 @jnwcdhld ne bibnnjs wis hassdkajitdh tn staccwahdr iuhadjods. Enr i wmacd, ”tmd prnpdr stuhy ne kij`ajh‑ wis jnt kij but bibnnj.Xd iak wis dxpciajajl tmd prdsdjt mukij onjhatanj, jnt dxtripncitajl tnwirhs tmdpist (Bcurtnj-Gnjds 91<4). Gust ca`d rmdsus knj`dys sdrvdh is stijh-ajs enr mukijpmysancnly, sivijjim bibnnjs sdrvdh is sakpca dh kdomijasks ne mukij bdmivanur.Aj oatads, aj pncataos, aj enntbicc stihauks ijh aj bdh, knhdrj mukijs iotdh watm i bd-mivanric rdpdrtnard tmit wis quajtdssdjtaiccy ij ihiptitanj tn sivijjim caed twn kaccanjydirs iln.

At as jnt disy tn dxpciaj tmd pnpuciraty ne tmdsd lrak piriccdcs. ”Nhhcy djnulmi Vciybny gnurjicast wrntd, ”wd sddk tn bd eisoajitdh by ijh rdodptavd tn tmashdprdssajl jdws ibnut nursdcvds. P...[ Jnt njcy mivd wd ioodptdh tmit wd irdtmd wnrst ne bdists, wd djgny sddajl at prdsukibcy vdraeadh‑ (Mujt 91<67 26-9 \atmnut bdajl ibcd tn hasouss tmas tn tmd eucc, tmd suoodss ne suom pnpucir sokust bd rdcitdh tn tmd akpnrtijt omijlds aj pnpucir oucturd wmaom tnn` pciod ajtmd citd-9156s, ajocuhajl tmd rasd ne nooahdjtic kasijtmrnpy, tmd sodptaoask ibn

24 Xd tdrk ”snoanbancnly‑ as ij ijiomrnjask aj tmas onjtdxt but at as ldjdriccy ioodptdh tmit tmd wnr`ne aldr ijh Enx, iknjlst ntmdrs, pivdh tmd wiy enr \acsnj‑s snoanbancnlaoic syjtmdsas (91<4).



2?6

\dstdrj oucturd ijh ats rdcdjtcdss dxpcnatitanj ne soirod rdsnurods, tmd djtmusaiskenr pnpucir soadjod is ij ictdrjitavd enrk ne rdcalanj, tmd dkdrldjod ne ij ajordis-ajlcy sdoucirazdh ldjdritanj ne ynujl dhuoitdh pdnpcd watm sueeaoadjt spdjhajlpnwdr tn buy pnpucir-soadjod bnn`s ijh sueeaoadjt cdasurd takd tn iotuiccy rdih

tmdk, tmd pnssabacaty tn rdih ibnut sdxuicaty is i soadjtaeao tmdkd, ijh tmd hdcalmttn eajh i hailjnsas ne tmd oucturic hasdisd aj tmd bancnlaoic rdicaty ne tmd mukijbnhy. At wis icsn aj tmas onjtdxt tmit tmd !@ujl Busmkdj wdrd miacdh is dxdkpcirsne iutmdjtao mukijaty, rdcaos ne i ujavdrsic caedstycd bisdh nj snoaic dlicatiraij-ask, bicijodh donjnkaos, ijh prakdvic ieecudjod. md bibnnjs dxpciajdh wmdrd \dstdrj oucturd mih lnjd wrnjl, tmd !@ujl wmit at smnuch mivd bddj.

Knrd tmij sukkirads

\atm tmd ajordisd aj eadch stuhads, enssacs ijh‘knst akpnrtijtcy‘ujhdrlrihuitdstuhdjts, tdxtbnn`s hah jnt njcy bdonkd jdodssiry but icsn cuoritavd pubcaoitanjsaj tmd dircy sdvdjtads. At as mdrd tmit wd earst djonujtdr tmd oijnjaoic vdrsanj netmd bibnnj knhdc is wd `jnw at tnhiy. Ajhddh, at as mdrd tmit wd dvdj earst dj-onujtdr tmd tdrk ”knhdc‑ wmdj tic`ajl ibnut tmd rdcdvijod ne jnjmukij prakitdsaj mukij dvncutanj rdsdirom. Bibnnjs hah jnt njcy smdh calmt nj prdsdjt pdnpcdbut icsn nj prdmastnrao pdnpcd. Barhsdcc‑s ajtrnhuotanj tn pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnlystitdh tmit tmd bibnnjs, ”illrdssavd by jiturd‑, wdrd ”suatibcd knhdcs enr tmd dirca-dst ne lrnujh-cavajl mnkajahs‑ (Barhsdcc 91<27 268). Tjhdrlrihuitds aj prdmastnryijh picidnijtmrnpncnly onuch rdih aj Vedaeedr‑sDkdrldjod ne Kij (91<27 2??)7”_nkdtmajl ne tmd pist kiy bd hdhuodh ernk tmd bdmivanr ne prakitds ourrdjtcy

it cirld aj lrissy sivijjis‘Ieraoij bibnnjs aj pirtaoucir Pwmn[ prnvahd i hri-kitao dxikpcd ne ihiptitanj tn ij dxpnsdh djvarnjkdjt.‑ \mdrdis ajMukijDvncutanj, Oikpbdcc (915<7 ??1) issdrtdh tmit ”tmd mikihryis bibnnj kalmt sul-ldst i pnssabcd knhdc enr P Iustricnpatmdous ‑[ dvncvajl struoturd.‑ Ernk tmdsd tmrddajtrnhuotnry bnn`s, tmd bibnnj knhdc eivnurdh by Oikpbdcc wis tmd knst uju-suic bdoiusd ne ats rdcaijod nj mikihryis bibnnjs. mdsd knj`dys, wmaom hwdccaj tmd vdry hry Dtmanpaij upcijh, wdrd `jnwj tmrnulm tmd stuhads ne tmd _wassdtmncnlast Mijs @ukkdr (915=). Oikpbdcc issukdh tmit is ij ihiptitanj tn tmddxtrdkd tdrrdstraic onjhatanjs aj hry npdj pciajs, dircy mnkajahs, ca`d mikihryisbibnnjs, mih hdvdcnpdh i struoturd ne njd-kicd ujats ajstdih ne kicd bnjhajl

(915<7 2=6). md ibsdjod ne lrdit sdxuic haknrpmask aj Iustricnpatmdous wnuchtmdj bd ij dxprdssanj ne tmd rdhuodh kicd hnkajijod madriromy. ”But tmd ijicnlybdtwddj mikihryis ijh Iustricnpatmdous kust jnt bd prdssdh,‑ Oikpbdcc (915<7??1) wirjdh, ”tmd twn ldjdri ird vdry haeedrdjt, ijh tmdar bdmivanr ijh snoadtykiy bd quatd hastajot.‑ Mikihryis nr jnt, tmd bisas enr Oikpbdcc‑s irlukdjt wisstacc ij doncnlaoic ijicnly ijh aj tmas md hah jnt haeedr ernk Barhsdcc ijh Vedaeedr.

Qdt Barhsdcc ijh Vedaeedr hah jnt njcy cnn` it bibnnj stuhads, but icsn it tmdearst pubcaoitanjs nj wach omakpijzdds is tmdy hrappdh aj ernk tmd eadch stitanjswmdrd Lnnhicc, tmd Rdyjnchs ijh @nrtcijht wnr`dh. Ae bibnnjs onuch tdcc snkd-tmajl ibnut tmd sivijjim caed ne tmd iustricnpatmdoajds, tmdj omakpijzdds, sn

tmdy irludh, rdprdsdjtdh tmd prdvanus stild wmdj kij‑s ijodstnrs mih jnt ydt cdettmd trdds. At as jnt haeeaouct tn sdd Gijd Lnnhicc‑s wnr` aj tmd hdsoraptanj Vedaeedr



2?9

(91<27 241-56) lavds ne ”prakitds rdsdkbcajl omakpijzdds 26 tn 24 kaccanjs ydiriln‑ wmn wdrd ”cavdcy, disylnajl, rdcitavdcy ajhdpdjhdjt orditurds, watm snoaic tdks sueeaoadjtcy ecdxabcd tn iccnw onjsahdribcd erddhnk ne knvdkdjt ijh ajhavahuic iotanj. Ca`d prdsdjt-hiy omakpijzdds, knst ne tmdsd enrdst hwdccdrs knvd

aj ijh nut ne smihnws ijh icnjl nch ijodstric triacs.‑ Bibnnjs, nj tmd ntmdr mijh,prnvahdh ”i knhdc ne prakitd caed aj tmd lrissy sivijjis ne Ieraoi, tmd snrt newnrch nur ijodstnrs djonujtdrdh wmdj tmdy knvdh nut ne npdj wnnhcijhs‑ (246).Barhsdcc onjourrdh watm tmas huic vasanj7 omakpijzdds prnvahdh ”i knhdc enr hpatmdoajd bdmivanr‑ (91<27 296), wmdrdis bibnnjs wdrd ”suatibcd knhdcs enrdircadst lrnujh-cavajl mnkajahs‑ (268). Jn kittdr tmit omakpijzdds bdmivdh ”ajtmd knst mukij eismanj‑ (Barhsdcc 91<27 296), tmdy wdrd eivnuratd knhdcs enrdir-cadr stilds bdoiusd tmdy cavdh aj i wnnhdh djvarnjkdjt. Ae tnhiy at sddks mirh tnakilajd tmit omakps wdrd njod onjsahdrdh tn rdprdsdjt ij nchdr pmisd ne mukijdvncutanj tmij bibnnjs, at njcy lnds tn accustritd tmd pdrvisanj ne tmd irlukdjt

by doncnlaoic ijicnly aj tmd dircy sdvdjtads.md eujotanj ne tmdsd dircy knhdcs wis knstcy hahiotao. Ietdr hdedjhajl tmdomnaod ne i pirtaoucir spdoads, tmd tdxtbnn`s onjtajudh watm i hdsoraptanj ne snoaic caed ne tmit cavajl spdoads watmnut ki`ajl ijy prdoasd ajedrdjods ibnut tpist. Bibnnjs ijh omakpijzdds sdrvdh aj earst ajstijod tn lavd i cavd akild ne nurknst rdkntd ijodstnrs, sakacir tn tmd Eudlaijs ijh iskijaijs aj Cubbno`‑s bnn`i odjtury dircadr.

dxtbnn`s ird knrd tmij sukkirads ne soadjtaeao `jnwcdhld0 tmrnulm ibstrio-tanj, sakpcaeaoitanj ijh rdwratajl ne tmd hasoapcajiry mastnry, tmdy omijjdc prdnus tmdnrads ajtn tmd jdxt ldjdritanj ijh stddr hdbitds ajtn pirtaoucir hardotanjs.

dxtbnn`s hn jnt njcy rdsukd pist `jnwcdhld but ajecudjod euturd rdsdirom0 rd-wratajl tmd mastnry ne i hdbitd as ij ajtdlric pirt ne soadjtaeao pncdkao ijh rmdtnr(Enjtagj ijh Uij Rdybrnuo` 9111). md bibnnj knhdc, aj ats oijnjaoic enrk, wisknrd ij ajvdjtanj ne 91<6s ajtrnhuotnry bnn`s tmij at wis i sukkiry ne dxastajltmdnrads nj tmd bibnnj. At wis njcy aj tmdsd tdxtbnn`s tmit tmd sivijjim ijicnly(ajstdih ne HdUnrd‑s tdrrdstraic ijicnly) wis euccy hriwj0 at wis aj tdxtbnn`s tmittmd wnrh ”knhdc‑ wis earst usdh0 at wis aj tdxtbnn`s tmit tmd nbsdrvdh, doncnlsakaciraty gustaeadh tmd usd ne ijicnlads hriwj ernk bibnnjs, mikihryis bibnnjsijh omakpijzdds. HdUnrd ijh \ismburj‑s bibnnj knhdc, tmd onjtajldjt, onb-bcdh-tnldtmdr nutornp ne tmdar havdrldjt rdsdirom ajtdrdsts, wis jnw hdtiomdh erats nralajitnrs ijh mih bddj rdaeadh ajtn soadjtaeao nrtmnhnxy. By tmus prnkuclitajl tmd bibnnj knhdc, tdxtbnn`s kihd at rdspdotibcd ijh vucjdribcd it tmd sikdtakd. Ictdrjitavd knhdcs wnuch prakiracy rdiot iliajst tmas tdxtbnn` ijh pnpucir-soadjod vdrsanj tmij iliajst tmd pubcaoitanjs ne tmd nralajic ajvdstalitnrs.

\my bibnnjs>

\my wis tmd bibnnj tmd rst prakitd snurod ne ajsparitanj enr stuhdjts ne mukijdvncutanj> It ats stirt, sdrdjhapaty odrtiajcy pciydh ats pirt aj 9144 wmdj \ismburjmippdjdh tn stiy aj tmd Uaotnrai Eiccs mntdc jdxt tn i trnnp ne bibnnjs wmaom wdrd

oahdjticcy ”tmd tikdst aj Ieraoi‑ (\ismburj 91=?7 95). Qdt at wnuch bd mirh tn ittrabutdtmd wmncd rasd ijh onjtdjt ne tmd bibnnj knhdc tn tmas onajoahdjod icnjd. Xd rdcitav



2?2

disd watm wmaom bibnnjs onuch bd nbsdrvdh icsn pciydh i rncd aj omnnsajl tmas ijakicenr dchwnr`. \ismburj, wmn mih pirtaoapitdh aj tmd Isaitao Vrakitd Dxpdhatanj is ilrihuitd stuhdjt aj 91?<, `jdw tmd ha ouctads Oirpdjtdr mih kdt wmdj nbsdrvajl tmddcusavd labbnjs wmn swujl malm aj tmd oijnpy wmdrd encaild wis sdisnjiccy vdry hdjsd.

Is bibnnjs cavdh nj tmd lrnujh aj npdj djvarnjkdjts, tmdy iccnwdh ocnsdr ijh knrdpdrkijdjt nbsdrvitanjs tn bd kihd. Xas disd ne ioodss rdsuctdh aj tmd trdkdjhnus dx-pijsanj ne bibnnj rdsdirom hurajl tmd dircy saxtads (oe. lurd 95). Mnwdvdr, ajtdrjitanj-ic pnstwir pncataos wdrd icsn ajvncvdh7 tmd hastrabutanj ne bibnnj spdoads ernk Dtmanpaitn _nutm-Ieraoi rnulmcy onrrdcitdh watm tmd dxtdjt ne Bratasm oncnjads aj Dist-Ieraoi. Aeynu wdrd ij Djlcasm znncnlast nr ij Ikdraoij ijtmrnpncnlast hurajl tmd dircy saxtadswatm ij ajtdrdst aj prakitd bdmivanur, Dist-Ieraoi wnuch mivd bddj tmd pciod tn ln tn.Xdrd ynu enujh Djlcasm-spdiàjl onccdiluds ca`d Cnuas Cdi`dy nr Hdsknjh Ocir`,tmdrd ynu mih Vij-Ieraoij onjlrdssds, tmdrd ynu mih bibnnjs.25

By tmd kah-saxtads, bibnnjs (ijh tmdar ocnsd rdcitavds tmd kioiquds) wdrd by eir

tmd bdst stuhadh jnjmukij prakitd aj tmd wnrch0 kijy somncirs (\ismburj bdajlnjd ne tmdk) suppnsdh tmit tmdar bdmivanur wis dxdkpciry ne ntmdr prakitds. masissukptanj, drrnjdnus is at prnvdh tn bd, wis ujhdrstijhibcd sajod tmd viraibacatyne prakitd bdmivanur wis pnnrcy ujhdrstnnh. Ij ajtdrdst aj doncnly, ijh knrdprdoasdcy aj mnw bibnnj bdmivanur wis ij ihiptavd rdspnjsd tn tmd djvarnjkdjticonjstriajts ne i tdrrdstraic mibatit watm dxpnsdh cijhsoipds, pitomy ennh ijh rdci-tavdcy malm prdhitnr prdssurd, dkdrldh njcy watm i jukbdr ne ynujldr somncirs,pirtaoucircy tmrnulm tmd wnr` ne HdUnrd ijh Micc. Ernk tmd kah-saxtads njwirhs,mnwdvdr, bibnnjs wdrd jn cnjldr ajvn`dh aj dvncutanjiry spdoucitanjs is iromd-typaoic knj`dys but is tdrrdstraic spdoaicasts wmn mih dvncvdh i ralah snoaic madrir-omy aj rdspnjsd tn tmdar hdkijhajl mibatit. HdUnrd‑s ijh Micc‑s vadw ne bibnnjsnoadty is ij irky-ca`d nrlijask watm prdsorabdh eujotanjs enr diom sublrnup wisajecudjodh by bntm ij nbsdrvitanjic bais ijh i tmdnrdtaoic stijod. Earstcy, nbsdrvi-tanj cakats ajtuatavdcy oiccdh enr suom ij ajtdrprdtitanj ne bdmivanur aj tdrks neild lrnups ijh sdx ocissds. mdcki Rnwdcc, i Bratasm stuhdjt ne enrdst bibnnjs,rdecdots vdry npdjcy nj bibnnj rdsdirom, ajocuhajl mdr nwj, aj tmd 9156s (aj mdrenrdwnrh tn Rijsnk 91=97 1)7

Cnnàjl it knj`dys aj tmd busm at as rdcitavdcy disy tn hastajluasm bdtwddj ihuctkicds ijh edkicds ijh bdtwddj guvdjacds ne hastdrdjt ilds. Ihuct edkicd bibnnjs

dspdoaiccy smnw disacy-rdih saljs ne tmdar prdoasd rdprnhuotavd onjhatanj. Nj tmdntmdr mijh, at as jnt disy tn cdirj tn rdonljasd ajhavahuics, bdynjh i edw bittcd-soirrdh ihuct kicds watm ibsncutd odrtiajty. _n tmd dircy ioonujts tmit wd wrntdhdsorabdh bdmivanr aj tdrks ne tmd ajtdriotanjs bdtwddj ocissds ne ijakics, nr bd-twddj omiriotdrastao bdmivanrs ne ocissds ne ijakics, aj tdrks ne tmdar ild ijh sdx.

25 Xd rncd ne tmd Vij-Ieraoij Onjlrdss nj Vrdmastnry aj lavajl i sdjsd ne onkkujaty oijjnt bd nvdr-dstakitdh7 tmd casts ne hdcdlitds rdihs ca`d i \mn as \mn ne icc tmnsd wnràjl nj prdmastnry, ldncnly,znncnly, ijh ijtmrnpncnly aj oncnjaic Ieraoi (Ocir` ijh Oncd 914<).



2??

Xd akild ne tmd madriromaoiccy nrlijazdh bibnnj snoadty rdsuctdh aj lrdit pirt ernkwmit wis rdihacy vasabcd aj i trnnp. _donjhcy, tmd akpiot ne struoturic-eujotanjicast itmrnpncnly oijjnt bd jdlcdotdh (Lacknrd 91=90 _pdrcajl 9119). Kicajnwsà ijh pir-taoucircy Rihocastd-Brnwj mih stapucitdh i systdkao vadw nj mukij snoadty tmit onjs

dh ne jditcy irrijldh onkpnjdjts wmdrd ajhavahuics tnn` nj rncds tmit wdrd onjtrnccdhby jnrks ijh rucds. Xas tmdnrdtaoic erikdwnr` prnvahdh tmd ajtdccdotuic bio`lrnujhenr kuom dircy ijtmrnpncnlaoic prakitncnly. Bibnnj snoadty wis sddj is ij irrijldkdjtne onjstatudjt pirts, diom watm i spdoa o eujotanj, wmdrd icc ispdots ne snoaic bdmiwdrd ajtdrprdtdh aj tdrks ne eujotanj ijh survavic. \ismburj rdpditdhcy onjedssdh masihkaritanj enr Kicajnwsà ijh Rihocastd-Brnwj (91<<0 91=?0 HdUnrd 9112).2< Aj ijajtdrvadw watm Hnjji Miriwiy (91=17 291), HdUnrd wmn wis triajdh is ij ijtmrnpnc-nlast rdoiccs tmd kassanj \ismburj livd mak7 ”Ky kiromajl nrhdrs wdrd vdry strialmt-enrwirh. –HdUnrd, ynu‑vd ibsnrbdh Kurhno`, Rihocastd-Brnwj, ijh Kicajnwsà. Lnnut ijh tdcc us wmit at‑s ca`d watm tmd bibnnjs.‛ ‑

Ae bibnnjs wdrd dvdr ipprdoaitdh bdoiusd tmdy rdspnjhdh tn \dstdrj jntanjsne kicd hnkajijod, illrdssanj ijh pnwdr, at kust bd aj tmd wnr`s by Irhrdy,aldr ijh Enx. md nbsdssanj watm kicd bnjhajl, tdrratnraicaty, ijh pnwdr ciy it

tmd bisd ne tmdar pubcaoitanjs ijh bibnnjs rdvdicdh tmd hir`dst sahd ne mukijshurajl tmd citd saxtads. Lirtcij (915=) mis kihd tmd ajtdrdstajl pnajt tmit tmd `dyjntanjs ne illrdssanj ijh hnkajijod wdrd survavics ne prdwir stuhads nj oiptavdknj`dys `dpt aj pnnr onjhatanjs wmdrd strdss wis sdvdrd ijh hnkajijod bdmiv-anur knrd erdqudjt. Njcy i onupcd ne ydirs citdr, tdxtbnn`s nj mukij dvncutanjstildh tmd bibnnj is i cavajl Iustricnpatmdous , nj tmd bisas ne i sivijjim piriccdc.

mdy netdj haskassdh ictdrjitavd ijh cdss hrikitao enrks ne bibnnj snoadty bd-oiusd tmdy noourrdh aj enrdsts nr hdsdrts.

_mddr onjtajldjoy, nbsdrvitanjic ioodss, iknujt ne rdsdirom, issukdh rdprd-sdjtitavdjdss, doncnlaoic ijicnly, oucturic dxpdotitanj, tmdsd wdrd snkd ne tmd kntavitanjs enr cnnàjl it bibnnjs ernk ij dvncutanjiry pdrspdotavd. Nbsdrvitanjicbais ijh struoturic-eujotanjicast ijtmrnpncnly eivnurdh ajtdrprdtitanjs aj tdrksne ild ijh sdx ocissds, rdsuctajl aj tmd madriromaoic, kicd-hnkajitdh, illrdssavdvadw ne prakitd snoadty. mnulm tmas akild wis jnt ajtdjhdh it tmd nutsdt, at bd-oikd soadjtaeao nrtmnhnxy enr ibnut i hdoihd. Ajhddh, wmdj \ismburj‑s dyd edcc ntmd bibnnjs jdxt tn mas mntdc rnnk aj Cavajlstnjd hurajl tmd tmarh Vij-Ieraoij

2< \ismburj mih onkd ujhdr tmd ajudjod ne Rihocastd-Brnwj aj Omaoiln (HdUnrd 91127 89=)0 mdoiccdh Kicajnwsà‑s Irlnjiuts ne tmd \dstdrj Vioa o njd ne tmd tmrdd knst ajudjtaic bnn`s md rdih(\ismburj 91=?7 5) ijh siw tmd wnr` ne Qdr`ds ijh Oirpdjtdr is ajjnvitavd is Kicajnwsà‑s ijhRihocastd-Brnwj‑s mih bddj aj ijtmrnpncnly (\ismburj 91<<7 2?2). Mas eujotanjic dxpcijitanjsne prakitd ijitnky ijh bdmivanur wdrd tn mak dxtripncitanjs ne struoturic-eujotanjicast ijtmrn-pncnly0 md dvdj bdcadvdh tmit ”Kicajnwsà‑s eujotanjic tmdnry prnbibcy wnr`s knrd usdeuccy knj`dys tmij enr mukij bdajls‑ (\ismburj 91=?7 9<). Qdt hdspatd tmas jnkajic iccdlaijod tnKicajnwsà ijh Rihocastd-Brnwj, ”tmd jntanjs ne eujotanj ijh snoaic systdk aj \ismburj‑s pmysaoicijtmrnpncnly nwdh knrd tn onkpiritavd dvncutanjiry bancnly tmij tn tmd ijicysds ne datmdr ne tmdsdsnoaic tmdnrasts‑ (Miriwiy 91=17 264). Xd eujotanjicast akpiot kalmt mivd bddj knrd jnkajictmij substijtaic aj \ismburj‑s oisd, but tmas oijjnt bd siah ibnut tmd wnr` ne snkdnjd ca`d HdUnrd.Ajhddh, tmd eujotanjicast ahdis ne Rihocastd-Brnwj ”wdrd quatd onjlrudjt watm tmd tmdj-isodjhijdvncutanjiry vadw tmit ajhavahuic ijakics iotdh enr tmd lnnh ne tmdar snoadty (ijh uctakitdcy, entmdar spdoads), ritmdr tmij nut ne knrd sdc sm rdisnjs‑ (Lacknrd 91=97 ?19).



2?8

onjlrdss, tmdrd wis jn wiy md onuch prdhaot tmit tmd tdj-ydir nch snj ne tmd onj-edrdjod on-nrlijazdr wnuch enrty ydirs citdr, tnldtmdr watm mas lmnst-wratdr, dxprdsstmd knst dxtrdkd vdrsanj ne tmd bibnnj knhdc7

A mivd icwiys tmnulmt at rdisnjibcd tn akilajd dircy mnkajah snoaic caed is ijicnlnus, aj snkd straotcy oarouksorabdh wiys, tn tmd snoaic caed ne sivijjim bibnnjs.Bibnnjs cavd aj trnnps, snkd skicc, snkd onkprnkasajl is kijy is i mujhrdhajhavahuics.P...[ PIustricnpatmdoajd[ mibatit wnuch mivd bddj sakacir7 pitomy,npdj wnnhcijh ijh snkd liccdry enrdst, nstdrajl i rijld ne pcijt ennhs7 juts, eruats, smnnts. Jn hnubt tmdy enrildh enr lrubs ijh barhs‑ dlls, gust is bibnnjs hntnhiy. Jn hnubt, tnn, tmdy nooisanjiccy oipturdh ynujl ijtdcnpd ijh tmd ynujl neknj`dys, gust is bibnnjs hn tnhiy. P...[Aj tmas s`dtom tmd prajoapic hastdrdjod bdtwddj tmdsd mnkajahs‑ bdmivanr ijh wmitwd sdd aj knhdrj sivijjim bibnnjs as tmd mnkajahs‑ knhd ne cnonkntanj7 bapdhic is iliajst quihrupdhic. Dvdrytmajl dcsd as akilajdh tn bd sakacir tn ijy

cirld prakitd tmit enrilds aj rdcitavdcy npdj onujtry enr i cirldcy vdldtiraij hadt.(R. Cdi`dy ijh Cdwaj 91127 9?<-1)

_noaic oirjavnrds ijh ldcihis \mit hn Dtmanpaij ldcihi bibnnjs, Icisìj wncvds ijh ijzijaij mydjis mivd ajonkknj> Udry cattcd, ipirt ernk tmd eiot tmit tmdy icc sddk ritmdr ujca`dcy oijha-hitds is knhdcs enr mukij dvncutanj. Ijh ydt, tmas as prdoasdcy mnw tmdy wdrd sddjaj tmd dircy 91<6s ietdr tmd bibnnj knhdc mih bdonkd tdxtbnn` `jnwcdhld ijhbdenrd tmd omakpijzdd knhdc liajdh ats eucc knkdjtuk. Enccnwajl ij nch majt by \ismburj, snoaic oirjavnrds (wncvds, mydjis, wach hnls ijh canjs) wdrd tmnulmttn rdsdkbcd dircy mnkajahs aj tmdar mujtajl bdmivanur. mas rdcaijod nj mujtajl,pirtaoucircy nj bal likd, rdquardh tmd onnrhajitanj ne ajhavahuic deenrts tn tmd dx-tdjt tmit at cirldcy haotitdh tmd snoaic struoturd ne tmd spdoads. md oiusic triaj rijernk subsastdjod tn snoadty. md edw ihvnoitds ne tmd ldcihi knhdc, mnwdvdr, tnn`njd stdp hnwj by cnnàjl it hdjtatanjs tn hdhuod hadts. Ldcihi bibnnjs onjsta-tutd i haeedrdjt ldjus iknjl tmd odronpatmdoajds0 tmdy cavd aj tmd rno`y Dtmanpaijupcijh, mivd bralmt-rdh traijlucir sàj pitomds nj tmdar brdist, smueecd nj tmdarmiujomds, ijh cavd nj lrissds. Aj kijy rdspdots, ldcihi tddtm wdrd ca`d tmd ius-tricnpatmdoajd hdjtic editurds, sn tmit tmd ldcihi subsastdjod bisd ne skicc-nbgdoteddhajl kalmt mivd bddj sakacir tn wmit iustricnpatmdoajds itd. Ldcihi knhdccdrscnn`dh ajtn knutms tn cdirj ibnut kdjus0 oirjavnrd knhdccdrs cnn`dh it kdjustn cdirj ibnut knrds.

Hdspatd tmas haeedrdjod aj tmdkd, bntm rdcadh nj i ritmdr hastijt snurod tn prd-haot mypntmdsds nj dircy mnkajahs. Jnjd ne tmdk hdjadh tmd kijy haeedrdjodsbdtwddj snurod ijh subgdot, ydt tmdy bdcadvdh tmit snkd struoturic sakaciratadskalmt bd knrd rdcdvijt tmij kuctapcd enrkic rdsdkbcijods. md purpnsd wis jntsn kuom i wmncdsicd prngdotanj ne cavajl ijakics tn enssac bnjds, but i sdcdotavdtrijsedr ne ittrabutds ernk njd sahd ne tmd ijicnly tn tmd ntmdr. md hasoussanjssurrnujhajl tmdsd knhdcs wdrd tmus eir knrd tdomjaoic tmij ijytmajl matmdrtn dj-onujtdrdh (tmas as dspdoaiccy trud ne tmd ldcihi knhdc)‘wmaom dxpciajs wmy tmdy



2?4

jdvdr wdrd rdiccy pnpucir. Ijntmdr rdisnj as tmit kijy ne tmd substijtavd ociaksdvdjtuiccy turjdh nut tn bd sakpcy wrnjl (tmas as dspdoaiccy trud ne tmd oirjavnknhdc watm ats ujhud rdcaijod nj mujtajl). Jn kittdr tmd kijy sdkijtao wdi`-jdssds, aj i syjtiotao sdjsd tmdy prnvahdh tmd knst vicah enrks ne ijicnly. Jnt

surprasajlcy, snkd prdedrrdh tmd tdrk ijicnly ajstdih ne knhdc. Gnccy (91<6) ijhHujbir (91<5), wmn cnn`dh it ldcihis, spn`d ne tmdar ”bibnnj ijicnly‑0 @ajl(91<5) rdedrrdh tn tmd ”oirjavnrd ijicnly‑.

Ernk subsastdjod tn snoadty7 tmd snoaic oirjavnrd ijicnly 2=

Ernk Mnbbds‑ ”mnkn mnkaja cupus ‑ tn _pdjlcdr‑s ”Hdr Kdjsom ast daj Riubtadr ‑, \dstdrjtmnulmt mis netdj tradh tn dcuoahitd mukij jiturd by rdedrdjod tn oirjavnrds, i kdjticdxdroasd onkknjcy enujhdh aj kasijtmrnpy. Xd prdsdjod ne wncvds ijh canjs aj eiaryticds ijh eibcds dquiccy tdsta ds tn tmas dxtri-soadjta o eisoajitanj watm prdhitnrs‘gtmaj` ne Rnkucus ijh Rdkus, Cattcd Rdh Oip, @ajl Jnbcd, \drdwncvds ijh tmd Canj@ajl (Cnpdz 91<=). At wis njcy aj tmd citd 9156s tmit tmd akpnrtijod ne tmdsd ijakienr dvncutanjiry purpnsds stirtdh tn bd dxpcnrdh.21

Kij tmd haurjic mujtdr

” md rdcdvijod ne oirjavnrd bdmivanr tn tmd stuhy ne dircy mnkajahs‑ wis tmd ne i pipdr wmaom ippdirdh aj tmd_nutmwdstdrj Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnly aj 9151.Ats iutmnrs, Ldnrld _omiccdr ijh Lnrhnj Cnwtmdr, urldh tn cnn` knrd ocnsdcy itoirjavnrds is tmdsd needrdh ”jukdrnus pnssabacatads tnwirhs tmd dcuoahitanj nenralajs ijh enrk ne snoaic nrlijazitanj aj kij‑ (??5). n stirt cnn`ajl it oirja-vnrds wis i brivd omijld ne pcijs enr snkdnjd ca`d _omiccdr wmn mih spdjt ydirnbsdrvajl lnraccis (_omiccdr 9158) ijh wmn wis tmd wnrch iutmnraty nj tmdk bdenrd Haij Enssdy bdlij mdr eadchwnr`. md 9156s ajordisd aj eadch stuhads, mndvdr, mih ciah bird tmd djnrknus viraibacaty ne prakitd bdmivanur (dvdj watmaj tsikd spdoads), sn tmit dvdry ittdkpt it hdeajajl i prntntypaoic prakitd pittdrj wisripahcy erustritdh. Enccnwajl tmd doncnlaoic pirihalk, _omiccdr ijh Cnwtmdr siknhdrj prakitd bdmivanur is i eujotanj ne ats djvarnjkdjt, jnt is ij ijodstricrdcao. ”_ajod snoaic systdks ird strnjlcy ajecudjodh by doncnlaoic onjhatanjs,‑ tmwrntd (91517 ?6<), ”at sddkdh tmit at kalmt bd knrd prnhuotavd tn onkpird mn-kajahs watm ijakics wmaom ird doncnlaoiccy but jnt jdodssiracy pmycnldjdtaoisakacir, suom is tmd snoaic oirjavnrds.‑ Doncnlaoic sakaciraty hah jnt gust rdedrsakacir djvarnjkdjt (ntmdrwasd bibnnjs wnuch mivd stacc bddj ipprnpraitd) but tni sakacir wiy ne dxpcnatajl tmit djvarnjkdjt, tmit as by mujtajl. Doncnlaoic ijic-nly kdijt mdrd ”subsastdjod ijicnly‑. Enr \ismburj ijh HdUnrd, dircy mnkajahs,ca`d bibnnjs, mih mih tn hdedjh tmdksdcvds iliajst prdhitnrs0 enr _omiccdr ijhCnwtmdr, dircy mnkajahswdrd tmd prdhitnrs. _nkd ne tmd haeedrdjod aj dkpmisas

2= _traotcy spdi`ajl, tmdsd ird ne onursd jnt prakitd knhdcs but sajod tmdy kihd i onjsahdribcd akpiotnj tmd dch ne picidnijtmrnpncnly ijh prakitncnly, tmdy jddh tn bd ti`dj ajtn ioonujt.

21 Ij dircy dxikpcd as Oirvdtm Rdih‑s vasanj ne nur ijodstnrs is wnce-ipds, ”Cyonpatmdous‑, ”wmn npdritdh aj mujtajl‑ ijh cavdh aj ”i snoadty djtardcy hastdrdjt ernk tmit ne ijy ne tmd Vrakitds P...[ijh knst ca`d tmit ne tmd hnls ijh wncvds‘i mujtajl pio`‑ (91267 ?10 oe. Oirtkacc 911?).



2?5

oij bd edct aj tmd omnaod ne wnrhs. HdUnrd ijh \ismburj (915?7 ??4) spn`d ne”tmd prnbcdks wmaom onjernjtdh dircy kij‑, wmdrdis _omiccdr ijh Cnwtmdr (91517??5) ajvdstalitdh, knrd nptakastaoiccy, ”tmd brnih spdotruk ne bdmivanuric pnssa-bacatads tmit wdrd npdj tn dircy mnkajahs‑.

md substijtaic pirt ne tmdar pipdr, mnwdvdr, hah jnt lrditcy haeedr ernk tmdprdvanus wnr` nj bibnnjs aj tmit at wis dquiccy ritmdr hdsoraptavd tmij irlukdj-titavd. _omiccdr ijh Cnwtmdr sukkirazdh eadch stuhads nj canjs, cdnpirh, omddtims,spnttdh mydjis, wach hnls ijh gioìcs watm rdlirh tn lrnup hyjikaos, hnkajijod,cdihdrsmap, tdrratnraicaty, ijh sn nj, wmacd icsn ajtdlritajl dvahdjod ernk prakitdstuhads ijh mujtdr-litmdrdr dtmjnlripmy. Ae i triat, ca`d kicd hnkajijod, wisenujh aj icc tmrdd ocissds (mukijs, prakitds, oirjavnrds), at wis hardotcy ittrabutdhtn tmd dircy mnkajahs is wdcc. Ae i triat wis onjeajdh tn tmd oirjavnrds icnjd, atonuch stacc bd prngdotdh ajtn tmd pist. mas wis tmd oisd enr ajtdr-spdoaeao illrds-sanj, onnpdritanj ijh ennh-smirajl. md bisas enr tmdsd ajedrdjods wis, ne onursd,

mujtajl. Aj cnlaoic tdrks7 ae mujtajl wis tmd nbsdrvdh sakaciraty bdtwddj oirja-vnrds ijh dircy mnkajahs, onnpdritanj, ennh-smirajl ijh illrdssanj wdrd prdhaot-dh sakaciratads enr tmd tirldt ijicnlud.

But wis mujtajl rdiccy ijnbsdrvdh sakaciraty> Ne onursd at wis jnt, it cdist jntnj tmd tirldt sahd ne tmd ijicnly. Jn njd mih sddj ij iustricnpatmdoajd kiàjli àcc, ydt tmd mujtajl dircy mnkajah mih bdonkd ij aonj ne picidnijtmrnpncnlydvdr sajod Hirt‑s kasijtmrnpao vasanjs, Cdi`dy‑s spdotioucir hasonvdrads, Asiio‑s dir-cy ijicysds ijh, ne onursd, tmd Kij tmd Mujtdr onjedrdjod aj Omaoiln, 9155. Iskdjtanjdh ibnvd, tmd rdsuctajl bnn` ne tmit onjedrdjod (Cdd ijh HdUnrd 915=)prdsdjtdh jnt sn kuom tmd ajiuluritanj is tmd dpatnkd ne tmd mujtajl mypntmdsas.At issdrtdh tmit mukijs mih bddj mujtajl enr nvdr njd kaccanj ydirs (11% ne tmdmukij oirddr) ijh tmit mujtajl wis ”tmd kistdr bdmivanr pittdrj‑ (Ciulmcaj 915=7?68) rdspnjsabcd enr icc kignr omijlds aj mukij dvncutanj. Mnwdvdr, tmd mujt-ajl mypntmdsas rdstdh nj ritmdr smi`y dkparaoic enujhitanjs, ats aonjao dxdkpcirsernk tmd prdsdjt wnrch bdajl tmd nvdrwmdckajlcy mdrbavnrnus bibnnjs ijh tmdprdhnkajijtcy vdldtiraij Busmkdj. Vrakitds onuch sakpcy jn cnjldr hn. md oir-javnrd knhdc, jnt tmd bibnnj knhdc, wis i hardot rdecdotanj ne tmas onjvaotanj.

_omiccdr ijh Cnwtmdr ittdkptdh tn hdknjstritd tmd vaibacaty ne mnkajah mujt-ajl by snkd skicc dxpdrakdjts aj tmd _drdjldta. mdy onjsastdh ne maàjl ijhsddajl mnw kuom kdit onuch bd onccdotdh by datmdr paoàjl up ynujl, ornuomajlijakics (ca`d mnksnj‑s lizdccd eiwjs), soivdjlajl, nr by omisajl sao`, nch nr asn-citdh ijakics. md enccnwajl quntd lavds ij akprdssanj ne tmd omirkajl djtmusa-isk ne tmdsd panjddr hiys7

Aj tmd onursd ne nur wijhdrajl wd icsn oikd iornss i sao`, ibijhnjdh zdbri enic,wdalmajl ibnut 86 `l. \d oipturdh at ietdr i brade omisd (ijh tmdj rdcdisdh at). I ynujl laristd, wdalmajl snkd 946 `l., bdmivdh ibjnrkiccy0 ietdr sticàjl tnwatmaj i edw kdtdrs ernk at, wd enujh tmit at wis bcajh. Njd ne us lribbdh atstiac tn sakucitd oipturd.(?2=)



2?=

bdtwddj tmd twn sahds ne tmd ijicnly, i sdonjh oratdranj. Aj tmdar bnn` nj wncvds(watm tmd prnkasajl tatcd\nce ijh Kij7 Dvncutanj aj Viriccdc ), tmd dhatnrs oiccdhtmd sakaciratads bdtwddj bntm wncvds ijh mukijs ”akprdssavd‑ (Micc ijh _omirp91<=7 2)7

Bntm ird snoaic ijakics wmnsd cavajl ujats ird rdcitavdcy skicc jukdraoiccy. Bntmird ajtdccaldjt, ocdircy knrd ajtdccaldjt tmij tmd prdy nj wmaom tmdy subsast. Bntmird oipibcd ne dxtrdkd pmysaoic dxdrtanj ijh, knrd akpnrtijt, ne sustiajdh pmysa-oic dxdrtanj it i rdcitavdcy malm cdvdc. Bntm dxpcnat npdj lrnujh ijh brn`dj enrdstirdis. Jdatmdr spdoads mis ijy sajlcd pmysaoic ittrabutd tmit iccnws at datmdr tnnvdrpnwdr nr tn nutruj cirld prdy it wacc. Xd twn spdoads ird ibnut tmd sikd bnhywdalmt ijh, tmnulm jnt iknjl tmd cirldst ijakics aj tmd wnrch, ird vartuiccyakkujd ernk prdhitanj.

_nkd ne tmdsd sakaciratads ird nbvanuscy knrd akpnrtijt tmij tmd ntmdrs. mitwncvds ijh mukijs ird ibnut tmd sikd bnhy wdalmt as jnt rdcdvijt (ijh, aj eiot,jnt dvdj trud). mdrd wdrd is kijy haeedrdjods is sakaciratads. \ismburj, stao`ajltn mas prakitd knhdcs (ijh tmus `ddpajl sacdjt ibnut mas dircy majts it i oirjavnrdknhdc), hah jnt mdsatitd tn strdss tmd akkdjsd haeedrdjods bdtwddj oirjavnrds ijhmukijs. md oirjavnrd ijicnly, md wrntd tnldtmdr watm Knnrd, ”onkpcdtdcy kassdstmd spdoaic jiturd ne tmd mukij ihiptitanj‑ (\ismburj ijh Knnrd 91<87 9?4)7

Mukij edkicds hn jnt ln nut tn mujt ijh tmdj rdlurlatitd tn tmdar ynujl wmdjtmdy rdturj. Mukij ynujl hn jnt stiy aj hdjs, but ird oirradh by tmdar kntmdrs. Kicd wncvds hn jnt acc watm tnncs, butomdr, ijh smird watm edkicds wmn mivd bddj litmdrajl. I mukij kntmdr wmn mujtdh ca`d i wnce nr wach hnl wnuch mivd tnruj i twn-kajutd kacd oirryajl i biby.

@ajl (91=67 969) quntdh tmdsd cajds ijh rdpcadh tn tmdk7

Xdsd stitdkdjts ird onrrdot, but tmdy hn jnt onjstatutd i ldjdric irlukdjt. \macdtmdrd ird odrtiajcy hastdrdjods bdtwddj mukijs ijh oirjavnrds, tmdrd ird icsn haeedrdjods bdtwddj mukij ijh jnjmukij prakitds, wmaom \ismburj ijh Knnrdihvnoitd is i snurod ne ajedrdjods ibnut dircy mnkajahs. P...[ Kicd omakpijzddshn jnt `acc ijh butomdr watm tnncs, jnr hn tmdy dxomijld kdit enr pcijt ennhs litmdrdh by edkicds. P...[ Xd eiot tmit njd oirrads tmd kdit aj mas mijhs ijh tmd

ntmdr aj mas stnkiom smnuch jnt nbsourd tmd snoandoncnlaoic ijicnly.

\ismburj ijh Knnrd ajhaoitdh hassakaciratads bdtwddj mukijs ijh wncvds, @ajlrdpcadh by smnwajl hassakaciratads bdtwddj mukijs ijh omakps. \mit as rdiccy itsti`d aj tmas ikusajl tul-ne-wir as tmd cnlaoic qudstanj is tn wmit onujts is rdc-dvijt sakaciraty (ijh hassakaciraty) ijh wmit jnt. Knrd tmij ijytmajl dcsd, tmashdbitd smnws tmit (has)sakaciratads oij jdvdr bd hasoussdh pdr sd. mdy liaj tmdarkdijajl njcy ajsneir tmdy ird rdcdvijt, a.d. oiusiccy onjjdotdh tn wmit wd wijt tnajedr. mas brajls us tn nur tmarh strdjltmdjajl hdvaod.



2?1

Kijy ne tmd oirjavnrd ihvnoitds ittdkptdh tn ajhaoitd i oiusic onjjdotanjbdtwddj haeedrdjt ispdots ne tmd snurod ijicnlud. @ajl, enr dxikpcd, irludh tmitiknjl oirjavnrds tmd dxastdjod ne i ecdxabcd snoaic systdk ne cirld, stibcd lrnupwatm ecuah sublrnups wis oiusdh by ”tmd sdcdotavd prdssurds onjjdotdh watm

ihvdjt ne mujtajl‑ (@ajl 91<57 ?21), akpcyajl tmit ae mujtajl wis prdsdjt watmdircy mnkajahs, i sakacir snoaic systdk wnuch mivd irasdj. Vdtdrs (91<=) smnwtmit bal-likd mujtajl nvdr cirld irdis iknjl wncvds rdquardh tmd dxastdjod neonljatavd kips ijh onkkujaoitanj, tmus sulldstajl tmit dircy mnkajahs mih sak-acir hdvaods (md dvdj ludssdh tmit onljatavd kips kalmt mivd bddj it tmd bisd nmukij cijluild). md knst nralajic irlukdjt, mnwdvdr, onkds ernk i pipdr by

mnkpsnj (91<5). \rattdj aj i ritmdr ibstrusd stycd, at oij bd sukkirazdh isenccnws7

Lrioacd iustricnpatmdoajds, enccnwajl Hirt‑s stuhy ne tmd Kiìpijslit satd,dxmabat ”tmd bdmivanrs ne malm ajtrispdoaeao accajl, oijjabicask, ijh ittioà

cirldr oirjavnrds‑ ( mnkpsnj 91<57 448).Ne icc cavajl oirjavnrds ijh jnjmukij prakitds, njcy tmrdd spdoads smnw tmdsikd sdt ne bdmivanuric pittdrjs7 tmd wnce (Oijas cupds ), tmd mydji (Ornoutiornouti) ijh tmd canj (Vijtmdri cdn).

mdsd tmrdd spdoads smird ijntmdr jukbdr ne bdmivanurs, wmaom hn jnt notnldtmdr aj ijy ntmdr oirjavnrd nr jnjmukij prakitd spdoads7 tdrratnraicaty,kucta-kicd lrnups, oirjavnrnus hadt (nvdr 46 % kdit).Oiusic rdcitanjs bdtwddj tmdsd twn sdts dxast. Enr dxikpcd7 sajod malm atrispdoaeao accajl as njcy pnssabcd aj spdoads wmdrd djnulm kicds ird irnujhdjsurd lrnup survavic ietdr snkd ne ats kdkbdrs mivd bddj accdh, ajtrispdoaeaàccajl as oiusiccy rdcitdh tn kucta-kicd lrnups. Onrrdcitanjs enr tmd ntmdr ispdots oij icsn bd enujh.

mdrdenrd, lrioacd iusticnpatmdoajds ”prnbibcy mih i hadt onkpiribcd tn tmknhdrj oirjavnrds ijh cavdh aj rdsahdjt, kucta-kicd lrnups‑ ( mnkpsnj91<57 448).

md ajtdrdstajl tmajl ibnut tmas irlukdjt as jnt sn kuom ats onjocusanj but atsenrk7 at as i ocissao ijicnly wmaom knvds ernk ij nbsdrvdh sakaciraty (stdp 9 ijh2) tn i prdhaotdh sakaciraty by i trijsedr ne ittrabutds prdsdjt aj tmd snurod (stdp?) tn tmd tirldt (stdp 4), enccnwajl snkd oiusic onjjdotanjs aj tmd snurod (stdp

8)‘nr ”bdmivanric onrrdcitanjs aj cavajl spdoads‑ is mnkpsnj (91<57 442) oiccdtmdk. md wdi`jdss ne tmd irlukdjt ciys, ujhnubtdhcy, aj ats earst prdkasd. Hirt‑sahdis wdrd malmcy onjtrnvdrsaic ijh at as ujenrlavibcd tmit mnkpsnj, wratajl atmd kah-<6s, stacc rdcadh nj Hirt‑s wnr` ernk tmd 9186s ijh 46s wmacd sn kuomntmdr stuhads mih bddj hnjd aj tmd kdijtakd. (Ijntmdr wdi`jdss as tmit mas oiusiconjjdotanjs ird jnt icwiys is jdit is tmd njd ibnvd0 mas dxpcijitanj ne oijjabic-ask, enr dxikpcd, as ritmdr onjtravdh.)

Djmijoajl tmd jukbdr ijh viradty ne snurod onjtdxts, ihhajl sakaciratads ijhdstibcasmajl oiusic caj`s watmaj tmd snurod wdrd icc stritdlads usdh by tmnsd prdedrrdh i oirjavnrd ijicnly nvdr i prakitd knhdc. Micc ijh _mirp (91<=7 8)

wdrd vdry ocdir ibnut at7 ” mnulm tmd lrdit ipds P...[ ird rdcitavds ne kij, tmdird rdcitavds wmn mivd ihiptdh aj i haeedrdjt hardotanj.‑ mrnulm tmd rdcaijod

9.

2.

?.

8.

4.



289

ijicnly (Gnccy 91<60 _ziciy 91<40 Hujbir 91<5) ijh dvdj ae tmdar pnpuciraty wiritmdr cakatdh, tmdy ird wnrtm cnnàjl it aj snkd hdtiac is tmdy icc prdsdjt ajtdrdsajl enrks ne rdisnjajl.

Xmd sddh-ditdrsXd rst ijh knst ajudjtaic prnpnsic wis Ocastnrh Gnccy‑s 91<6 irtaocd aj Kij , djtatcdh”Xd sddh-ditdrs7 i jdw knhdc ne mnkajah hastdrdjtaitanj bisdh nj i bibnnj ijicnly‑(91<6).?6 Dvdj ae tmd uctakitd iak ne tmd pipdr wis tn onkd tn ”i onjvajoajl oiusicknhdc ne mnkajah nralajs‑, cirld pirt ne at wis hdhaoitdh tn i hasoussanj ne ij ijicnlybisdh njXdrnpatmdous , tmd ldjus ne wmaom tmd ldcihi as tmd njcy cavajl spdoads tnhi(Gibcnjsà 911?). Gnccy tnn` assud watm tmd ioodptdh nrtmnhnxy tmit tnnc usd wis tmkignr stdp aj mukij dvncutanj, ajtdjsdcy onrrdcitdh watm upralmt bapdhicask ijh oijajdrdhuotanj (\ismburj ijh Ivas 914=0 \ismburj ijh HdUnrd 9159).?9 Hasonjtdjt watmsuom ”irtdeiotuic hdtdrkajask‑ (5), md irludh tmit ae tnnckiàjl wis ne ijy akpnrtijodaj omijlajl mnkajah tddtm, saljs ne at smnuch ”ippdir aj tmd enssac rdonrh it cdist is diis tmd rst saljs ne hdjtic rdhuotanj, ritmdr tmij twdcvd kaccanj ydirs citdr‑ (<). Md dqucy qudstanjdh ”tmd ourrdjt nbsdssanj watm mujtajl ijh oirjavnrnusjdss‑ (=-1) wmaom wujhnubtdhcy onrrnbnritdh by nbsdrvitanjs ne omakpijzdd mujtajl. But ae omakpijzddsmujt ijh ae mujtajl as i trucy akpnrtijt dvncutanjiry eiotnr, wmy tmdj hah omakpijzddsjnt dvncvd ajtn mukijs> Gnccy ralmtcy siah tmit ”at as accnlaoic tn ajvn`d tmd bdmivcavajl ipds tn dxpciaj tmd nralaj ne snkdtmajl tmit tmdy tmdksdcvds mivd jnt hdvdcnp(1). Xas eujhikdjtic orataqud onuch bd brnulmt up iliajst knst ne tmd omakpijzddknhdcs, is tmd jdxt sdotanj wacc smnw.

Ae tnnc usd ijh mujtajl onuch jn cnjldr dxpciaj tmd dircadst pmisd ne mukijdvncutanj aj ldjdric, ijh tmd rdkirìbcd oijajd rdhuotanj aj pirtaoucir, wmit dcsdonuch> _ddh-ditajl, Gnccy ijswdrdh. Ritmdr tmij hdvnurajl kdit, lrajhajl odrd-ics wis wmit kihd us mukij. _ddh-ditajl wis onjsastdjt watm i caed aj ij npdj-onujtry mibatit, watm tmd ldjdric, pnstorijaic ijitnky ne ”bisic mnkajahs‑ (Gnccy‑tdrk) ijh watm tmd pirtaoucirs ne mnkajah hdjtatanj. Md irravdh it tmas nralajiconjocusanj tmrnulm ij ijicnly watm tmd ldjusmdrnpatmdous .

md omnaod ne Gnccy‑s snurod wis jnt prnkptdh by snkd akkdhaitd rdsdkbcijods watm cavajl lrdit ipds. Ajstdih, md wrntd7 ”\d kust cnn`nutsahd tmd jnrkicbdmivanur ne ipds enr i eiotnr wmaom ilrdds eujotanjiccy watm tmd jnwj ittrabu

ne dircy mnkajahs‑ (1, nralajic aticaos). Aj tmas sdjsd, mnkajahs wdrd is kuom nsahdrs ismdrnpatmdous 7

?6 Xd tdrk bibnnj ijicnly kalmt oiusd snkd onjeusanj. Gnccy hnds jnt sahd maksdce watm tmd triha-tanjic bibnnj knhdcs but usds tmd tdrk bibnnjsdjsu citu7 ipirt ernkVipan, at icsn ajocuhds tmdldjus Kijhraccus ijh Xdrnpatmdous tn wmaom tmd ldcihi (Xdrnpatmdous ldcihi) bdcnjls.

?9 \a`tnr _tnoz`nwsà (91187 15-965) mis onjvajoajlcy hdknjstritdh tmd tdjioaty ne sakpcastao oiusicdxpcijitanjs ne tmd snrt7 bapdhicask akpcads erdd mijhs, erdd mijhs akpcy tnnc-usd, tnnc-usd akpcoijajd rdhuotanj, dto. Xas cajd ne rdisnjajl stitds tmit tnncs rdpciodh tddtm bntm aj ennh ioquasatanjijh prdpiritanj is wdcc is aj hdedjod. \atm i waj` tn Cdscad \matd, at oij bd siah tmit omnppdrs wdrd”kij‑s dxtrisnkitao tddtm‑.



282

kijy ne tmd omiriotdrs hastajotavd ne bisic mnkajahs, is nppnsdh tn pnjlahs, icsnhastajluasm tmd lrisscijh bibnnj Xdrnpatmdous ernk ats wnnhcijh-sivijjim ijh enrdst rdcitavds Vipan ijh Kijhraccus, ijh ird eujotanjiccy onrrdcitdh watm hastdr-djt, but jn cdss vdldtiraij, hadtiry mibats.(1)

Bntm mnkajahs ijhXdrnpatmdous mih hdvaitdh ernk tmdar ijodstric stno` by knvajlajtn npdj lrisscijhs. But tmdrd wdrd eurtmdr sakaciratads. Gnccy castdh tmd ihiptavd omirio-tdrs hastajluasmajl mnkajahs ernk pnjlahs ijh tmd ldjusXdrnpatmdous ernkVipan ijh Kijhraccus . Md enujh tmit tmd pnstorijaic, orijaic ijh hdjtic ihiptitanjs ne bntm mnka-jahs ijh Xdrnpatmdous smnwdh sdvdric onjvdrldjods7 bntm mih dxabcd mijhs ittujdh tni prdoasanj lrap0 bntm mih wdcc-hdvdcnpdh kistnah prnodssds, onrrdcitdh tn bapdhicask nrtrujoic drdotjdss (knhdrj ldcihis kiajcy sat nj tmdar buttno`s wmacd eddhajl, rdquarajlstrnjl kusocds tn `ddp tmdar mdihs upralmt)?2 0 bntm mih tmdar tdkpnric kusocds ihiptdhtn mdivy omdwajl aj tmd kncir rdlanj ne tmd knutm ritmdr tmij tdirajl, strappajl, ijh

jabbcajl aj tmd ajoasic rdlanj. Knst akpnrtijtcy, bntm mih jirrnwdr ijh skiccdr ajoa-snrs ijh balldr kncirs onkpirdh tn tmdar wnnhcijh ijh enrdst rdcitavds. _n eir enr tmdnbsdrvdh sakaciratads (Gnccy casts snkd knrd, but tmdsd ird tmd dssdjtaic njds), wmit ibnuttmd oiusic rdcitanjs aj tmd snurod>

Gnccy jntdh tmitXdrnpatmdous ”dits skicc ennh nbgdots rdquarajl cattcd ajoasic prdp-iritanj, but prncnjldh omdwajl‑, wmacdVipan ”onjodjtritds nj dsmy eruats ijh ntm-dr trdd prnhuots, knst ne wmaom rdquard pddcajl nr jabbcajl watm tmd ajoasnrs‑ (98).Xdrnpatmdoajd ijitnky wis by ijh cirld ij ihiptitanj tn tmas enrk ne skicc-nbgdoteddhajl7 tmd vdrsitacd mijhs wdrd jdodssiry enr onccdotajl ennh-atdks ca`d lriss-bcihds,sddhs ijh rmaznkds0 trujoic drdotjdss (sattajl upralmt) iccnwdh ripah litmdrajl watm

twn mijhs ne skicc ennh-nbgdots0 lrditdr kusoucir pnwdr aj tmd kncir rdlanj djibcdhmdivy omdwajl ne mirhdr ijh knrd brnus ennh atdks0 bal kncirs djcirldh tmd lrajhajlsureiods0 skicc ajoasnrs pdrkattdh bdttdr kncir noocusanj rdquardh enr lrajhajl. Oijajdrdhuotanj, aj tmas vadw, wis jnt ij ajhdpdjhdjt prnodss but ”i sdonjhiry dstdot ne hadtiryajudjods nj ajoasnrs ijh kncirs‑ (95)7 tmd oijajds bdoikd skiccdr bdoiusd tmdar jdalm-bnurajl ajoasnrs mih bdonkd skiccdr.??

Is i onjsdqudjod ne tmd nbsdrvdh sakaciratads bdtwddj ldcihis ijh mnkajahsijh tmd oiusic onjjdotanj aj tmd snurod, i eurtmdr sakaciraty onuch bd prdhaotdh. Gnccy stitdh tmit tmdrd wis lnnh rdisnj enr ”ittrabutajl tmdmdrnpatmdous -ca`d aj-oasic prnpnrtanjs ijh giw omiriotdrs ne tmd dircy mnkajahs tn i sakacir ihiptitanjtn i hadt ne skicc, tnulm nbgdots‑ (98). Aemdrnpatmdous wis i skicc-nbgdot eddhdr,sn wdrd dircy mnkajahs. Mdrd wis i oisd ne ”dvncutanjiry piriccdcask‑ (92).

Qdt tmdrd wdrd icsn i jukbdr ne haeedrdjods bdtwddj tmd snurod ijh tirldtijicnluds. Gnccy io`jnwcdhldh tmit knst pirts ne tmd mnkajah pnstorijaic s`dc-dtnj, watm ats ihiptitanj tn upralmt bapdhicask, wdrd hastajot ernkmdrnpatmdous ,

?2 Is i onjsdqudjod ne ij upralmt truj`, Gnccy irluds, dpalikao editurds ne bntm mnkajahs ijhXdrnpatmdous omijldh. Xd oipd ne eur nj tmd smnuchdrs ne ihuct kicd ldcihis ijh mukij eioaic miarwnuch bd ajstijods ne piriccdc dvncutanj. Ahdk enr tmd vdjtric ijh pdotnric pnsatanj ne tmd edkicddpalikao editurds aj bntm tixi.

?? Xas kalmt bd trud, but Gnccy snkdmnw nbcatdritds tmd eiot tmit dxtijt ldcihis stacc mivd tmd cnjldstoijajds iknjl prakitds (Edhalij 91=27 ?95).



28?

tmnulm tmas hah jnt ieedot tmd ijicnly (is at wis jnt oiusiccy caj`dh tn hadt).Ntmdr haeedrdjods wdrd knrd rdcdvijt ijh tmus rdquardh knrd ittdjtanj. Enr dx-ikpcd, mdrnpatmdous kncirs smnwdh onjsahdribcd ornwj onkpcdxaty rdsuctajl aj i”bukpy‑ sureiod (i pmdjnkdjnj `jnwj is mypsnhnjty, wmaom as erdqudjt iknjl

lriss-ditdrs ca`d ìjlirnns)0 mnkajahs, ajstdih, mih knrd dvdj ousps watm tmao`djikdc wdirajl tn ecit sureiods. Nj tnp ne tmit, tmd ijitnky ne tmd mnkajah giw icsn iccnwdh rntiry omdwajl ritmdr tmij kdrd kajoajl is watmmdrnpatmdous . Ijh tmd piribncao smipd ne tmd mnkajah hdjtic iroihd haeedrdh ernk tmd U-smipdtmdrnpatmdoajd kijhabcd. Icc tmdsd haeedrdjods cdh Gnccy tn issukd tmit mnkmih mih i scalmtcy haeedrdjt hadt. \mdrdismdrnpatmdous as i spdoaicazdh lriss-ditdr,mnkajahs kust mivd subsastdh nj ”skicc, mirh, sncah nbgdots ne knrd nr cdss spmoic smipd‑ (9<). _ddhs wdrd tmd njcy stipcd ennh wmaom eat tmit hdsoraptanj. Romdwajl ijh ecit kncir sureiods djmijodh tmd brdiìld ne tmdsd sddhs, wmdrdis piribncao hdjtatanj livd knrd spiod tn tmd tnjlud aj kistaoitanj. Is suom, tmd nb-

sdrvdh haeedrdjods onuch bd ioonujtdh enr by i scalmtcy haeedrdjt subsastdjod bAjstdih ne lriss, Gnccy onjocuhdh tmit ”tmd hadt ne bisic mnkajahs wis prnbibodjtrdh upnj odrdic lriajs‑ (9=).

Ernk tmas eajhajl, md wdjt nj tn drdot i twn-stildh knhdc ne mukij dvncutanjonjsastajl ne i sddh-ditajl pmisd enccnwdh by i citdr pmisd aj wmaom kdit tnn` nji lrditdr rncd. Rnbust iustricnpatmdoajds, aj tmas vadw, wnuch mivd rdkiajdh atmd earst pmisd‘ij ahdi aj cajd watm tmd jao`jikd tmd Cdi`dys mih lavdj tn tmdtypd enssac ne Iustricnpatmdous bnasda 7 ”jut-orioàjl kij‑. Bdtwddj i rdcaijod njeruat iknjl nur hrynpatmdoajd ijodstnrs ijh nur rdcaijod nj kdit is eucc-ecdhldhkdkbdrs neMnkn, Gnccy ajsdrtdh sdvdric kaccanj ydirs ne ”kudsca-ditajl‑ aj tmdiustricnpatmdoajd pmisd. md dircadst stdp aj mukij dvncutanj hah jnt ajvncvdtrijsatanj tn kdit-ditajl but ”i smaet ernk njd àjh ne vdldtiraijask tn ijntmdr‑(Gnccy 91<27 1).

Ae A mivd hwdct ritmdr cnjl nj Ocaeenrh Gnccy‑s irlukdjt, at as bdoiusd md prdus watm i eisoajitajl dxikpcd ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl bisdh nj nbsdrvajl sakacir-aty, dstibcasmajl oiusicaty, ijh ioonujtajl enr haeedrdjods. Qdt at as prdoasdcy nj mipprdoaitanj ne haeedrdjod tmit twn citdr orataos wnuch iak tmdar irrnws.

Kdit, eruat ijh rnnts

I hdjtic dxpdrt, Erdhdrao` _ziciy (91<4) rdpcadh tn Gnccy‑s pipdr aj tmd sikd gnurj Kij . Oist aj i ritmdr tdomjaoic ijh needjsavd prnsd, md irludh tmit wmacd Gnccy ralmt aj hdhuoajl i lrikajavnrnus hadt ernk tmd hdjtatanj nemdrnpatmdous , tmddxtripncitanj ne tmas ajedrdjod tn tmd mnkajah rdick wis eir cdss odrtiaj. Earstcbdoiusd Gnccy‑s omiriotdrazitanj ne tmd mnkajah onkpcdx smnwdh i bais tnwirhsknrd rnbust iustricnpatmdoajds0 sdonjhcy, bdoiusd dvdj ae tddtm ne bntm tixi prnibcy prdsdjtdh sakacir dvncutanjiry tdjhdjoads (skiccdr ajoasnrs, cirldr kncirs),tmd iotuic enrk ne tmdsd tddtm rdkiajdh tnn hastajot tn bd cukpdh7 tmd ldcihi‑mypsnhnjty wis quatd ujca`d tmd dvdj, djikdc-onvdrdh kncirs sddj aj mnkajahs.

mdrd wis i ”cio` ne piriccdc bdtwddj tmd bibnnj-prntnldcihi ijh tmd pnjlah-prn-

tnmnkajah trijsatanjs‑7



284

_n, Hujbir wnjhdrdh, wis i odrdic subsastdjod nr tmd ”eruat-ijh-rnnt‑ hadt rd-spnjsabcd enr tmd mnkajah tddtm pittdrj> Ae odrdics, mnkajahs‘ca`d tmd ldcihHujbir nbsdrvdh‘onuch mivd rdcadh ydir-rnujh nj tmas sajlcd rdsnurod. But sajodwd `jnw tmit mujtajlhah dvncvd aj mukij dvncutanj, ijh sajod ijakic kittdr

hah pciy i odrtiaj rncd aj iustricnpatmdoajd hadt (i jntanj Hujbir bnrrnws, ritmdrujorataoiccy, ernk \ncpnee), at oijjnt mivd bddj tmd pdrkijdjtcy iviacibcd odrd-ics. md eruat-ijh-rnnt hadt, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, ”wnuch mivd akpnsdh onjhatanjne pdranhao eruat smnrtild‑ wmaom ”prnkntdh kdit-ditajl is i suppcdkdjt tn isdisnjiccy hdeaoadjt hadt‑ (954). Dircy mnkajahs, enccnwajl tmas cajd ne rdisnjkust mivd bddj skicc-nbgdot eddhdrs, but knrd nj mirh eruats ijh rnnts tmij njodrdics .

md prnbcdk Hujbir‑s pipdr malmcalmts as tmit ne ”dquaeajicaty‑, jikdcy tmtmd sikd deedot (aj tmas oisd hdjtatanj) oij bd oiusdh by haeedrdjt prnodssds (mdtwn haeedrdjt snrts ne hadts). Md prdsdjtdh ij irlukdjt tn sdcdot njd ne tmd twn

prnodssds, but at rdstdh nj tmd ritmdr ujorataoic issukptanj tmit kdit wis ajhddhpirt ne tmd mnkajah hadt.Bntm _ziciy ijh Hujbir needrdh i orataqud nj tmd nralajic ldcihi ijicnly, but

tmdy hah sn ernk haikdtraoiccy nppnsdh ijlcds wmaom oij bd sukkirazdh is enccnws7 _ziciy‑s hnubts wdrd nj tmd ”mnraznjtic‑ rdcitanj ne sakaciraty (ird bntm htatanjs rdiccy sakacir>)0 Hujbir‑s hnubts nj tmd ”vdrtaoic‑ rdcitanj ne oiusicatysddh-ditajl tmd njcy oiusd enr tmd nbsdrvdh hdjtatanj>). md rdsuctajl onjocusanwdrd tnticcy it nhhs. \mdrdis enr Gnccy, dircy mnkajahs mih bddj ditajl sddhs, en_ziciy, tmdar hadt mih onjsastdh ne kdit, ijh enr Hujbir, at mih onjsastdh ne eruatsijh rnnts, watm i sdisnjic bat ne kdit. Hdhuoajl hadt ernk hdjtatanjs as ippirdjtcyjn disy busajdss, ae dvdj dxpdrts haeedr sn strnjlcy. Enr nutsahdrs ne tmas eiarcy tjaoic hasoussanj, at as snkdtakds mirh tn hasodrj wmaom irlukdjts pnajt tn ldjuajddvncutanjiry prnodssds ijh wmaom ird gustih mno sncutanjs (Edhalij 91=27 ?98-<).Vdrmips tmd tdomjaoicaty ne tmd subgdot kittdr ijh tmd rdsuctajl ajhdoasanj dxpwmy tmd ldcihi ijicnly wis jdvdr eurtmdr pursudh, hdspatd ats cnlaoic onjsastdjoAjhddh, at rdquards quatd snkd hdvntanj tn s`ak tmrnulm pmrisds ca`d ”tmd smbisa-nooaput, ijh ijtdran-pnstdranrcy jirrnwdh irtaoucir enssi‑ watmnut ldttajl ionjocusavd ijswdr! Ne tmd 91 onjtrabutanjs tn i rdodjtcy dhatdh vncukd nj tmdldjus mdrnpatmdous (Gibcnjs`a 911?0 wmaom as pdrmips tmd bdst syjtmdsas iviacibnj ijy prakitd ldjus), jnt njd stildh ldcihis is i knhdc enr dircy mnkajahs.

Rdkntd snurods ijh cnlaoic onjsastdjoy

Aj i enrkic rdspdot, tmd irlukdjts bisdh nj snoaic oirjavnrds ijh ldcihis wdrd iccoisds ne vicah (nr ritanjic) ijicnlads, arrdspdotavd ne tmdar rdsuctajl ociaks. Enrkvicahaty, ne onursd, hnds jnt luirijtdd tmd trutm (nr pciusabacaty) ne tmd onjocsanj‘sajod tmas as dquiccy hdpdjhdjt nj tmd trutm ne tmd prdkasds‘but at as itcdist i jdodssiry prdrdquasatd ne tmd ijicnly.

At oijjnt bd iooahdjtic tmit aj tmd mastnry ne pnstwir knhdcs, tmd lrditdst cnlaoic onjsastdjoy wis iomadvdh watm tmd knst rdkntd snurod ijicnluds. Jnt sdhuodh

by tmd raomjdss ne akkdhaitd, but netdj arrdcdvijt, sakaciratads stdkkajl ernknur ocnsdst cavajl rdcitavds, oirjavnrd ijh ldcihi knhdccdrs snulmt tn eajh ldjuajd



285

rdsdkbcijods ijh oiusic onjjdotanjs. mdar knhdcs wdrd dxikpcds ne ”akpnrtdh‑ajstdih ne ”kijaedst ijicnlads‑ (Cditmdrhicd 91<8). Ritmdr tmij eajhajl ij icc-dk-brioajl caed akild ne nur ijodstric pist, tmd ldcihi ijicnly sdrvdh tn sncvd i cnoic-azdh prnbcdk‘watmnut prdtdjhajl tmit dircy mnkajahs wdrd ”rdiccy ca`d‑ tmdk.

_akacircy, snoaic oirjavnrds wdrd jdvdr siah tn bd cavajl iustricnpatmdoajds0 aj snkdrdspdots tmdy sakpcy smnwdh i jukbdr ne onjvdrldjt ihiptitanjs.mdar cnlaoic quicatads jntwatmstijhajl, tmd oirjavnrd ijh ldcihi ijicnlads

jdvdr kihd at ajtn wahdcy hassdkajitdh, rdlurlatitdh ijh pnpucirazdh tdxtbnn``jnwcdhld. Enr tmas, tmd snurod ijicnluds wdrd pdrmips tnn hastijt, tmd ajtrajsaoquicatads enr akilajitavd rdonjstruotanj tnn cakatdh, tmd hasoussanjs tnn tdomja-oic (aj oisd ne tmd ldcihi) ijh ats prdkasds, dspdoaiccy mujtajl aj tmd oirjavnrdknhdc, tnn kuom ioodptdh it eiod-vicud. md kuctaeiranus ittio` iliajst tmd mujt-ajl mypntmdsas aj tmd citd 91<6s‘aj pirtaoucir tmd tipmnjnkao stuhy ne tmd Vcan-Vcdastnodjd rdonrh, tmd rdissdsskdjt ne dtmjnlripmao ijh prakitncnlaoic dvahdjod

onjodrjajl kdit-ditajl, ijh tmd edkajast-ijtmrnpncnlaoic orataqud‘ujhdrkajdhtmd ordhabacaty ne ijy knhdc buact nj snoaic oirjavnrds. dj ydirs ietdr tmd lcnranusvnoibuciry ne Kij tmd Mujtdr, dircy mnkajahs wdrd bdcadvdh tn bd haspciyajl irijld ne iotavatads, but omisajl kikkics wis cdss ijh cdss njd ne tmdk. By 91=6,tmd ahdi tmit mujtajl mih bddj tmd vdry hravajl enrod bdmajh mukij dvncutanj wissnnj rdlirhdh is njd ne tmd swddpajl eijtisads ne tmd 9156s.

Aj tmdnry, Gnccy‑s sddh-ditajl mypntmdsas onuch prnvahd i pciusabcd ijh wdcc-enujhdh ictdrjitavd jnw tmit kdit-ditajl mih eiccdj ajtn haslriod. Qdt tmas jdvdrrdiccy mippdjdh7 at gust rdkiajdh ”Gnccy‑s sddh-ditajl mypntmdsas‑ is at onjtajudh tnbd rdedrrdh tn dvdj ietdr tdj ydirs (Edhalij 91=27 ?98-<). At wis pdrmips lritaey-ajl enr tmd iutmnr tmit mas jikd `dpt bdajl kdjtanjdh aj citdr rdjhatanjs ne tmdahdi wmaom as stacc irnujh, but at wis hdtrakdjtic tn tmd ahdi atsdce. Aj i sdjsd, tmdsuoodss ne i tmdnry oij bd rdih nee ne tmd hdlrdd ne hdtiomkdjt ernk ats nralajichdsaljdr. Hud tn tdxtbnn` trijsenrkitanjs ijh pnpucir soadjod wratajl aj tmddircy sdvdjtads, tmd bibnnj knhdc mih bdonkd hasonjjdotdh ernk ats nralajitnrs \ismburj ijh HdUnrd0 at wis turjdh ajtn wmit njd onuch oicc ”pubcao `jnwcdhld‑.Arnjaoiccy, tmd malmdst priasd ij iutmnr oij rdodavd enr ij ahdi as tmit mas nr mdrjikd bd enrlnttdj ijh hasonjjdotdh ernk at. Njcy hasonjjdotdh ahdis cavd i caedne tmdar nwj. Gnccy‑s sddh-ditajl mypntmdsas jdvdr rdiomdh tmit stild. It tmd takdmujtajl bdoikd hasordhatdh, i knrd pnwdreuc ictdrjitavd tmij tmd lriss-jabbcajlldcihi‘i spdoads edw pdnpcd mih mdirh ne ijywiy‘stirtdh tn eard tmd kajhs neijtmrnpncnlasts7 tmd omakpijzdd. Ijh ictmnulm tmd dircadst ociak enr i omakpijzddknhdc hrdw upnj Gnccy‑s wnr`, aj icc citdr enrkucitanjs tmd ldcihis wdrd hrnppdhnut ne at. mdy rdturjdh tn wmit tmdy mih icwiys bddj tn knst ijtmrnpncnlasts7 iznncnlaoic ouran hwdccajl aj tmd Dtmanpaij upcijh, wmdrd tmdy smueecdh nj tmdarbuttno`s, pao`dh up lrissds, ijh haspciydh tmdar bralmt pdotnric pitomds‘jnt tmdsnrt ne stuee mukij ijodstnrs wdrd kihd ne.

\ncvds, mydjis, canjs, ldcihis‘hurajl tmd earst mice ne tmd 91<6s, tmdar bdmiv-anur nr hadt wis ajtdrprdtdh aj tdrks ne onjvdrldjod tn tmd mnkajahs, ritmdr tmijhavdrldjod ernk tmdk (is watm tmd ipds). Ijicnly wis it sti`d mdrd ritmdr tmij mn-kncnly, tn usd tmd tdrks aj tmdar trihatanjic bancnlaoic kdijajl. md purpnsd wis



28<

jnt prngdotavd knhdccajl, but ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl. Nr tn rd-usd tmd twaj onjodptsne wmaom tmd Uaotnraij snoaic dvncutanjasts wdrd sn enjh ne, wd ird hdicajl mwatm oisds ne ”ajhdpdjhdjt ajvdjtanj‑ ritmdr tmij ”mastnraoic onjjdxanj‑.

md omakpijzdd knhdc wis i haeedrdjt stnry ictnldtmdr.

OmakpijzddsAt as mirh tn akilajd i prakitd spdoads wmaom mis kihd i cirldr akpiot nj mukij dvn-cutanj stuhads tmij tmd onkknj omakpijzdd. Njod ij dcusavd ijakic aj tmd wach (oe.Jassdj 91?9), ernk tmd 9156s njwirhs tmd rdsucts ne dchwnr` nj tmd omakpijzddmivd jnt odisdh tn surprasd soadjtasts ijh jnj-soadjtasts. _tirtajl watm skicc soicd rd-sdirom prngdots by tmd Bratasm (Lnnhicc it Lnkbd) ijh tmd Gipijdsd (Atija it Kimicaj ijzijai, stuhads ne omakpijzdd bdmivanur mivd dxpijhdh trdkdjhnuscy hurajl tmdenccnwajl hdoihds, ki`ajl at tmd bdst stuhadh lrdit ipd tn hitd (Mdbdrt ijh Onurtnas

91180 lurd 9<).?4

akd ijh iliaj, omakps sddkdh tn bd kuom knrd mukij tmij wisprdvanuscy tmnulmt pnssabcd7 tmdy usdh tnncs, tmdy kihd tnncs, tmdy smirdh ennsmnwdh nooisanjic bapdhicask, tmdy mujtdh, tmdy mujtdh onnpdritavdcy, ijh sn nj. Xbdmivanuric sakaciraty, onupcdh watm i ldjdtao i jaty, kihd omakps ajtdrdstajl orditurdenr knhdccajl mukij dvncutanj.

Mnwdvdr, at as jdircy enrlnttdj tmit nralajiccy omakpijzdds wdrd stuhadh isdoncnlaoic ijicnluds, jnt pmycnldjdtao mnkncnluds. Cnuas Cdi`dy hah jnt sak-pcy wijt Lnnhicc tn stuhy tmdsd ijakics is suom, but aj pirtaoucir tn stuhy tmdkaj tmd Lnkbd rdlanj‘i rdsdrvd wmnsd npdj wnnhcijh vdldtitanj bnrhdrajl nji ci`d smnrd, md bdcadvdh, wis onkpiribcd tn tmd djvarnjkdjt ne tmd mnkajah

satds md mih dxoivitdh. Mas ajstrukdjtic rncd aj iwi`djajl i picidnijtmrnpn-cnlaoic ajtdrdst aj omakpijzdds mih tn hn watm ij issukdh doncnlaoic ijicnly,jnt sn kuom bdmivanuric sakaciraty. md ritanjicd enr stuhyajl omakps dvdjtuiccomijldh (Lnnhicc 91=5). md pnpucir akild ne Lnkbd ajordisajlcy bdoikd njdne i hdjsd, akpdjdtribcd enrdst, ijh tmd nooisanjic iotavatads ne tmd omakps nj tmbdiom ne Ci`d ijlijya`i rdodavdh cdss ittdjtanj ernk soadjtasts ijh pnpucir-soa-djod wratdrs, ictmnulm tmas wis tmd pciod wmdrd Lnnhicc ijh mdr eikacy iotucavdh (91167 22-?). mas omijlajl rdprdsdjtitanj ne tmd Lnkbd djvarnjkdjt wispiriccdcdh by i omijlajl ipprdoaitanj ne omakpijzdds‑ rncd is knhdcs. Gust ca`dbibnnjs mih nralajiccy bddj stuhadh bdoiusd ne tmdar nbsdrvibacaty, ijh wdrd dvd

tuiccy eivnurdh bdoiusd ne doncnlaoic sakaciraty, omakpijzdds wdrd ajataiccy stubdoiusd ne doncnlaoic ijicnly, ijh wdrd njcy citdr hdedjhdh nj tmd bisas ne pmycnldjdtao mnkncnly ijh bdmivanuric sakaciraty.

Mnwdvdr, it tmd bisd ne tmd euccy hdvdcnpdh omakpijzdd knhdc ciah jnt kuom i eisoajitanj watm omakps but i erustritanj watm ijtmrnpncnlasts, kicd ij-tmrnpncnlasts. Knrd tmij Lnnhicc ijh mdr onccdiluds, tmd omakp knhdc wis enrldby i jukbdr ne Jnrtm-Ikdraoij edkajast ijtmrnpncnlasts.

?4 It tmd sikd Gijd Lnnhicc hrdw wnrch-wahd ittdjtanj watm mdr wnr`, tmd Rdyjnchs ijh @nrtcijht wdrddquiccy nbsdrvajl omakpijzdds aj tmd wach.



28=

Xmd edkajast orataqud Is dircy is 91<9, _iccy Cajtnj pubcasmdh ij irtaocd djtatcdh ”\nkij tmd Litmdrdr7kicd bais aj ijtmrnpncnly‑. Aj at, smd dxprdssdh mdr sdvdrd hassitaseiotanj watmtmdnrads ne mukij dvncutanj suom is put enrwirh by \ismburj ijh Cijoistdr(915=) aj tmd Kij tmd Mujtdr vncukd bdoiusd tmdy smnwdh ”i strnjl kicd bais ajtmd qudstanjs is`dh, ijh tmd ajtdrprdtitanjs lavdj‑ (Cajtnj 91<97 ?<)7

_n, wmacd tmd kicds wdrd nut mujtajl, hdvdcnpajl icc tmdar s`accs, cdirjajl tn onnp-dritd, ajvdjtajl cijluild, ajvdjtajl irt, orditajl tnncs ijh wdipnjs, tmd pnnr hdpdjhdjt edkicds wdrd sattajl bio` it tmd mnkd bisd mivajl njd omach ietdr ijntmdr

(kijy ne tmdk hyajl aj tmd prnodss), ijh wiatajl enr tmd kicds tn brajl mnkd tmdbionj. \macd tmas rdonjstruotanj as odrtiajcy ajldjanus, at lavds njd tmd hdoahdhakprdssanj tmit njcy mice tmd spdoads‘tmd kicd mice‘hah ijy dvncvajl.(82)

Ernk tmas orataoask, smd hdvdcnpdh ij ictdrjitavd ajtdrprdtitanj aj wmaom ennhsmirajl, tmd nralaj ne eikacy, tnnc usd, knrd onkpcdx snoaic nrlijazitanj, onkpcdxonkkujaoitanj ijh ajordisdh briaj sazd wdrd jnt tmd rdsuct ne kicd mujtajl butne edkicd litmdrajl ijh kitdrjic oird enr tmd ynujl. n mdr, tmd kntmdr-ajeijtbnjh enrkdh tmd bisd ne tmd eikacy, pirtaoucircy sajod tmd pdranh ne ajeijt hdpdjh-djoy mih cdjltmdjdh hud tn ajordisdh akkituraty it bartm. _mirajl stirtdh watm

kntmdrs prnvahajl ennh enr tmdar cnjl-hdpdjhdjt neesprajl. I scajl enr oirryajl

Ealurd 9<. Omakpijzdds ird by eir tmd bdst stuhadh lrdit ipd aj prakitncnly. Xmas lripm wisonkpacdh nj tmd bisas ne i babcankdtrao rdsdirom ijh smnws tmd rdcitavd pdrodjt ne irtaocds enrdiom lrdit ipd spdoads aj vd takd pdranhs (Mdbdrt ijh Onurtnas 91187 lurd 9)



281

ajeijts ijh i onjtiajdr enr oirryajl eruats wdrd tmd earst tnncs ajstdih ne wdip-njs. mas wis aj i jutsmdcc tmd wmncd tmdnry wmaom citdr edkajast ijtmrnpncnwnuch dxpijh. Ajtdrdstajlcy, omakpijzdds wdrd jnt kdjtanjdh aj Cajtnj‑s pipdr,ictmnulm smd hah ajhaoitd snkd ldjdric rdsdkbcijods bdtwddj mukijs ijh cavajl

jnjmukij prakitds wmaom ajocuhdh ocnsd kntmdr-ajeijt bnjhs ijh ieedotanjitdrdcitanjsmaps. Gust ca`d tmd mujtajl mypntmdsas mih prdodhdh tmd bibnnj stads, tmd `drjdc ne \nkij tmd Litmdrdr wis tmdrd bdenrd tmd omakpijzdd knhdcdkdrldh.

I kuom knrd dcibnritd irlukdjt tmij tmd twdcvd pilds ne Cajtnj‑s sdkajicirtaocd wis prdsdjtdh aj tmd bnn`Edkicd ne tmd _pdoads (91<4) by twn Ikdraoijijtmrnpncnlasts, @iy Kirtaj ijh Birbiri Unnrmads. md bnn` wis cirldcy i rdpcytn Canjdc aldr‑s Kdj aj Lrnups (9151) wmaom wd djonujtdrdh aj tmd onjtdxt nebibnnj stuhads. Kirtaj ijh Unnrmads (91<47 9?4) mih ”sdvdric rdsdrvitanjs ibnut

aldr‑s omnaod ne sivijji bibnnjs is knhdcs enr mukij snoadty‑7 dircy mnkajah

doncnly kalmt mivd bddj haeedrdjt, tmd caj` bdtwddj doncnly ijh bdmivanur wijnt strialmtenrwirh, ntmdr bibnnj spdoads icsn cavdh aj enrdstdh irdis, dto. mdwratd7 ”Canjdc aldr‑s omnaod ne tmd sivijji bibnnj is i knhdc ne dircy mukijbdmivanr mis oncnrdh mas vadw ne mukij dvncutanj ijh ne prdsdjt-hiy snoadtabdoiusd at ajtrnhuodh ”smirp bdmivanric haeedrdjods bdtwddj tmd sdxds‑ (9?=)”tmd dquitanj ne kicd illrdssavdjdss watm sdxuic onkpdtatanj‑ (9<6). Ajstdih, tmdsulldstdh tmit piriccdcs bd snulmt watm tmd ipds ”wmaom ird knrd ca`d mukijs ijtnkaoiccy, ldjdtaoiccy, banomdkaoiccy, ijh aj susodptabacaty tn pirtaoucir hasditmij ird bibnnjs‑ (986). Omakpijzdds wdrd tn bd prdedrrdh nvdr lnraccis bdoiusdtmdy smnwdh icsn kijy bdmivanuric sakaciratads7

Ae i sajlcd jnjmukij prakitd lrnup watm tmd lrditdst rdcdvijoy enr stuhads ne mu-kij dvncutanj as snulmt, omakpijzdds ippdir tn bd tmd knst malmcy quica dh P...[tmdrd ird knrd sakaciratads aj tmd nvdricc trdjhs ne omakp ijh mukij dvncutanjtmij watm bibnnj ijh mukij dvncutanj. \d eddc tmit tmdsd brnih sakaciratadsbdtwddj omakps ijh mukij nutwdalm tmd sakaciraty ne onkknj mibatit bdtwddjbibnnjs ijh dircy mukijs.(989)

Omakps traukpmdh nvdr bibnnjs ijh doncnly wis jn cnjldr i rdcdvijt sakacir-aty. md smddr jukbdr ne sakaciratads bdtwddj omakps ijh mukijs mih picdh tmprdvanuscy icc-akpnrtijt oratdranj ne smirajl i tdrrdstraic caedstycd aj tmd sivijjim

md iutmnrs prnoddhdh watm ij ictdrjitavd vadw ne mukij dvncutanj, sakacir tn tmnjd sulldstdh by Cajtnj, wmdrd wnkdj tnn` nj i knrd odjtric rncd. Ajtdrdstajlcy,tmdy hah ippdic tn Gnccy‑s sddh-ditajl mypntmdsas tn substijtaitd tmdar ociak mujtajl mih jnt bddj dssdjtaic aj tmd dircadst pmisds ne mukij dvncutanj.

\atm tmd wnr` ne Kirtaj ijh Unnrmads wd sdd mnw tmd orataqud nj Kij tmdMujtdr wahdjdh tn i orataqud nj tmd bibnnj knhdc ijh mnw tmd ictdrjitavd ne \nkij tmd Litmdrdr wis substijtaitdh watm ij ajvnoitanj ne omakpijzdds. Kirtajijh Unnrmads mih jnt stuhadh omakps aj tmd wach, jnr mih Cajtnj, nr ijjdr ijhWamckij (wmaom A wacc hasouss mdrdietdr)0 tmdar ioquiajtijod watm omakpoikd ernk pubcaoitanjs ne eadchwnr`. Ictmnulm wd eajh rdedrdjods tn Atija‑s rsdirom lrnup aj Kimicd, jn njd mis bddj knrd rdspnjsabcd enr tmd rdprdsdjtitanj



246

ne omakpijzdds tn tmd nutsahd wnrch tmij Gijd Lnnhicc. Mdr nbsdrvitanjs ne tmdLnkbd omakps mivd bddj lnajl nj enr jdircy enrty ydirs jnw ijh mivd bddj piri-halkitao enr kuom rdsdirom nj lrdit ipds.Aj tmd smihnw ne kij (91<9), Lnnhicc‑searst pnpucirazajl bnn`, wis trijscitdh ajtn 8= cijluilds, kiàjl at tmd bdst-rdih

wnr` ne jnj-eaotanj nj ijy jnjmukij prakitd aj tmd wnrch. mnulm jnt ij nut-spn`dj edkajast mdrsdce, mdr netdj ijdohntic ioonujts ne ij ijakic snoadty onj-sastajl ne ajhavahuic ijakics watm caed mastnrads, eradjhsmaps ijh eddcajls ne tmdarnwj odrtiajcy ippdicdh tn ijynjd sdiromajl ij ictdrjitavd tn tmd hry, kdomijastaohdsoraptanjs ne bdccaldrdjt bibnnjs (Lnnhicc 91=5). Dvdj Lnnhicc‑s nbsdrvitanjsne ajtdrspdoaeao illrdssanj, ajeijtaoahd ijh oijjabicask onuch jnt omijld tmit ds-sdjtaiccy pdiodeuc paoturd ne omakpijzdds aj tmd 91<6s.

Jijoy ijjdr ijh Ihradjjd Wamckij, tmd gnajt vdjturd ne i oucturic ijh i pmysaoicijtmrnpncnlast watm i smirdh ajtdrdst aj mukij dvncutanj ijh sdonjh-wivd edkajask,bdoikd tmd knst vnoaedrnus prnpnjdjts ne tmd omakp knhdc. Aj i strdik ne pubcaoitanjs

wmaom stirtdh aj 91<5, tmdy oijnjazdh tmd edkajast ictdrjitavd enr Kij tmd Mujtdr ajtntmd tdxtbnn` vdrsanj is wd `jnw at tnhiy ( ijjdr ijh Wamckij 91<50 Wamckij ijhijjdr 91<=0 ijjdr 91=90 91=<0 Wamckij 91<=0 91=90 91=40 91160 9112).?5

Jdxt tn Lnnhicc‑s eadchwnr`, bankncdoucir dvahdjod dquiccy onjtrabutdh tntmit tmdnry ( ijjdr 91=<). Akkujncnlaoic stuhads, onkpirasnjs ne prntdaj sd-qudjods ijh onkpirasnjs ne ldjdtao kitdraic icc onjvdrldh nj wmit ijitnkastsicrdihy issukdh sajod Muxcdy7 tmit tmd Ieraoij ipds, pirtaoucircy omakpijzdds,ird ocnsdr tn mukijs tmij ijy ntmdr prakitd. Aj tmd 91<6s, tmd ealurd ne 11 % neldjdtao ahdjtaty wis netdj lavdj0 aj rdodjt ydirs knst iutmnrs mivd bddj waccajl tnlavd aj njd pdrodjt, but tmd rdsuct as stacc ritmdr akprdssavd. (At sddks is ae ”11 %‑as i kilaoic ealurd aj tmd rmdtnrao ne dvncutanjiry ijtmrnpncnly sajod tmas wis icsntmd ealurd ajvn`dh by tmd Kij tmd Mujtdr-suppnrtdrs tn ajhaoitd tmd pdrodjtildne tmdar takd nj dirtm tmit mukijs mih bddj hdpdjhdjt nj mujtajl.)

I knrd tmdnrdtaoic akpdtus oikd ernk tmd jisodjt dch ne snoanbancnly. Xd eitmdrne snoanbancnly, D.N. \acsnj (91<4) mih irludh tmit ipirt ernk tmd ocissaoic Hirwajaijkdomijasks ne jituric sdcdotanj ijh sdxuic sdcdotanj, àj sdcdotanj pciydh ij dquiccyoruoaic rncd aj dvncutanj ijh mdcpdh tn dxpciaj suom nstdjsabcy ajonkprdmdjsabcd bdmiv-anur ca`d ictruask. Ernk \acsnj, tmd omakp knhdccdrs bnrrnwdh tmd jntanj ne pirdjticajvdstkdjt (nr àj ajvdstkdjt) ijh enccnwdh i sulldstanj nj sdxuic sdcdotanj kihd by

ravdrs tmit ”tmd sdx ajvdstajl tmd knst djdrly aj ats nstsprajl as tmd sdx tmit omnnsdsats kitds ijh tmus ajudjods tmd ldjd nw ajtn tmd jdxt ldjdritanj‑ (Wamckij 91=97==).?< Aj ntmdr wnrhs, sajod edkicds kihd tmd cirldst pirdjtic ajvdstkdjt, tmdy wnuchstddr sdxuic sdcdotanj, jnt tmd kicds. Aj tryajl tn dxpciaj oijajd rdhuotanj ijh tmd cnssne sdxuic haknrpmask, ijjdr ijh Wamckij bdcadvdh tmit ”edkicds wdrd omnnsajl prd-oasdcy tmnsd kicds wmn wdrd eradjhcy, jurturajl, tnnc-usajl, ijh waccajl tn smird ennh‑(Wamckij 91=97 15). Dvdj ae oijajd rdhuotanj wis i prnodss noourrajl aj tmd kicd bnhy,edkicds mih bddj rdspnjsabcd enr at. Jn kittdr mnw ajldjanus, at as mirh jnt tn mdir tmd

?5 Enr i pirtaoucircy vavah ijh bicijodh mastnry ne \nkij tmd Litmdrdr ijh Wamckij‑s rncd tmdrdaj, sddMiriwiy (91=17 ??9-8=).

?< Xas ahdi as odjtric tn tmdar mypntmdsas ijh oij bd enujh aj icc tmdar irtaocds (oe. ijjdr ijh Wamckij91<57 4=10 ijjdr 91=97 94=-5<0 ijjdr 91=<7 980 Wamckij 91=47 ?51).



249

domnds ne wnkdj‑s sdxuic dkijoapitanj aj tmd 91<6s aj cajds ca`d ”edkicds kiy mivonkd tn prdedr tn kitd knrd netdj watm kicds wmn `assdh dstdotavdcy tmij watm tmwmn lrnwcdh it tmdk ijh haspciydh cirld oijajds‑ ( ijjdr 91=<7 98) nr ”edkicds prnb-ibcy mih sdx knrd erdqudjtcy watm tmnsd kicds wmn wdrd irnujh netdj, pciyajl wat

nstsprajl, mdcpajl aj prntdotanj, nooisanjiccy smirajl kdit ijh enrildh pcijts, ijh wmnwdrd ldjdriccy eradjhcy‑ ( ijjdr 91=97 958). Hdspatd tmd ijhrnodjtrao bais tmdy pnajtdnut aj kuom dircadr ijtmrnpncnly, tmdar prngdotanj ne tmd ahdic sdvdjtads kij ajtn tmVcan-Vcdastnodjd wis jn cdss vicud-erdd.

Ijntmdr snurod ne ajsparitanj enr ijjdr ijh Wamckij wis R.B. Cdd‑s dtmjnl-ripmy ne tmd !@ujl. Knrd tmij ijynjd dcsd, Cdd mih hdknjstritdh it tmd Kij tmdMujtdr onjedrdjod tmit mujtajl ijh kdit-ditajl pciydh njcy i rdcitavdcy kajnrrncd aj i enrilajl snoadty (Cdd 915=). (Wamckij (91=97 19) wdjt dvdj sn eir tnoicc tmd rdsuctajl bnn` i ”kasjikdh vncukd‑.) Nj ijntmdr onjedrdjod aj tmd citd9156s, Cdd mih icsn irludh tmit tmd earst tnnc kust mivd bddj i oirryajl hdvaod7

snetdjdh ijakic mahd, i bir` triy, i brnih cdie, nr i oruhd jdt‑, aj ijy oisd snkd-tmajl pdrasmibcd, sajod at mih jdvdr bddj dxoivitdh (91<17 819). Md bdcadvdh tsuom oirryajl hdvaod wis ”tmd dssdjtaic prdrdquasatd, tmd sajd qui jnj, ne mukdonjnky‑ wmaom ”kihd pnssabcd i mukij wiy ne caed‑ (Cdd 91<17 819). Dvdj ae wis jnt ocdir wmdtmdr at eujotanjdh aj onjtdxts ne mujtajl, litmdrajl nr gust isi omach scajl ietdr mukijs mih cnst tmdar bnhy miar (tn wmaom jnjmukij prakitdajeijts jnrkiccy ocajl), tmd ahdi tmit ijntmdr tnnc tmij i mujtajl wdipnj pciydhij dvncutanjiry eujotanj wis lrast nj tmd edkajast kacc.

I hassitaseiotanj watm ijhrnodjtrao sodjirans ne mukij dvncutanj bisdh njmujtajl, i orataqud ne tmd bibnnj knhdc, tmd iviacibacaty ne raom nbsdrvitanjs nomakpijzdds, tmd bankncdoucir dvahdjod ne i ocnsd ieeajaty bdtwddj omakps imukijs, tmd jntanj ne edkicd sdxuic sdcdotanj oist aj snoanbancnlaoic tdrks, tmakpnrtijod ne litmdrajl aj i onjtdkpnriry enrilajl snoadty, ijh tmd wnkdj‑sknvdkdjt ne tmd 91<6s, icc tmdsd wdrd tmd ixds wmaom onjvdrldh nj tmd litmdrmypntmdsas ne ijjdr ijh Wamckij (oe. Wamckij 91=< enr i sakacir rdtrnspdot)

mdy drdotdh i twn-stildh knhdc ne mukij dvncutanj7 earst, tmdrd wis ijijodstric pnpucitanj ne mnkajahs bdtwddj 5 ijh 8 kaccanj ydirs iln ne wmaom njcy edw enssacs mih bddj enujh0 sdonjh, itrijsatanjic pnpucitanj dkdrldh wmdj tmd ijodstricpnpucitanj knvdh ajtn tmd npdj sivijji ijh hdvdcnpdh ajtn iustricnpatmdoajdsbdtwddj 8 ijh 2 kaccanj ydirs iln. md earst njds cavdh smnrtcy ietdr tmd mnkajapnjlah havdrldjod ijh onuch tmdrdenrd bd rdprdsdjtdh by dxtijt omakpijzdds0 tmdsdonjh njds mih tn bd rdonjstruotdh nj tmd bisas ne akilajajl mnw omakpijzddswnuch bdmivd aj ij npdj mibatit enccnwajl tmd prajoapcds ne edkicd sdxuic sdctanj, litmdrajl donjnky ijh ajordisdh ajeijt hdpdjhdjoy. Jnt surprasajlcy, icctmd quajtdssdjtaic mukij triats wmaom wdrd prdvanuscy tmnulmt tn bd tmd rdsukicd mujtajl wdrd jnw sddj is tmd prnhuot ne edkicd iotavatads. Litmdrajl wis tmdprakd knvdr ijh oiusdh smirajl (watm neesprajl), tnnc usd (hallajl stao`s ijh onj-tiajdrs), ijh bapdhicask (rdquardh enr litmdrajl watm i onjtiajdr). Aj tmdar vadwwnkdj wdrd tmd ”prakiry snoaicazdrs‑0 tmd kntmdr-neesprajl bnjh, jnt tmd kicdbnjh ( aldr 9151), wis tmd bisao snoaic ujat0 ijh edkicds, is sulldstdh bdenrd,wdrd tmd njds wmn omnnsd wmnk tn mivd sdx watm‘ijh tmus hdtdrkajdh oijajd



242

rdhuotanj ijh hdordisdh sdxuic haknrpmask. Donjnkaoiccy, tdomjncnlaoiccy, ijhijitnkaoiccy, at wis wnkdj wmn mih hdtdrkajdh knst ne mukij dvncutanj.

ijjdr ijh Wamckij‑s dvncutanjiry jirritavd hah jnt lrditcy haeedr ernk _iccyCajtnj‑s spdoucitanjs wmnk tmdy dxpcaoatcy io`jnwcdhld (oe. Wamckij 91=97 ?51).

Nralajicaty wis pdrmips cdss tmd micckir` ne tmdar net-rdpditdh irlukdjt tmijtmdar oipioaty tn hriw tnldtmdr sdvdric cajds ne irlukdjt, ritmdr docdotaoiccy snkd-takds, ajtn i sajlcd mypntmdsas. mdar ictdrjitavd wis, jdvdrtmdcdss, quatd prnbcdk-itao. \mdrdis tmdy mih deedotavdcy ciah bird tmd ijhrnodjtrao bais aj kijy dircadrspdoucitanjs, tmdar nwj rdonjstruotanjs wdrd mirhcy cdss spdoucitavd (hdspatd tmdieearkitavd tnjd ne tmdar prnsd). Aj eiot, tmdy gust prdsdjtdh ij ajvdrsanj ne tmddircadr knhdcs wmdrd wnkdj tnn` nvdr tmd rdspnjsabacaty ne tmd dvncvajl busa-jdss. Mnkajazitanj tmus bdoikd ”edkajazitanj‑ (_tnoz`nws`a 91157 2=9). ErijodsHimcbdrl, dhatnr ne tmd vncukd\nkij tmd Litmdrdr (91=97 2<), mih mnpdh tmitwatm tmd djh ne tmd mujtajl mypntmdsas, lrijhansd nralajs stnrads wnuch bd nvdr

is ”mdrnao quicatads sdchnk onkd ajtn pciy aj sdourajl prntdaj ernk oiteasm, tdr-katds, sjiac, ldrbacs, ijh biby bibnnjs. But wmit as cnst aj hriki‑, smd onjtaj-udh, ”as liajdh aj havdrsaty ijh onkpcdxaty.‑ Mdr mnpds jntwatmstijhajl, \nkijtmd Litmdrdr bdoikd ij dquiccy mdrnao, njd-sahdh ijh ujacajdir ticd ne mukijnralajs.

Edkajast ijtmrnpncnlasts orusihdh jnt sn kuom iliajst tmd dkparaoic akpciusabac-aty ne tmd mujtajl mypntmdsas is iliajst ats ahdncnlaoic ujhdsaribacaty. Xas as jnt tn siytmit tmd litmdrajl mypntmdsas wis njcy ij ahdncnlaoic onjstruot is nppnsdh tn i knrdnbgdotavd mujtajl pirihalk, nr tmit tmd enrkdr wis bih soadjod ijh tmd cittdr lnnh. Iccsoadjod as pncataoic, ijh odrtiajcy prakitncnly (Miriwiy 91=8). _n-oiccdh dxtdrjic aju-djods ird jnt jdodssiracy hastnrtajl, but oij brajl aj jdw ijh prnkasajl pdrspdotavds7prdguhldkdjts netdj prnvahd eruateuc ijlcds ne nbsdrvitanj, tmdy ird aj eiot wmit ki`dssoadjod pnssabcd. \mit as knst nbgdotanjibcd aj ijjdr ijh Wamckij‑s wratajls, mnwdv-dr, as jnt sn kuom tmdar edkajast bais (tmas aj eiot iccnwdh tmdk tn hdtdot ijhrnodjtrask)but tmdar nbgdotavast prdtdjsanjs (tmd i rkitavd tnjd, tmd cio` ne hnubt, tmd nbcatdri-tanj ne spdoucitanj) aj spatd ne tmdar nvdrt pncataoic ildjhi. Miriwiy (91=87 15), tmnulmsykpitmdtao tn tmd edkajast knvdkdjt, ralmtcy siys tmit ”strullcds enr edkajast soadjodoijjnt prnoddh njcy by wratajl tmd ticds njd wijts tn bd trud‑.?= \nkij tmd Litmdrdrwis rst ne icc ”i onjtdjtanus kirraild ne Durn-Ikdraoij edkajask ijh bancnlaoic mu-kijask‑ (Miriwiy 91=17 22=). Rdihajl tmrnulm tmd edkajast ictdrjitavds, njd ldts tmdakprdssanj tmit icc tmdsd sdvdric cajds ne dvahdjod wdrd njcy sdcdotdh tn onrrnbnritd tmdbisao mypntmdsas. Xd eiot tmit Cajtnj‑s ajataic, omakpcdss litmdrajl mypntmdsas hah jntlrditcy hastdr ernk ijjdr ijh Wamckij‑s eucc-dhldh omakp knhdc, cdihs njd tn suspdottmit tmd omakps wdrd cirldcy tmdrd enr nrjikdjtic rdisnjs. ”Aj tdrks ne tmd LitmdrajlMypntmdsas pdr sd ,‑ ijjdr njod wrntd, ”tmd Omakpijzdd Knhdc as jnt dssdjtaic‑ (91=<792).?1

?= Miriwiy‑s edkajask as nbvanuscy knrd ”tmarh wivd‑ tmij ”sdonjh wivd‑. \mdrdis ijjdr ijh Wamckijwdrd dxpnjdjts ne tmd sdonjh-wivd onkbitavd wnkdj‑s knvdkdjt, Miriwiy bdttdr irtaoucitds tmdknrd rdodjt pnst-knhdrj enrk ne orataoic hdonjstruotanj (oe. Uij Rdybrnuo` 911=b).

?1 _md onjtajudh, mnwdvdr, by hdedjhajl tmit tmd omakpijzdd knhdc wis usdeuc bdynjh tmd issdrtanjne litmdrajl is tmd donjnkao bisd.



24?

Ne onursd, tmas orataoask as wrattdj aj ij ild wmdrd ldjhdr assuds ird malm ntmd ildjhi sn tmit tmd pnsatanj ti`dj mdrd oij pdrmips jnt euccy onkd tn tmd tdrkswatm tmd ubaquaty ijh tdjioaty ne tmd mujtajl nrtmnhnxy watm ats omiuvajast ojntitanjs jnr tmd isparitanjs edct by kijy enr ij ictdrjitavd jirritavd ne mukij

nralajs. Kij tmd Mujtdr mih bddj oist it i takd wmdj njcy vdry edw wnkdj wdrdiotavd aj prakitncnly. Ajhddh, at wis njcy aj tmd eucc 91<6s tmit tmd sdxuic hknlripmy ne tmd hasoapcajd smnwdh i kir`dh ajordisd aj edkicd rdsdiromdrs aj tmeadch, dvdj tn tmd dxtdjt tmit prakitncnly as jnw snkdtakds mdrichdh is i tdxtbnn`oisd ne edkajazdh soadjod (Miriwiy 91=80 Cnjlajn 91167 96?-990 Knrdcc 911?0Edhalij 91180 Edhalij ijh _truk 911<). At as jn onajoahdjod tmit ij iwirdjdssne kicd baisds noourrdh sakuctijdnuscy watm i lrnwajl prdsdjod ne wnkdj ajprakitncnly. Bd tmit is at kiy, at as stacc surprasajl tmit it tmd sikd takd tmit ajiromidncnly spdoucitanj wis ibncasmdh ijh subgdotdh tn i sdvdrdcy eicsaeaoitaast ijh netdj edoujh prnlrikkd aj tmd wnr` ne Asiio ijh Bajenrh (Omiptdr ?),

spdoucitanj onuch ecnurasm is jdvdr bdenrd aj tmd stuhy ne mukij nralajs. Hdspatmdar havdrldjt ippriasic ijh usd ne spdoucitanj aj tmdar wnr`, Bajenrh, ijjdr ijhWamckij sahdh aj tmd rdgdotanj ne mujtajl aj ij dircy pmisd ne mukij dvncutanjEnr Bajenrh, dircy mnkajahs mih bddj soivdjlajl, enr edkajasts tmdy mih bddjlitmdrajl ijh enr Gnccy, is wd mivd sddj, tmdy mih bddj ditajl sddhs. md hdeaone tmd mujtajl mypntmdsas wis nbvanus, but tmd pciod ne spdoucitanj aj at virdjnrknuscy. Vdrmips tmas dxpciajs wmy tmd litmdrajl mypntmdsas, tmnulm netdatdritdh by ats iutmnrs ijh rdedrrdh tn by ntmdrs is ij dxikpcd ne edkajazdh soadjo(Cnjlajn 91167 96?-99), jdvdr rdodavdh kuom eddhbio` aj tmd enrk ne ajtdccdotuihdbitd nr nvdrt rdsastijod. md rdiotanj wis njd ne rdprdssavd tncdrijod. Battdrcrdecdotajl nj tmas ibsdjod ne hdbitd, Wamckij (91=<7 95) hrdw i onkpirasnj watmij nhh likd ne tdjjas7 ”Ietdr i lrdit pnwdr sdrvaod, ynur nppnjdjt ti`ds njd cnn`it tmd bicc, turjs iwiy, ijh wic`s nee tmd onurt, rdeusajl tn rdturj ynur sdrvd.‑

I pdredot ijicnl y

Dvdj ae Ikdraoij edkajast ijtmrnpncnly, \nkij tmd Litmdrdr ijh tmd omakpknhdc wdrd cirldcy ajtdrtwajdh ( ijjdr ijh Wamckij‑s sdkajic wratajls icc ip-pdirdh aj edkajast pubcaoitanjs), at wnuch bd drrnjdnus tn issukd tmit tmd omakpijzdd knhdc wis onjeajdh tn edkajasts njcy. Ntmdrs watm cdss nvdrt pncatao

ildjhis dquiccy turjdh tn tmd omakps (Lnnhicc ijh Mikburl 91<40 Rdyjnchs91<50 KoLrdw 91=9), tmnulm tmdy wdrd nutjukbdrdh by tmd zdicnus pubcasmane ijjdr ijh Wamckij. Aj tmas sdotanj A wijt tn ijicysd tmd struoturd ne tmd iji-cnlaoic rdisnjajl aj icc tmdsd tdxts. _ajod tmdy rdsdkbcd diom ntmdr onjsahdribA wacc hasouss tmdk is i wmncd ijh quntd ritmdr dxtdjsavdcy ernk tmdk. Edkajaijh jnj-edkajasts ica`d rdiotdh iliajst tmd prdvanus bibnnj knhdc ijh onjsah-drdh tmd omakpijzdd tn bd i bdttdr ictdrjitavd. Icc tmdsd iutmnrs dquiccy ittdkptdtn nutcajd i jdw tmdnry ne mukij nralajs. mdy smirdh tmd sikd ikbatanj, turjdhtn tmd sikd onjodptuic tnnc ijh, hdspatd tmdar ajtdrprdtitavd haeedrdjods, wdjtmrnulm tmd sikd ijicnlaoic stdps ne nbsdrvajl sakaciraty, dstibcasmajl rdcdvijo

prdhaotajl sakaciraty ijh buachajl nj tmit prdhaotanj.



248

9) It tmd nutsdt ne ijy omakpijzdd knhdc cads tmd eisoajitanj watm tmd ajtralu-ajl sakaciratads omakps ijh mukijs hdknjstritd. At wis bdoiusd ne tmd lrdit-dr jukbdr ne rdsdkbcijods tmit Kirtaj ijh Unnrmads (91<47 989) prdedrrdh tmdomakp nvdr tmd bibnnj. Onjourrajl watm tmit vadw, Lnnhicc ijh Mikburl (91<47

94) wrntd7Xd omakpijzdd, mnwdvdr, as i kuom ocnsdr rdcitavd ne kij tmij tmd bibnnj. Xasas sulldstdh by kijy cajds ne rdsdirom ajtn tmd banomdkastry, pmysancnly, ijitnky,ijh bdmivanr ne tmd omakpijzdd. Aj icc tmdsd irdis tmdrd ird stra`ajl sakaciratadsbdtwddj tmd omakpijzdd ijh nursdcvds.

Ntmdrs spn`d ne i ”ocnsd ieeajaty‑ (KoLrdw 91=97 ?5) nr ”ajtakitd bancnlaoic tads‑( ijjdr ijh Wamckij 91<57 419) ijh icc kdjtanjdh tmd viranus enrks ne saka-ciraty bdtwddj omakpijzdds ijh knhdrj mukijs. ijjdr (91=<7 <) jikdh bntmspdoads ”dxtrdkdcy sakacir ijh dvahdjtcy ocnsdcy rdcitdh‑ wmacd Rdyjnchs (91<57 5=)irludh tmit omakpijzdds wdrd pmysaoiccy ”jnt sn eir rdknvdh ernk tmd ijodstricHrynpatmdoajds‑.

2) mas sakaciraty, tmd irlukdjt onjtajuds, as jnt ajoahdjtic but tmd rdsuct nei pmycnldjdtao ocnsdjdss bdtwddj bntm spdoads. Nj tmd bisas ne ijitnkaoic rd-sdkbcijods, Uaotnraij dvncutanjasts ca`d Muxcdy mih icrdihy onjocuhdh tmit bntmkust mivd hdsodjhdh ernk i onkknj ijodstnr. Knrd rdodjt kncdoucir dvahdjodonjearkdh tmas pnsatanj ijh tradh tn hitd tmd knkdjt ne havdrldjod ernk tmd cistonkknj ijodstnr0 aj ldjdric at wis oicoucitdh tn bd snkdwmdrd icnjl 4 kaccanjydirs iln. Is i onjsdqudjod ne tmd bankncdoucir rdvncutanj, pmycnldjy bdoikd

knrd akpnrtijt tmij doncnly. \ismburj ijh HdUnrd, _omiccdr ijh Cnwtmdr ijhkijy ntmdrs onuch stacc bdcadvd tmit doncnly smipdh bdmivanur, but Wamckij ijhijjdr (91<=7 9<9) rdbuttdh tmit ”doncnlaoic eiotnrs oij ajecudjod but jnt hdtdr-

kajd snoaic struoturd‑7

Knhdcs bisdh nj pirtaoucir ihiptitanjs, suom is cavajl aj i sivijji mibatit,oijjnt rdpciod i knrd onkprdmdjsavd knhdc tmit ajocuhds jnt njcy doncnlaoic ijhbdmivanric eiotnrs, but i onkknj, rdodjt dvncutanjiry mastnry‘is tmd omakpij-zdd knhdc hnds.

Doncnlaoic ijicnly is i oratdranj ne rdcdvijt sakaciraty tmus kihd rnnk enr pmycn-ldjdtao mnkncnly.

?) Bdoiusd mukijs mivd sn hrikitaoiccy dvncvdh sajod tmd mnkajah-pnjlahspcat (is tmd enssac rdonrh iptcy tdstaeads) ijh sajod jntmajl as `jnwj ibnut omak-pijzdd dvncutanjiry mastnry, at as issukdh tmit omakps ird kuom ocnsdr tn tmd cistonkknj ijodstnr. mdy wdrd, tmdrdenrd, usdh is cavajl knhdcs enr at. mas orux netmd wmncd irlukdjt oij bd accustritdh watm kijy quntds. Lnnhicc ijh Mikburl(91<47 ?6) rdedrrdh tn ”i mypntmdtaoic lrnup ne omakpijzdds, nr omakpijzddca`dorditurds P...[ tmit ird ujhnubtdhcy sakacir aj kijy wiys tn nur nwj ijodstnrs‑.KoLrdw (91=97 41) rdisnjdh ernk ”tmd omakpijzdd-ca`d dircy mnkajah‑. Rdyjnchs(91<57 5=) irludh7 ” md knhdc A wijt tn sulldst P...[ enr dircy mnkajah snoadty astmd omakpijzdd knhdc.‑ Ijh ijjdr ijh Wamckij, is onuch bd dxpdotdh, hdedjhdh



244

tmas pnajt dkpmitaoiccy ( ijjdr ijh Wamckij 91<57 419, 4150 ijjdr 91=97 4=,540 91=<7 5, 94, 280 Wamckij 91=<7 980 91127 894, 89<). It njd pnajt, tmdydvdj sakpcy stitdh tmit ”cavajl omakpijzdds rdprdsdjt tmd ajh ne pnpucitanj ernkwmaom wd dvncvdh.‑ ( ijjdr ijh Wamckij 91<57 4==). Xd irlukdjt wis dvdj put ajvasuic enrk7 tmd ernjtaspadod ne Jijoy ijjdr‑s 91=9 knjnlripmNj Bdonkajl Mukij hdpaotdh i cajd hriwajl ne twn edkicd omakpijzdds àssajl diom ntmdr, sulldstajl tmdakpnrtijod ne edkicd snoaibacaty ijh rdonjoacaitanj ( lurd 9=). Onajoahdjod nr jnt,it tmas takd tmd iutmnr stirtdh tn salj mdr pubcaoitanjs watm mdr sdonjh jikd7 JijoyKi`dpdiod ijjdr. md jukdrnus pubcaoitanjs ijh dxtrdkd pmrisajl ne tmd ijjdrijh Wamckij tijhdk smnuch jnt nbcatdritd tmd wahdcy-edct ipprnpraitdjdss ne tmd omaknhdc. n hitd, tmd omakpijzdd as stacc rdlirhdh tmd knst pnpucir oijhahitd enr tmd bdknhdc by kijy stuhdjts ne prakitd bdmivanur (oe. Ajeri).

8) Ietdr kiàjl tmd pnajt tmit omakpijzdd caed rdsdkbcdh nur ijodstric dxast-djod bdenrd djtdrajl tmd sivijjim, knst pipdrs onjtajudh watm cdjltmy hdsorap-tanjs ne tmd snoaic caed ne omakps‘ippirdjtcy bdcadvajl tmit tmdsd padods ne jitumastnry prnsd onuch eacc aj tmd vnah ne tmd kassajl caj`, tmit tmdsd hdsoraptanjiotuiccy irlukdjts. Rdyjnchs (915=7 51-<2) hah at, KoLrdw (91=97 ?<-4<) hah at,

Ealurd 9=. Xmd ernjtaspadod ne Xijjdr‑s Nj Bdonkajl Mukij (91=9) smnws twn edkicd omakpijzdds‘i ouranus omnaod enr i bnn` nj mukij dvncutanj. Xmd iutmnr, mnwdvdr, io`jnwc-dhldh tmd accustritnr enr mivajl ”trijscitdh tmd onjodpts ijh hiti ajtn vasuic enrk‑ (91=97xvaa). Enccnwajl tmd irlukdjt ne tmd bnn`‘wmaom wis tmd cnjldst hdedjsd ne i prakitd knhdcdvdr‘tmd rdihdr wis dvdjtuiccy enrodh tn ihkat tmit wd mih ajhddh bdonkd mukij ernk ij

ijodstric strituk ne omakpijzdd-ca`d eradjhcajdss ijh snoaibacaty. Xmd ldjtcy àssajl, pdiod-kiàjl omakps aj tmd ernjtaspadod hah jnt njcy sukkirazd mdr tmdnry0 tmdy wdrd icsn ij ajha-rdot vasuic rdpcy tn HdUnrd‑s wahdcy-hassdkajitdh pmntnlripm ne tmd illrdssavd, tmrditdjajl,biràjl, oijajd-haspciyajl, sncatiry ihuct kicd (oe. Ealurd 94).



245

but tmd knst dxtrdkd oisd as ijjdr‑sNj Bdonkajl Mukij (91=9)7 ietdr hdedjhajli omakp knhdc aj Omiptdr ?, tmd jdxt tmrdd omiptdrs, icc djtatcdh ”Omakpijzddsis i knhdc ne tmd ijodstric pnpucitanj‑, ird straotcy hdvntdh tn i hdsoraptanj neomakpijzdds‑ cnonkntanj, tnncs, hadt, snoaic nrlijazitanj, ajtdriotanj, kdjtic oi-

pioatads, onkkujaoitanj, ijh ”snoaitanj‑. Aj tmas, smd enccnws tmd sikd dvnoitavdprnodhurd wd mivd djonujtdrdh aj tmd tdxtbnn`s nj bibnnjs aj tmd dircy 91<6sijh wmaom wd wacc eajh aj _nccis‑ prnsd nj iskijaijs, Iustricaijs, Busmkdj ijhDs`akns. md omakp knhdc wis jnt i stirtajl pnajt enr eurtmdr dxpcnritanjs ijhajedrdjods, but sdrvdh is ij djh pnajt. Njod tmd knhdc hdedjhdh, at sueeaodh tnsakpcy hdsorabd mnw omakps bdmivdh. Omakpijzdds prdsdjtdh i cavajl ijh tij-labcd akild ne i rdkntd pist ijh tmd kdtipmnr ne suom vasuicazitanj bdoikd njdne tmd eivnuratd rmdtnrao hdvaods. Omakpijzdds kihd at ”pnssabcd tnvasuicazd mnwtmd mnkajah cajd onuch mivd irasdj‑ ijjdr ijh Wamckij mdch (91<57 415, aticaosihhdh). Enr Lnnhicc ijh Mikburl (91<47 ?6), tmdar mypntmdtaoic lrnup ne omak-

pijzdds livd ”i paoturd ne i lrnup ne bdajls tmit ird ujhnubtdhcy sakacir aj kijywiys tn nur nwj ijodstnrs‑ (Lnnhicc ijh Mikburl 91<47 ?60 aticaos ihhdh). Jnkittdr tmit icc iutmnrs wirjdh tmit omakps wdrd ne onursd jnt rdiccy cavajl ijods-tnrs (Rdyjnchs 91<57 5=0 KoLrdw 91=97 ?<0 ijjdr 91=<7 25), knst onjtajudhujmajhdrdh by tmdsd oiutanjs. md ajviraibcd hdedjod ne suom knhdcs wis tmittmdy mih i ”mdurastao vicud‑‘tmdy onuch it cdist sulldst jdw ahdis. Jnw edw wnrhsird sn ibusdh aj prakitncnlaoic irlukdjts is tmd wnrh ”mdurastao‑, bdoiusd netdjat njcy sdrvds tn ociak snkdtmajl wmaom tmd iutmnr oijjnt rdiccy prnvd0 at lavds icaodjod tn turj ij ahdi ajtn i eiot watmnut eurtmdr ihn. \mdjdvdr i stdp ne njd‑sirlukdjt as pnnrcy dcibnritdh, at sueeaods tn oicc at ”mdurastao‑ tn knvd nj. Omakpswdrd siah tn bd njcy mdurastao snurods, but tmdy onjtajudh tn bd mncastaoiccy prngdotdh ajtn tmd pist. Hdspatd suom enrkuciao ipncnly, tmdy deedotavdcy eujotanjdhis nur bdlajjajls, tmdib Trbd onjhati ne mukijaty.

4) ”By usajl tmd onjsdrvitavd omakpijzdds is i knhdc ne tmd ijodstric pnpu-citanj, wd liaj i stirtajl pnajt,‑ ijjdr wrntd (91=97 54). Ietdr mivajl prngdot-dh omakpijzdds ajtn tmd pist, omakp knhdccdrs sdjt tmdk ”bio` tn tmd euturd‑tmrnulm i haeedrdjt mibatit, tmas takd tmd sivijjim. Icc iutmnrs hdvdcnpdh tmddxpdrakdjtic kajh likd ne akilajajl mnw i lrnup ne omakpijzdds wnuch survavdaj tmd sivijjim, mnpajl tn eajh nut mnw dircy mnkajahs mih hnjd. Lnnhicc ijhMikburl (91<4) stddrdh tmdar ”mypntmdtaoic lrnup ne omakpijzdds‑ ajtn tmd npdjsivijjim ijh oikd up watm mujtajl, ijjdr ijh Wamckij (91<5) watm litmdrajlijh KoLrdw (91=9) watm onljatavd kips ijh mnst ne ntmdr issdts. Nj tmd bisasne cakatdh dvahdjod ijh watm i kiccdibcd iotnr ca`d tmd omakpijzdd nj stild, dvd-rynjd onuch onjstruot mas nr mdr nwj sodjiran ioonrhajl tn pdrsnjic prdedrdjod.

mnulm jdircy icc iutmnrs ihkattdh tmd spdoucitavd omiriotdr ne tmdar ”gust-sn stn-ry‑, knst ne tmdk hdedjhdh tmd jdodssaty ne suom spdoucitanj. KoLrdw (91=97 4=,nralajic aticaos) wis knst mnjdst ibnut at7 ” Ictmnulm tmd irlukdjts ird spdoucitavd,A smicc prdsdjt tmdk hdeajatavdcy, enr tmd si`d ne onjvdjadjod.‑ \mit mippdjdh watm tmd omakpijzdd knhdc as i ocissaoic dxikpcd ne wmit cnla-

oaijs mivd oiccdh ”tmd eiccioy ne tmd pdredot ijicnly‑ (Easomdr 91<60 \ycad 91=4)7



24<

Xd eiccioy ne tmd pdredot ijicnlyonjsasts aj rdisnjajl ernk i pirtaic rdsdk-bcijod bdtwddj twn djtatads tn ij djtard ijh dxiot onrrdspnjhdjod. At as ij dr-rnjdnus ajedrdjod ernk tmd eiot tmit I ijh B ird sakacir aj snkd rdspdots tn tmd eicsd onjocusanj tmit tmdy ird tmd sikd aj icc rdspdots. Njd kust icwiys rdkdkbdr

tmit ij ijicnly, by ats vdry jiturd, as i sakaciraty bdtwddj twn nr knrd tmajlswmaom ird aj ntmdr rdspdots ujca`d. I –pdredot ijicnly‛ as i onjtrihaotanj aj tdrks,ae pdredotanj as ujhdrstnnh, is at onkknjcy as aj tmas onjtdxt, tn akpcy ahdjtaty.(Easomdr 91<67 28<)

md omakpijzdd knhdc wis hdedjhdh nj tmd bisas ne sakaciraty kihd rdcdvijttmrnulm pmycnldjdtao ocnsdjdss. Ijh ictmnulm aj tmd oisd ne omakps ijh knhdrjmukijs tmas sakaciraty (bntm aj jukbdr ijh aj viradty) ijh pmycnldjdtao ieeaj-aty as ujkasti`ibcd, at oij jdvdr djtiac tmit tmd snurod ijicnlud bd prngdotdhis iwmncd nj tmd tirldt. mas as dvdj knrd sn sajod tmd tirldt onjsastdh ne enssac mnkajahs, jnt knhdrj mukijs0 at kust jnt bd enrlnttdj tmit tmd nbsdrvdh sakaciraty bd-twddj omakps ijh mnkajahs wis issdrtdh njcy ajhardotcy tmrnulm tmd rdsdkbcijowatmknhdrj mukijs. Ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl onjsasts ne tmd trijsedr neodrtiaj it-trabutds ne tmd snurod tn tmd tirldt. Aj tmd oisd ne tmd omakpijzdd knhdc, tmd sciraty wis sn kuom strdssdh tmit tmd rdcitanj ne ijicnly bdoikd njd ne ahdjtaty.

mas as tn bd ti`dj vdry catdriccy7 pdnpcd hah ajhddh issdrt tmit ”cavajl omakpijrdprdsdjt tmd `ajh ne pnpucitanj ernk wmaom wd dvncvdh‑ ( ijjdr ijh Wamckij91<57 4==). md omakpijzdd knhdc hah jnt sn kuom sdrvd tn hriw ajedrdjodsibnut tmd pist is tn rdprdsdjt ij akild aj ecdsm ijh bcnnh ne mnw at kalmt mivdbddj. Is i rdsuct, omakpijzdds sdrvdh is onjtdkpnriry ijodstnrs gust ca`d tmd siv-ilds mih hnjd aj tmd somdkds ne Knrlij, ycnr ijh _nccis. \mdrdis hdedjhajltmd snurod ijicnlud wnuch jnrkiccy bd i stirtajl pnajt enr eurtmdr ajquarads, ajtmd oisd ne tmd omakpijzdd knhdc, is aj jajdtddjtm odjtury dvncutanjask, at wisij djh pnajt. Njod tmd sakaciraty issdssdh, knst iutmnrs sakpcy wdjt nj tn lavdi hdsoraptanj ne omakpijzdd snoaic caed is ae at substatutdh rdisnjajl ibnut dircmnkajah snoadty. I pdredot ijicnly drrnjdnuscy issukds tmit pirtaic sakaciraty ak-pcads tntic ahdjtaty, ijh bdonkds, tmdrdenrd, tiutncnlaoic. md prnbcdk, mnwdvdrtmit njd jdvdr `jnws ijytmajl dcsd ibnut tmd cist onkknj ijodstnr tmit wis jnticrdihy `jnwj ibnut tmd onkknj omakpijzdd0 tmd ujaqudjdss ne tmd enrkdr oijjdvdr bd `jnwj. md hastijod bdtwddj tmd twn mis bddj nbcatdritdh by prngdotajltmd njd njtn tmd ntmdr. Ritmdr tmij i wajhnw tn tmd pist, tmd omakpijzdd snurodmis turjdh ajtn i ocnsdh smuttdr.

mas prngdotavd kdtmnh bisdh nj nvdricc sakaciraty mih twn akpnrtijt onj-sdqudjods7 tmd jdlcdot ne haeedrdjods ijh tmd rdstraotanj tn nchdr pdranhs ( nijh HdUnrd 91=<7 9=<). Ajhddh, tmd omakpijzdd knhdc aj ldjdric strdssdh sakaciratads it tmd dxpdjsd ne haeedrdjods. \atm tmd jntibcd dxodptanj ne Lnnhicc ijMikburl (91<4), knst iutmnrs rdkiajdh ritmdr sacdjt ibnut tmd nbvanus haeedr-djods. \mdrdis tmd dircadst wnr`drs nj bibnnjs mih bddj ajtraludh by tmd haeedr-djods tmdy prdsdjtdh tn knhdrj kij, wmdrdis oirjavnrd ijh ldcihi knhdccdrs mihtradh tn hdic watm tmd kijy hassakaciratads bdtwddj tmdar snurod ijh tirldt, jnwijy hasoussanj ne haeedrdjod wis ijitmdkitazdh. Wamckij onjocuhdh i rdodjt pi-pdr watm tmd rdkir` tmit ”at as tmd sakaciratads bdtwddj omakpijzdds ijh mukij



24=

ritmdr tmij tmd haeedrdjods, tmit jddh tn bd dkpmisazdh aj nrhdr tn ujhdrstijh tmasdircadst stild ne mnkajah dvncutanj‑ (91167 918).

md eiot tmit sakaciraty wis tmd icc-akpnrtijt oratdranj icsn dxpciajs wmyomakpijzdds wdrd jdvdr usdh enr knrd rdodjt stilds ne mukij dvncutanj, ca`d

Mnkn drdotus , wmdrd tmd hastijod bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt as nbvanuscy balldr.”\nkdj aj dvncutanj, pirt AA‑ (Wamckij 91<=), tmd sdqudc tn tmd sdkajic pipdrby ijjdr ijh Wamckij (91<5), hdict watm tmd citdr iustricnpatmdoajds ijhMnkndrdotus . Jnt surprasajlcy, omakpijzdds ird djtardcy ibsdjt ernk tmd spdoucitanjsmdrd. Gust ca`d aj tmd dircy sdvdjtads‑ tdxtbnn`s, omakps wdrd tmnulmt tn rdprdsdjttmd dircadst mnkajahs aj tmd earst iot ne mnkajazitanj‘tmd rdisnj jn cnjldr bdajlij doncnlaoic ijicnly but ij nvdrdkpmisazdh sakaciraty.

Xmd sdhuotavdjdss ne sakaciraty

Onkpirdh tn tmd oirdeuc ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl wd djonujtdrdh aj tmd oirjavnrdijh ldcihi knhdcs, tmd omakpijzdd knhdc wis cnlaoiccy eir cdss rdeajdh. At pavntdhirnujh tmd jntanj ne pmycnldjdtao mnkncnly wmaom issukds tmit ldjdtao sakacir-aty iutnkitaoiccy djtiacs bdmivanuric sakaciraty. @nrtcijht (91=57 925), mnwdvdr,oiccdh tmd issukptanj ne mnkncnly ne bdmivanur ”i ras`y ajedrdjod soadjtaeaoiccy‑7

Njd kiy icc tnn disacy ippcy suom oaroucir irlukdjts is7 –Bdoiusd omakpijzddijh kij ird ocnsdcy rdcitdh, sakacir dcdkdjts aj tmdar bisao bdmivanur ird prnb-ibcy mnkncnlnus ijh, tmdrdenrd, hitd bio` ernk tmd onkknj ijodstnr.‛ Xdsd ijhsakacir drrnrs ne rdisnjajl noour ibujhijtcy iknjl omakpijzdd rdsdiromdrs iswdcc is iknjl ijtmrnpncnlasts.

Jdvdrtmdcdss, tmd knhdc‑s prnpnjdjts tradh tn jirrnw tmd hastijod bdtwddj snurodijh tirldt by djukdritajl is kijy sakaciratads is pnssabcd‘dvdj tn tmd dxtdjt tmittmd ijicnlud sahds onjecitdh watm diom ntmdr. Aj tmd djh, tmd omakpijzdd knhdcne tmd citd 91<6s ijh dircy =6s nbeusoitdh ritmdr tmij dcuoahitdh tmd cist onkknjijodstnr. Vmycnldjdtao ieeajaty as jnt tixnjnkao nr bdmivanuric ahdjtaty.

Aj onjtrist tn tmd snoaic oirjavnrds ijh tmd ldcihis, tmd omakpijzdd wis neonursd i cdss rdkntd snurod‘at prdsdjtdh i ”kijaedst‑ ritmdr tmij ij ”akpnrtdhijicnlud‑ (Cditmdrhicd 91<8)‘but dvdjtuiccy tmas sakaciraty wis ritmdr hasihvij-tildnus tmij bdjdeaoaic. mas as jnt tn hdjy tmit omakpijzdds stijh ajhddh kuom

ocnsdr tn tmd cist onkknj ijodstnr tmij i ldcihi bibnnj‘ne onursd tmdy hn‘buttmd prnbcdk as tmit tmdrd as jn wiy tn `jnw mnwhaeedrdjt tmdy ird ernk tmd cistonkknj ijodstnr ijh mnw kuom tmdy mivd dvncvdh sajod tmd mnkajah-pnjlahhavdrldjod. Knst somncirs mivd issukdh tmit, wmdrdis mnkajahs mih dvncvdh hri-kitaoiccy nvdr tmd onursd ne tmd cist 8 kaccanj ydirs, omakpijzdds wdrd kuom knrdstitao, bntm ijitnkaoiccy ijh bdmivanuriccy. ijjdr oiccdh tmdk ”onjsdrvitavd‑!

md eiot tmit ibsncutdcy jntmajl wis `jnwj ibnut omakpijzdd enssac mastnry ajtmd cist 4 kaccanj ydirs wis knrd ne i prneat tmij i prnbcdk tn omakpijzdd knhdc-cdrs7 at livd tmdk i caodjod tn issukd tmit omakps mih jnt omijldh.

Qdt omakpijzdds mivd omijldh. At as jnw ioodptdh tmit tmdy kijaedst rdlanjicijh oucturic trihatanjs ijh tmit tmdsd viraitanjs aj bdmivanuric pittdrjs oij dkdrldijh sprdih ritmdr ripahcy (KoLrdw 91120 Hd \iic ijh _drds 911<). Eurtmdrknrd,



241

rdodjt rdsdirom mis ioquiajtdh us watm tmd snoaic ijh sdxuic caed ne tmd bnjnmd omakpijzdd-bnjnbn spcat as oicoucitdh nj tmd bisas ne ldjdtao havdrldjod

mivd noourrdh is rdodjtcy is 2 kaccanj ydirs iln. Ippirdjtcy, at tnn` njcy twn kac-canj ydirs tn prnhuod tmd substijtaic haeedrdjods aj tmd bdmivanur ne bntm spd

(Hd \iic ijh Cijtajl 911<7 2?-8<0 but sdd _tijenrh 911=)! Jn kittdr wmdtmdrat wis tmd bnjnbn nr tmd omakpijzdd wmn knvdh iwiy ernk tmd ijodstric stno`(nr bntm), tmas cdssnj tdiomds tmit omakpijzdd spdoads ird susodptabcd tn ripdvncutanjiry omijld.

mdsd ird ne onursd rdodjt eajhajls ijh at as jnt eiar tn orataoazd pist jnwcdhldaj mastnry ne soadjod watm jdw dvahdjod, dspdoaiccy ae tmas dvahdjod onkds spdoads wmaom wis stacc cirldcy uj`jnwj aj tmd citd 91<6s. Qdt dvdj it tmd knkdtmas `jnwcdhld nj bnjnbns bdoikd iviacibcd, at wis jnt sukknjdh tn rdbut tmdomakpijzdd knhdc but oist ajstdih ajtn i jdw ijh dvdj knrd rihaoic vdrsanj neat7 tmd bnjnbn knhdc.

BnjnbnsBnjnbns wdrd hasonvdrdh njcy vdry rdodjtcy onkpirdh tn tmd ntmdr lrdit ipds Ictmnulm njd ne tmd twn omakps Rnbdrt Qdr`ds `dpt is pdts wis ocdircy i bnjnbntmd ijakic wis jnt rdonljazdh is bdcnjlajl tn i haeedrdjt tixnj. At wis njcy aj9121 tmit bnjnbns wdrd earst riasdh tn tmd subspdoads cdvdc (Vij sityrus pijasous ,_omwirz 9121) ijh i edw ydirs citdr tn tmd spdoads cdvdc (Vij pijasous , Onncahld91??). By tmdj, omakps mih bddj `jnwj ijh hdsorabdh enr ibnut tmrdd odjturads,nrijl-utijs enr twn odjturads ijh lnraccis enr njd. mas tirhy ippdirijod nj tmd

znncnlaoic sodjd dxpciajs wmy ujtac vdry rdodjtcy sn cattcd wis `jnwj ibnut tmijakic. Ae ijitnkaoic stuhads nj s`ajs ijh s`dcdtnjs riasdh icrdihy onjsahdribcdtixnjnkao ujodrtiajty, mnw kuom knrd dcusavd wis tmd bdmivanur ne sn takah ijijakic! Vncataoic ujrdst aj Onjln, tmd njcy onujtry wmdrd bnjnbns noour aj tmdwach, eurtmdr erustritdh tmd pnssabacaty ne sdttajl up cnjl-tdrk rdsdirom stitanAjhddh, up tn wdcc aj tmd 91=6s, vdry cattcd wis ujhdrstnnh ne tmd bnjnbns snocaed aj tmd wach (_uskij 91=80 @ijn 91120 Hd \iic ijh Cijtajl 911<). At astmdrdenrd jnt surprasajl tmit tmd earst bnjnbn knhdcs enr mukij dvncutanj wdrdby ijh cirld bisdh nj ijitnkaoic ijh bankncdoucir rdsdirom ritmdr tmij bdmiv-anuric stuhads. It tmd nutsdt tmd sonpd ne tmas ijicysas wis cakatdh tn bdmivan

knhdcs. md bnjnbn knhdc, mnwdvdr, oijjnt bd jdlcdotdh is at bdcnjldh tn tmdcnjl-stijhajl hasoussanj nj prakitd knhdccajl, mih hdvdcnpdh nut ne tmd prdva-nus omakp knhdc (ats kiaj prnpnjdjt wis Ihradjjd Wamckij) ijh, knst akpnr-tijtcy, livd rasd tn njd ne tmd knst ajtdrdstajl hasoussanjs nj tmd usd ne knhdcs ajtmd mastnry ne prakitncnly.

Xmd hasputdh bnjnbn knhdc

Ietdr tmd swddpajl stitdkdjts ne \nkij tmd Litmdrdr mih bddj kihd, Wamckijturjdh bio` tn tmd ajtraoioads ne mdr nwj hasoapcajd‘pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnly‘byonjhuotajl rdsdirom nj tmd s`dcdtnj ne bnjnbns. Aj twn pipdrs on-iutmnrdh byHnulcis Orikdr ijh pubcasmdh aj tmd sikd ydir, smd snulmt tn ujhdrstijh tmd



256

s`dcdtic haeedrdjods bdtwddj omakps ijh bnjnbns ijh tmd dxtdjt ne sdxuic haknr-pmask aj tmd cittdr (Wamckij ijh Orikdr 91<=0 Orikdr ijh Wamckij 91<=)._md onjocuhdh tmit bnjnbns wdrd jnt sakpcy i soicdh hnwj vdrsanj ne onkknjomakpijzdds ijh tmit sdxuic haknrpmask, dspdoaiccy aj tmd orijaic ijh eioaic rd-

lanjs, wis ibsdjt. mnulm hdicajl watm cnoicazdh knrpmncnlaoic prnbcdks, aj sdv-dric pciods tmd pipdrs sulldstdh knrd brnihcy tmit ”pylky omakpijzdds‑ (is tmdywdrd stacc oiccdh tmdj) onuch bd ”tmd knst sakacir ne cavajl prakitds tn tmd onk-knj ijodstnr ne kij ijh Ieraoij ipds‑ (Wamckij ijh Orikdr 91<=7 =5). Jdircymice i odjtury dircadr, Onncahld (91??7 45) mih icrdihy issukdh tmit tmd bnjnbn”kiy ipprniom knrd ocnsdcy tn tmd onkknj ijodstnr ne omakpijzdds ijh kijtmij hnds ijy cavajl omakpijzdd matmdrtn hasonvdrdh ij hdsorabdh‑0 Wamckij hrdwupnj tmit prdhaotanj aj mdr knrpmncnlaoic onkpirasnj ne bnjnbn s`dcdtnjs watmiustricnpatmdoajd enssacs (91<1).

mas majt bdoikd tmd kiaj tmdkd ne ij irtaocd pubcasmdh ajJiturd aj 91<=

ujhdr tmd ujkasti`ibcd tatcd ”Vylky omakpijzdd is i pnssabcd prntntypd enr tmdonkknj ijodstnr ne mukijs, omakpijzdds ijh lnraccis‑. md pmysaoic ijtmrnpnc-nlasts Orikdr ijh Wamckij (wmn wis tmd earst iutmnr) wdrd sahdh by bankncdoucirrdsdiromdrs Ornjaj ijh _iraom aj tmdar ociak tmit ”pylky omakpijzdds prdsdjti ldjdric pittdrj ernk wmaom ntmdr Ieraoij mnkajnahs onuch mivd hdvdcnpdh‑(Wamckij dt ic. 91<=7 <88-4). md irlukdjt wis suppnrtdh by enur onjvdrlajlcajds ne dvahdjod7 banomdkaoic rdsdirom suppcadh i ocihnlrik aj wmaom tmd twnomakpijzdd spdoads spcat ipirt oi. 2 Kyr iln (wdcc ietdr tmd mnkajah-pnjlah ha-vdrldjod hitdh it 8 Kyr)0 knrpmncnlaoic stuhads smnwdh tmit pylky omakps wdrdjnt skiccdr tmij omakps but sakpcy knrd ”ldjdricazdh‑0 bdmivanuric nbsdrvitanjsaj oiptavaty ijh aj tmd wach, dvdj ae edw, sulldstdh tmit bnjnbns wdrd malmcy ajtdc-caldjt, snoaiccy ecdxabcd ijh ajocajdh tn bapdhicask0 picidnjtncnlaoic onkpirasnjajhaoitdh kijy sakaciratads bdtwddj s`dcdtnjs ernk bnjnbns ijh lrioacd iustricn-patmdoajds (oe. Wamckij 91<1). mdsd ti`dj tnldtmdr cdh tn tmd onjocusanj tmit neicc cavajl ipds tmd bnjnbn mih rdtiajdh knst ne tmd ijodstric omiriotdr stitds ijhonuch tmdrdenrd bd sddj is prntntypaoic (ealurd 91). \mdrdis tmd omakpijzdd mihhavdrldh iwiy ernk tmd ijodstric stdk tn bdonkd wmit tmdy ird jnw, tmd bnjnbnwis tmnulmt tn mivd omijldh cdss sn tmit at needrdh ”tmd bdst prntntypd ne tmdprdmnkajah ijodstnr‑ (Wamckij dt ic. 91<=7 <88). md last ne tmas irlukdjt wisiliaj bisdh nj jntanjs ne sakaciraty7 banomdkaoic sakaciraty tn knhdrj mukijs,ijitnkaoic sakaciraty tn iustricnpatmdoajds ijh vilud bdmivanuric rdsdkbcijodswatm tmd mukij pittdrj. md ahdi wis jnt sn kuom tn ajedr odrtiaj ittrabutds njtmd bisas ne smirdh ittrabutds (nbsdrvdh sakaciratads), but tn prdsdjt i caed-akild netmas onkknj ijodstnr ne wmaom jn enssacs wdrd `jnwj. Is wis tmd oisd watm tmdomakpijzdd knhdc, njod tmd bnjnbn wis sueeaoadjtcy hdedjhdh is i suatibcd snurodijicnlud, tmd ajquary oikd tn i mict. Ritmdr tmij sdrvajl is i bisd enr eurtmdr aj-edrdjods, tmd bnjnbn knhdc sddkdh tn sitasey tmd jddh enr ij akkdhaitd akild.At as jnt iooahdjtic tmit aj tmas onjtdxt tmd kdtipmnr ne vasuicazitanj ijh akildrynoours. Wamckij (91157 ?69) wrntd tmit tmd bnjnbn mih bddj ”usdeuc aj vasuic-azajl tmd trijsatanj ernk quihrupdhicask tn bapdhicask‑.



259

Onkpirdh tn mdr ntmdr wnr`, tmdsd pipdrs by Wamckij (ijh mdr on-iutmnrs) wdrdritmdr tdomjaoic ijh knrd jdutric aj tnjd. Xd dxpcaoat edkajast ildjhi ijh ats spdou-

citavd nstsmnnt, tmd litmdrajl mypntmdsas, wdrd djtardcy ibsdjt ernk tmdk.86

Ictmnulmbnjnbn snoadty wnuch dvdjtuiccy turj nut tn bd kitrairomic ijh bisdh nj edkicd onica-tanjs‘nbsdrvitanjs aj cajd watm tmd edkajast ociak ne edkicd odjtricaty‘tmas wis stacuj`jnwj aj tmd citd 91<6s.89 Xd orux ne tmd bnjnbn knhdc ciy aj banomdkastry ijhknrpmncnly, jnt aj dtmncnly. \mdrdis tmd omakpijzdd knhdc wis prnpnsdh aj tmd rstassud ne i tmdj uj`jnwj edkajast gnurjic, tmd bnjnbn knhdc siw tmd calmt ne hiy aj tmdpajjiocd ne ioihdkao pubcasmajl, tmd wdd`cyJiturd . Hdspatd ats knrd ioihdkao ippdir-ijod ijh lrijtdh soadjta o ordhdjtaics (nr pdrmips prdoasdcy hud tn tmdsd), tmd bnjnbknhdc wis sdvdrdcy orataoazdh ernk sdvdric ijlcds.82

Aj 91=9 tmrdd pipdrs ippdirdh wmaom rdpcadh ajhdpdjhdjtcy tn tmdJiturd pi-

pdr (KoMdjry ijh Onrruooaja 91=90 Gnmjsnj 91=90 Citakdr dt ic. 91=9). mdiutmnrs oikd ernk haspcajiry bio`lrnujhs is havdrsd is knrpmncnly, kikkicaijpicidnjtncnly ijh picidnijtmrnpncnly, ijh tmdar orataoasks ippdirdh aj pdranhaoics

86 Njcy aj i knrd pnpucir pipdr ca`d Wamckij‑s eijoaeuc ajtdrvadw watm tmd enssac mnkajah ”Ru(jikdh ietdr tmd Rnccajl _tnjds‑Ruby udshiy ...), hnds tmd bnjnbn knhdc ijh tmd litmdrajl mypntm-dsas ajtdrkajlcd (Wamckij ijh Cnwdjstdaj 91=?i).

89 Knrd rdodjtcy, Wamckij (91157 ?69) mis strdssdh tmd akpnrtijod ne tmd bdmivanuric jhajls ne ”tmedkicd-odjtrao editurds ne tmdar snoadty‑.

82 Aj eiot, irtaocds aj_oadjod ijh Jiturd ird pdrmips by hd jatanj tmd knst mdivacy orataoazdh soadjta opubcaoitanjs (oe. tmd stnrk ne prntdst rdcdisdh by Cnvdgny‑s 91=9 _oadjod pipdr). Iutmnrs pubcasmaj tmdsd wdd`cads odrtiajcy cavd up tn njd ne Nsoir \achd‑s cdss eiknus ipmnrasks7 ”tmdrd as njcy tmajl wnrsd tmij bdajl tic`dh ibnut, tmit as jnt bdajl tic`dh ibnut‑.

Ealurd 91. Knrpmncnly enrkdh njd ne tmd `dy irlukdjts ne tmd bnjnbn knhdc. Xmas accustritanjippdirdh aj Jiturd tn sulldst ldjdric sakaciraty bdtwddj i bnjnbn ijh ij iustricnpatmdoajds`ucc0 orataos siah at enrodh tmas sakaciraty (Wamckij dt.ic. 91<=7 lurd 2)



252

suom is tmd Ikdraoij Gnurjic ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly , Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly ijhtmd Gnurjic ne Mukij Dvncutanj. Mdjry KoMdjry ijh Rnbdrt Onrruooaja wdrdbntm pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnlasts wnr`ajl nj prakitd knrpmncnly wmn ietdr onk-pirajl bnjnbn s`dcdtnjs watm omakpijzdds, knhdrjs mukijs ijh enssac mnkaj-

ahs enujh tmdksdcvds hasilrddajl watm Wamckij ijh mdr on-iutmnrs nj jdircy iccpnajts. Earstcy, ictmnulm tmdy io`jnwcdhldh tmd haeedrdjods bdtwddj tmd bnjnbnijh tmd omakpijzdd, icknst icc haeedrdjods tmdy bdcadvdh wdrd sakpcy ”hud tn sazdhaeedrdjods ijh tmd deedot ne iccnkdtry‑ (KoMdjry ijh Onrruooaja 91=97 ?58)._donjhcy, ictmnulm tmd bnjnbn wis scalmtcy knrd ca`d knhdrj mukijs aj snkdrdspdots (suom is cakb prnpnrtanjs), aj ntmdr rdspdots (ca`d smnuchdr ijh map knr-pmncnly) tmd omakpijzdd wis ocnsdr‘tmd bnjnbn jnt bdirajl ijy jdirdr rdsdk-bcijod tn mukijs. marhcy, ictmnulm tmdrd wdrd snkd sakaciratads bdtwddj bnjnbnsijh enssac mnkajahs, ”tmd spdoaic rdsdkbcijod ldjdriccy hasippdirs watm iccnkdtraoonrrdotanj‑ (?58). Vnajt by pnajt, tmd iutmnrs ujhdrkajdh Wamckij‑s ociaks by

dkpmisazajl tmd deedots ne iccnkdtry nj tmd s`dcdtnjs, a.d. tmd dvncutanjiry prnodsswmdrdby spdoaeao knrpmncnlaoic haeedrdjods ird tmd rdsuct ne nvdricc soicajl ritmdrtmij cnoicazdh ihiptitanj. Kdtrao haeedrdjods bdtwddj bnjnbns ijh omakps wnuchbd oiusdh by suom prnodss sajod ”Vij pijasous as ij iccnkdtraoiccy soicdh vdrsanj neV. trnlcnhytds ‑ (?59). \mit tmdy iotuiccy hah aj cnlaoic tdrks wis ihhajl i jntanjne rdcdvijod tn tmd sakaciratads ijh hassakaciratads by ajvn`ajl iccnkdtry. Qds, tmdrdwdrd ajhddh haeedrdjods bdtwddj bnjnbns ijh omakps but tmdsd wdrd jnt rdcdvijtonjsahdrajl tmd deedot ne soicajl. Ijh yds, tmdrd wdrd sakaciratads bdtwddj bnjnbnsijh mnkajahs but tmdsd wdrd dquiccy arrdcdvijt ijh hasippdirdh ae ynu ioonujtdhenr iccnkdtry. Iccnkdtry wis tmd oiusic pittdrj wmaom hdtdrkajdh tmd rdcdvijod nenbsdrvdh (has)sakaciratads. Onjsdqudjtcy, tmd cist onkknj ijodstnr hah jnt eajhi pravacdldh prntntypd aj tmd bnjnbn ijy knrd tmij aj tmd omakpijzdd0 at sakpcymih ”snkd spdoaic editurds aj onkknj watm diom ne ats cavajl hdsodjhijts‑ (?58).

md kikkicaij picidnjtncnlast _tdvdj O. Gnmjsnj dxpijhdh tmas orataqud byajonrpnritajl ij dxpcijitanj enr tmd iccnkdtrao prnodss. Aj ij irtaocd ajOurrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly md dxprdssdh mas hnubts is tn wmdtmdr bnjnbns onuch rdiccy bd sddjis ldjdricazdh ijh tmdrdenrd rdkajasodjt ne ij ijodstric stitd. Md irludh tmit tmdrdwis lnnh rdisnj enr bdcadvajl tmit tmdsd ijakics wdrd rdodjtcy spdoaicazdh ajsu-cir hwires ajstdih ne ldjdricazdh mnkajah prntntypds. n mak, bnjnbn knrpmnc-nly smnwdh ij ihiptitanj tn i knrd tdrrdstraic enrk ne cnonkntanj tmij tmd njdsddj watm omakpijzdds. md cakatdh sdxuic haknrpmask ijh tmd skicc sazd ne tmdkijhabcd ijh tddtm onjtristdh smirpcy watm tmd nchdst `jnwj enssac mnkajahs netmit hitd, Iustricnpatmdous ieirdjsas . mdsd editurds wdrd aj mas vadw tmd rdsuct nei spdoaeao ihiptitanj, jnt ij ijodstric rdcao, aj wmit Gnmjsnj oiccs ”i –tdrrdstraic‛ascijh ne trnpaoic enrdst‑ (91=97 ?58). Gust ca`d tmd skicc Vcdastnodjd mappnpnti-kus nj Oyprus ijh tmd smruj` Mncnodjd kikkntms nj _abdrai‑s \rijldc Ascijh,bnjnbns mih ujhdrlnjd i prnodss ne ”ajsucir hwireajl‑‘tmdar ”ascijh‑ bdajl istrdtom ne trnpaoic enrdst enrkdh by tmd Onjln ravdr aj tmd jnrtm ijh i knrd irahdjvarnjkdjt aj tmd snutm. Gnmjsnj buact upnj tmd tmdnry ne iccnkdtry sulldstdhby KoMdjry ijh Onrruooaja by lavajl ij doncnlaoic ijh banldnlripmaoic rdisnjenr at7 ”Orijaic ijh hdjtic haeedrdjods bdtwddj bnjnbns ijh onkknj omakpijzdds



25?

kiy bd ittrabutibcd tn iccnkdtrao deedots ne hwireajl tmit noourrdh aj tmd bnjnbn‑strnpaoic-enrdst –ascijh‛ mnkd rijld‑ (Gnmjsnj 91=97 ?58). Ritmdr tmij aonjs nedircy mukijaty, bnjnbns ippdirdh is spdoaicazdh ihiptitanjs tn i rdcitavdcy skiccpitom ne trnpaoic riajenrdst.

EnccnwajlOurrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly ‑s stijhirh prntnonc enr cdihajl irtaocds, Gnmjsnj‑s pipdr wis enccnwdh by ij dxpdrt hasoussanj. Ne tmd twdcvd rdspnjhdjnjcy twn wdrd nppnsdh tn mas tmdsas (Wamckij bdajl njd ne tmdk), enur hah jnspdi` nut ijh sax wmncdmdirtdhcy suppnrtdh mas vadw. Njd ne tmd rdspnjhdjt(H.G. Omavdrs) dvdj jikdh tmd bnjnbn knhdc ”ij ahdi A mivd icwiys enujh sacc(?54). \atm onkkdjts rijlajl ernk picyjncnlaoic irlukdjts tn hasoussanjs nj”pnstoijajd kixacciry tnntm irdi‑, tmdrd as jn pnajt aj sukkirazajl tmas kuctaeio-dtdh hdbitd but at kalmt bd knrd ajtdrdstajl tn znnk nj Wamckij‑s onkkdjts ijh Gnmjsnj‑s rdpcy. Wamckij rdatdritdh mdr banomdkaoic, knrpmncnlaoic, bdmivaijh picidnjtncnlaoic irlukdjt. \macd ihkattajl tmit, banomdkaoiccy, bnjnbns ird

is ocnsd tn mukijs is omakps, tmdar cakatdh sdxuic haknrpmask ijh tmdar ”straajl sakaciratads‑ tn tmd knrpmncnly ne I. ieraoijus stacc kihd tmdk i bdttdr oijha-hitd. ”Eajiccy,‑ smd wrntd, ”mas irlukdjt PGnmjsnj‑s[ tmitV. pijasous as ij ajsucirhwire, tmnulm jnt cavajl nj ij ascijh ijh jnt i hwire, as purdcy spdoucitavd‑ (?<2). Gnmjsnj rdpcadh aj ij dquiccy arratibcd wiy. md sakaciratads Wamckij mih nbsdwatm dircy mnkajahs wdrd ne jn vicud, md wrntd7

onkpiritavd kdisurdkdjt as jnt onkpiritavd ijitnky ijh riw kdisurdkdjtsonkpacdh watmnut rdlirh enr tmd spdoa o knrpmncnly ijh ihiptitanjs ne tmd enrksbdajl onkpirdh ird ne cattcd vicud. P...[ A mivd nbtiajdh ahdjtaoic kdisurdkdjtsPtn tmd hakdjsanjs aj Iustricnpatmdous ijh bnjnbn[ ernk suom haspiritd enrks isKiornpus rueus (tmd rdh `ijlirnn, i sictitnraic kirsupaic) ijhEdcas onjoncnr (tmd puki, i halatalrihd oirjavnrd). P...[ Xd –stra`ajl‛ kdtrao sakaciratads jntdhby Wamckij hn jnt hdknjstritd ocnsd knrpmncnlaoic nr pmycnldjdtao i jaty bd-twddj mnkajahs ijh bnjnbns.(Gnmjsnj 91=97 ?<?)

Iliaj, tmd orataqud wis nj tmd jdlcdot ne onjsahdrajl tmd iotuic rdcdvijod ne tmdsakaciratads enujh. mdrd wis jn pnajt aj onkpirajl kdisurdkdjts ae njd hahjnt `jnw wmit tmdy iotuiccy kdijt. Tjca`d Wamckij, Gnmjsnj hah jnt cnn` enri cavajl, vasuicazibcd rdprdsdjtitavd ne tmd onkknj ijodstnr0 kuom bdttdr knh-dcs onuch bd enujh iknjl tmd Kanodjd mnkajnahs, md tmnulmt. I cavajl-prakitdknhdc wis jnt akpdritavd7 ”Wamckij is`s ae A –bdcadvd‛ tmit ipds ijh mukijs mihi onkknj ijodstnr tmit wis ca`d labbnjs, omakpijzdds, nr lnraccis. A omnnsd jnttn bdcadvd aj mypntmdsds, but ajstdih tn enrkucitd ijh tdst tmdk‑ (?<?).

Ae Gnmjsnj‑s wnrhs wdrd mirsm, tmd irtaocd by Citakdr, \matd, @akbdc, GnmijsnjCnvdgny (91=9) wis dvdj knrd hikjajl. Ernk ats tatcd (”Xd pylky omakpijzdd as jnt icavajl kassajl caj` aj mukij dvncutanj‑) tn ats onjocusanj, tmas pipdr kirsmiccdh icc pnssabcd irlukdjts iliajst i bnjnbn knhdc. At rdgdotdh Wamckij‑s dvahdjod, orataoazdh mkdtmnhncnly, ajhaoitdh cnlaoic eiccioads, rdeutdh mdr mypntmdsas watm jdw enssac dippdicdh tn tmd iutmnraty ne Hirwaj ijh jikdh tmd usd ne mdr accustritanjs ”sdcdotavXd iutmnrs ujhdrkajdh Wamckij‑s enur cajds ne rdisnjajl7 kncdoucir dvahdjod hah jnteivnur tmd bnjnbn nvdr tmd omakpijzdd0 aj tmd ibsdjod ne enssacs, bnjnbn knrpmnc



258

nj ats nwj onuch jnt hdtdrkajd wmdtmdr tmd spdoads wis ldjdricazdh nr spdoaicazdh0bdmivanuric ajenrkitanj wis ijdohntic ijh ajonjocusavd0 picidnjtncnlaoic onkpirasnjwis usdcdss ae njcy bnhy sazd (ajstdih ne enrk) as ajocuhdh.8? It tmd djh ne tmd pipdr,tmd bnjnbn knhdc cnn`dh ca`d i tnwj tmrnulm wmaom tmd trnnps mih pissdh. Aj cnla-

oic tdrks, tmd irlukdjts sukknjdh by tmas nstdjsavd oikd hnwj tn wmit ntmdr orataosmih hnjd tnn7 wdalmajl tmd iccdldh sakaciraty aj tdrks ne ats ldjuajd rdcdvijod. Datmdrtmd sakaciraty wis iooahdjtic ijh tmdrdenrd jnt rdcdvijt, nr at wis enrodh, nr at wis jnj-dxastdjt. Iooahdjtic7 ”_akaciratads bdtwddj mnkajah ijh bnjnbn s`uccs ird enrtuatnus,accustritajl bisao iromatdoturic piriccdcs ajstdih ne ocnsd ocihnldjdtao issnoaitanj‑ (8=6).Enrodh7 ”Citdric cajd hriwajls ne tmd tnntmcdss _ts 4 orijauk ijh ij ihuctVij pijasous ird hdsorabdh is –sakacir‛. P...[ Rdsdkbcijods mdrd rdcitd tn tmd onkknj pcij ne mnka-jnah orijaic struoturd ritmdr tmij ijy spdoaic pmycnldjdtao i jaty.‑ (8=2). Jnj-dxastdjt7”Jn pubcasmdh banomdkaoic rdsucts sulldst tmitVij pijasous bdirs ijy spdoaic rdcitanj-smap watm tmd mnkajah ocihdnr tmit at bdst dxdkpca ds tmd mnkajah ijodstnr‑ (8<1).

Ajstdih ne ij nvdr-rdcaijod nj i sajlcd cavajl spdoads ca`d tmd bnjnbn, tmd iutmnrs watmtmdar smirdh bio`lrnujh aj picidnijtmrnpncnly urldh tn turj tn tmd enssac rdonrh is tmdprakd snurod ne dvahdjod onjodrjajl mukij dvncutanj. Cavajl prakitds prnvahdh ”jnsubstatutd enr soadjta o ajvdstalitanj ne tmd enssac rdonrh‑ (8=4).

Ernk KoMdjry‑s oirdeuc rdeutitanj ne tmd knrpmncnlaoic sahd ne tmd bnjnbnknhdc nvdr Gnmjsnj‑s ictdrjitavd dxpcijitanj enr tmd pittdrjs nbsdrvdh wd mivdjnw onkd tn i ujkatalitdh orataqud iliajst at aj tmd irtaocd by Citakdrdt icaa ,wmaom dvdj dvncvdh ajtn i ldjdrao sodptaoask iliajst ijy ”dvncutanjiry sodjiranbisdh nj ij dxtijt ijakic‑ (8=4). \macd Wamckij njod onkpciajdh ibnut tmd cio`ne hdbitd nj tmd litmdrajl mypntmdsas, jnw mdr ”pnwdreuc sdrvaod‑ wis rdturjdhwatm dquic, nr dvdj strnjldr enrod. Ietdr tmit trapcd ittio`, tmd hdbitd nj tmdbnjnbn knhdc turjdh ajtn i stubbnrj trdjom wireird hurajl tmd enccnwajl ydirs.Nj sdvdric nooisanjs, Wamckij rdstitdh tmd knhdc tmnulm smd jdvdr kdjtanjdhtmd pipdr by Citakdrdt icaa . Mdr ociak wis, mnwdvdr, cdss ieearkitavd sajod tmdcajds ne dvahdjod njcy ”scalmtcy eivnr iVij pijasous -ca`d knhdc‑ (Wamckij 91157?69)7

Aj rdspnjsd tn tmdsd nbgdotanjs, wd hn jnt ociak tmit Vij pijasous as ij ahdic prn-tntypd aj dvdry pirtaoucir, but ritmdr tmit, ne tmd cavajl mnkajnahs, tmas spdoads as prnbibcy knrd ca`d tmd onkknj ijodstnr ne mukijs ijh ipds‘knrd sn tmij tmdonkknj omakpijzdd, lnracci, nrijlutij, nr labbnj.(Wamckij ijh Cnwdjstdaj91=?b7 5=1)

Mdr onccdilud Ornjaj (91=?7 9??) bdcadvdh at wis stacc ”i vaibcd mypntmdsas‑7 ”Aejntmajl dcsd, at sdrvds i mdurastao purpnsd,‑ md wrntd. KoMdjry, nj tmd ntmdr mijh,tnn` ”nvdr 26,666 kdisurdkdjts‑ tn onjocuhd tmit ”jn dxtijt mnkajnah mis ij dx-ocusavd ociak nj ieeajatads tn Iustricnpatmdous ‑ (KoMdjry 91=87 26?, 29=). Ijh snnj. Vdnpcd wdrd it piajs tn bd prnvdh ralmt, but tmd hasoussanj wis bisaoiccy nvdr.

8? Viriccdc tn Gnmjsnj‑s rdedrdjod tn `ijlirnns ijh pukis, tmd iutmnrs ociakdh tmit ”jnjd ne tmd kdtraosusdh by Wamckij sdpiritd i edkicd bcio` bdir (Trsus ikdraoijus ) ernk tmd bnjnbn‑ (Citakdr dt ic.91=97 8=2).



254

Bnjnbn bdmivanur

It tmd takd tmd bnjnbn hdbitd lnt nvdrmditdh, ij ujhdrstijhajl ne mnw tmasprakitd bdmivdh aj oiptavaty ijh aj tmd wach wis stacc vdry kuom aj ats ajeijoyCitakdr ijh mas on-iutmnrs ralmtcy sukkirazdh tmd onjtdkpnriry `jnwcdhld njbnjnbn bdmivanur is ”ajonjocusavd‑, ”ijdohntic‑ ijh ”pnnrcy hnoukdjtdh‑ (91=978=9). Jnt surprasajlcy, ats akpiot nj tmd hdbitd surrnujhajl tmd bnjnbn knh-dc wis onjsdqudjtcy ritmdr cakatdh. Qdt it tmd takd tmd irlukdjt rildh nj aj Ikdraoij soadjtaeao gnurjics, nbsdrvdrs aj tmd Ieraoij enrdst wdrd ki`ajl lrnujh-brdi`ajl nbsdrvitanjs nj tmd snoaic ijh sdxuic caed ne tmdsd ijakics. Is sn netdjaj tmd mastnry ne prakitncnlaoic eadchwnr`, tmd wiy wis pivdh by tmd deenrt Gipijdsd somncirs. Aj tmd dircy 91=6s iutmnrs ca`d @ijn, @atikuri, @urnhi ijhKnra pubcasmdh tmd earst rdsucts ne tmdar nbsdrvitanjs nj tmd bnjnbns it \ikbiaj Vrakitds , tmd Djlcasm-cijluild gnurjic ne tmd prakitd rdsdirom lrnup it @yntnTjavdrsaty. Irnujh tmd sikd takd, tmd Arasm-_nutm Ieraoij onupcd Bihraij ijhBihraij rdpnrtdh ajtraluajl nbsdrvitanjs ernk tmdar eadch stitanj it Cnki`n. Ijhaj Jnrtm-Ikdraoi, _ud _ivild-Rukbiulm‑s dxpdrakdjts watm tmd cijluild oipioa-tads ne tmd bnjnbn Kititi ijh ats prnhalanus omach @ijza stddrdh tmd ittdjtanjbdynjh tmd bnjds, tddtm ijh kncdoucds ne tmd spdoads. Aj 91=8 tmd earst bnn`tmd bnjnbn wis pubcasmdh, ij dhatdh vncukd onjtiajajl sdvdjtddj omiptdrs nj tmdbancnly ijh bdmivanur ne tmd spdoads (_uskij 91=8). md bnn` wis miacdh is ”sdjsitanjic onjtrabutanj tn tmd eadch ne prakitncnly‑ watm ij dkajdjt pnwdr ”is ioiticyst enr euturd rdsdirom nj mnkajnah dvncutanj‑ (Himc 91=57 11).

Aj tmd hdoihd enccnwajl tmas djtmusaistao nutory, tmd `jnwcdhld nj bnjnbns d

pijhdh trdkdjhnuscy (Mdbdrt ijh Onurtnas 9118). Bnjnbns wdrd sddj tn usd tnncs ajtmd wach ijh aj oiptavaty (\icrivdj, Uij Dcsio`dr ijh Udrmdydj 911?0 Uij Dcsio`dr ijh \icrivdj 91180 Ajlkijsnj 9115), tn mujt, dit ijh smird kdit aj tmd wach (Amnbd 91120Mnmkijj ijh Erutm 911?) ijh tn rdonljazd tmdksdcvds aj karrnrs (\icrivdj, UijDcsio`dr ijh Udrmdydj 9114). Knrd tmij ijytmajl dcsd, tmd tdjsanj-rdlucitajl eujotanjne tmdar ibujhijt sdxuic caed, wmaom ajocuhds ernjtic onpucitanj, mnknsdxuic onjti(pirtaoucircy bdtwddj edkicds) ijh ntmdr rdonjoacaitnry knujtajls, mis rdodavdh wahsprdih ittdjtanj (Hd \iic 91=<). I snoaic systdk bisdh nj edkicd hnkajijod ijhedkicd onicatanjs onupcdh watm ij ibsdjod ne ralah madriromads mis jnt odisdh tn rddjta o ijh pubcao akilajitanj dvdr sajod ats hasonvdry. Onkpirasnjs ijh onjtrists watm

tmd onkknj omakpijzdd wdrd rdpditdhcy hriwj7 knrd pdiodeuc, knrd sdxuic ijh cdssomiuvajast, bnjnbns wdrd prdsdjtdh is tmd citd-twdjtadtm vdrsanj ne tmd jnbcd siviaj strnjl onjtrist tn omakpijzdds wmn mih bddj nbsdrvdh tn onkkat ajeijtaoahd, oij-jabicask ijh cdtmic tdrratnraicaty. Hd \iic wrntd7 ”Xd omakpijzdd rdsncvds sdxuic assuwatm pnwdr0 tmd bnjnbn rdsncvds pnwdr assuds watm sdx‑ (Hd \iic ijh Cijtajl 911<7 ?



255

but sdd _tijenrh 911= ijh Udrvido`d, Hd Urads ijh Uij Dcsio`dr 2666).88 Bnn`-cdjltmpubcaoitanjs enccnwdh7 @ijn pubcasmdh i substijtaic knjnlripm (@ijn 91120 trijsci-tanj ne mas 91=5 wnr` aj Gipijdsd)0 Hd \iic wrntd i knrd pnpucir ioonujt wmaom wiscivasmcy accustritdh watm pmntnlripms by Cijtajl (Hd \iic ijh Cijtajl 911<) ijh i

jirritavd rdpnrt ne tmd rst Bdclaij bnjnbn dxpdhatanjs ippdirdh (Hriucijs 911=).84

\atm tmas druptanj ne dch stuhads ijh pubcaoitanjs nj bnjnbn bdmivanur njd wnuchdxpdot tmd bnjnbn knhdc tn bd ripahcy rd`ajhcdh, dspdoaiccy sajod tmd npajanj stirtdh tnbd vnaodh tmit mnkajazitanj kalmt dquiccy mivd ti`dj pciod aj tmd enrdst ritmdr tmij ajtmd sivijjim (_uskij 91=<0 Bndsom-Iomdrkijj ijh Bndsom 9118).85 Erijs hd \iic‘njd ne tmd prajoapic dxpdrts nj bnjnbns‘wrntd tmit bnjnbns watm tmdar strnjldr aj-ocajitanj tn bapdhic cnonkntanj tmij omakpijzdds ”cnn` is ae tmdy stdppdh strialmt nutne ij irtast‑s akprdssanj ne dircy mnkajahs‑ (Hd \iic 91147 4=). Qdt hdspatd tmas bi ajlonrrdspnjhdjod tn dxpdotitanjs ne wmit dircy mnkajahs kalmt mivd cnn`dh ca`d, Hd \iic vnaodh tmd omijldh ocakitd ne npajanj wmdj md rderiajdh ernk usajl bnjnbns is

i knhdc7Ritmdr tmij eivnrajl piriccdcs watm njd nr tmd ntmdr ipd, tmdrd as jn jddh tn omnnsdbdtwddj tmd twn. Xnsd wmn enr ahdncnlaoic rdisnjs ird ajocajdh tn ihvnoitd tmdbnjnbn is tmd knhdc ne tmd kassajl caj` smnuch rdicazd tmit dvncutanjiry bancnlyhnds jnt pdrkat suom sdcdotavd ittdjtanj. Njd oijjnt jabbcd nj i cattcd padod ne atwatmnut swiccnwajl tmd djtard pad‑(Hd \iic ijh Cijtajl 911<7 98?).

Iliajst tmd bnjnbn knhdccdrs, md irludh tmit ”jn dxtijt spdoads oij bd ihnptdh is knh-dc‑‘nj tmd onjtriry, ”tmd knst suoodsseuc rdonjstruotanj ne nur pist wacc bd bisdh nj ibrnih traijlucir onkpirasnj ne omakpijzdds, bnjnbns, ijh nursdcvds watmaj Pi[ cirldrdvncutanjiry onjtdxt‑ (982, 98?). Onkpirajl omakps ijh bnjnbns wis ajordisajlcy

88 _tijenrh (911=) mis irludh tmit tmd hastdrdjods bdtwddj bnjnbns ijh omakps mivd bddj nvdrdk-pmisazdh7 tmd hnkajijod ne stuhads aj oiptavaty mivd cdh tn ij nvdrrdprdsdjtitanj ne sdxuic iotavaty,wmdrdis tmd iknujt ne nbsdrvitanj aj tmd wach mis bddj tnn cakatdh tn rdpnrt suom rird ijh hrikitaobdmivanurs ca`d ajeijtaoahd. Mas vadw kiy, mnwdvdr, bd snkdwmit ”omakpnodjtrao‑, onjsahdrajl tmdrdiotanjs ne bnjnbn-dxpdrts (Virasm, Erutm, Hd \iic aj _tijenrh 911=), but at as odrtiajcy tmd oisdtmit omakps mivd bddj pnrtriydh is kuom knrd illrdssavd jnw tmit bnjnbns ird nj tmd sodjd (oe. \rijlmik ijh Vdtdrsnj 911<). Xd assud wacc prnbibcy jnt bd sdttcdh aj tmd jdir euturd. Hdspatd tmdajordisdh ajtdrdst aj wach bnjnbns, Onjln‑s pncataoic turknac ne tmd pist ydirs mis hristaoiccy cakatdhtmd pnssabacatads ne njlnajl dchwnr` aj tmd dquitnraic enrdst.

84 Xd bnujhiry bdtwddj pnpucir ijh ioihdkao pubcaoitanjs mis bdonkd ritmdr uah aj rdodjt praki-tncnly (oe. Miriwiy 91=17 92=-1). Icc bnn`s by Erijs hd \iic (Omakpijzdd Vncataos , Vdiodki`ajliknjl Vrakitds , Lnnh-Jiturdh ijh Bnjnbn) ird it njod wratajls hdstajdh enr i ciy iuhadjod ijh aju-djtaic irlukdjts aj prakitncnlaoic hdbitds. Knrd tmij onccdotanjs ne ijdohntds, tmdsd bnn`s prdsdjtajtdrprdtitavd somdkds wmaom dsoipd tmd ralah stitastaoic rdquardkdjts ne gnurjics ca`dAjtdrjitanjic Gnurjic ne Vrakitncnlyijh Ikdraoij Gnurjic ne Vrakitncnly . Xas djsurds jnt njcy kdroijtacd but icsnioihdkao suoodss7 tmd pnpuciraty ne Hd \iic‑s bnn`s nutsahd tmd hasoapcajd ki`ds mak i vnaod tn bdmdirh watmaj tmd hasoapcajd ijh vaod vdrsi. ”Vnpucir‑ bnn`s ird jnwihiys iknjl tmd knst pnwdreucrmdtnraoic hdvaods watmaj prakitncnly.

85 Xdsd prnpnsics brajl tmd irlukdjt ne doncnlaoic ijicnly bio` aj by tmd bio` hnnr, ietdr at mih bddjsacdjodh watm tmd hdocajd ne tmd bibnnj knhdc. Ipirt ernk banomdkaoic, ijitnkaoic, bdmivanuric ijhpicidnjtncnlaoic sakaciraty, tmd doncnlads ne bntm snurod ijh tirldt spdoads wnuch icsn onrrdspnjh.



25<

sddj is i kdijs tn ujhdrstijh dvncutanjiry prajoapcds ne prakitd ihiptitanj, ijhtmdsd prajoapcds wdrd icsn edct tn bd knrd rdcdvijt tn mukij dvncutanj tmij gusprngdotanjs.8<

It tmd vdry knkdjt wmdj dvahdjod nj bnjnbn bdmivanur wis bdonkajl iviac-

ibcd, tmd ajtdrdst aj onjstruotajl i sajlcd-spdoads knhdc sddkdh jn cnjldr icavd(dvdj Wamckij (9115) spdjt vdry cattcd ittdjtanj tn bnjnbn dtmncnly). \my wistmas> \mit mippdjdh bdtwddj tmd ajataic djtmusaisk enr bnjnbns aj tmd kah-91=6s ijh tmd haskassic ne i knhdc-buachajl ittdkpt mirhcy knrd tmij tdj ydirscitdr> \drd tmd bnjnbns tmdksdcvds tn bd bcikdh enr tmas hdordisdh ajtdrdst> Jnaj tmd cdist. Aj eiot, tmdy wdrd tmd ahdic stuee enr prakitd knhdccajl0 bnjnbns mivdh aj wiys tmit wdjt bdynjh tmd knhdccdrs‑ wachdst hrdiks. Ae tmdar bdmivamih bddj wdcc-hnoukdjtdh aj tmd 91<6s, \nkij tmd Litmdrdr wnuch mivd bddjodrtiajcy ecij`dh by i bnjnbn knhdc ajstdih ne i omakpijzdd njd. Ae jnt tmd ija-kics tmdksdcvds, wmit dcsd> Vdrmips tmd rdisnj enr tmas hdocajd wis icrdihy icc

tn aj tmd cist sdjtdjods ne Citakdrdt icaa ‑s orataqud7 ”Ij dvncutanjiry sodjiran ral-ahcy bisdh nj ij dxtijt ijakic ca`d tmd pylky omakpijzdd sueedrs ernk ij ajmdr-djt ajibacaty tn ihgust ats pirikdtdrs aj ioonknhitajl jdw typds ne rdcdvijt hiti‑(Citakdr dt ic. 91=97 8=4). Jnt gust tmd bnjnbn, but ijy sajlcd prakitd spdoadsmih bdonkd hnubteuc enr rdonjstruotajl mukij dvncutanj. Jnw tmit bnjnbnsstirtdh tn bd ujhdrstnnh, i orasas ne trihatanjic knhdccajl dkdrldh.

Bnjnbns wdrd snkdmnw ca`d tmd iskijaijs ajvn`dh by ycnr it tmd djh netmd jajdtddjtm odjtury7 tmdy prdsdjtdh tmd bdst oisd enr knhdccajl, but tmdy wdhasonvdrdh tnn citd, nr it cdist it knkdjt wmdj orataoask iliajst tmas snrt ne iji-cnlaoic rdisnjajl bdlij tn dkdrld. Gust ca`d tmd rdkir`s ne Bnis ijh \dstdrkiro`kihd tmd usd ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh enr prngdotanj ritmdr hnubteuc, i jukbdrne prakitncnlasts stirtdh tn rdgdot tmd trihatanj ne hriwajl sajlcd-spdoads knhdcs

Djtrippdh by rdsdkbcijod Gust ca`d omakpijzdds, bnjnbns eujotanjdh is snurod ijicnluds wmaom wdrd prn gdotdh wmncdsicd njtn tmd tirldt. mdy wdrd jdvdr usdh enr ijy ntmdr stild tmtmd njd tmdy wdrd tmnulmt tn knst ocnsdcy rdsdkbcd, a.d. tmd ijodstric stitd it tmnkajah-pnjlah spcat. _akaciraty wis suppnsdh tn akpcy ahdjtaty, sn tmit tmd eiccioy ne tmd pdredot ijicnly wis iliaj onkkattdh. Ijh dvdj ae, citdr, tmd bnjnbn

knhdccdrs hah ”jnt ociak tmitVij pijasous as ij ahdic prntntypd aj dvdry pirtaoucir‑(Wamckij ijh Cnwdjstdaj 91=?b7 5=1) nr tmit ”jn cavajl prakitd as ahdjtaoic ajicc rdspdots tn tmd mnkajah ijodstnr‑ (Wamckij 91157 ?69),ahdiccy tmd bdst knhdcwnuch stacc bd njd wmaom as ahdjtaoic aj icc rdspdots. Dvdj ae bnjnbns wdrdahdic, tmdy sonrdh bdst. md quicaty ne tmd knhdc wis stacc rdih nee ne ats hdlsakaciraty.

8< Ioonrhajl tn sdvdric iutmnrs, tmd hastdrdjod bdtwddj bnjnbns ijh omakps mih tn bd dxpciajdh bd-oiusd ne tmd lnracci-erdd djvarnjkdjt tmd enrkdr cavdh aj. Jnt mivajl tn smird tmd iviacibcd ennhrdsnurods, bnjnbns cavdh aj i raom mibatit wmdrd ennh strdss onuch jnt oiusd onkpdtatanj.



25=

md bnjnbn knhdc wis jnt sn kuom i hdvaod enr euturd rdsdirom is ij djhpnajt aj atsdce. Njod at wis irludh tmit bnjnbns wdrd ocnsdst tn tmd cist onkknjijodstnr, tmd irlukdjt, iliaj, stnppdh. Ippirdjtcy, tmd iak wis jnt sn kuom tnhriw ijicnlaoic ajedrdjods nr tn enrkucitd knhdc-bisdh dxpdotitanjs but sakpcy

tn lavd i vavah akild (nr it cdist ij ipprnxakitanj ne at) ne nur onkknj ijodstnr.Accustritanj, jnt hdknjstritanj, wis tmd purpnsd ne tmd bnjnbn knhdc. Vdrmipstmas as tmd bdst prnne tmit rdisnjajl ernk ahdjtaty icwiys bdonkds tiutncnlaoic7tmd knkdjt tmd hastijod bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt as siah tn bd ocnsd tn jntmajl,cattcd knrd oij bd ihhdh aj tdrks ne dxpcijitanj.

Xd hdbitd surrnujhajl tmd bnjnbn knhdc, mnwdvdr, kir`s njd ne tmd knst ajtdr-dstajl dpasnhds aj tmd mastnry ne prakitd knhdccajl bdoiusd enr tmd rst takd i sajlcd-spdoads knhdc wis orataoazdh by onjtdkpnriry dxpdrts. Xd bibnnj knhdc mih njcybddj rdgdotdh ietdr knrd tmij i hdoihd, tmd omakpijzdd knhdc kdt watm jn rdsastijodit icc, but tmd bnjnbn knhdc ajataitdh i wmncd bittdry ne orataoasks aj tmd dircy 91=6s.

Jn kittdr mnw havdrsd, tmd onujtdr-irlukdjts knstcy oikd hnwj tn tmd iwirdjdss tmit”sakaciraty as jnt djnulm‑. Orataos ne tmd bnjnbn knhdc put ajtn priotaod Onpa‑s (91<27?4=) wirjajl tmit ”at smnuch jnt bd tmnulmt tmit tmdrd as ijy sakpcd jukdraoic ritan bd-twddj tmd jukbdr ne pnajts ne rdssdkbcijod issdrtdh aj tmd prdkasds ijh tmd prnbibacatyne tmd onjocusanj‑. \mdrdis tmd omakpijzdd knhdccdrs wdrd sdhuodh watm akpujaty bytmd sakaciraty ne omakps tn knhdrj mukijs ijh ajhardotcy tn mnkajahs, tmd ihvnoitdsne tmd bnjnbn knhdc onuch jn cnjldr ldt iwiy watm tmit. _akaciratads ijh pmycnldjdtaoocnsdjdss jntwatmstijhajl, tmd cist onkknj ijodstnr kalmt stacc mivd bddj vdry hastdr-djt ernk wmit wd sdd tnhiy7 bnjnbns mivd dvncvdh, tnn. Erijs hd \iic, enr dxikpcd,mis irludh tmit tmd edkicd onicatanjs ijh tmd edkicd hnkajijod iknjl bnjnbns ird jntijodstric rdcaos but ispdots ne i snoaic ihiptitanj wmaom dkdrldh tn rdhuod ajeijtaoahd(Hd \iic ijh Cijtajl 911<). 8=

Hdspatd tmd isparitanj ne eajhajl i caed akild ne tmd rdkntd pist, tmd iwird-jdss tmit i spdoads‑ bdmivanur as tmd rdsuct ne pirtaoucir mastnraoic ijh dvncutanjiryprnodssds ciy it tmd bisd ne tmd rdtmaj`ajl ne tmd onjodptuic enujhitanjs ne pra-kitd knhdccajl ietdr 91=4.

Xmd orasas ne trihatanjic knhdccajlmd dhatdh vncukdmd Dvncutanj ne Mukij Bdmivanr7 Vrakitd Knhdcs (@ajzdy

91=<) as watmnut hnubt tmd knst akpnrtijt pubcaoitanj aj tmd mastnry ne pra-kitd knhdccajl. Bisdh nj i sykpnsauk it tmd ijjuic kddtajl ne tmd Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Issnoaitanj aj Omaoiln aj 91=?, tmd rdsuctajl bnn` brnulmt

8= Xnulm rirdcy kihd dxpcaoat, knst ne Hd \iic‑s wnr` as omiriotdrazdh by tmas ”mastnraoic‑ vadw njsnoaic nrlijazitanj. n mak, tmd ijakics‑ snoaic caed as jnt njcy ajudjodh by tmd sdcdotavd prdssurdsne tmd djvarnjkdjt but icsn by tmd snoaic mastnry ne tmd onkkujaty. Mas bnn` nj tmd pnwdr strullcdiknjl kicd omakpijzdds it Irjmdk znn dssdjtaiccy prdsdjtdh i mastnraoic jirritavd ne snoaic omijldsaj njd suom onkkujaty (Hd \iic 91=2). Mas rdodjt ajtdrprdtitanj ne bnjnbn bdmivanur wis buactnj tmd ahdi tmit at hdvdcnpdh tmrnulm takd is i kdijs ne rdhuoajl ajeijtaoahd by kicds (Hd \iicijh Cijtajl 911<). Eajiccy, mas knst rdodjt wnr` hdict watm tmd nralaj ijh hassdkajitanj ne oucturicpittdrjs ca`d mijhocisp lrnnkajl tmrnulm takd (Hd \iic ijh _drds 911<). Mastnraoic takd as i `dyonjodpt aj kuom ne Hd \iic‑s dvncutanjiry ajtdrprdtitanjs.



251

tnldtmdr spdoaicasts ernk haeedrdjt eadchs wmn hasoussdh tmd rdcitavd kdrats astajl prakitd knhdcs, sorutajazdh tmd tmdnrdtaoic ijh kdtmnhncnlaoic prnbcdkwmaom prakitd knhdccajl ajvncvdh, ijh sdt nut cajds enr euturd rdsdirom. md vukd, mnwdvdr, wis jnt sn kuom lrnujhbrdi`ajl is i wmncd but dcdlijtcy hdknj-

stritdh i mastnraoic trijsatanj wmaom mih ti`dj pciod aj tmd ahdis nj prakitd knh-dcs. _nkd ne tmd omiptdrs onjtajudh aj tmd takd-mnjnurdh trihatanj ne knhdccajbisdh nj sajlcd spdoads7 tmd bnn` npdjdh watm ijjdr‑s rd-hdedjod ne tmd omapijzdd knhdc ijh tmd litmdrajl mypntmdsas, _uskij prnpnsdh tn cdirj knrd ernkbnjnbns ijh, ritmdr nralajiccy, Orno`dtt sulldstdh tmit _nutm-Ikdraoij mnwcdrknj`dys kalmt prnvahd i erdsm wiy ne cnn`ajl it mnkajahs. At wis tmd usuic ih-vnoioy ne odrtiaj spdoads is ”bdttdr knhdcs‑, netdj bisdh nj pdrsnjic prdedrdjod najhavahuic ioquiajtijod watm tmas nr tmit ijakic. md eiot tmit tmd omiptdrs ne tmbnn`‑s kiaj sdotanj wdrd knrd nr cdss nrlijazdh by ldjus (bibnnjs, omakpijzdds,mnwcdrs) tdstaeads tn tmas trihatanjic ipprniom tn knhdccajl.

Qdt kijy onjtrabutnrs tn tmd vncukd rdeusdh tn bd striatgio`dtdh by tmas somdkijh stirtdh tn hnubt tmd vicud ne suom knhdcs bisdh nj i sajlcd spdoads (nr i sajlcdldjus). Yuatd ajhdpdjhdjtcy ernk diom ntmdr, pdnpcd ca`d Vntts, \rijlmik, _trukijh Katomdcc, nnby ijh HdUnrd ijh dvdj _uskij ijh Orno`dtt enrkucitdh orataqudsiliajst tmas priotaod ijh oikd up watm i jukbdr ne ictdrjitavds. Xd pilds ne tmd sikdvncukd wmaom prdsdjtdh snkd ocissaoic sajlcd-spdoads knhdcs (knst jntibcy tmd njd

ijjdr) icsn onjtiajdh i kuctahakdjsanjic ittio` iliajst tmas cnjl-stijhajl kdtmnh.81

Xmd wdi`jdssds ne rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl

md orataos dcibnritdh tmd majt wmaom mih onkd up aj tmd wi`d ne tmd bnjnhdbitd, jikdcy, tmit jnt gust tmd bnjnbn, but ijy sajlcd dxtijt prakitd pnsdsprnbcdks ae at as pravacdldh is tmd bdst knhdc enr mnkajah dvncutanj. Citakdric. (91=97 8<5) ijh KoMdjry (91=87 29=) mih quntdh Hirwaj‑s wnrhs ernk tmd Hdsodjt ne Kij7 ”wd kust jnt eicc ajtn tmd drrnr ne suppnsajl tmit tmd dircy prnldj-atnr ne tmd wmncd _akaij stno` ajocuhajl kij wis ahdjtaoic watm, nr dvdj ocnsdcrdsdkbcdh, ijy dxastajl ipd nr knj`dy.‑ _uskij (91=<7 =8), nj mas turj, kihdrdonursd tn Mido`dc‑s cajd7 ”jn sajlcd njd ne tmd dxastajl kij-ca`d ipds as iknjltmd hardot ijodstnrs ne tmd mukij riod‑.

md knst cistajl onjtrabutanj tmd @ajzdy vncukd kihd wis tmd hastajotanj

ajtrnhuodh by nnby ijh HdUnrd bdtwddj rdedrdjtaic ijh onjodptuic knhdcs. Aji rdedrdjtaic knhdc, tmdy hdeajdh, ”njd rdic pmdjnkdjnj as usdh is i knhdc enrats rdedrdjt, ijntmdr rdic pmdjnkdjnj tmit as cdss ikdjibcd tn hardot stuhy‑0 onj-odptuic knhdcs nj tmd ntmdr mijh wdrd ”tmdnrads7 sdts ne onjodpts nr viraibtmit ird hdeajdh, ijh wmnsd ajtdrrdcitanjsmaps ird ijicytaoiccy spdoaeadh‑ ( nnijh HdUnrd 91=<7 9=8-4). Rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl wis tmd kdtmnh matmdrtn evnurdh aj prakitncnly, tmd wmncd suatd ernk bibnnjs tn bnjnbns bdcnjlajl tn at.

81 At wis it irnujh tmd sikd takd tmit @nrtcijht (91=5) onjhdkjdh tmd sakpcastao issukptanj nemnkncnly ne bdmivanur prdsdjt aj kijy omakpijzdd knhdcs. Md hdoradh tmd cio` ne ij ajtdccdotuictrihatanj aj prakitncnly wmdrd tmd dxaldjoads ne dchwnr` nvdrsmihnwdh aj-hdptm ijicysas ijhdxtdjsavd catdriturd stuhy.



2<6

Onjodptuic knhdccajl ne tmd snrt onkpiribcd tn Jdwtnjaij kdomijaos ijhHirwajaij dvncutanjask stacc jddhdh tn bd hnjd7 tmd stuhy ne mukij nralajs rd-quardh i tmdnrdtaoic erikdwnr` ne oiusiccy ajtdrrdcitdh viraibcds wmaom iccnwdhjdw ajhs ne ajedrdjods tn bd kihd ritmdr tmij usajl njd pmdjnkdjnj tn ujorata-

oiccy ”dxpciaj‑ ijntmdr. nnby ijh HdUnrd stirtdh tn hdvdcnp tmd prajoapcds ne suomi erikdwnr`, bisdh nj dvncutanjiry ijh snoanbancnlaoic tmdnry wmaom sdds tmdldjds is tmd ujat ne sdcdotanj ijh ijakics is stritdlasts prnkntajl tmdar ajocusavdeatjdss. mas snoanbancnlaoic ipprniom mih icrdihy bddj nutcajdh by ntmdrs (knstjntibcy \acsnj), but nnby ijh HdUnrd wdrd tmd earst tn hriw ats akpcaoitanjsenr prakitd knhdccajl. \atm onjodptuic knhdccajl, Arvdj HdUnrd oikd eucc oarocdwatm mas dircadr wnr`7 njod ij nralajitnr ne tmd earst prakitd knhdc bisdh nj sn-oandoncnly, md jnw hdsaljdh i wiy tn knvd bdynjh tmas vdry priotaod by hriwajlupnj snoanbancnly (@ajzdy 91=<7 xv).

md hastajotanj bdtwddj rdedrdjtaic ijh onjodptuic knhdccajl wis jnt tntic-

cy ujca`d tmd njd bdtwddj enrkic ijh rdcitanjic ijicnlads wmaom Icasnj \ycad(91=4) ajtrnhuodh aj tmd dtmjniromidncnlaoic hdbitd it tmd sikd takd. Hdspatdtmdar haeedrdjt ikbatanjs ( nnby ijh HdUnrd hdsardh tn buach i ldjdric tmdnry nedvncutanj, \ycad gust wijtdh tn akprnvd tmd quicaty ne dtmjniromidncnlaoic ijicn-lads), tmdar bisao onjodpts smnw onjsahdribcd nvdrcip. Rdedrdjtaic knhdcs wdrd ca`denrkic ijicnlads wmaom livd cattcd onjsahdritanj tn jntanjs ne rdcdvijod, wmdrdisonjodptuic knhdcs wdrd ca`d rdcitanjic ijicnlads tmit tradh tn wnr` ernk oiusiconjjdotanjs bdtwddj spdoaeao dcdkdjts ne tmd knhdc tnwirhs tdstibcd ajedrdjods.”Rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl‑ mis sajod bdonkd tmd tdrk tn ajhaoitd icc prakitd knhdcswd mivd djonujtdrdh tmus eir ijh at wis it tmdsd tmit tmd orataos ne tmd @ajzdy vnc-ukd iakdh tmdar irrnws.

I earst ijh netdj kihd pnajt wis tmit rdedrdjtaic knhdcs kalmt bd icc wdccijh lnnh but tmit tmdy onuch jnt ioonujt enr ujaqud mukij omiriotdrastaos. Mnwonuch tmd bibnnj, tmd omakpijzdd nr tmd bnjnbn rdvdic ijytmajl saljaeaoijt ibnuti spdoads wmaom mih dvdjtuiccy hdvdcnpdh cijluild, bapdhicask, onkpcdx tnnc-usdijh kijy ntmdr triats> ”Njcy ujaqudjdssds oij dxpciaj ujaqudjdss,‑ nnby ijhHdUnrd (91=<7 9=<) irludh, ”njd oijjnt ajvn`d tmd editurds spdoads mivd aj onk-knj tn dxpciaj tmdar haeedrdjods.‑ mdar stitdkdjt domndh Gnccy‑s (91<67 1) wirj-ajl tmit at wis accnlaoic tn ajvn`d tmd bdmivanur ne i cavajl spdoads enr dxpciajajlsnkdtmajl tmit tmas spdoads atsdce mih jnt hdvdcnpdh. mdrd wis i ldjdric sdjsdtmit dircy mnkajah bdmivanur kalmt mivd bddj vdry haeedrdjt ernk wmit wd sddiknjl dxtijt ijtmrnpnahs. Issukajl, ca`d kijy prdvanus knhdccdrs mih hnjd,tmit at wis knst ca`dcy sakacir tn njd sajlcd spdoads aj nrhdr tn hdedjh tmit spdoadsis i rdedrdjtaic knhdc as turjajl tmd wmncd assud irnujh7 wd prdoasdcy wijt tn cdirjwmit tmit bdmivanur wis ritmdr tmij issukajl mnw at kalmt mivd bddj! I pranraissukptanjs ibnut dircy mnkajah bdmivanur oijjnt bd usdh aj ij irlukdjt tn uj-vdac tmit bdmivanur‘tmas as onkkattajl tmd ocissaoic eiccioy ne tmd pdtatan prajoapaa nr oaroucir rdisnjajl. Iljnstaoask ibnut dircy mnkajah bdmivanur as netdj i bdttdrstirtajl pnajt tmij ipranrask. \rijlmik (91=<7 49), tmdrdenrd, enujh rdedrdjtaicknhdcs rdstraotdh by tmdar ajataic issukptanj7



2<9

tmdy issukd tmit tmd snoaic nrlijazitanj ne mukij ijodstnrs wis sakacir tn tmit nei cavajl spdoads. Vnssabcy at wis. But at as kuom knrd ca`dcy tmit enr sdvdric kaccanj ydirs nur ijodstnrs mivd mih enrks ne snoaic nrlijazitanj jnt sddj aj spdoads cavajltnhiy. Xas kdijs tmit dvdj –tmd bdst iviacibcd knhdc‛ ( ijjdr, 91=9) kiy jnt

bd lnnh djnulm.Raomirh Vntts, tnn, rdpditdhcy pnajtdh tn tmas ”prnbcdk ne bdmivanric ujaqudjd(aj cajd watm mas stnjd-oiomd knhdc wmaom wis jnt bisdh nj prakitncnlaoic nr dtjnlripmao piriccdcs is ij ictdrjitavd tn Asiio‑s !@ujl-ajspardh mnkd-bisd knhdc).Vrnvahajl tmd rdihdr watm i oiutanjiry ticd, md wnjhdrdh wmdtmdr wd wnuch ibcd tn rdonjstruot tmd ujaqud snoandoncnly ne mikihryis bibnnjs nj tmd bi-sas ne ntmdr dxtijt bibnnjs. md ijswdr wis ne onursd jn‘wmaom suppnrtdh masvadw tmit ujaqud editurds ”kiy bd kis`dh by suppnsdhcy pciusabcd rdonjstruotanjbisdh nj ntmdr prakitds‑ (Vntts 91=<7 84). Dvdj ae dircy mnkajahs ird jnt onj-

ecitdh watm omakpijzdds, but pciodh icnjl i omakp-mukij onjtajuuk, tmas stacc”prdocuhds onjsahdrajl ujaqud ihiptitanjs ne tmit onjtajuuk‑ (Vntts 91=<7 ?8)._uom i ”Vacthnwj ipprniom‑ tn bdmivanuric doncnly ( nnby ijh HdUnrd 91=<26?) prdsdjts mnkajahs is i kaxturd ne cavajl ipd ijh mukij triats, ”is i onrra-hnr, wmdrd omakpijzdds djtdr it njd djh ijh knhdrj mujtdr-litmdrdrs dxat it tmdntmdr‑ ( nnby ijh HdUnrd 91=<7 26?). Aj tmas sdjsd, jntmajl mis omijldh (ipirternk tmd spdoads ijicnlud) sajod \ismburj sulldstdh aj tmd dircy saxtads tn sdd mukij dvncutanj is tmd trijsatanj ernk i bibnnj tn i knhdrj mujtdr-litmdrdr.

_donjhcy, tmd orataos ilrddh tmit tmdrd wis jn oratdranj enr sdcdotajl i lnnhsnurod ijicnlud. ” md usuic ritanjicds enr sdcdotajl knhdrj prakitd ijicnluds enr

tmd bdmivanr ne ntmdr prakitds, ajocuhajl dircy mnkajahs, ird jnt rdcaibcd,‑ Vnwrntd (91=<7 84). nnby ijh HdUnrd (91=<7 9=5) jikdh tmdsd knhdcs irbatriry”bdoiusd tmdrd as jn vicahitdh prajoapcd tn lnvdrj tmd sdcdotanj ne ij ipprnpraicavajl spdoads is i rdedrdjtaic knhdc‑. Hdpdjhajl nj tmd knhdc njd ihvnoitdh,doncnlaoic ijicnly, subsastdjod ijicnly nr pmycnldjdtao mnkncnly wdrd icc putenrwirh is tmd rdcdvijt oratdrai enr ki`ajl i omnaod. Aj tmd ibsdjod ne onjsdjsusnj suom oratdrai, ”ijicnlads ird netdj bisdh nj issukdh nr supdreaoaic rdsdkbcijods(Vntts 91=<7 8?). _akaciraty mis bdonkd tmd sncd yirhstao`, rdlirhcdss ne ats ldjajd rdcdvijod. md irlukdjt hdvncvds ajtn snkd snrt ne ”ihiptavd rdisnjajl‑ (Vntts91=<7 ?8), a.d. rdisnjajl wmaom eats tmd snurod, but wmaom as uctakitdcy ujv

ibcd. Is i onjsdqudjod, rdedrdjtaic knhdcs onkd up watm rdonjstruotanjs wmaomkalmt sddk pnssabcd but wmaom jdvdr knvd bdynjh tmit stild. Vnssabacaty hnds jdjtiac prnbibacaty.

\mit tmd ibnvd orataqud oikd hnwj tn wis tmd jdodssaty tn lavd onjsahdritanjtn tmd jntanj ne rdcdvijod aj knhdccajl (ijh tmas as wmdrd tmd iutmnrs sahdh wa \ycad). nnby ijh HdUnrd wdrd vdry dxpcaoat ibnut tmas. wn spdoads ird icwiysakacir aj snkd rdspdots ijh haeedrdjt aj ntmdrs‘jn spdoads as ijntmdr‘ydt wmitas jddhdh, ioonrhajl tn tmdk, as ”i vicahitdh prajoapcd‑ tn hdtdrkajd wmit as akpnrtijt ijh wmit as jnt7



2<2

Xd qudstanj ne wmaom pirts ne tmd knhdc ird rdcdvijt (tmit as, haspciy pittdrjsne onviraijod) as usuiccy jnt wdcc spdoa dh, but cdet akpcaoat, vilud nr ajtuatavd.Onjsdqudjtcy, tmdrd as jn stijhirh by wmaom njd oij dvicuitd tmd cirld catdriturdtmit hasoussds viranus spdoads, ijh, it tmd prdedrdjod ne tmd iutmnr, issdrts tmit

mnkajahs –prnbibcy‛ wdrd ca`d bibnnjs, bnjnbns, nr wmitdvdr, bdoiusd tmdy smirdsnkd triat nr ntmdr.( nnby ijh HdUnrd 91=<7 9=5)

Rdkir` mnw tmdy hdeajd rdcdvijod aj tdrks ne ”pittdrjs ne onviraijod‑, wmaom asjntmajl dcsd tmij oiusicaty watmaj tmd snurod ijicnlud. Ritmdr tmij djukdritajlsakaciratads, tmdy wijtdh tn sdd i hastajotanj bdtwddj rdcdvijt ijh arrdcdvijt saka-ciratads, bdtwddj oiusiccy onjjdotdh ispdots ne tmd snurod ijh ajoahdjticcy prdsdjtispdots, bdtwddj nbsdrvdh sakaciratads ijh ajedrrdh sakaciratads. mdy wijtdh tnknvd ernk i prngdotanj ne tmd snurod nj tmd tirldt tn i prnodhurd enr knvajl bd-twddj tmd twn.

Ae tmdrd wis jn oratdranj tn issdss tmd rdcdvijod ne sakaciraty, tmdrd wis odr-tiajcy jnjd tn hdic watm hassakaciraty. mas ”ibsdjod ne ijy cdlatakitd kdtmnh enrmijhcajl `jnwj haeedrdjods bdtwddj mnkajahs ijh prnpnsdh rdedrdjtaic knhdcspdoads‑ mih twn ”ujenrtujitd deedots‑ ( nnby ijh HdUnrd 91=<7 9=<)7 earstcy, rde-drdjtaic knhdcs onuch njcy bd usdh enr pdranhs wmdj tmd haeedrdjod bdtwddj snurodspdoads ijh tirldt spdoads wis tmnulmt tn bd kajakic, a.d. tmd nchdst pdranhs0 sdo-njhcy, sakaciratads wdrd dkpmisazdh it tmd dxpdjsd ne haeedrdjods. _ajod jn hastajo-tanj wis kihd bdtwddj rdcdvijt ijh arrdcdvijt hassakaciratads, icc hassakaciraty wissddj is tmrditdjajl tmd knhdc ijh mih tmdrdenrd tn bd cakatdh, datmdr by kaja-kazajl tmd hastijod bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt nr by jdlcdotajl haeedrdjod. md

orataqud by nnby ijh HdUnrd wis akpcaoatcy hardotdh it bntm omakp knhdcs7 tmdomakpijzdd knhdc njcy wnr`dh enr ijodstric mnkajahs, tmd bnjnbn knhdc njcyenr tmd cist onkknj ijodstnr ijh, is wd mivd sddj, tmdy bntm nvdr-strdssdh saka-ciratads it tmd dxpdjsd ne haeedrdjods.

I tmarh ijh knrd strialmtenrwirh orataqud hdict watm tmd pnnr onjodrj enrtdstajl tmd prakitd knhdc iliajst tmd dvahdjod ernk ldncnly, iromidncnly ijhpicidnijtmrnpncnly. Enr snkdnjd ca`d tmd Vicidncatmao iromidncnlast Vntts, at wisajonjodavibcd tn spdoucitd nj mnkajazitanj watmnut ti`ajl ajtn ioonujt tmd ir-omidncnlaoic dvahdjod ernk tmd Vcan-Vcdastnodjd. Dspdoaiccy tmd prnbcdk ne ujaqudmukij ihiptitanjs onuch ”njcy bd rdsncvdh by tmd picdnjtncnlaoic rdonrh‑ (_uskij

91=<7 =5). Rdedrdjtaic knhdcs onjtiajdh tnn kuom prakitncnly ijh tnn cattcdiromidncnly ijh ldncnly. Ictmnulm ijjdr ijh Wamckij hah ajonrpnritd i lnnhhdic ne enssac ijh Vicidncatmao dvahdjod aj tmdar knhdc, at as trud tmit knst rde-drdjtaic knhdccdrs wnr`dh knrd nj tmd snurod sahd ne tmd ijicnly tmij nj tmdtirldt. Eruateuc haicnlud bdtwddj prakitncnlasts ijh iromidncnlasts nr picidnij-tmrnpncnlasts wis, ijh stacc as, rird, iknujtajl tn tmd akprdssanj tmit at as knstcyprakitncnlasts tic`ajl tn prakitncnlasts ijh picidnijtmrnpncnlasts tn picidnij-tmrnpncnlasts (Omiptdr 4).

Dvdj ae icc tmd ibnvd prnbcdks onuch bd onpdh watm, rdedrdjtaic knhdccajlwnuch stacc bd tmdnrdtaoiccy prnbcdkitao. mas wis tmd enurtm orataqud. _truk

ijh Katomdcc (91=<7 16) wmn wdrd ajvatdh tn tmd vncukd tn wratd nj bibnnjs



2<?

qudstanjdh tmd vdry ahdi ne i bdst knhdc7 ”ae icc prakitds, aj eiot, icc ijakics, oibd ujhdrstnnh aj tmd sikd dvncutanjiry tdrks, tmd onjodpt ne i –bdst‛ knhdckust bd eiucty.‑ I spdoads‑ bdmivanur wis i malmcy onkpcdx ihiptitanj tn ats dj-varnjkdjt, bisdh nj ats nwj pmycnldjdtao billild, sn tmit jn njd onuch sakpcy

sdrvd is i knhdc enr ijntmdr. md prnbcdks watm rdedrdjtaic knhdcs wdrd jnt gune i priotaoic snrt but quatd eujhikdjtic, wmaom as rdecdotdh aj tmd wnrhs ne orataos7 ”tmdrd as jn sajlcd prakitd spdoads wmaom sdrvds is ij ipprnpraitd sndoncnlaoic ijicnlud‑ (Vntts 91=<7 8<)0 ”dvdj –tmd bdst iviacibcd knhdc‛ ( ijjdr91=9) kiy jnt bd lnnh djnulm‑ (\rijlmik 91=<7 49)0 ”tmd –knhdc‛ A ioodpt istmd knst ca`dcy rdprdsdjtitavd ne tmd dircadst mnkajahs by hdeajatanj as i onkpatd njd‑ (_uskij 91=<7 =4)0 ”sakpcd ijicnlads ijh hardot onkpirasnjs bdtwddjijy njd prakitd spdoads ijh dircy mnkajahs smnuch bd ibijhnjdh‑ (_truk ijhKatomdcc 91=<7 96?)0 ”tmd usd ne tmd rdedrdjtaic ipprniom smnuch bd haso( nnby ijh HdUnrd 91=<7 9==)0 ”picdnijtmrnpncnlasts kust bd prdpirdh tn has-

oirh prakd knvdr ijh sajlcd-prakitd-spdoads knhdcs ne mukij dvncutanj‑ ( nnbyijh HdUnrd 91=<7 2?5-<).Rdihajl tmrnulm tmdsd sdvdrd nbgdotanjs, njd oij wnjhdr ae tmdrd wis stacc ij

vicud aj cnnàjl it dxtijt prakitds it icc enr ujhdrstijhajl dircy mnkajahs. Ajeiot, knst iutmnrs bdcadvdh tmdrd wis. At sdrvdh it cdist i trucy mdurastao purpritmdr tmij cnnàjl enr hdeajatd ijswdrs, ujhdrstijhajl cavajl prakitds kalmt itcdist cdih tn ”prnhuotavd qudstanjs‑ (\rijlmik 91=<7 <9) nr ”ajtdccaldjt qudstanjs‑(_truk ijh Katomdcc 91=<7 14). At onuch icsn ldjdritd ”tdstibcd mypntmdsds‑ wmmih tn bd onjernjtdh watm tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh (Vntts 91=<7 8?). Knhdsmnuch jnt bd usdh enr ”prngdotanjs‑ but is ”ijicytaoic tnncs‑ (Hujbir 91=17 2?1Mdurastao vicud kdijt jdw qudstanjs, jnt ij dxousd enr hnwjralmt prngdotanjs. Ajldjdric, tmd vadw wis smirdh tmit njd jddhdh tn ln bdynjh supdreaoaic sakaciratad”supdreaoaic sakaciratads bdtwddj dircy mnkajahs ijh cavajl prakitds Pwdrd[ hd-pmisazdh‑ (Vntts 91=<7 8<) aj nrhdr tn liaj i ldjuajd ujhdrstijhajl ne ”prnodssdsijh prajoapcds‑ wmaom ”rdprdsdjt tmd njcy vicah stirtajl pciod enr dvncutanjiry onjstruotanj‑ (_truk ijh Katomdcc 91=<7 96?). Orno`dtt (91=<7 9?2) sakacircyrdeusdh tn sdd mnwcdrs is knhdcs enr mnkajahs but snulmt ”tmd ippcaoitanj ne ciprajoapcds ne dvncutanjiry tmdnry‑. Vntts (91=<7 88), aj cajd watm tmd Bajenrprnodssuic iromidncnly, siah7 ” md dkpmisas as mdrd nj prnodss, jnt stitao ijiclads.‑ Vrnodssds, prajoapcds‘at as rdkirìbcd mnw netdj tmdsd wnrhs ippdir aj tmorataoic omiptdrs ne tmd @ajzdy vncukd. Jn kittdr mnw vilud snkdtakds, at smnwtmd hdsard tn substatutd ij nvdr-rdcaijod nj sakaciraty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt tnij ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd hyjikao prnodssds watmaj tmd snurod atsdce. I eruateuc usne i snurod ijicnlud rdquards earst ij ihdquitd ujhdrstijhajl ne tmit snurod atsdce,a.d. ij ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd oiusic pittdrjs bdtwddj tmd dcdkdjts ne tmd snurod.

mdrd as i ocdir piriccdc mdrd watm Bajenrh‑s hdoasanj tn ln ijh stuhy tmd Jujikau(Omiptdr ?). Icsn erustritdh by tmd dtmjnlripmao ijicnly ne mas takd, md earswijtdh tn ujhdrstijh tmd rdcitanjsmap bdtwddj stitaos ijh hyjikaos aj i prdsdjtonjtdxt (vdry kuom aj cajd watm tmd rdquardkdjts ne \ycad‑s rdcitanjic ijicnly).Tjhdrstijhajl tmd ajtdrjic hyjikaos ne tmd snurod wis tn mak i jdodssiry prd-rdquasatd bdenrd tmd iotuic usd ne ij ijicnly. At wis jdodssiry but jnt sueeaoadjt



2<8

wd mivd sddj tmit tmd usd ne Jujikaut hiti aj i Vicidncatmao onjtdxt rdkiajdhprnbcdkitao. md sikd mnchs trud enr _truk ijh Katomdcc‑s ujhdrstijhajl ne tmdonjhatanjs tmit tralldr mujtajl iknjl bibnnjs nr Orno`dtt‑s dxpcijitanj ne sdxu-iccy sdcdotdh ajeijtaoahd nr edkicd dkalritanj7 tmdsd ird dxodccdjt ajtdrprdtitanjs

ne prakitd bdmivanuric pittdrjs, but tmdy hn jnt tdcc us mnw tn usd tmdk enr rd-onjstruotajl mukij snoaic dvncutanj. \mdrdis tmd mnraznjtic rdcitanjs ne oiusic-aty stirtdh tn bd dcuoahitdh, tmd vdrtaoic rdcitanjs ne ittrabutd trijsedr rdkiajdh tnbd ajvdstalitdh.

md @ajzdy vncukd wis i witdrsmdh aj tmd mastnry ne prakitd knhdccajl. \macd aj kijy pciods rdkajasodjt ne trihatanjic rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl (knst jn-tibcy aj tmd struoturd ne tmd vncukd atsdce), knrd tmij mice ne tmd iutmnrs riasdhnbgdotanjs iliajst tmas wiy ne wnr`ajl ijh snulmt ictdrjitavd ijlcds ne rdsdirom.At tmus hah tn prakitncnly wmit Bajenrh mih hnjd tn dtmjniromidncnly ijh Bnistn tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh7 at oiccdh enr rdcitanjic ujhdrstijhajl by nbsdrvajl i

sdt ne pirtaoucir prdsdjt pmdjnkdji, hdtdotajl rdcdvijt prnodssds, asncitajl oiusds, ijhhnajl icc tmas bdenrd ijy dxtripncitanj tnwirhs tmd pist as kihd. Ipirt ernk tmd gusta-eadh but pnnrcy dcibnritdh ociaks aj snkd irtaocds tn ujhdrstijh ”prajoapcds ijhprnodssds‑, twn omiptdrs nutcajdh hardotanjs wmaom wnuch bdonkd ajecudjtaic ajtmd ydirs enccnwajl tmd bnn`‑s pubcaoitanj. mdy wdrd \rijlmik‑s prnpnsic enr ipmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj ijh nnby ijh HdUnrd‑s nutcajd ne i onjodptuic knhdcbisdh nj bdmivanuric doncnly.

Vmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj nr ocihastaos ne bdmivanur

Aj mas onjtrabutanj tn @ajzdy‑s bnn`, Raomirh \rijlmik (91=<) hastajluasmdhtmrdd wiys ne usajl lrdit ipds aj mukij nralajs rdsdirom7 rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl,bdmivanuric doncnly ijh pmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj. \macd tmd earst wis tn bd ivnah-dh, tmd sdonjh wis kuom knrd ajtdrdstajl7 bdmivanuric doncnly wmaom ittdkptdhtn dxpciaj ijakic bdmivanur aj tmd prdsdjt (by ajhaoitajl tmd oiusic rdcitanjsmapsbdtwddj doncnly ijh bdmivanur bisdh nj snoanbancnlaoic prajoapcds is nutcajdh by

nnby ijh HdUnrd) onuch dvdjtuiccy bd usdh tn prdhaot enssac bdmivanurs ernk isdt ne `jnwj viraibcds. mas wis i prnkasajl but stacc tdjtitavd ijlcd ne rdsdirom7

Hdspatd tmd suoodssds ijh lrnwajl akpnrtijod ne bdmivanric doncnly, mnwdvdr, at asujhnubtdhcy prdkiturd tn rdcy nj at tn –prdhaot‛ tmd bdmivanr ne enssac spdoads P...[At kiy bd njcy i edw ydirs bdenrd rdcaibcd dxpcijitanjs ne spdoads hastdrdjods ird enujh, but at as kascdihajl tn sulldst tmit tmdy mivd bddj enujh ydt. Xd prdsdjtstitd ne tmd irt kdijs tmit ittdkpts tn usd bdmivanric doncnly tn rdonjstruot mnka-jah bdmivanr ird jn strnjldr tmij tmnsd wmaom usd omakpijzdds nr ntmdr ipds isknhdcs.(\rijlmik 91=<7 42)

Xd tmarh nptanj, pmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj, nstdrdh ”i quao`dr, tmnulm uctakitdcywdi`dr, systdk enr rdonljazajl prnbibcd ispdots ne ijodstric snoaic nrlijazitanj‑ (42).At onjsastdh ne onkpirajl i cast ne bdmivanuric pittdrjs aj tmd Ieraoij ipds (lnracci,omakpijzdd ijh bnjnbn) ijh knhdrj mukijs aj nrhdr tn jh smirdh ijh hdravdh

omiriotdr stitds ( lurd 26). Ae i pittdrj noourrdh aj icc enur spdoads, at prnbibcy mih icsn



2<4

bdcnjldh tn tmd onkknj ijodstnr tmdy njod smirdh, sajod at as dxtrdkdcy ujca`dcy tmittmd sikd pittdrj wnuch mivd bddj ajvdjtdh ajhdpdjhdjtcy aj tmd enur cajdilds. Xascajd ne rdisnjajl domndh Wuo`drkij‑s dircy ociak tmit njd mih tn cnn` enr onkknj-icatads bdtwddj icc tmd lrdit ipds. At icsn oikd ocnsd tn Cubbno`‑s qudst enr i onkknjhdjnkajitnr bdtwddj i viradty ne prdsdjt snurod ijicnluds. Ioonrhajl tn \rijlmik,tmd iak wis ”tn hastajluasm bdtwddj ispdots ne mnkajnah snoaic nrlijazitanj wmaom irdsmirdh, ijh tmdrdenrd pmycnldjdtaoiccy onjsdrvitavd, ijh tmnsd wmaom ird viraibcd‑ (42)._mirdh prakatavd bdmivanurs wdrd ijodstric tn tmd onkknj stno`0 smirdh hdravdh bd-mivanurs mih noourrdh citdr aj i spdoa o sublrnup0 ijh ujaqud bdmivanurs mih dvncvdhaj njcy njd pirtaoucir spdoads. Bdmivanurs tmus ittrabutdh tn tmd cist onkknj ijodstnr

wdrd by akpcaoitanj icsn prdsdjt it citdr mnkajah stilds aj mukij dvncutanj is tmdy bd-cnjldh tn ij ”ijodstric suatd‑ (4?). 46 Ietdr tmas tmdnrdtaoic hdedjod, \rijlmik onkpirdh

46 I vdry sakacir kdtmnh wis prnpnsdh by Rdyjnchs (91550 915=) aj twn asncitdh ijh cirldcy enrlnttdjirtaocds pubcasmdh jdircy twdjty ydirs bdenrd0 tmdy hdict watm tmd dvncutanjiry nralaj ne npdj lrnupsijh `ajsmap rdonljatanj.

Ealurd 26. Vmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj kips bdmivanuric triats njtn tmd ocihnlrik aj nrhdr tnhdtdrkajd wmaom omiriotdr stitds ird ijodstric, hdravdh nr ujaqud. Xmas njd ajvdstalitds tmdnralajic prakitd snoaic systdk, wmaom wis enujh tn bd edkicd `aj-bisdh rdsahdjod (Cdd ijhEncdy 91157 45)

Vdrkassanj enr Npdj Ioodss pubcaoitanj ne tmas ealurd wis jntlrijtdh by tmd pubcasmdr iycnr & Erijoas. Mnwdvdr, tmd ealurd as

ajocuhdh aj bntm tmd prajtdh vdrsanj ne tmas bnn` is wdcc is tmdonkkdroaic d-bnn`.



2<5

tmd lrnupajl pittdrjs, tmd edkicd, kicd, sdxuic ijh ajtdrlrnup rdcitanjsmaps ne Ieraoijipds ijh knhdrj mujtdr-litmdrdrs ijh enujh tmit tmd omakp-mukij onkknj ijods-tnr wis ”akpcadh tn mivd ocnsdh snoaic jdtwnr`s, mnstacd ijh kicd-hnkajitdh ajtdrlrnuprdcitanjsmaps watm stic`-ijh-ittio` ajtdriotanjs, edkicd dxnliky ijh jn iccaijod bnjhs

bdtwddj edkicds, ijh kicds mivajl sdxuic rdcitanjsmaps watm knrd tmij njd edkicd‑(5=). Md strdssdh tmit tmas kdtmnh wis supdranr tn rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl bdoiusd at rdcadhnj sdvdric spdoads, hah jnt usd tmdk is knhdcs, iccnwdh tmd onkknj ijodstnr tn mivdujaqud editurds ijh ivnahdh oratdrai ne uj`jnwj akpnrtijod ca`d mujtajl nr sivijjim-hwdccajl. Xd wdi`jdssds, md ihkattdh, wdrd tmit at onjsahdrdh njcy i cakatdh rdpdrtnardne bdmivanurs, jdlcdotdh tmd akpnrtijod ne doncnly ijh kihd jn usd ne iromidncnlaoicijh picidnjtncnlaoic ajenrkitanj.

Mdivacy hriwajl upnj \rijlmik‑s wnr`, Lmalcadra (91=<0 91=1) ijh Oikdrnj(911?) prdsdjtdh dkdjhitanjs tn mas nralajic pmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj. Lmalcadra nkat-tdh lnraccis ernk tmd onkpirasnj, `ddpajl omakpijzdds, bnjnbns ijh mukijs aj at, sn

tmit knrd smirdh viraibcds onuch bd enujh enr i knrd rdodjt ijodstnr7 jnt tmd onkknjijodstnr nj tmd mnkajah-pnjlah spcat oi. = Kyr iln, but tmd cist onkknj ijodstnrbdenrd tmd omakpijzdd-mukij spcat oi. 8 Kyr iln. Is i onjsdqudjod, mas prnbibcd ij-odstric suatd wis dxpijhdh tn ajonrpnritd i sdt ne ujaqud bdmivanurs wmaom mih dvncvdhaj tmd omakpijzdd-bnjnbn-mukij ocihd pranr tn spcattajl. Xd `dy omijld, ioonrhajltn Lmalcadra, wis tmd dkdrldjod ne kicd rdtdjtanj (icsn oiccdh kicd djhnliky nr kicdrdsahdjod, tmd eiot tmit kicd nstsprajl rdkiaj aj tmdar jitic snoaic lrnup wmacd tmd ed-kicds haspdrsd tn ntmdr lrnups). Xas, md sulldstdh, cdh tn onnpdritanj bdtwddj kicd ajaj onkkujic hdedjod ne tmd tdrratnry ijh onkkujic rdprnhuotavd stritdlads, uctakitdcyrdsuctajl aj i systdk ne pncylyjy wmdrdby ajhavahuic kicds onnpdritdh tn djmijod tmdarrdprnhuotavd suoodss.49 _ajod kicd rdtdjtanj ijh onkkujic brddhajl stritdlads wmaomLmalcadra nbsdrvdh iknjl omakps, bnjnbns ijh dvdj mukij snoadtads ”ird sn dxtrdkdcyrird iknjl jnjmukij prakitds P...[ tmd omijods tmit diom ne tmd knst rdodjt tmrdd spd-oads ernk tmd onkknj ipd-mukij stdk dvncvdh tmdk ajhdpdjhdjtcy sddk dxtrdkdcyskicc‑ (Lmalcadra 91=<7 ?8<). Lmalcadra wdjt eurtmdr tmij \rijlmik by onjsahdrajlknrd viraibcds enr i skiccdr sdt ne ocnsdcy-rdcitdh spdoads. Knrd akpnrtijtcy, ritmdr tmij gust djukdritajl smirdh bdmivanurs, md icsn prnvahdh ij dxpcijitanj enr tmd dkdrldjodne snkd ujusuic triats.42

Oikdrnj (911?) enccnwdh \rijlmik‑s prnodhurd but oist at aj ocihastao tdrkajnc-nly7 pmycnldjdtao stdks wdrd oiccdh ”ocihds‑, spcattajl dvdjts ”ocihnldjdsds‑, ijodstricomiriotdrs ”sykpcdsanknrpmads‑, smirdh hdravdh omiriotdrs (omiriotdrs prdsdjt aj sdvdricspdoads but jnt aj tmd ijodstric stdk) ”syjipnknrpmads‑, ijh ujaqudcy hdravdh omir-iotdrs (njcy prdsdjt aj njd spdoads) ”iutipnknrpmads‑. Xnulm suom ocihastaos ne bd-mivanur mivd lrnwj aj akpnrtijod ne citd, Oikdrnj‑s rdoapd wis jnt hastdrdjt ernk

49 Njd oij tmaj` mdrd ne tmd iccaijods bdtwddj hnkajijt kicds aj tmd Irjmdk omakpijzdd lrnupwmaom wdrd ajhddh iakdh it djmijoajl sdxuic ioodss tn edkicds ijh, mdjod, rdprnhuotavd suoodss (Hd \iic 91=2).

42 Enccnwajl nnby ijh HdUnrd (91=<), Lmalcadra icsn ittdkptdh tn enrkucitd snkd dxpcijitnryprajoapcds ne i onjodptuic knhdc wmaom knvdh bdynjh tmd kdrd hdsoraptavd onjocusanjs ne maspmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj. Qdt tmdsd ”ae, tmdj‑ prnpnsatanjs (hdicajl watm suom snoanbancnlaoic tmdkdsca`d pirdjtic ajvdstkdjt, `aj sdcdotanj ijh rdoaprnoic ictruask) wdrd njcy cnnsdcy ihhdh it tmd djhne mas pipdr ritmdr tmij enrkajl i substijtaic pirt ne at.



2<<

\rijlmik‑s7 ti d i jukbdr ne spdoads, onkpird tmdk nj i sdt ne bdmivanuric viraibcds,ijh ittrabutd smirdh triats tn ij ijodstric stild ijh hdravdh triats tn knrd rdodjt stilds.4? Oikdrnj stuhadh icc lrdit ipds (lnraccis ijh nrijlutij wdrd ajocuhdh) ijh oikd upwatm omiriotdr onkpcdxds enr icc onkknj ijodstnrs bdenrd tmd enur kignr brijomaj

dvdjts (tmd nrijl spcat, tmd lnracci spcat, tmd mukij-omakpijzdd spcat, tmd omakpijzbnjnbn spcat). Tjca`d Lmalcadra, md hah jnt try tn dxpciaj tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne jdw trdjbdoiusd tmas wnuch ”kdrdcy rdsuct aj tmd onjstruotanj ne ij ih mno knhdc‑ (Oikdrn911?7 864). \mit md hah ujhdrti`d, mnwdvdr, wis dvicuitajl iromidncnlaoic tmdnrads ndircy mnkajahs nj tmd bisas ne tmd omiriotdr onkpcdx md mih hd jdh enr tmd cist oknj ijodstnr bdenrd tmd omakpijzdd-mukij spcat. Asiio‑s mnkd-bisd tmdnry, Bajenrh‑soivdjlajl mypntmdsas ijh Vntts‑ stnjd-oiomd knhdc wdrd onkpirdh watm tmd rdsuctsmas ocihastao ijicysas ne cavajl prakitds. _oivdjlajl wis ujca`dcy aj mas vadw bdoiusakpcadh tmit tmd ajoapadjt mujtajl aj tmd cist onkknj ijodstnr smnuch mivd bddj cnsijh rdajvdjtdh ietdrwirhs. _tnjd-oiomajl wis njcy `jnwj ernk tmd omakpijzdds aj tmd

iî enrdst (Avnry Onist) wmaom akpcads tmit at smnuch mivd bddj cnst by icc ntmdrpijzdd onkkujatads ijh bnjnbns.48 Ictmnulm md uctakitdcy eivnurdh Asiio‑s tmdnry is”tmd knst ca`dcy bdmivanric sodjiran enr tmd dircy mnkajahs‑, tmas onjocusanj (wmbd orataoazdh enr i jukbdr ne rdisnjs) as pdrmips cdss akpnrtijt tmij tmd lritaeyajl eiotmit prakitncnlaoic knhdccajl ijh iromidncnlaoic mypntmdsds wdrd jiccy onjernjtdh.

Vmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj (nr ”ocihastaos ne bdmivanur‑ tn usd tmd knrd rdodjt tdrki strialmtenrwirh kdtmnh tn liaj ij ipprdoaitanj ne tmd ”pmycnldjdtao billild‑ prdsdjtaj i onkknj ijodstnr. At mis tmd akpnrtijt ihvijtild ne jnt bdajl onj jdh tn i sajlcdspdoads. Xas dxpciajs wmy aj rdodjt ydirs tmd kdtmnh mis bdonkd stijhirh priotaod kuom prakitncnly7 KoLrdw (91127 86-58) usdh at tn jh nut tmd nralajs ne lrdit ipdtnnc usd ijh tmd oipioatads enr at aj dircy mnkajahs0 Erutm ijh Mnmkijj (9115) hah tmsikd enr jdst-buachajl onkpdtdjod (oe. @ippdcdr 911= enr i knrd dcibnritd issdsskdjt).Mnwdvdr, tmdrd wdrd odrtiaj akpnrtijt iws tn at. Xd kdtmnh issukds tmit smirdhtriats ird by hd jatanj ijodstric triats, ippirdjtcy enrldttajl tmit sakaciraty oij icsn bdoiusdh by onjvdrldjod. \mit mnchs enr tmd wajls ne tmd bit ijh tmd y kiy icsn mnchenr bdmivanur7 onkpiribcd triats hn jnt icwiys jddh tn bd mnkncnlnus but kiy bd sak-pcy ijicnlnus.44 Ijntmdr hasihvijtild as tmit njcy onjsdrvitavd triats oij bd hdtdotdh,a.d. triats smirdh by icc spdoads ijh tmdrdenrd issukdh tn bdcnjl tn tmd onkknj ijodstnrAjjnvitavd triats aj tmd mukij cajdild oijjnt bd `jnwj by tmas ipprniom, jnr ujaqud

4? Ocihastao ijicysas rdsucts ajtn i ocihnlrik, a.d. tmd knst pirsaknjanus hdjhrnlrik jddhdh tn rdprd-sdjt hastdrdjods ijh sakaciratads bdtwddj tixi. _traotcy spdi`ajl, suom ocihnlrik mis jn omrnjncnla-oic hakdjsanj‘at as gust i vasuic rdjhatanj ne tmd hdlrdd ne i jaty bdtwddj spdoads. Jdvdrtmdcdss,at as netdj bdcadvdh tn rdprdsdjt i pmycnldjdtao trdd‘Oikdrnj as jn dxodptanj aj ki`ajl tmasissukptanj.

48 Xas orataqud as jnt djtardcy eiar bdoiusd Vntts prdoasdcy tradh tn enrkucitd ij mypntmdsas quatd apdjhdjt ernk dtmjnlripmao ijh prakitncnlaoic piriccdcs. _iyajl tmit at as ujca`dcy bdoiusd at as snujaqud hnds jnt hn rdspdot tn Vntts‑ ajtdrdst enr ujaqudcy mukij editurds. Ocihastao ijicysas iccnwstn hdtdot ujaqud editurds but njcy ae tmdy mivd survavdh tn tmd prdsdjt hiy0 ujaqud editurds wmamivd bddj cnst aj tmd kdijtakd oijjnt bd `jnwj ijh ird siah tn bd ujca`dcy.

44 Vmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj smirds tmd sikd bisao issukptanj is struoturicast mastnranlripmy, a.dtmd sdhuotavd but ujsubstijtaitdh ahdi tmit sakaciraty bdtwddj noourrdjods akpcads ujhdrcyajlonjtajuaty.



2<=

omiriotdrs wmaom mivd jnt survavdh ujtac tmd prdsdjt hiy.45 Vmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj assuppnsdh tn tdcc wmit tmd satuitanj wis bdenrd mnkajazitanj stirtdh, jnt mnw mnkajazi-tanj dvdjtuiccy hdvdcnpdh. I jic iw ne tmd kdtmnh wis tmit ats sncd enous nj pmycnl-djy cdet doncnly nut ne onjsahdritanj. Bdmivanuric doncnly hah tmd dxiot nppnsatd.

Bdmivanuric doncnly

\mdj nnby ijh HdUnrd onkpacdh tmdar cast ne prajoapcds enr onjodptuic knhdccajl,njd ne tmd kiaj snurods ne ajsparitanj ipirt ernk snoanbancnly ijh dvncutanjiry tmdnrywis bdmivanuric doncnly, tmd ourrdjtcy pnpucir ittdkpt tn dxpciaj tmd ujaqudjdssds neij ijakic‑s bdmivanur ernk doncnlaoic viraibcds. It rst salmt tmas sddks quatd sakacir tntmd snoandoncnly ne tmd 9156s (oe. Ornn` ijh Lirtcij 9155), but tmdrd ird akpnrtijthastdrdjods. Earstcy, wmdrdis snoandoncnly hrdw i njd-tn-njd rdcitanjsmap bdtwddj djva-rnjkdjtic onjtdxt (ujhdrstnnh is prdhitnr prdssurd ijh tmd iviacibacaty ijh haspdrsanjne ennh) ijh i typd ne snoaic nrlijazitanj (Raomirh 91=9), bdmivanuric doncnly as cdssralah, cdss typncnlaoic ijh prdedrs hyjikao eddhbio` systdks watm kuctapcd viraibcds nvdrujacajdir, oiusic rdcitanjs (Hujbir 91=1)7 ”tmdrd as jn njd-tn-njd onrrdspnjhdjod bd-twddj triats ijh sdcdotanj prdssurds‑ ( nnby ijh HdUnrd 91=<7 919). _donjhcy, wmdrdis9156s snoandoncnly onjsahdrdh tmd lrnup is tmd cdvdc it wmaom sdcdotavd prdssurds wdrdknst it wnr` (sakpcy bdoiusd tmd lrnup wis ti`dj is tmd ujat ne ijicysas, oe. Lmalcadra91=<7 ?22), bdmivanuric doncnly bdcadvds tmit ”sdcdotanj iots it tmd cdvdc ne tmd ldjd‑( nnby ijh HdUnrd 91=<7 9=1).4< Bdmivanuric pittdrjs ird jnt dxpciajdh aj tdrks ne tmdbdjd ts tmdy ioonrh tn tmd lrnup but aj tdrks ne tmd ajhavahuic‑s rdprnhuotavd suoodssijh ats ldjdtao onjtrabutanj tn subsdqudjt ldjdritanjs. Ae ”lrnup survavic‑ wis tmd `dy

tn ujhdrstijhajl prakitd bdmivanur aj tmd snoandoncnlaoic pirihalk, ”ajocusavd tjdss‑wis tmd odjtric jntanj enr bdmivanuric doncnlasts.4= Ajspardh by likd tmdnry, ajhavahuicijakics wdrd sddj is stritdlao iotnrs kixakazajl tmdar nwj ldjdtao pntdjtaic aj tmd lavdjdoncnlaoic ijh snoaic onjtdxt ”ritmdr tmij ajdxabcy onkkattdh tn tmd sikd bdmivanr‑

45 Ne onursd, ujaqudcy hdravdh omiriotdrs ne tmd mukij cajdild oij bd isodrtiajdh (tmdy ird sakpcytmd njds jnt smirdh by ijy ntmdr spdoads) but Oikdrnj ralmtcy stitds tmit at wnuch bd tiutncnlaoictn usd tmdsd tn dxpciaj mnkajazitanj, tmit as tn dxpciaj tmdar nwj dkdrldjod7 ”Xd ujaqudcy hdravdhbdmivanric omiriotdrs ne dxtijt mukij lrnups oijjnt bd usdh tn dxpciaj tmd bdmivanr ne tmd dirca-dst mnkajahs, gust is ij ijicnly bisdh nj onjtdkpnriry omakpijzdd pnpucitanjs oijjnt dxpciajwmit tmd dircy Vcanodjd mnkajahs wdrd hnajl 8 kaccanj ydirs iln‑ (Oikdrnj 911?7 86=). Mukijcijluild, enr ajstijod, oijjnt bd usdh tn dxpciaj mnkajazitanj. Mnwdvdr, Hujbir (911<) onkpirdhlrnnkajl iotavatads is rdcitdh tn lrnup sazd ijh onjocuhdh tmit mukij spddom dkdrldh it tmd pnajttmit tmd sazd ne onkkujatads wdjt bdynjh i jnrkic lrnnkajl oipioaty. Nbsdrvjl i ocnsd rdcitanj-smap bdtwddj tmd sazd ne tmd jdn-onrtdx ijh tmd sazd ne snoaic lrnups iknjl prakitds, md rdisnjdhtmit spddom dkdrldh is i vdrbicazdh enrk ne lrnnkajl aj balldr lrnups, ijh tmit lnssapajl, a.d. tmddxomijld ne ajenrkitanj nj snoaic i caitanj, wis ats prdhnkajijt eujotanj (is lrnnkajl as suppnsdhtn hn iknjl tmd lrdit ipds). Hujbir tmus stirtdh ernk i smirdh pmycnldjdtao bisas (lrnnkajl) butby ajvn`ajl tmd viraibcds ne lrnup sazd ijh jdn-onrtdx sazd md onuch ioonujt enr i ujaqud mukijediturd (spddom).

4< Knrd rdodjt enrks ne snoandoncnly, mnwdvdr, ivnah tmd pateicc ne lrnup sdcdotanjask (oe. _kuts dt ic.91=5).

4= Lmalcadra (91=<7 ?22) pmrisds at vdry smirpcy7 ”ritmdr tmij bdajl ujats ne jituric sdcdotanj, snoaiclrnups ird uctakitdcy tmd dvncutanjiry onjsdqudjods ne ajhavahuic ihiptitanjs, nr stritdlads bntm tnsurvavd ijh tn ajordisd rdprnhuotavd suoodss by bdajl snoaic.‑



2<1

( nnby ijh HdUnrd 91=<7 919). nnby ijh HdUnrd hdvdcnpdh tmd tmdnrdtaoic nutcane suom ij ipprniom, \rijlmik siw at is prnkasajl but stacc aj ats ajeijoy, but at wis O.Nwdj Cnvdgny wmn mih icrdihy prdsdjtdh tmd rst dcibnritd oisd ne suom rdisnjajl.

Aj ij netdj oatdh irtaocd pubcasmdh aj_oadjod , Cnvdgny (91=9) hrdw i paoturd ne mu-

kij dvncutanj enccnwajl tmd prdkasds ne bdmivanuric doncnly ijh snoanbancnly. It tmnutsdt, tmdrd wis tmd bisao issukptanj tmit dvncutanj wnuch strnjlcy eivnur ”ijy bd-mivanuric omijld tmit ajordisds rdprnhuotavd ritd, survavnrsmap nr bntm‑ (Cnvdgny 9?88). Md jntdh tmit iknjl omakpijzdds ajeijt knrticaty wis malm hud tn tmd rdquard-kdjt ne kntmdr-ajeijt knbacaty aj subsastdjod iotavatads. Xas knbacaty wis icsn tmprajoapic rdstraotanj nj bartm spioajl. Ae omakpijzdd kntmdrs wnuch jnt jddh tn trivdwatm tmdar ynujl nstsprajl, knrd ajeijts wnuch survavd ijh bartms onuch bd knrd erdqudjt, sn tmit survavnrsmap ijh rdprnhuotavd ritd wnuch ajordisd. Xas wis vdry kuomtmd ”hdknlripmao hacdkki‑ (?8<) icsn eiodh by dircy mnkajahs. \mdrdis omakpijzddstuo` tn tmdar erilacd sncutanj, dircy mnkajahs hdvdcnpdh ij ictdrjitavd ijh uctakitdc

knrd suoodsseuc sncutanj7 edkicds watm nstsprajl onuch stiy it njd pciod ae tmdy ijh tajeijts wdrd prnvasanjdh by ennh-litmdrajl kicds. Enr i kicd tmas wnuch bd i sdjsabctmajl tn hn ae md wis odrtiaj tmit tmd edkicd‑s nstsprajl wis icsn mas7 aj tmit oisd,dstnrts wdrd jn bcajh ictruask but i wiy tn prnkntd tmd survavic ne mas nwj ldjds. Antmdr wnrhs, suom enrk ne kicd prnvasanjajl (nr knrd aj ldjdric, ajordisdh kicd pirdj-tic ajvdstkdjt) wnuch njcy wnr` ae at dvncvdh sakuctijdnuscy watm knjnliknus piarbnjhajl bdtwddj tmd sdxuic pirtjdrs. Xas, Cnvdgny mdch, wis tmd bdmivanuric bisd erwmaom mnkajazitanj stirtdh ijh md wdjt nj tn irlud tmit bapdhicask, cnss ne sdxuichaknrpmask, ujaqud mukij dpalikao editurds, ijh dvdj tmd hastrabutanj ne mnkajahsnvdr tmd wnrch wdrd tmd onjsdqudjods, jnt tmd oiusds, ne ajordisdh kicd pirdjtic ajvdkdjt ijh knjnliknus piar bnjhajl. 41

Cnvdgny‑s dvncutanjiry sodjiran rdodavdh orataoasks ernk sdvdric ijlcds (oe. hasoussanj aj_oadjod 91=27 214-?65). \rijlmik watm mas rdsdrvdh djtmusaiskibnut bdmivanuric doncnly rdlrdttdh tmit ”dvdj Cnvdgny‑s somdkd, wmaom as tmddcibnritd tn hitd, as rahhcdh watm spdoucitanj‑ (\rijlmik 91=<7 42). Edkajasts,jnt surprasajlcy, strnjlcy hasca`dh tmd kajnr rncd bdstnwdh tn wnkdj aj tmas vadwne mukij dvncutanj (Wamckij 91=40 Edhalij 91=5). Wamckij (91=47 ?<8) jikdhat i ”usdh vdmaocd, prnpdccdh by nutwnrj but rdtrdihdh jntanjs‑ wmaom it njd strn”rdmibacatitdh Kij tmd Mujtdr but by on-nptajl \nkij tmd Litmdrdr7 jnw at‑sKij tmd Litmdrdr, ijh \nkij tmd Ldjd Rdodptiocd as rdcdlitdh tn uttdr pissavaty.‑Enr nur ijicysas, mnwdvdr, at as knrd akpnrtijt tn sdd tmd cakatdh ittdjtanj lavdjtn pmycnldjdtao assuds aj Cnvdgny‑s irlukdjtitanj. Ictmnulm omakpijzdds eujo-tanj is i mdurastao snurod, tmdrd as jn onjsahdritanj enr tmd ijodstric triats prdsdaj tmd dircy mnkajah. Cnvdgny rdisnjs ernk doncnlaoic onjhatanjs (ennh hastrbutanj, jiturd ne ennh rdsnurods, rdquardh subsastdjod knbacaty) ijh caed-mastnpirikdtdrs (ajeijt knrticaty, bartm ajtdrvics, ajeijt hdpdjhdjoy ijh cnjldvaty).

md pirtaoucir jiturd ne tmas doncnlaoic dkpmisas bdonkds ocdir wmdj wd onjtr

41 Cnvdgny wis jnt tmd njcy njd tn wnr` nj suom assuds. Irnujh tmd takd ne mas ajudjtaic irtaocd a_oadjod , ntmdr snoanbancnlasts hasoussdh tmd dvncutanjiry rdcitanjsmaps ne ihiptitanjs ca`d pitdrjiajvdstkdjt, onjodicdh nvucitanj, kdjstruic syjomrnjy ijh prakitd knjnliky (Icdxijhdr ijhJnnjij 91<10 Bdjsmnne ijh Xnrjmacc 91<10 ur`d 91=8).



2=6

Cnvdgny‑s onjocusanjs watm tmd njds rdiomdh by Lmalcadra7 wmdrdis Lmalcadra‑s pmy-cnldjdtao onkpirasnj mih smnwj pncylyjy tn bd tmd ijodstric triat, Cnvdgny‑s bd-mivanuric doncnly mdch tmit knjnliky wis tmd `dy editurd enr tmd sikd pdranh.Kicd àj bnjhajl watm Lmalcadra mih jnw bdonkd knjnliknus piar bnjhajl

watm Cnvdgny! mas rdkirìbcd havdrldjod wis cirldcy hud tn tmd kdtmnhs usdh7pmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj hdsorabds sakaciratads bdtwddj spdoads0 bdmivanuric donc-nly dxpciajs haeedrdjods bdtwddj tmdk. md earst cnn`s enr onjsdrvitavd triats ajtmd ijodstric pmycnldjy ne i spdoads0 tmd sdonjh enr ajjnvitavd triats ajhuodh bydoncnlaoic ijh snoanbancnlaoic eiotnrs. ypaoiccy, tmd earst prdsdjts i cast ne smirdhtriats wmdrdis tmd sdonjh onkds up watm i jirritavd sodjiran. \atm onjocusanjs snhaikdtraoiccy nppnsdh, njd wnjhdrs wmdtmdr tmdrd wis ijy jntanj ne onjsdjsusaj salmt.

md knst suoodsseuc ittdkpt tn ajtdlritd bdmivanuric doncnly ijh pmycnldjdt-ao onkpirasnj tn hitd oij bd enujh aj tmd wnr` ne Rnbdrt Encdy ijh Vmyccas Cdd

wmn mdch tmit ”wmacd snoaic stitds ird pirtaiccy onjstriajdh by pmycnldjy, tmdy irdicsn strnjlcy ajecudjodh by akkdhaitd onsts ijh bdjdeats, ijh tmdrdenrd oij bd ij-icysdh aj tdrks ne tmd prajoapcds ne bdmivanuric doncnly‑ (Encdy ijh Cdd 91157 48).

mdar 91=1_oadjod irtaocd (but sdd Encdy ijh Cdd 9115 enr i knrd dxtdjhdh irlu-kdjt) stirtdh watm i cast ne prdvanus knhdcs enr tmd dvncutanj ne mnkajah snoaicbdmivanur. Erustritdh by tmas bdwachdrajl iknujt ne onjecaotajl ajtdrprdtitanjs,tmdy prnvahdh ij ajldjanus irlukdjt tn cakat tmd jukbdr ne pnssabcd dxpciji-tanjs. Earstcy, tmdy irludh, tmd viradty ne snoaic stritdlads as cakatdh7 ae ynu sdd tmittmd kicds ijh tmd edkicds ne ijy spdoads mivd enur bisao snoaic nptanjs (bdajl snca-tiry, issnoaitajl watm àj, watm jnj-àj nr watm dxtdjhdh àj), tmd onkbajitanjne bntm smnws tmit jn knrd tmij saxtddj snoaic stritdlads oij bd pnssabcd. Dvdjihkattajl tmit diom ne tmdsd stritdlads oij bd stibcd nr trijsatnry hnds jnt brajltmd jukbdr ibnvd ?2 pntdjtaic nptanjs. ( md 9115 pipdr cdivds nut tmd oitdlnryne dxtdjhdh àj wmaom rdhuods tmd jukbdr tn 9=). _donjhcy, jnt njcy tmd jukbdrne snoaic stitds as eajatd, tmd jukbdr ne vaibcd dvncutanjiry pitmwiys ernk njd stitdtn ijntmdr icsn as. I snoaic systdk bisdh nj stibcd iccaijods bdtwddj jnj-rdcitdhkicds (is watm tmd bibnnjs) oijjnt dvncvd ajtn i tnticcy haeedrdjt omakpijzdd-ca`dsnoaicaty watm àj-rdcitdh kicds ijh jnjàj-rdcitdh edkicds watmnut cnsajl dvn-cutanjiry eatjdss. marhcy, onjstriajts nj tmd dvncutanjiry pitmwiy ird jnt njcyhdtdrkajdh by tmd hastijod bdtwddj twn snoaic systdks, but icsn by tmd doncnlaoiconjtdxt aj wmaom tmd dvncvajl spdoads cavds. _noaic dvncutanj as tmus cakatdh by ieajatd jukbdr ne nptanjs, by pmycnldjdtao onjstriajts nj tmd pnssabcd dvncutanjirypitmwiys ijh by doncnlaoic onjstriajts aj wmaom dvncutanj ti`ds pciod. Encdy ijhCdd rdpditdhcy strdssdh tmit pmycnldjy ijh doncnly onkpcdkdjtdh diom ntmdr7

ijy dvncutanjiry omijld as tmd nutonkd ne tmd ajtdriotanj bdtwddj jnvdc sdcdotavd prdssurds ijh tmd dxastajl struoturd ne bdmivanur. Dvncutanjiry omijld as tmdrdenrdjnt gust i prnhuot ne i jdw djvarnjkdjt, but ne mnw tmd dxastajl struoturds ajtdr-iot watm tmd jdw djvarnjkdjt. (91157 4?)



2=9

n ujhdrstijh mukij snoaicaty, tmdy stirtdh watm i ocihastao pmycnldjy ne Nch \nrch prakitds aj nrhdr tn ahdjtaey ”tmd knst prnbibcd snoaic omiriotdrastaos it tmviranus brijomajl pnajts tmit mivd noourrdh aj tmd dvncutanj ne tmd Mnkajnahdi(91157 440 oe. ealurd 26). mas smnwdh tmit kicd rdsahdjod (onkbajdh watm edk

haspdrsic) ijh kicd àj-bnjhajl wis i typaoic ajjnvitanj aj tmd Ieraoij ipd/mn-kajah ocihd (onjtri Lmalcadra wmn bdcadvdh tmit tmas pittdrj njcy dvncvdh aj tomakpijzdd/mukij ocihd). mnulm tmas onjocusanj wis uctakitdcy bisdh nj cav-ajl spdoads, Encdy ijh Cdd strdssdh tmit ”at as jnt ajhavahuic spdoads tmit ird bdusdh tn hdtdrkajd tmd ijodstric stitd (aj tmd enrk ne ij ijicnlud knhdc), but tmdnvdricc pittdrj ne viraibacaty‑ (91157 4<). mdy tmdj wdjt nj tn stuhy mnw tmdijodstric stitds ajtdriotdh watm tmd sdcdotavd onjhatanjs pnsdh by jdw djvarnjkdjts. mdar ajtdrprdtitanj ne tmd dircadst mnkajah snoaic struoturd is onjsastajne ”kaxdh sdx lrnups, watm kicds caj`dh by i jdtwnr` ne àjsmap‑ dvdjtuiccy bua”tmd sdcdotavd prdssurds ne npdj trnpaoic djvarnjkdjts njtn tmd snoaic stitd ne t

dvncvajl Ieraoij mnkajnahs‑ (91=17 168).mnulm tmdar dvdjtuic ajtdrprdtitanjs ird jnt icwiys nralajic jnr djtardcy hd-vnah ne spdoucitanj, tmd akpnrtijod ne Encdy ijh Cdd‑s wnr` cads earst ijh enrdknaj tmd onkbajitanj ne i pmycnldjdtao ipprniom watm ij ajtdrdst aj bdmivanuricdoncnly. mdy tmus dsoipdh sdvdric ne tmd orataoasks ernk tmd @ajzdy vncukddxpcaoatcy rdeusdh tn hriw upnj sajlcd-spdoads knhdcs but usdh i pmycnldjdtonkpirasnj ajstdih, tmdy snulmt enr dxpcijitnry prajoapcds bisdh nj bdmivanuricdoncnly ijh caed-mastnry tmdnry, ijh tmdy ioonujtdh enr ujaqud pittdrjs aj tmdmnkajah ocihd. Ictmnulm tmas knhdc kihd onjsahdribcd usd ne enssac dvahdjod picidndoncnly, tmd onjodrj enr tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh wis ritmdr pnnr‘i eciwicsn prdsdjt aj \rijlmik‑s ijh nnby ijh HdUnrd‑s wnr`. Aj tmas sdjsd, tmd eajicorataqud ne tmd @ajzdy vncukd wis stacc cdet npdj enr onrrdotanj. Dtmniromidwis ij ittdkpt tn sncvd tmas prnbcdk.

Dtmniromidncnly

I enrkdr stuhdjt ne tmd citd Lcyjj Asiio, Gdijjd _dpt (9112) qudstanjdh wmdtmdrtmd iooukucitanjs ne stnjd ijh bnjd hábras nj Vcan-Vcdastnodjd satds aj Dist- Ieraoi wdrd rdiccy rdecdotanjs ne dircy mnkajah mnkd-bisd iotavatads. Asiio‑s mbisd tmdnry mih cdh tn kuom onjtrnvdrsy (watm orataoask onkajl ernk Bajenrh

ijh jntibcy Asiio maksdce), but tmd wiy _dpt ipprniomdh at wis ritmdr nralajic7by cnnàjl it omakpijzdds. Asiio mih hdvntdh mas caed-wnr` tn tmd stuhy ne dircijh usd pittdrjs, but md wis wiry ne tmd usd ne dxtdrjic snurods, bdcadvajl tmitmd iromidncnlaoic ijh picidnijtmrnpncnlaoic rdonrh stacc onjstatutdh ”tmd knpnwdreuc ocud wd mivd tn tmd bdlajjajls ne tmd mukij dvncutanj‑ (91=97 942Jdvdrtmdcdss, md sulldstdh tmit odrtiaj iooukucitanjs ne kitdraic kalmt kascdih-ajlcy cnn` ca`d mnkd-bisds. mas wnuch mivd bddj tmd oisd, enr ajstijod, wardpditdh ajhavahuic eddhajl aj tmd smihd ne cnjl-cavdh trdd. _dpt hdoahdh tn wnut tmas mypntmdsas. _md stuhadh omakpijzdd jdstajl satds icnjl tmd Asmismi Raj Onjln (tmdj Wiard) ijh jntdh tmit nvdr tmd onursd ne sdvdric ydirs odrtiaj trdds

wdrd rd-usdh is eivnuratd scddpajl pciods (ealurd 29). Ictmnulm tmdsd trdds haheujotanj is eaxdh mnkd bisds, tmdar rd-usd rdsuctdh aj ij iooukucitanj ne pmysao



2=2

rdsahuds ca`d jdsts, eddhajl hdbras ijh eidods. Ritmdr tmij pdrkijdjtcy nooupadhcnoicds aj i odjtric-pciod enrilajl donjnky, tmdsd trdds wdrd ca`d ”Mactnj mntdcs‑wmaom ittriotdh dpmdkdric rdsahdjts ijh prnhuodh iooukucitanjs ne kitdraic rdsa-hud. _dpt‑s ijicysas hah jnt kdij tn tdcc ”tmit dircy mnkajahs mih omakpijzdd-ca`d rijlajl nr subsastdjod bdmivanr‑ (915) but tmit iotavatads vdry haeedrdjt ernkmnkd-bisd bdmivanur onuch prnhuod i sakacir mnkd bisd-ca`d kitdraic rdonrh. Ajtmd djh, mdr oiutanjiry ticd enousdh nj tmd prnbcdk ne dquaeajicaty, nr tmd prnb-cdk tmit tmd sikd rdsuct kalmt mivd bddj oiusdh by i vdry haeedrdjt prnodss (_dpt911=). md qudstanj wmy omakpijzdds rd-usdh odrtiaj pciods wis, mnwdvdr, cdetnpdj. _dpt gust sulldstdh tmit at kalmt mivd tn hn watm eruat hdjsaty ijh oijnpymdalmt, but icsn ajtdr- ijh ajtrispdoaeao ennh onkpdtatanj, tdrratnraicaty, prdhitanjras` ijh kdjtic kippajl.

It tmd vdry mdirt, _dpt‑s wnr` wis ij iotuicastao nr kahhcd-rijld rdsdirom wmaomtradh tn sdd tmd enrkitanj prnodssds bdtwddj oiusic hyjikaos ijh kitdraic stitaosit wnr` aj i prdsdjt-hiy onjtdxt. _md ujhdrtnn` dtmncnlaoic eadchwnr` watm ijdxpcaoatcy iromidncnlaoic rdsdirom qudstanj aj kajh0 i kntavitanj vdry onkpiribcdtn tmd dtmjnlripmao turj kijy iromidncnlasts tnn` aj tmd citd 9156s. Mdr ”dtmn-iromidncnly‑ wis tmdrdenrd tmd sakaij viraijt ne dtmjniromidncnly, at wis mdivacyajhdbtdh tn tmd Bajenrhaij hasoussanj nj iotuicastao rdsdirom (Omiptdr ?) ijh mis

Ealurd 29. Dtmniromidncnly is ujhdrti`dj by _dpt mis i oiutanjiry eujotanj. At smnws mnwodrtiaj trdds aj i omakpijzdd tdrratnry kiy bd rdvasatdh nvdr tmd ydirs is jdsts, tmus rdsuctajlaj ij iooukucitanj ne hábras watmnut dvdr bdajl usdh is mnkdbisds (_dpt 91127 lurd 8)



2=?

bddj ecij`dh by snkd ntmdr eadch stuhads sajod (Gnucaij 91180 9115). Aj i knrdrdodjt pipdr, _dpt mis dxpcaoatcy hriwj tmd piriccdc bdtwddj tmas snrt ne dtmnomidncnly ijh tmd iotuicastao eadch stuhads ujhdrti`dj by dtmjniromidncnlasts. _jntdh tmit wmacd prakitncnlasts mivd jnt hnoukdjtdh tmd spitaic ijh kitdraic

onrrdcitds ne tnnc usd ijh jdstajl watm tmd ipprnpraitd hdtiac jdodssiry enr dtmniomidncnlaoic ijicysas, iromidncnlasts, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, mivd cnjl jdlcdotdh lrdipd bdmivanur ijh mivd njcy rdodjtcy ”soritomdh tmd sureiod ne tmd raom rdpdrne irtaeiot usd‑ (_dpt 911=7 =1).

mnulm _dpt‑s snurod ijicnlud onjsastdh njcy ne omakpijzdds (aj onjtrist tntmd kijy spdoads prdsdjt aj i pmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj), smd, tnn, bdcadvdh tmi”njd smnuch jnt usd omakpijzdds is sakpcd ijicnls nr –rdedrdjtaic knhdcs‛ P...[enr dircy mnkajah bdmivanr P...[ ijy knrd tmij njd smnuch stuhy cavajl mujtdr-litmdrdrs is kdrd vdstalds ne prdmastnrao takds‑ (915). mas rdkir` bdtriys _dptbio`lrnujh aj iromidncnly ijh mdr eikacairaty watm tmd dtmjniromidncnlaoic has

oussanj nj tmd prnpdr usd ne ijicnly. Aj tmd hasoussanj wmaom enccnwdh mdr iraj Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly , smd rdedrrdh tn tmas hasoussanj ijh dspdoaiccy tn \ycad‑shastajotanj bdtwddj enrkic ijh rdcitanjic ijicnly tn dxpciaj mdr hasivnwic ne rde-drdjtaic knhdccajl. _dpt hnds jnt cnn` enr i ”bdst knhdc‑ bisdh nj tmd iknujt nesakaciraty but sdd`s ”nrlijazitanjic rdcitanjsmaps iknjl sdts ne viraibcds rdcdvijttn tmd enrkucitanj ne knhdcs enr prdmastnrao satuitanjs‑ (Muttdrdr, quntdh by _d91127 915). _ajod rdcdvijod as onjsahdrdh, jnt icc haeedrdjods bdtwddj snurod itirldt ird tmrditdjajl tmd ijicnly. Iliaj hriwajl i piriccdc watm dtmjniromidnc-nly, smd stitds7

Aj tmd sikd wiy tmit dtmjniromidncnlaoic stuhads ne knhdrj mukijs wmn usdkdtic onn`ajl pnts ijh wdipnjs oij bd usdh tn hdvdcnp knhdcs ne tmd iotavaty pittdrjajl it _tnjd Ild iromidncnlaoic satds P...[, stuhyajl tmd spitaic pittdrjs neomakpijzdd iotavatads tmit prnhuod hdbras, huribcd nr dpmdkdric, oij mdcp ir-omidncnlasts systdkitaoiccy dxpcnrd ictdrjitavds tn tmd dxastajl bdmivanric knhdcs nedircy satd enrkitanj.(916)

_dpt‑s irtaocd kir`s ij ajtdrdstajl turj bdoiusd enr tmd rst takd tmd cnjl-stijhajl ir-omidncnlaoic hasoussanj nj ijicnly wis ajtdlritdh watm tmd cnjl-stijhajl mastnry neprakitd knhdccajl.56 Xit tmd substijtaic pirt ne tmd pipdr wis njcy bisdh nj i cakatdhhiti sdt litmdrdh hurajl jn knrd tmij tmrdd knjtms ne dchwnr` hnds jnt hdtriot ernktmd pipdr‑s kdtmnhncnlaoic kdrats ne onjernjtajl hiti nj dxtijt jnjmukij prakitdswatm i spdoa o iromidncnlaoic rdsdirom prnbcdk wmacd ti`ajl ajtn ioonujt tmd prnbcne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl. (Xd eiot tmit edw wdd`s ne nbsdrvitanjs onuch icrdihy cdih tnajtdrdstajl rdsucts as tn bd sddj is prnkasajl ritmdr tmij prnbcdkitao0 oe. _dpt 911=.)Aj tmas sdjsd, _dpt‑s dtmniromidncnly rdpcadh tn tmd cist orataoask ne tmd @ajzdywmaom hdoradh tmd cio` ne onjodrj enr iromidncnlaoic ijh picidnijtmrnpncnlaoic hdjod iknjl prakitd knhdccdrs.

56 Ajtdrdstajlcy, it ibnut tmd sikd takd Rnbdrt Encdy (9112) icsn hasoussdh prakitd ijh mujtdr-litm-drdr ijicnlads aj tmd sikd cnlaoic tdrks aj mas onjtrabutanj tn tmdOikbrahld Djoyocnpdhai ne MukijDvncutanj.



2=8

Xmd njlnajl curd ne rdedrdjtaic knhdcs

Aj tmdOurrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly hasoussanj wmaom ecij`dh _dpt‑s irtaocd snkd somncirstnn` assud watm mdr rdgdotanj ne rdedrdjtaic knhdcs. KoLrdw (aj _dpt 91127 91=)ihkattdh tmit tmdy mih tmdar hriwbio`s but tmdrd wis ”njd bal ihvijtild‑7 ”Cavajlnrlijasks oij prnvahd us watm bntm bdmivanur ijh irtdeiots, wmacd onjodpts sup-pcy jdatmdr.‑ _akacircy, Knnrd (aj _dpt 91127 911) jntdh tmit ”jntmajl as liajdh bycibdccajl i knhdc –onjodptuic‛ nr –rdedrdjtaic‛ P...[ tmd hastajotanj tmit nnby ijhHdUnrd hriw as irtaeaoaic ijh kascdihajl.‑ Onkkdjtajl upnj _dpt aj i citdr assudneOurrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly , Yuaitt ijh Mueekij ”ilrddh strnjlcy‑ (911?7 51) watmKnnrd, KoLrdw ijh ntmdrs aj tmdar hdedjod ne rdedrdjtaic knhdcs. Ipirt ernkcdihajl tn i jukbdr ne prnkasajl, jdw rdsdirom hardotanjs, tmd @ajzdy vncukd,ijh pirtaoucircy tmd irtaocd by nnby ijh HdUnrd, ippirdjtcy icsn kdt watm sdranusnppnsatanj ernk iutmnrs wmn stacc hdedjhdh tmd usd ne rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl.

md dircadst ijh knst dcibnritd orataoask oikd ernk ij irtaocd by _tijenrh ijh Iccdj, icsn pubcasmdh ajOurrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly , wmn enujh tmit tmd hastajotanj bd-twddj onjodptuic ijh rdedrdjtaic knhdcs mih ”knrd ioihdkao tmij soadjtaeao utac-aty‑ (91197 4=). Aj tmdar vadw, onjodptuic knhdcs jdvdr rdiccy dsoipdh i rdcaijodnj dxtijt spdoads7

Xd ourrdjtcy prnpnsdh –onjodptuic‛ knhdcs (Encdy ijh Cdd 91=10 nnby ijhHdUnrd 91=<) ird aj eiot omakpijzdd-rdedrdjt knhdcs onuomdh aj Hirwajaijtdrks tn lavd tmd ippdirijod ne i brnihdr dvncutanjiry pdrspdotavd ijh tmdrdenrd lrditdr dkparaoic strdjltm.(_tijenrh ijh Iccdj 91197 41)

Aj tmd djh, onjodptuic knhdcs njcy rdsuctdh aj ajtdrprdtitanjs wmaom ”ird dssdj-taiccy tmnsd ne HdUnrd ijh \ismburj (915?) ijh \ismburj ijh Cijoistdr (915=)‑(41)0 tmdy hah jntmajl dcsd tmij rdsurrdotajl Kij tmd Mujtdr ernk ats ismds. maswis i ouranus nbgdotanj7 dvdj ae tmd dxastajl onjodptuic knhdcs sddkdh tn rdsdk-bcd Kij tmd Mujtdr-ca`d ajtdrprdtitanjs, tmas wis jnt i jdodssiry onrncciry ne tmdarbdajl onjodptuic ijh dvdj ae tmdy sddkdh tn hriw upnj ”ij akpcaoat omakpijzddijicnly‑, tmas wis jnt wmit tmd iutmnrs hah (quatd tmd nppnsatd!). Knrdnvdr, tmdeiot tmit tmd rdsucts ne onjodptuic knhdccajl mippdjdh tn rdsdkbcd nchdr sodjiransnr omakpijzdd-ca`d knhdcs, oijjnt bd ij irlukdjt tn haspdc tmd kdtmnh ictnldtm-dr. Kdtmnhs smnuch bd dvicuitdh nj tmdar ajtdrjic cnlao, jnt nj wmdtmdr wd ca`dtmd rdsucts tmdy onkd up watm. Miriwiy‑s dvicuitanj ne tmd litmdrajl mypntmdsaswmaom siah tmit wd ”oijjnt prnoddh njcy by wratajl tmd ticds njd wijts tn bd trud‑(91=87 16), ippcads mdrd tnn.

Mnw suom i rdjdwdh snrt ne rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl smnuch bd djvasildh as sulldstdh byi knrd rdodjt irtaocd by _tijenrh (9115).59 Ajtdrdstdh aj tmd dkdrldjod ijh akpnrtijodne kdit-ditajl aj tmd mnkajah hadt, _tijenrh turjs tn omakps wmn icsn mujt, dit kditijh smird at nj i rdlucir bisas. Xnulm md oirdeuccy hdcajditds tmd bdmivanuric doncnlyne omakpijzdd kdit ditajl ijh mujtajl, tmd ippcaoitanj ne mas ajsalmts tn tmd mnkajahrdick hnds jnt hastdr ernk trihatanjic rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl bisdh nj i strialmtenrwirh

59 Rdodjtcy, _tijenrh mis pubcasmdh tmdsd vadws aj i pnpucir vncukd (_tijenrh 9111) wmdrd pmrisajlkiy smirpdr, but rdisnjajl knrd smiccnw.



2=4

prngdotanj ernk tmd snurod njtn tmd tirldt nj tmd bisas ne snkd akkdhaitd nr issukdhsakaciraty. Xd kdrd prdsdjod ne i pirtaoucir triat iknjl omakpijzdds wis su oadjtrdisnj tn ittrabutd at tn tmd mnkajahs. n _tijenrh, mnkajahs wdrd issukdh tn mujt, tnonnpdritd aj tmas iotavaty ijh tn smird tmd nbtiajdh ennh ”lavdj tmd systdkitao noourrd

ne icc tmrdd ne tmdsd bdmivanrs aj omakpijzdds (ijh tmdrdenrd tmdar ca`dcamnnh amnkajahs)‑ (91157 15). Xd rdvdrsd wis icsn trud7 tmd ibsdjod ne tmd rdquardh triantmdr dxtijt prakitds haspdccdh tmdk ernk tmd stuhy. _ykptnkitao aj tmas rdspdot wi_tijenrh‑s dxocusanj ne bnjnbns sakpcy bdoiusd ”tmdy ippdir tn mujt cdss erdqudjtcy tmhn omakpijzdds‑ (91157 1<). Rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl ne tmas snrt hdvncvds ajtn ij dxdraj oaroucir rdisnjajl7 wd stuhy omakpijzdds bdoiusd wd issukd mujtajl tn bd akpnr-tijt aj mukij dvncutanj, ijh bdoiusd omakpijzdds mujt wd siy tmit dircy mnkajahskust mivd bddj hnajl tmas is wdcc. Xas wis tmd sikd snrt ne oarouciraty snoaic dvncutasts ca`d ycnr mih bddj luacty ne. Xdy tnn mih issukdh snkdtmajl tn bd prakatavd bdoiusd at cnn`dh prakatavd. _uom rdisnjajl onjsasts ne i ocissaoic pdtatan prajoapaa wmdrdby

tmit wmit smnuch bd prnvdj as usdh is ij irlukdjt ne prnne.52

Dvdj ae _tijenrh‑s pipdronjocuhdh watm i cast ne ”mypntmdsds tn bd tdstdh‑ ijh snkd ”eujhikdjtic hastdrdjodstwddj tmd kdit ditajl ne knhdrj omakpijzdds ijh tmit ne dvncvajl Vcanodjd mnkajahs‑(96=), tmd prdodhajl sdce-euc ccajl prnpmdoy onuch jn cnjldr bd ujhnjd. _urdcy, ae wijt tn cdirj ibnut tmd nralaj ijh struoturd ne dircy mnkajah mujtajl, at oijjnt su odtn stuhy njd spdoads wmaom mippdjs tn priotaod mujtajl ijh tn jdlcdot ijntmdr pmycnldjdtaoiccy dquiccy ocnsd spdoads wmaom hnds jnt. Xd cnw erdqudjoy ne mujtajl ikbnjnbns as is akpnrtijt is ats malm erdqudjoy iknjl omakpijzdds.

Knnrd ijh KoLrdw tnn` knrd subtcd stijhpnajts aj tmit tmdy siw tmd pntdjtaic neonjodptuic knhdccajl but wirjdh tmit tmas wis ”i ynujl, hdvdcnpajl ijh stacc ujodrtiaj

dch‑ (Knnrd 91157 2=4). Aj ijtaoapitanj ne knrd kiturd ippcaoitanjs, rdedrdjtaic knh-dcs rdkiajdh i vicuibcd snurod ne ajenrkitanj7 tmdy sulldstdh akpnrtijt jdw ahdis ijhmdcpdh tn enrkucitd mypntmdsds ibnut dircy mnkajah bdmivanur wmaom onuch bdajhdpdjhdjtcy.5? ”Xd kiaj ihvijtild ne i rdedrdjtaic knhdc,‑ wratds KoLrdw (91127911), ”as ats onjordtdjdss, dspdoaiccy ernk tmd vadwpnajt ne dkparaoic tdstajl.‑ Kn(91157 2<=) ihhdh7 ”At oij ldjdritd i hdtiacdh sodjiran ernk wmaom tdstibcd prdhtanjs oij bd hdravdh.‑ dstajl wis wmit gusta dh tmd eurtmdr usd ne rdedrdjtaic knh(ictmnulm at wis i stdp wmaom bntm KoLrdw ijh Knnrd jdvdr tnn`). Xas rdcaijod njtdstibacaty wacc icsn bd enujh watm tmd dircy Jdw Iromidncnlasts wmn bdcadvdh tmjnt kittdr wmdrd tmd mypntmdsas oikd ernk (ijicnly, dkpitmy, nr eijtisy) is cnjl is atwis ajhdpdjhdjtcy vdra dh aj tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh. Dvdj Knnrd wmn prdsdjtdh tknst subtcd hdedjod ne rdedrdjtaic knhdcs‘md dvdj kdjtanjdh tmd hasoussanj nj ijic-nly aj cnlao ijh iromidncnly‘jdvdr kihd tmd knvd ernk tdstibcd tn tdstdh mypntmdsas.Xas as ujenrtujitd bdoiusd at wnuch mivd kihd ocdir kijy ne tmd ha ouctads suom tdsajl prnlrikkd rij ajtn. Aj iromidncnly, Mnhhdr ijh \ycad irludh tmit suom tdsts rirdcy

52 Aj cnlaoic tdrks wd oij siy tmit tmddxpcijijhuk as usdh is ats nwjdxpcijijs .5? Bdoiusd ne tmdar rdcaijod nj sakaciraty, jdn-rdedrdjtaic knhdcs, ca`d tmd dircadr njds, wdrd icsn str

cakatdh tn tmd pdranh ne tmd pnjlah-mnkajah trijsatanj. Aj iromidncnly tmas wis jnt tmd oisd. Iprdmastnraij ca`d _tdvd Katmdj (9118) onuch disacy ajvn`d jnjmukij prakitds tn tic` ibnutMnkndrdotusaj Bratiaj sajod akkdhaitd sakaciraty wis jnt bdcadvdh tn bd orataoic.



2=5

iknujt tn knrd tmij ajhaoitajl eurtmdr sakaciratads bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt. I trucyajhdpdjhdjt ijh onjocusavd tdst as jdvdr watmaj rdiom.

At as jnt disy tn ujhdrstijh tmd njlnajl pnpuciraty ne rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl ietdrtmd mdivy orataquds ijh tmd vaibcd ictdrjitavds enrkucitdh aj tmd citd 91=6s. Virt ne tmd

ha oucty cads aj tmd eiot tmit at as suom i rdodjt pmdjnkdjnj, kiàjl ats akpnrtijodha ouct tn issdss. Mnwdvdr, odrtiaj eiotnrs oij bd prnpnsdh dvdj ae tmdy ird ritmdr dxtdr-jicast njds. Earstcy, at as jntaodibcd tmit knst ne tmd rdodjt ihvnoitds (KoLrdw, Knnrd,_tijenrh) ird somncirs watm dxtdjsavd dchwnr` dxpdradjod watm omakpijzdds0 ajhddh,icc ”jdn-rdedrdjtaic knhdcs‑ ird aj eiot omakpijzdd knhdcs.58 At as jnt ujca`dcy tmit tmdstrnjl ioquiajtijod watm tmd ijakic wmaom mis sn cnjl bddj eivnurdh is tmd bdst knhdcprdvdjts tmdsd iutmnrs ernk cnnàjl it ntmdr spdoads (KoLrdw, pdrs. onkk.), cdt icnjdioodptajl rdodjt ociaks tmit suom knhdcs smnuch bd ibijhnjdh ictnldtmdr. _donjhcy,icc ”rdedrdjtaic‑ hdedjhdrs onkd ernk i bio`lrnujh aj Jnrtm-Ikdraoij prakitncnly(KoLrdw, Knnrd, _tijenrh, Iccdj, Yuaitt, Mustkij), wmdrdis kijy prnpnjdjts ne

ictdrjitavds datmdr onkd ernk nutsahd Jnrtm-Ikdraoi (\rijlmik, Encdy, Cdd, Hujbir)nr nutsahd prakitncnly ( nnby, Cnvdgny, Vntts, _dpt).54 Ij dvdj knrd rdkntd nutsahdrca`d Raomirh Hiwàjs, enr ajstijod, onuch mippacy jntd7 ”Xd vdry ahdi ne tiàjl ijakicstn bd rncd knhdcs, is aj tmd bdstairads, as i padod ne bih pndtao soadjod. Ijakics ird jnttmdrd tn bd rncd knhdcs, tmdy ird tmdrd tn survavd ijh rdprnhuod‑ (911=7 299). Xd tdjio-aty ne rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl rddots pdrmips tmd spdoaic jiturd ne Ikdraoij prakitncnlywmaom, ujca`d ats Durnpdij pdjhijt, stirtdh is i brijom watmaj ijtmrnpncnly watm tmddxpcaoat ajodjtavd tn cdirj ibnut mukij dvncutanj dspdoaiccy by onjstruotajl knhdcs(Edhalij ijh _truk 911<). Ae tmas as trud, tnhiy‑s hasoussanj nj tmd prns ijh onjs nerdedrdjtaic knhdcs wnuch ln bio` tn tmd vdry nralajs ne prakitd knhdccajl jdircy mice iodjtury iln.

Bdynjh sajlcd-spdoads knhdcs

md hasonursd nj prakitd knhdcs aj tmd cist hdoihd mis bddj kuom knrd brijomdhtmij dvdr bdenrd. Ritmdr tmij bdajl omiriotdrazdh by tmd nrtmnhnxy ne njd sajlcd-spdoads knhdc (ca`d bibnnjs aj tmd 9156s ijh omakpijzdds aj tmd 91<6s), havdr-saty ne npajanj as cirld ijh kijy assuds rdkiaj ujsdttcdh. md prnenujh hnubtsiliajst rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl, icrdihy usmdrdh aj tmd orataquds nj tmd bnjnbn knh-dc, wdrd i pmisd ne eujhikdjtic rdecdotanj ernk wmaom sdvdric ictdrjitavds sprnut-

dh. I @umjaij tdrkajncnly onuch ippcy mdrd7 ietdr tmd eiacurd ne tmd bnjnbnknhdc, tmd pdranh ne jnrkic soadjod wmaom enccnwdh ij ioodptdh prnodhurd ca`drdedrdjtaic knhdccajl wis ajtdrruptdh enr eujhikdjtic, tmdnrdtaoic hasoussanj0tmas hah jnt akkdhaitdcy cdih tn i jnvdc pirihalk but tn i kuom knrd havdrsaeadh,

58 Xd tdrk ”jdn-rdedrdjtaic‑ as gusta dh tn sdt tmdsd rdodjt omakp knhdcs ipirt ernk tmd sajlcd-spdoadsknhdcs tmit oikd bdenrd. Ipirt ernk KoLrdw, icc ihvnoitds wdrd jdw tn tmd hdbitd, tmdy icc rdiotdhiliajst nnby ijh HdUnrd, ijh tmdy hastdrdh prnenujhcy ernk tmd dircadr omakp knhdcs. ijjdr ijhWamckij usdh omakpijzdds tn hastrdss tmd akpnrtijod ne mujtajl, _tijenrh usdh tmdk tn dkpmisazdat.

54 \rijlmik (tmnulm jnw wnràjl aj Mirvirh), Hujbir, Encdy ijh Cdd bdcnjl tn tmd Bratasm somnncne dtmncnly0 nnby as ij dvncutanjiry psyomncnlast, Cnvdgny i bancnlaoic ijtmrnpncnlast, Vntts ijh_dpt ird iromidncnlasts.



2=<

pncypirihalkitao pdranh (pmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj, bdmivanuric doncnly, dtmnir-omidncnly) wmdrd dvdj hdedjods ne tmd nch pirihalk, a.d. rdedrdjtaic knhdccawdrd stacc rdlucircy vnaodh. Aj tmd ibsdjod ne i ldjdriccy ioodptdh jdw pirihal(nr aj tmd trijsatanj tnwirhs at), i viradty ne tmdnrads, kdtmnhs, ijh rdcdvijt hiti

sdts burldnjdh.Aj cnlaoic tdrks, tmd orataoask dxprdssdh aj tmd @ajzdy vncukd rdpditdhcy oradh tmd cio` ne onjodrj enr rdcdvijod aj tmd issdsskdjt ne sakaciraty bdtwddsnurod ijh tirldt. _akaciratads wdrd siah tn bd supdreaoaic nr issukdh0 tmdrd wis jwiy ne mijhcajl nbsdrvdh haeedrdjods0 tmdrd wis jn wiy ne dvicuitajl tmd haeedjt prakitd knhdcs iviacibcd. Orataos is`dh enr prnodssds ijh prajoapcds, jnt stitaosakaciratads, wmaom wnuch iccnw tn ki`d mukij ujaqudjdssds vasabcd ritmdr tmnbsourajl tmdk by wmncdsicd prngdotanjs.

Buachajl nj tmit orataqud, pmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj wis ij ittdkpt tn strdjltm-dj tmd ijicnly by dxpijhajl tmd snurod7 bntm tmd jukbdr ijh tmd viradty ne spd-

oads ujhdr onjsahdritanj wdrd djmijodh. n rdoipturd tmd wnrhs by wmaom Encijh Cdd hdedjhdh tmdar pmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj7 ”at as jnt ajhavahuic spdoads tird bdajl usdh tn hdtdrkajd tmd ijodstric stitd (aj tmd enrk ne ij ijicnlud knhdc),but tmd nvdricc pittdrj ne viraibacaty‑ (91157 4<). By iccnwajl i lrditdr jukbdrijh i lrditdr havdrsaty ne spdoads aj tmd snurod ijicnlud, substijtaic pittdrjajlwis snulmt ajstdih ne rijhnk sakaciraty. md eiot tmit spdoads aj tmd snurod ijhtirldt wdrd pmycnldjdtaoiccy rdcitdh njcy disdh tmd ittrabutanj ne omiriotdrs erntmd njd tn tmd ntmdr.

Bdmivanuric doncnlasts akprnvdh tmd ijicnlaoic irlukdjts by i haeedrdjtkdijs, jikdcy by stuhyajl tmd oiusic onjjdotanjs watmaj tmd snurod. Ae pmycn-ldjdtao onkpirasnj hdsorabdh tmd dxastdjod ne i onrrdcitanj nj tmd snurod sahdbdmivanuric doncnly ittdkptdh tn ioonujt enr at. At enousdh nj tmd vdrtaoic rdcitane oiusicaty aj tmd mnpd ne bdajl ibcd tn prdhaot snoaic bdmivanur aj tmd pist ei jukbdr ne lavdj viraibcds‘ij ikbatanj wmaom mis bddj rirdcy put onjvajoajlcyajtn priotaod. Dvdj ae i snurod wis ujhdrstnnh aj tdrks ne oiusicaty, tmd ujaenrka-tiraij issukptanj tmit tmd sikd oiusds wdrd icsn it wnr` aj tmd pist wis mirh tnprnvd. Jdvdrtmdcdss, bdmivanuric doncnlasts strdssdh, ca`d \ycad mih hnjd bdetmit at wis akpnssabcd tn usd i snurod aj ij ijicnly nr knhdc watmnut pranr ujhdr-stijhajl ne ats ajtdrjic oiusic kdomijask.

_dpt‑s dtmniromidncnly icsn wnr`dh nj tmd jntanjs ne oiusicaty ijh ujaenrka-tiraijask. By smnwajl tmit vdry haeedrdjt bdmivanuric prnodssds onuch prnhuosakacir kitdraic rdsucts, smd prnvahdh i oiutanjiry ticd nj tmd onkpcdx rdcitanj-smaps bdtwddj stitaos ijh hyjikaos. mnulm mdr snurod wis rdstraotdh tn njcy njdspdoads, mdr ajtdrdst wis aj tmd oiusic prajoapcds lnvdrjajl tmd enrkitanj ne tmiromidncnlaoic rdonrh.

dstajl wis tmd strdjltmdjajl hdvaod sulldstdh by tmnsd wmn onjtajudh tnwnr` watm rdedrdjtaic knhdcs. Jddhcdss tn rdpdit, tdstajl as jnt i kdijs tn akprnvdtmd ijicnly but tn vdraey ij ijicnlaoic ajedrdjod. dstajl enousds nj tmd trutm netmd onjocusanj, jnt nj tmd vicahaty ne tmd irlukdjt. Is suom, at as rdpcdtd watm tmd haeeaouctads nutcajdh aj Omiptdr 9.



2==

Dxpijhajl tmd jukbdr ne snurod onjtdxts, djmijoajl tmd viradty ne snurodonjtdxts, dstibcasmajl oiusic caj`s aj nrhdr tn issdss tmd rdcdvijod ne sakaciratads,tdstajl ijicnlaoic ajedrdjods7 tmd hasonursd nj prakitd knhdccajl aj tmd cist hdo-ihd rdihs ca`d tmd ijicnly omiptdr aj i tdxtbnn` nj ajhuotavd cnlao. Haeedrdjt

wiys ne rdajenroajl ijicnlads wdrd systdkitaoiccy dxpcnrdh jnw tmit tmd iknujt nesakaciraty wis jn cnjldr tmd sncd oratdranj enr omnnsajl knhdcs. Kiuraod Hnrnccdwrntd at icrdihy aj 91817 ”Cd jnkbrd hds rdssdkbcijods jd sueeat hnjo pis ‑ (981).

Onjocusanjs \mdjdvdr stuhyajl ij dpasnhd aj tmd mastnry ne soadjod, tmdrd as icwiys tmd pateiccne omiriotdrazajl at tmrnulm ats knst dxtrdkd stitdkdjts‘vdry netdj tmd njds citdrorataquds ijh tdxtbnn`s mivd rdaeadh ajtn tmd rdodavdh oiraoiturd ynujldr ldjdri-tanjs ne rdsdiromdrs lrnw up watm. md prdodhajl sdotanjs, mnwdvdr, mivd djhdiv-

nurdh tn juijod suom somdkitao paoturd ne tmd mastnry ne prakitncnly. Ritmdr tmijcukpajl tnldtmdr tmas viraibacaty aj tmd onjvdjadjt enrk ne i eajic onjocusanj, atkalmt bd knrd usdeuc tn ln tmrnulm tmd sax ijicnlaoic strdjltm oratdrai, is wd mivdhnjd prdvanuscy, aj nrhdr tn rdvdic tmd haeedrdjods.

Xmd strdjltm ne prakitd knhdcs

Aj tdrks nejukbdr ne snurods sukknjdh, jdircy icc prakitd knhdcs, ernk tmd dir-cadst bibnnj onkpirasnjs tn tmd knst rdodjt omakp knhdcs, wdrd onjeajdh tn isajlcd spdoads7 tmd ldcihi, tmd wnce, tmd onkknj omakpijzdd, tmd bnjnbn‘dvdjtmd bibnnj knhdc, tmnulm rdedrrajl tn ij djtard ldjus, wis cirldcy bisdh nj stuh-ads ne tmd sajlcd spdoads ne ncavd bibnnjs (Vipan ijubas ). Omakpijzdds wdrd by eirtmd knst pnpucir snurod ne ajsparitanj7 ipirt ernk tmdar ubaquatnus rncd aj tmdedkajast dvncutanjiry sodjiran, tmdy ealurdh aj kijy ntmdr rdonjstruotanjs, aj tmdedw dtmniromidncnlaoic oisd stuhads, aj Cnvdgny‑s bdmivanuric doncnly ne dircy mn-kajahs ijh aj icc jdn-rdedrdjtaic knhdcs. Njcy twn ipprniomds havdrldh ernk tmaspittdrj ijh strdjltmdjdh tmdar ijicnly by ajordisajl tmd jukbdr ne snurods7 tmdsnoaic oirjavnrd knhdc, pirtaoucircy tmd prnpnsics by _omiccdr ijh Cnwtmdr (9151)ijh @ajl (91<40 91<50 91=6) wmn irludh tmit tmd ajocusanj ne oirjavnrds lrditcydxpijhdh tmd snurod ijicnlud, ijh tmd pmycnldjdtao onkpirasnjs nr ocihastaos nebdmivanur (\rijlmik 91=<0 Lmalcadra 91=<0 Oikdrnj 911?) wmaom cnn`dh enrsmirdh triats iornss i lrdit jukbdr ne prakitd tixi.

Xas prdhacdotanj tn enous nj i sajlcd prakitd spdoads as snkdwmit surprasajl. Neonursd, ”dxpdrts nj ipd bdmivanr ca`d tn ociak tmit tmdar subgdots ird tmd njcy nr bdstknhdc ne tmd cist onkknj ijodstnr‑ (Hd \iic aj _tijenrh 911=7 86<) but tmd onjsd-qudjod ne suom ”ky-nwj-spdoads syjhrnkd‑ oij bd lrivd. Mnkajazitanj wis i prnodsstmit tnn` pciod nvdr sdvdric kaccanjs ne ydirs, i prnodss wmaom by hd jatanj akpcadhomijld ijh viraitanj ijh wmaom ajvncvdh kijy spdoads. nhiy, tmdrd ird mirhcy 266dxtijt prakitd spdoads tn knhdc tmas viradh prnodss. Vrakitd viraibacaty as tmus cakatdh



2=1

tn i rdcitavdcy skicc sikpcd tmit as dvdj ripahcy hasippdirajl. Xd hdoasanj tn enous nj sajlcd spdoads as, tmdrdenrd, sakpcy pdrjaoanus.55

Is ij nbvanus onjsdqudjod, tmdviradty ne snurod onjtdxtswis icsn cirldst ajtmdsd twn ipprniomds. Vmycnldjdtao onkpirasnjs djmijodh tmd viradty by cnnà

it icc Ieraoij lrdit ipds ritmdr tmij i sajlcd spdoads. I knrd rdodjt stuhy nj tmdnralajs ne jdstajl bdmivanur dvdj ippcadh tmd kdtmnh tn icc cavajl prakitd spd-oads, ajocuhajl tmd prnsakaijs (@ippdcdr 911=). Ipirt ernk tmd bnjnbn ijh tmdomakp, tmd liciln ijh tmd iyd iyd ird jnw ajocuhdh aj tmd snurod. _noaic oirjavnrdknhdccdrs, tnn, wnr`dh ernk i viradh snurod bisd7 tmdy ajocuhdh ijakics is havdrsis tmd wnce, tmd mydji ijh tmd canj ijh tmdy dvdj kihd rdedrdjod tn jnjmukijprakitds ijh onjtdkpnriry mujtdr-litmdrdrs. Ocdircy, tmd strdjltm ne oiusic pit-tdrjs nbsdrvdh aj tmd snurod as lrditcy ajordisdh ae at mnchs iornss i viradty ne snonjtdxts. At as surprasajl, tmdrdenrd, tmit knst prakitd knhdcs mivd stuo` tn snuroonjtdxts is mnknldjdnus is pnssabcd.

Ajordisajl tmdjukbdr ne sakaciratads bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt as ij netdj aj-vn`dh stritdly enr akprnvajl ijicnlads. mas, mnwdvdr, wis jnt icwiys hnjd. mddircadst bibnnj stuhads, enr dxikpcd, wnr`dh earst ijh enrdknst ernk nbsdrvdh hae-edrdjods bdtwddj bibnnjs ijh mukijs, sajod tmdsd onuch ajhaoitd tmd trigdotnryne mukij dvncutanj ernk ats prakitd substritd. Knhdcs bisdh nj snoaic oirjavnrdsijh ldcihis, tnn, hah jnt sdd` tn djmijod tmd iknujt ne nbsdrvdh sakaciraty aj istraotcy quijtatitavd sdjsd but ritmdr enousdh nj i sajlcd triat ne suppnsdhcy rdcdvijt rdsdkbcijod (aj subsastdjod doncnly nr hdjtic knrpmncnly). At wis njcywatm tmd omakpijzdd ijh bnjnbn knhdc tmit tmd hdlrdd ne nvdricc sakaciraty boikd tmd hnkajijt oratdranj, dvdj tn tmd dxtdjt tmit i enrk ne quisa-ahdjtaty wissnulmt aj nrhdr tn iccnw wmncdsicd prngdotanjs ernk snurod tn tirldt. Icc snrts nsakaciraty (bdmivanuric, banomdkaoic, knrpmncnlaoic, doncnlaoic, dto.) wdrd sukknjdh. Hurajl tmd subsdqudjt orasas ne rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl, tmd orataos rdiotdh prdoasdcy upnj tmas nvdr-rdcaijod nj tmd quijtaty ne sakaciraty ajstdih ne quicaty. Vmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj, bdmivanuric doncnly ijh dtmniromidncnly wdicc ittdkpts tn knvd bdynjh tmd oratdranj ne jukdraoic rdsdkbcijod aj nrhdr tneajh snkd rdcdvijt pittdrjajl‘i tdjhdjoy jnw rdvdrsdh by tmd knst rdodjt hd-edjods ne rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl.

I sakacir pittdrj as tijlabcd aj tmd wiy haeedrdjt knhdccdrs hdict watm tmdtmnrjy assud nehassakaciraty . Mdrd tnn, at sddks tmit tmd knhdcs bisdh nj bibnnjs,ldcihis ijh oirjavnrds is wdcc is tmd knrd rdodjt orataoic ictdrjitavds onuch mippaconpd watm hassakaciraty by hastajluasmajl bdtwddj ”struoturd-vancitajl‑ nr ”strturd-prdsdrvajl‑ haeedrdjods (Mnccijh dt ic. 91=57 211), wmdrdis tmd omakpijzijh bnjnbn knhdccdrs, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, onjsahdrdh dvdry enrk ne hassakacir-aty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt is uctakitdcy wdi`djajl tmd irlukdjt. Is cnjl istmd iknujt ne sakaciraty as tmd sncd vicahitajl oratdranj, ocdircy, ijy haeedrdjodsddj is tmrditdjajl. md vdry nppnsatd wis trud enr tmd snoaic oirjavnrd knhdc n_omiccdr ijh Cnwtmdr (9151)7 tmd haeedrdjod tmdy jntdh bdtwddj jnoturjic mujta

55 Cnoìrh wis ralmt wmdj md siah7 ”Xdrd ird tnn edw ipd spdoads, diom tnn spdoaicazdh, enr disy utmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh‑ (Cnoìrh 91<97 9<<).



216

iknjl oirjavnrds ijh haurjic mujtajl iknjl mukijs hah jnt wdi`dj butstrdjltmdjdh tmd irlukdjt‘dircy mnkajahs onuch eacc aj ij doncnlaoic jaomd nehiytakd mujtajl, i pdranh hurajl wmaom snoaic oirjavnrds wdrd jnjiotavd. Iutmnrswmn pao`dh up tmd orataoask ne tmd @ajzdy vncukd ilrddh tmit haeedrdjods wdrd is

ajstruotavd is sakaciratads7 ” mit cdivds us watm tmd ictdrjitavd ne tryajl tn cdirjwmit wd oij by dxikajajl onkpiritavdcy bntm sakaciratads ijh haeedrdjods aj tmdbdmivanrs ne knhdrj prakitds‑ (_omubdrt 91197 =). Aj ijy oisd, at wis ocdir tmit”haeedrdjods bdtwddj twn spdoads oijjnt bd dxpciajdh by ti`ajl njd ne tmdk is iknhdc enr tmdar cist onkknj ijodstnr‑ (Oirtkacc 91167 9=1).

mnulm tmd omakpijzdd ijh bnjnbn knhdcs knstcy rdcadh nj tmd oratdranj nesakaciraty, at wnuch bd drrnjdnus tn issukd tmit tmdy hah jnt onjsahdr assuds nerdcdvijod . Ne onursd, tmdy hah‘but at wis ijntmdr hdeajatanj ne rdcdvijod tmijwatm tmd prdvanus knhdcs. md ”kiturd‑ bibnnj knhdc (is at ippdirdh aj tmd 915?pipdr by HdUnrd ijh \ismburj ijh by icc citdr tdxtbnn`s ijh pnpucir ioonujts)

ijh tmd snoaic oirjavnrd knhdc wdrd bntm bisdh nj ij doncnlaoic ijicnly7 snoaicbdmivanur wis tmd rdsuct ne djvarnjkdjtic pirikdtdrs, ujhdrstnnh aj tdrks ne dit-ajl nr bdajl ditdj (ennh iviacibacaty vdrsus prdhitnr strdss). Akpnrtijt haeedrdjodsjntwatmstijhajl‘ioonrhajl tn tmd oirjavnrd knhdc, dircy mnkajahs mih bddjprdhitnrs but ioonrhajl tn tmd bibnnj knhdc, tmdy mih bddj prdy ijakics‘tmdrdwis i smirdh onjvaotanj ne i njd-tn-njd ritan bdtwddj bdmivanur ijh doncnly.Ajhddh, `jnwajl tmd subsastdjod ijh tmd djvarnjkdjt wis aj eiot djnulm tn prd-haot tmd snoaic nrlijazitanj.

md rdvdrsd wis trud watm tmd omakp ijh bnjnbn knhdc wmaom rdpciodh donc-nly enr pmycnldjy is tmd rdcdvijt oratdranj. md bdcade tmit tmdrd wis ijy sajlcdonrrdspnjhdjod bdtwddj bdmivanur ijh doncnly mih bddj sdranuscy ujhdrkajdhjnw tmit prakitd viraibacaty stirtdh tn bd bdttdr ujhdrstnnh7 trijsedr ne bdmiv-anuric ittrabutds onuch bd jn cnjldr dxdoutdh nj tmd bisas ne i mijheuc ne doncnla-oic viraibcds. Ajstdih, tmd stujjajl hdlrdds ne ldjdtao ieeajaty bdtwddj omakps,bnjnbns ijh mukijs wmaom banomdkasts mih hasonvdrdh, kihd at kuom knrd usd-euc tn cnn` it tmdsd pmycnldjdtaoiccy ocnsd iccads. Jnt i smirdh djvarnjkdjt, but ismirdh sdt ne ldjds ciy it tmd bisd ne tmdsd knhdcs, ijh mdjod ij nvdricc sakacir-aty aj ijitnky ijh bdmivanur. Ietdr tmit, tmd tdjsanj bdtwddj ij doncnlaoic ijhpmycnldjdtao ujhdrstijhajl pdrkditdh ajtn tmd subsdqudjt orasas ne rdedrdjtaicknhdccajl7 bdmivanuric doncnly strdssdh tmd doncnlaoic onkpnjdjt wmdrdis oci-hastaos ne bdmivanur wis knrd turjdh tnwirhs tmd pmycnldjdtao onkpnjdjt (tmdwnr` by Encdy ijh Cdd (91=1) bdajl i rird ittdkpt tn rdonjoacd bntm). Rdcdvijodwis odrtiajcy ij assud it sti`d tmrnulmnut tmd djtard hdbitd nj prakitd knhdccajl,tmnulm at ajordisajlcy cdet nut tmd hasoussanj nj oiusicaty aj tmd snurod. Ietdr tmdnptakask ne tmd doncnlaoic knhdccdrs wmn mih onkd up watm ij ujikbalunus ijhujaenrkatiraij oiusicaty, tmdrd wis cdss ijh cdss onjeahdjod tmit suom sakpcd onr-rdcitanjs rdiccy dxastdh. Djukdritajl ca`djdssds bdoikd knrd pnpucir tmij sub-stijtaitajl tmdar rdcdvijod.

Eajiccy, mnw hah prakitd knhdcs bicijod tmdwdalmt ne tmd onjocusanj iliajsttmd wdalmt ne tmd prdkasds> Ipirt ernk i edw dxodptanjs, tmd ijswdr as7 bihcy.Jdircy icc knhdcs wdrd eir tnn ikbatanus aj tmdar ajedrdjods ne tmd pist nj tmd



219

bisas ne wmit tmdy mih. mas as jnt gust trud ne tmd prngdotavd knhdcs wmn wtn lavd i vasuicazdh akild ne tmd pist (ca`d tmd kiturd bibnnj knhdc, tmd omak-pijzdd knhdc ijh tmd bnjnbn knhdc), but icsn ne tmd knrd irlukdjtitavd enrksca`d knst oirjavnrd knhdcs ijh rdodjt ictdrjitavds. mdy icc ittdkptdh tn lavd ij

djonkpissajl vadw ne tmd `dy omiriotdrastaos ne snoaic caed it i odrtiaj stild ne mkij dvncutanj, netdj ecij`dh by ij dvncutanjiry sodjiran ne mnw dircy mnkajahsknvdh nj ernk tmit stild njwirhs. mit as i cnt ne ajtdrprdtitanj tn rdst upnj itdrrdstraic mibatit, i mujtajl subsastdjod, i onjvdrldjod aj HJI, nr edkicd akkn-bacaty tn jikd but i edw ne tmd prdkasds. mdrd ird njcy twn dxodptanjs tn tmas ptdrj. Gnccy‑s ldcihi knhdc wis knrd mukbcd aj tmit at njcy wijtdh tn hdhuod dircymnkajah hadt ernk i prdsdjt snurod (ictmnulm md hah jnt rderiaj maksdce ernkajvdjtajl ydt ijntmdr nralaj stnry ernk tmit bisd). Ijh _dpt‑s omakpijzdd piric-cdc sakpcy pnajtdh nut tmit vdry haeedrdjt bdmivanuric hyjikaos kalmt mivd bddrdspnjsabcd enr tmd enrkitanj ne tmd sn-oiccdh cavajl ecnnrs tmij tmd njds matm

issukdh. Nvdricc, mnwdvdr, tmd onjocusanjs hdravdh ernk tmd knhdccajl iotavalrditcy nutwdalmdh tmd prdkasds ne iviacibcd sakaciraty ijh oiusicaty.Cnn`ajl it tmd wiy prakitd knhdcs wdrd hdedjhdh ijh strdjltmdjdh, tmd mas-

tnry ne hdbitd oij bd rdoipatucitdh is enccnws. Aj i earst dpasnhd, wmaom rnulmcernk tmd dircy saxtads tn tmd kah-sdvdjtads, bibnnjs, snoaic oirjavnrds ijh ldcihiwdrd usdh tn hriw ajedrdjods ibnut tmd pist. md ipprniom onjsastdh ne ijicnla-oic rdisnjajl ernk eiarcy hastijt snurods (akpnrtdh ijicnluds), nj tmd bisas ne edwnbsdrvdh sakaciratads wmaom wdrd kihd rdcdvijt tmrnulm onjsahdritanjs ne dcnlaoic nr subsastdjod ijicnly, hassakaciratads aj tmas rdspdot jnt jdodssiracy bdstruoturd-vancitajl. I sdonjh dpasnhd, ernk tmd kah-sdvdjtads tn tmd kah-dalmtads, watjdssdh tmd dkdrldjod ijh pnpuciraty ne rdedrdjtaic knhdcs bisdh nj bntmomakpijzdd spdoads is i rdiotanj tn tmd tdxtbnn` vdrsanj ne tmd bibnnj knhdc.Mdrd, tmd ipprniom onjsastdh ne prngdotavd knhdccajl ernk ocnsd snurods (kijaeijicnluds), nj tmd bisas ne jukdrnus sakaciratads rdquardh by tmd prdkasd ne pmycnldjdtao mnkncnly. Hassakaciraty wis kuom knrd prnbcdkitao ijh sddj is struo-turd-vancitajl. \mdrdis aj tmd earst dpasnhd, dxtijt prakitd spdoads wdrd usdh enr pirtaic trijsedr ne ittrabutds tn dircy mnkajahs, aj tmd sdonjh dpasnhd (but icrdihyenrdsmihnwdh by tmd eajic viraijts ne tmd bibnnj knhdc) tmdsd spdoads turjdh ajwmncdsicd prngdotanjs njtn tmd pist. At as icsn aj tmas onjtdxt tmit tmd kdtipmne vasuicazitanj earst noours7 iknjl snkd wdcc omnsdj cavajl prakitds, njd onuch”sdd‑, ”ldt i paoturd‑ nr ”eajh ij akild‑ ne dircy mnkajah caed. Ernk tmd kah-dalmads njwirhs, suom dxtrdkd enrks ne rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl mivd bddj orataoazdh ijictdrjitavds wdrd snulmt, ictmnulm omakpijzdds ird stacc bdajl eivnurdh is ”tmd bknhdc iviacibcd‑.

I omijld aj ipprniom

\mit dxpciajs tmas kir`dh smaet aj rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl irnujh 91<4> \myhah sakaciraty bdonkd sn akpnrtijt ietdr tmit> _dvdric oiusds sddk tn mivd bddjit wnr`. Earstcy, at mis icrdihy bddj jntdh tmit tmd ajordisdh `jnwcdhld nj bd-

mivanuric viraibacaty bdtwddj ijh watmaj prakitd spdoads, netdj cavajl aj sakacir djvarnjkdjts, hasordhatdh i strialmtenrwirh doncnlaoic ipprniom ijh tmit tmd



212

hasonvdry ne ocnsd bankncdoucir ieeajaty bdtwddj mukijs ijh bntm omakpijzddspdoads eivnurdh i pmycnldjdtao pdrspdotavd. _ajod aj tmd doncnlaoic pirihalk (sddaj pirtaoucir Ornn` ijh Lirtcij 9155) i strnjl, ujikbalunus ijh ujaenrkatiraijoiusic onjjdotanj bdtwddj djvarnjkdjt ijh bdmivanur wis pnstucitdh, i kajakic

iknujt ne nbsdrvdh doncnlaoic sakaciraty wis djnulm tn gustaey tmd trijsedr ne it-trabutds ernk snurod tn tirldt. Lrditcy ajordisajl tmd iknujt ne sakaciraty hah jntihh tn tmd irlukdjt. Tjhdr tmd pmycnldjdtao pirihalk, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, somnc-irs cnn`dh iknjl dxtijt prakitds enr tmd ocnsdst ipprnxakitanj ne i enssac spd-oads, nr wmit tmdy oiccdh ”tmd bdst knhdc‑. But sajod twn spdoads ird jdvdr dxiotcytmd sikd (ntmdrwasd tmdy wnuch mivd bddj gust njd spdoads), at bdoikd i kittdrne irluajl tmit tmdy wdrd quisa-ahdjtaoic. md onjsdqudjod wis tmit issdrtajl tmdiknujt ne sakaciraty bdoikd tmd rdquardh enrk ne irlukdjtitanj aj tmd pmycnld-jdtao pirihalk. Hud tn tmd omijlajl jnwcdhld nj prakitd bdmivanur ijh ldjdt-aos, dircadr rdedrdjtaic knhdcs enousdh nj tmd vdrtaoic rdcitanj ne oiusicaty, wmacd tmd

citdr rdedrdjtaic knhdcs (tmd njds bisdh nj bntm omakpijzdd spdoads) wnr`dh njtmd mnraznjtic rdcitanj ne sakaciraty.mdrd as, mnwdvdr, i sdonjh rdisnj enr tmas smaet. \mdrdis tmd dircy rdedrdjtaic

knhdcs (prd-91<4) snulmt tn hriw ajedrdjods ibnut ispdots ne tmd pist, citdr rdedr-djtaic knhdcs (pnst-91<4) wdrd prdhnkajijtcy burhdjdh watm tmd tis` ne eajhajli lnnh knhdc. Dkpmisas smaetdh ernk tmd tirldt tn tmd snurod0 jn cnjldr tmd cdetsahd, but tmd ralmt sahd ne tmd ijicnlaoic somdkd bdoikd prnbcdkitao. \mdrdisdircadr somncirs mih bddj knrd ajtdrdstdh aj tmd kippajl ijh trijsedr pmisds netmd ijicnlaoic iclnratmk, citdr rdedrdjtaic knhdccdrs wdrd onjodrjdh watm tmd rd-tradvic pmisd. Aj tmas onjtdxt, at as akpnrtijt tn rdoicc tmd psyomncnlaoic dxpdrakdjtwmdrd stuhdjts wdrd is`dh ibnut kacatiry ajtdrvdjtanj aj ij ahdjtaoic wir satu-itanj wmnsd hdtiacs rdoiccdh \nrch \ir AA aj njd oisd ijh Uadtjik aj tmd ntmdr(Omiptdr 9). md rdpcads (pnsatavd aj tmd earst oisd, jdlitavd aj tmd sdonjh) vdrydcdlijtcy hdknjstritdh tmd akpnrtijod ne sureiod sakaciraty hurajl snurod sdcdo-tanj0 at wis njcy wmdj kippajl ijh trijsedr pmisds onkd ajtn pciy tmit knrdstruoturic sakaciraty wis onjsahdrdh. Ne onursd, tmdrd as quatd i haeedrdjod bdtwddj Ikdraoij ujhdrlrihuitd stuhdjts ajhavahuiccy rdspnjhajl tn i qudstanjjiard ietdrsnkd kajutds ne rdecdotanj ijh tmd kdtmnhs usdh aj i cnjl-stijhajl hasoussanjaj tmd mastnry ne prakitncnly. Jdvdrtmdcdss, at oijjnt bd iooahdjtic tmit sureiodsakaciraty pciydh suom akpnrtijt rncd it i takd wmdj tmd qudst enr i bdst knhdc(rdtradvic pmisd) stnnh malm nj tmd ildjhi ijh, ajvdrsdcy, tmit struoturd sakaciratywis knrd dssdjtaic it takds ne ajedrdjtaic kippajl ijh ittrabutd trijsedr is watmtmd dircy rdedrdjtaic knhdcs ca`d tmd ldcihi knhdc.

mdsd ajsalmts ernk onljatavd psyomncnly kalmt mdcp tn ociraey wmit mippdjdhirnujh 91<4‘i smaet ernk tmd kippajl ijh trijsedr pmisds tn tmd rdtradvic pmisd,ijh i onjonkatijt smaet ernk struoturic tn sureiod sakaciraty‘but tmdy hn jnt ydtdxpciajwmy tmas mippdjdh.

_n, tmarhcy, wd jddh tn pciod tmd omijld aj prakitd knhdccajl iliajst tmdbrnihdr onjtdxt ne smaetajl tmdnrads ibnut ijakic bdmivanur. md dircadr rdedrdj-taic knhdcs dkdrldh aj tmd onjtdxt ne snoandoncnly, tmd citdr njds aj tmd onjtdxtne snoanbancnly. _noandoncnly sdds tmd djvarnjkdjt is tmd `dy hdtdrkajijt tn



21?

bdmivanur, snoanbancnly tmaj`s bdmivanur as hravdj tmrnulm ldjdtao oicoucitamd earst enousds nj ennh (nj ditajl nr bdajl ditdj), tmd sdonjh nj sdx (nj onpu-

citajl nr jnt). md earst ti`ds tmd lrnup is tmd ujat ne ijicysas, tmd sdonjh tmdldjd. md earst tmaj`s aj tdrks ne lrnup survavic, tmd ntmdr aj tdrks ne ajhavahui

rdprnhuotavd suoodss. _ueeaod at tn onkpird tmd tatcds ne twn rdprdsdjtitavd bn@ukkdr‑s syjtmdtao knjnlripmVrakitd _noadtads wis subtatcdhLrnup domjaqudsne Doncnlaoic Ihiptitanj (91<9)0 Hd \iic‑s stuhy ne kicd hnkajijod ijh rdprn-huotavd stritdlads aj tmd Irjmdk omakpijzdd oncnjy ippdirdh ujhdr tmd tatcd7Omakpijzdd Vncataos7 Vnwdr ijh _dx iknjl Ipds (91=2). mus, tmd ldjdtao turjaj bancnly hah jnt njcy suppcy prakitncnlasts watm dvahdjod enr i vdry ocnsd ieajaty bdtwddj tmd lrdit ipds ijh mukijs, but icsn prnvahdh i jdw ijh pnwdr-euc tmdnry enr ujhdrstijhajl bdmivanur‘snoanbancnly. Gust ca`d \ismburj ijhHdUnrd, _omiccdr ijh Cnwtmdr ijh tmd tdxtbnn` wratdrs wdrd ittujdh tn Ornn`ijh Lirtcij‑s pirihalk ne ihiptavd rdcitanjsmaps bdtwddj snoaic nrlijazitanj ijh

djvarnjkdjt, sn hah ijjdr ijh Wamckij hrdw upnj snoanbancnlaoic prajoapcdssuom is ravdrs‑ jntanj ne pirdjtic ajvdstkdjt ijh sdxuic sdcdotanj.At wis iliajst tmd bio`lrnujh ne tmdsd smaetajl pirihalks tmit i omijld aj

nbsdrvitanj kdtmnhs icsn noourrdh. \mdrdis bibnnj somncirs hurajl tmd 9156smih bddj witomajl trnnps ne ijakics is i wmncd (netdj tmrnulm bajnoucirs nrernk tmd rnne ne tmd gddp), aj tmd dircy 91<6s ajhavahuic rdonljatanj ne diom kic tmrnulm cnjl-tdrk mibatuitanj, watm nr watmnut irtaeaoaic prnvasanjajl, bdoikd tmd jdw stijhirh (Oirpdjtdr mih bddj tmd earst tn hn tmas, Lnnhicc kihd atpnpucir tmrnulm tmd pdrsnjic jikds smd livd tn mdr omakps, G. Ictkijj (91<8)wrntd i ocissaoic nutcajd ne suom ajhavahuic sikpcajl kdtmnhs‘tmd pipdr as statmd bdst-quntdh pubcaoitanj aj prakitncnly tn hitd). _n dvdj aj tdrks ne hitilitmdrajl, tmd dkpmisas smaetdh ernk lrnup bdmivanur tn ajhavahuic bdmivanuAj tmd doncnlaoic pirihalk, bisao djvarnjkdjtic sakaciraty wis djnulm tn prdhaottmd snoaic systdk. Aj tmd snoanbancnlaoic pirihalk, at bdoikd jdodssiry tn strdpmycnldjdtao ieeajaty, ijitnkaoic rdsdkbcijod ijh bdmivanuric sakaciraty tn irludtmit tmd sikd sdcdotavd prnodssds npdritavd iknjl omakpijzdds wdrd icsn prdsdjwatm dircy mnkajahs.

Vrakitd knhdccajl, prakitncnly ijh iromidncnly

md hdbitd nj prakitd knhdccajl mis onjsahdribcy ictdrdh hurajl tmd cist micei odjtury, ijh sn mis ats pciod aj tmd rdst ne prakitncnly. Njod tmdriasnj h‑çtrd ne tmd ynujl soadjod oiccdh prakitncnly, at mis jnw dvncvdh ajtn njd iknjl tmdkijy atdks nj tmd hasoapcajd‑s rdsdirom ildjhi. At as pdrmips jn cnjldr tmd knstrdspdotdh ipprniom, but tmd prnkasd tmit stuhyajl prakitds kalmt dcuoahitd is-pdots ne mukij nralajs as stacc earkcy rnntdh aj tmd hasoapcajd‑s sdce-gustaeao \mdj Mnntnj onajdh tmd tdrk prakitncnly aj tmd kah-eaetads, at wis tn ajhaoitdi rdsdirom eadch wmaom hdict watm tmd stuhy ne prakitd bdmivanur aj tmd wactmd dxpcaoat ijtmrnpncnlaoic purpnsd ne ociraeyajl mukij dvncutanj. \ismburjakpcdkdjtdh tmit ijtmrnpncnlaoic sulldstanj, but mas stuhdjt HdUnrd rdgdotdh tmd

ijoacciry rncd issaljdh tn prakitncnly. Enr tmd 9156s ldjdritanj ne bibnnj dxpdrts



218

(tmd Ictkijjs, @ukkdr, Rnwdcc, Micc ijh HdUnrd maksdce), tmd ajtdrdst wis ajcavajl bibnnjs, jnt aj enssac bnjds. mdar rncd aj tmd pnpucirazitanj ne tmd bibnnjknhdc wis tmdrdenrd ritmdr kajakic.

Hurajl tmd twn enccnwajl hdoihds tmd pittdrj rdkiajdh knstcy tmd sikd.

Vrakitncnlasts hnoukdjtdh prakitd bdmivanur aj tmd wach but tmd knhdccajl busa-jdss wis netdj cdet tn somncirs ernk ntmdr hasoapcajds. mnulm omakpijzdd wnr`drsca`d Rdyjnchs, @nrtcijht, Lnnhicc ijh dcd`a smnwdh i hdoahdh ajtdrdst aj assudsne mukij dvncutanj, tmd knst vnoaedrnus prnpnjdjts ne i omakpijzdd knhdc oikdernk pmysaoic ijh edkajast ijtmrnpncnly. Hujbir wis pdrmips i rird dxodptanj nei priotasajl prakitncnlast wmn turjdh mas eadch hiti nj ldcihis ajtn ij irlukdjtnj mnkajah dvncutanj. Aj ldjdric, mnwdvdr, knst kiajstrdik prakitncnly netmdsd ydirs wis jnt onjodrjdh watm prakitd knhdccajl, jn kittdr mnw netdj eadchwnr`drs supdreaoaiccy ociakdh tmit tmdar spdoads wis ”tmd bdst knhdc‑. Cavajlstnjdjikdh tmd knujtiaj lnracci ”tmd knst pciusabcd ijodstnr‑ (91527 ?69)0 @ukkdr

onjsahdrdh tmd mikihryis bibnnj‑s njd-kicd ujat snoadty ”i bdttdr knhdc ne mu-kij snoaic struoturd tmij tmit ne tmd omakps‑ (91<97 942)0 Kio@ajjnj enujhtmd cnnsdcy-nrlijazdh onkkujaty systdk ne tmd _ukitrij nrijl-utijs ”tmd bdstonkknj knhdc‑ (91<=7 98<)0 KoLrdw, Bichwaj ijh utaj siw tmd npdj-onujtrycavajl omakpijzdds ne Kt. Issara` is ”tmd bdst iviacibcd knhdc enr ajedrrajl tmdprnodssds ne ihiptitanj aj nur ijodstnrs‑ (91=97 289). mdsd brade stitdkdjts smnwmnw eadch wnr`drs netdj sueedr ernk nrhajiry ”spdoads pitrantask‑, a.d. tmd bdcade ajtmd supdranraty ne tmd prakitd tmdy `jnw bdst tn rdvdic mukij nralajs‘i priotaodjnt rdstraotdh tn jnjmukij prakitds njcy ae wd kiy bdcadvd Ihraiij @nrtcijht(91=57 925)7

A oij rdoicc rdihajl suom stitdkdjts rdedrrajl tn ijakics rijlajl ernk ipds ijhbibnnjs tn wncvds ijh hnls, tn rits ijh dcdpmijts, tn sdics ijh hncpmajs, tn lddsd, luccs ijh onrknrijts, ijh jiccy tn bdds, ijts ijh tdrkatds.

mas spdoads pitrantask, nr wmit @nrtcijht jikdh ”picidnijtmrnpnknrpmask‑, asujhdrstijhibcd bdoiusd ”at as i prnkasajl irlukdjt enr eujh-riasajl ijh pubcao-aty‑ (@nrtcijht 91=57 925) ijh bdoiusd at rdvdics tmd hasprnpnrtanjitdcy cirld io-quiajtijod eadch wnr`drs mivd watm tmdar ”nwj spdoads‑.

md kah-dalmtads orasas aj rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl wis stddrdh by snkd praki-

tncnlasts ca`d _truk, \rijlmik ijh HdUnrd but knstcy by somncirs watm hae-edrdjt hasoapcajiry bio`lrnujhs7 nnby wis ij dvncutanjiry psyomncnlast, Vntts,Oikdrnj ijh _dpt wdrd iromidncnlasts, Cnvdgny, Encdy ijh Cdd bancnlaoic ijtmrn-pncnlasts. md jdn-rdedrdjtaic rdiotanj iliajst tmas orataoask oikd dxocusavdcy ernk Ikdraoij omakpijzdd dxpdrts but tmdar dkpmitao hdedjods ne i omakpijzdd knhdcicc ippdirdh aj ijtmrnpncnlaoic gnurjics ca`dOurrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly nr Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlast . Jnwihiys, prakitd knhdccajl as jn cnjldr tmd icpmi ijh nkdli netmd hasoapcajd ne prakitncnly but i onjtdjtanus znjd ne hasoussanj bdtwddj sdvdricrdsdirom trihatanjs.

At as tdccajl ne tmd hdbitd‑s sdqudstdrdh jiturd tmit jnjd ne tmd knhdcs mdrd hasoussdh

ippdirdh aj njd ne tmd enur cdihajl prakitncnlaoic gnurjics‘Ajtdrjitanjic Gnurjic neVrakitncnly , Ikdraoij Gnurjic ne Vrakitncnly ,Encai Vrakitncnlaoi , ijh Vrakitds ‘tmnulm



214

mukij dvncutanj wis dxpcaoatcy kdjtanjdh is ij irdi ne onjodrj aj tmd dhatnraic stitd-kdjts ne it cdist twn ne tmdk.5< Virt ne tmas ibsdjod as hud tn tmd eiot tmit tmdAGV ijh IGV njcy stirtdh tn ippdir irnujh 91=6, prdoasdcy it tmd takd wmdj rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl bdoikd hasordhatdh. \mdrdisEncai ijh Vrakitds wdrd bntm dstibcasmdh irnujh 9156, tmdy

bdcnjldh pdrmips tnn kuom tn tmdar Onjtajdjtic ijh Gipijdsd dtmncnlaoic trihatanjstn bd ajtdrdstdh aj suom Ikdraoij ajvdjtanj ca`d knhdccajl. Ijntmdr rdisnj as tmit tmdjituric soadjod enrkit ne icc tmdsd gnurjics (pirtaoucircy tmdar rdquardkdjt ne stitastaprnne) onuch bihcy ioonkknhitd tmd knrd spdoucitavd dvncutanjiry sodjirans bisdh njdxtijt prakitd spdoads. Is i onjsdqudjod, hdedjods ne rdedrdjtaic knhdcs ippdirdh ajntmdr pubcaoitanjs. Xdsd wdrd vdry netdj onjedrdjod prnoddhajls (icc \ismburj‑s pipdrwdrd pubcasmdh aj tmdsd, but tmaj` icsn ne tmd knrd rdodjt tmd @ajzdy vncukd), cdssknjnlripms ( ijjdr 91=9) but knstcy jnj-prakitncnlaoic pdranhaoics ca`d tmd edkajast gnurjic_aljs nr njd ne tmd kignr ijtmrnpncnlaoic gnurjics (pirtaoucircy Kij aj tmd dircysdvdjtads ijhOurrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly aj tmd cist hdoihd).Xd Gnurjic ne Mukij Dvncutanj

eujotanjdh is ij akpnrtijt enruk ujtac tmd citd dalmtads wmdj dhatnraic pncaoy smaetnwirhs i knrd strajldjt jituric soadjod ipprniom.Jiturd ijh _oadjod pubcasmdh tmrddirtaocds wmaom oiusdh kuom hdbitd (Wamckij dt ic. 91<=0 Cnvdgny 91=90 Encdy i91=1) but jnjd ne at wis prajtdh aj tmd lrdit prakitncnlaoic gnurjics. Xdsd pubcasmajlpncataos dpatnkazd mnw prakitncnly mih hasdjoukbdrdh atsdce ernk ats ijtmrnpncnlrnnts ijh mnw prakitd knhdccajl, njod tmd ajodjtavd tn tmit hasoapcajd, wis turjdh ajtni rdcitavdcy ajhdpdjhdjt irdi ne hasoussanj.

Hnds tmd eiot tmit knst irtaocds hdicajl watm prakitd knhdcs jnw ippdir ajkignr ijtmrnpncnlaoic gnurjics ajhaoitd i ldjuajd haicnlud ne prakitncnlastswatm picidnijtmrnpncnlasts ijh Vicidncatmao iromidncnlasts> md ijswdr as jdtavd. ”Ldjuajd ajtdrhasoapcajiry onccibnritanj,‑ KoLrdw wrntd aj mas hasoussanj_dpt‑s pipdr, ”bdtwddj prakitncnly, dspdoaiccy ne tmd Ieraoij ipds, ijh picidnij-tmrnpncnly, dspdoaiccy aj iromidncnly ijh doncnly, as cnjl nvdrhud‑ (aj _dpt 911291<). Virt ne tmd ibsdjod ne suom hdbitd stdks ernk ij akpcaoat hasilrddkdjt istn wmit onjstatutds tmd prakiry dvahdjod enr rdonjstruotajl mukij dvncutanj. Iromidncnlasts ijh picidnijtmrnpncnlasts (ca`d Vntts, ijh \matd ijh Gnmijsnjwmn on-iutmnrdh tmd Citakdr irtaocd) strdssdh tmd prakioy ne tmd enssac rdowmdrdis prakitncnlasts bdcadvd tmit cavajl prakitd systdks prnvahd i bdttdr stirtajl pnajt. mas oiusds i cnt ne kutuic kasujhdrstijhajl7 prakitncnlasts ird netdjpnnrcy eikacair watm tmd enssac ijh iromidncnlaoic rdonrh (d.l. aj tmd hasoussnj prakitd tnnc usd), wmdrdis iromidncnlaoic trditkdjts ne prakitncnlaoic eajhajlsird snkdtakds hdprdssajlcy akprdssanjastao (d.l. Katmdj 9118).

Hdspatd snkd rdodjt ittdkpts it brahlajl (oe. _dpt 91180 911=0 Rujoakij,Kiyjirh _katm ijh Hujbir 91150 _tddcd ijh _mdjjij 9115), tmd prnkasd neldjuajd ornss-edrtacazitanj ne ahdis sddks eurtmdr tmij dvdr jnw tmit iromidncnlasts mivd haspciodh tmd nralaj hasonursd tn tmd dkdrldjod ne ijitnkaoiccy knhdrj mukijs aj tmd Kahhcd Vcdastnodjd. \macd omakpijzdd ijh bnjnbn dxpdrtsrdiom eurtmdr ijh eurtmdr ajtn tmd pist, wdcc bdynjh tmd mnkajah-pnjlah spc

5< But sdd tmd tmdkd assud nj prakitd jdstajl ijh rdstajl aj i rdodjt vncukd ne Ikdraoij Gnurjic neVrakitncnly(911=, 85, 9) wmaom onjtiajdh tmd pipdrs by @ippdcdr ijh _dpt.



215

it 4 Kyr, Vicidncatmao iromidncnlasts mivd odjtrdh tmd hasoussanj nj mukij nralajstn i kuom knrd rdodjt hitd. md ocism bdtwddj tmd kucta-rdlanjic mypntmdsas ijhtmd rdpciodkdjt knhdc, tmd cirldst picidnijtmrnpncnlaoic ijh Vicidncatmao hdbitdne tmd cist hdoihds, odjtrdh nj tmit pdranh. md 9156s qudst enr ”tmd nralaj ne

kij‑ mis jnw bddj substatutdh by i brnih ajtdrdst aj ”tmd dkdrldjod ne knhdrjmukijs‑ ijh tmd ajtdrdst aj iustricnpatmdoajds mis bddj rdpciodh by i eisoajitanjwatm Jdijhdrtmics. _ajod tmd dxastajl prakitd knhdcs ird strnjlcy ldirdh tnwirhsdcuoahitajl nchdr pdranhs, ijh sajod knst iromidncnlasts ird bihcy iwird ne tmdprakitncnlaoic hasoussanj, i edoujh dxomijld ne ahdis as prnbibcy jnt tn bd rdic-azdh snnj. mas as odrtiajcy ujenrtujitd onjsahdrajl tmd iromidncnlaoic dxpdradjodwatm ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl ijh tmd raomjdss ne rdcdvijt prakitncnlaoic nbsdrvitanjsprakitncnlasts. \atm tmas rdkir`, mnwdvdr, wd mivd icrdihy dkbir`dh nj i onk-pirasnj ne hasoapcajds.



21<

Omiptdr 4

I onkpiritavd mastnry ne hdbitds

md tmrdd prdodhajl omiptdrs diom hdict watm tmd mastnry ne i pirtaoucir hdwmaom onuch bd rdih aj ats nwj tdrks. Mnwdvdr, ae wd wijt tn liaj i bicijodhvadw ne tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijh prakitncnlaoic piriccdcs, wd wacc mivd tn ernjt tmdsd hdbitds watm diom ntmdr. mas as wmit tmd prdsdjt omiptdr sdts nujhdrti`d. md ipprnpraitd wiy tn hn sn as by kdijs ne i traijlucitanj. Earst

tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh wacc bd guxtipnsdh tn dtmjniromidncnlaoic ijicnly, tmddtmjniromidncnlaoic ijicnly tn prakitd knhdccajl, ijh eajiccy prakitd knhdc-cajl tn tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh. Aj diom oisd, sakaciratads ijh haeedrdjods bdtwdhdbitds wacc bd malmcalmtdh ijh ajtdrprdtdh. Hriwajl i onkpirasnj bdtwddj twnhdbitds enccnws tn i onjsahdribcd dxtdjt tmd prnodhurd ne hriwajl ij ijicnly bdtwddj isnurod ijh i tirldt7 at icsn stirts ernk nbsdrvajl sakaciratads ijh hastdrdjods, at issdssds tmrdcdvijod ne diom ne tmdsd ijh trads tn ioonujt enr tmdk. \mdrdis tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ndtmjnlripmao ijicnly bdtwddj tmd jajdtddjtm ijh twdjtadtm odjturads mis icrdihybddj hdict watm tn snkd dxtdjt, kuom knrd ittdjtanj wacc bd put aj tmd guxtipnsa-tanj ne prakitncnly watm diom ne tmdsd.

Xmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh ijh dtmjniromidncnly md usd ne ijicnlaoic onkpirasnjs aj tmd twdjtadtm-odjtury dtmjniromidncnly hae

edrdh prnenujhcy ernk ats jajdtddjtm-odjtury enrdbdirs. At mis bddj sueeaoadjtcy ludh tmit, ernk tmd 91<6s ujtac tmd rasd ne pnstprnodssuic usds ne dtmjnlripmy, toratdranj ne sakaciraty cnst ats akpnrtijod aj eivnur ne tmd onjsahdritanj ne oiusiaty. Onjsdqudjtcy, tmd pnajt wis jn cnjldr njd ne eajhajl jdircy dxiot ijicnludstmit onuch bd prngdotdh mncastaoiccy njtn tmd pist, but ne eajhajl rdcdvijt prnodtmit onuch bd dxtripncitdh. mdrd wis, is njd ne tmd onjtdkpnrirads pmrisdh at

”tmd jddh tn onkpird prnodssdsritmdr tmij ernzdj-pio`ildh snoadtads suspdjhdh ajij dtdrjic –dtmjnlripmao prdsdjt‛ ‑ (_pralls 91<<7 9?, nralajic aticaos).

Vrngdotanjs ijh prnodssds At as rdkir`ibcd mnw strnjlcy prnodssuiciutmnrs (tmd jikd as jnt ajoahdjtic), ernktmd dircadst hiys tn tmd citdst ittiajkdjts, dxprdssdh tmdar hasivnwic rdlirhajl tmprngdotavd ipprniom. Aj mas eiknus ajtrnhuotanj tnJdw Vdrspdotavds aj Iromidncnly ,Bajenrh wrntd7 ”\d issdrt tmit nur `jnwcdhld ne tmd pist as knrd tmij i prngdo-tanj ne nur dtmjnlripmao ujhdrstijhajl‑ (915=b7 16). Dvdj ae Bajenrh wis it tmitstild stacc trusteuc ne tdstajl, tmd usd ne prngdotanjs wis icrdihy nut ne tmd qudst

md 91<6s watjdssdh tmd djnrknus dxpijsanj ne dtmjniromidncnlaoic eadchwnr



21=

\ratajl ibnut suom ajsparajl eadchwnr`, \itsnj jnjdtmdcdss wirjdh7 ”Jn kittdrmnw strnjl tmas –Qnu ird tmdrd!‛ eddcajl bdonkds, mnwdvdr, at as dssdjtaic tn rd-sast tmd tdkptitanj tn ki`d wmncdsicd trijsedrs ernk tmd dtmjnlripmao tn tmdiromidncnlaoic‑ (91<17 2<=). Dvdj knrd ibstriot knhdcs wmaom rdsuctdh ernk hdo-

ihds ne eadchwnr` onuch stacc jnt bd dirkir`dh is stijh-ajs enr tmd pist. \matdciw,enr ajstijod, tnn` oird tmit mas rdeajdh ajedrdjods wdrd ”jnt sakpcy i prngdotanjne tmd sikd sakpcd knhdc njtn tmd pist‑ (91197 9=?). Ernk tdstajl nvdr eadch-wnr` tn knhdc-buachajl, i strnjl suspaoanj tnwirhs wmncdsicd prngdotanjs wisprdsdjt aj icc stilds ne prnodssuic iromidncnly. md rdisnj enr tmas rdcuotijod wistmd akpnrtijod ittiomdh tn tmd ajhavahuic mastnry ne dvdry onjtdkpnriry snoadty.Ernk Lnrhnj Omachd tmrnulm Gnmj Qdccdj tn Aij Mnhhdr, jdircy icc twdjtadtm-odjtury iromidncnlasts ioodptdh tmd pnajt wmaom tmd Hu`d ne Irlycc ijh ErijzBnis mih bddj it lrdit piajs tn hdknjstritd tn tmdar dvncutanjast onjtdkpnrirads,a.d. tmd ahdi tmit icc prdsdjt oucturds mih icwiys mih i mastnraoic trigdotnry ne tmdar

nwj, rdlirhcdss ne mnw bio`wirh ijh tmdrdenrd mnw rdprdsdjtitavd ne tmd rdkntdDurnpdij pist tmdy ajataiccy sddkdh. Brynjy Nrkd piripmrisdh tmas ldjdric itta-tuhd wmaom prdviacdh aj dtmjniromidncnly vdry wdcc wmdj smd wrntd7 ”Enr prdsdjt-hiy prakatavd snoadtads irdjnt i rdoipatucitanj ‘ tmdy ird jnt i oncnur suppcd-kdjt ?H rdonjstruotanj ne tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne tmd dkbryn tmit bdoikd wdstdrjoavacazitanj‑ (91<?7 816).

Knhdrj dtmjniromidncnlaoic ijicnlads, tmdrdenrd, havdrldh nj jdircy icc cnla-oic strdjltm oratdrai ernk tmd Uaotnraij snoandvncutanjast piriccdcs7 tmdjukbdr ijhtmdviradty ne snurods wdrd lrditdr,sakaciratads ijh hassakaciratads wdrd wdalmdh ajtdrks nerdcdvijod , ijh tmdwdalmt ne tmd prdkasds vas-æ-vas tmd onjocusanjs wisprnpdrcy bicijodh. md rdisnj enr tmas onkprdmdjsavd ijh kijaedst hasordpijoy assakpcy mastnraoic7 icc iromidncnlasts wmn mih ri`dh up tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao pir-iccdcs aj tmd twdjtadtm odjtury hastijodh tmdksdcvds ernk tmd jajdtddjtm-odjturyonkpiritavd kdtmnh. Ietdr tmd mdyhiy ne mastnraoic pirtaoucirask aj ijtmrnpnc-nly ijh tmd oucturd-mastnraoic ipprniom aj prdmastnry, jn njd onuch sakpcy pao`up tmd tmrdih ijh onjtajud is ae jntmajl mih mippdjdh. Jn njd onuch, ijh edwrdiccy wijtdh. Ajhddh, tmd dxodssds ne _nccis‑ tmaj`ajl, wmnsd rdprajtdh wnr` wisstacc wahdcy rdih ijh mdivacy orataoazdh, mih oist i lcnnky smihnw nj icc enrks nedtmjnlripmao onkpirasnj. Rdturjajl tn prdsdjt-hiy jnj-ajhustraicazdh snoadtadstmus rdquardh i oirdeuc pnsatanjajl it i sied hastijod ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtm-nh. Lrimikd Ocir` wis pirtaoucircy orataoic ne _nccis‑ ipprniom wmaom wis ”jntnjcy ujeismanjibcd0 at wis icsn nvdrhirajl‑ (91497 48). Dircadr, Ocir` mih icrdihydxpnujhdh tmd ”lrivd drrnr‑ onkkattdh by tmd dvncutanjasts wmnsd onkpiritavddtmjnlripmy mih bddj hdravdh, ijh ujralmteuccy sn, ernk onkpiritavd ijitnky(91?17 9<9). Omachd, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, wis dvahdjtcy ipprdoaitavd ne Uaotnraijsomncirs ca`d Knrlij ijh Djldcs, but md smujjdh tmdar usd ne dtmjnlripmao prngdotanjs ijh ne wmit md oiccdh ”tmd –smrdhs ijh pitomds‛ tmdnry ne oucturd‑ wmaomnjcy rdisnjdh ernk supdreaoaic sakaciratads (91857 246). Oriwenrh wis pdrmips tmdnjcy njd wmn snulmt tn onjtajud tmd Uaotnraij trihatanj, but aj priotaod mas kdrd guxtipnsatanj ne prdmastnrao ijh dtmjnlripmao kitdraic dvahdjod wis eir rdknvdhernk tmd ocissaoic-dvncutanjast prngdotavd ipprniom is priotasdh by Knrlij, ycnrijh _nccis but njcy eiajtcy domndh tmd dircy Cubbno` nr Dvijs.



211

At as trud, usdrs ne tmd dtmjnlripmao ijicnly aj tmd earst mice ne tmd twdjtaodjtury icsn mdivacy rdcadh njsakaciraty , but tmd hdeajatanj ne tmit sakaciraty wisrihaoiccy haeedrdjt. At djtiacdh mastnraoic onjtajuaty, spitaic prnxakaty ijh eujtanjic dquavicdjod aj doncnly ijh donjnky. n tmd Uaotnraij somncirs tmdsd wdr

ritmdr arrdcdvijt pirikdtdrs onkpirdh tn tmd hdlrdd ne tdomjncnlaoic onkpcdxatyijh tmd hdlrdd ne oavacazitanj aj ldjdric. Nj tnp ne tmit, tmdwdalmt ne tmd onj-ocusanjs haeedrdh prnenujhcy7 Ocir`‑s ijh Oriwenrh‑s padodkdic trijsedrs ne eujtanjic ijh tdomjncnlaoic ajenrkitanj wdrd orukbcds onkpirdh tn tmd wmncdsicdsnoaic, cdlic, ijh oucturic prngdotanjs ne ycnr, Knrlij ijh _nccis. Iromidncnlastsdsoipdh tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh jnt sn kuom by i rihaoiccy haeedrdjt cnlao, but byi kuom knrd pruhdjt ippcaoitanj ne tmd sikd cnlao tmit wis jnw bisdh nj snujhsakaciraty ijh wdcc-bicijodh trijsedrs.

mas sodptaoic ittatuhd eactdrdh tmrnulm aj tmd 9156s. Hdspatd tmd rasd ne idvncutanjast ijtmrnpncnly, iromidncnlasts wdrd wiry tn oaroukvdjt tmd nch onk

piritavd kdtmnh. Dvdj Isomdr wmnsd jdw ijicnly wis snkdmnw rdkajasodjt netmd snoandvncutanjast trihatanj catdriccy siah tmit md wis ”ijxanus tn ivnah tmd ti`ds ne tmd dircy dvncutanjiry somnnc‑ (91597 ?91). Ijh aj tmd Kij tmd Mujtdrvncukd, G.H. Ocir` spn`d ne ”tmd ajataic hasistrnus dssiys ne tmd citd 91tm odjtu(915=7 2=6). At wnuch bd tnticcy drrnjdnus, is mis netdj bddj hnjd, tn ajtdrprdttmd Jdw Iromidncnly‑s ajtdrdst enr dtmjnlripmy is i rdvavic ne jajdtddjtm-odjturydvncutanjask. Aj ijtmrnpncnly jdn-dvncutanjasts ca`d Kirvaj Mirras o.s. snulmt tnicalj tmdksdcvds watm tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh, but aj iromidncnly tmas wis sakpjnt tmd oisd. Aj eiot, tmd eurtmdr hdvdcnpkdjt ne dtmjniromidncnly aj subsdqudhdoihds kust bd sddj is ij dcibnritd ijswdr tn tmd smnrtonkajls ne tmd nch onk-piritavd kdtmnh. md sikd mnchs trud enr tmd onjtdxtuic iromidncnly wmaom AMnhhdr hdedjhdh by stitajl tmit, ujca`d tmd Uaotnraij dvncutanjasts, at ”hah jnthdpdjh nj eajhajl –prakatavd‛ snoadtads‑ (91=2i7 86).

Ocdircy, tmdj, tmd usds ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnlads aj tmd twdjtadtm odjtury haedrdh ernk tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh sakpcy bdoiusd somncirs dxpcaoatcy nppntmdksdcvds tn tmd cittdr. mrnulm tdxtbnn`s ijh ujhdrlrihuitd onursds, knstsomncirs aj Ijlcn-Ikdraoij iromidncnly wdrd ioquiajtdh watm tmd cdlioy ne sn-oandvncutanjast tmaj`ajl, nr it cdist watm i sakpcaeadh vdrsanj ne at. md wnr`Cubbno`, ycnr, Vatt-Ravdrs, Knrlij ijh _nccis wis netdj kdjtanjdh aj suom ldj-dric ajtrnhuotanjs tn tmd hasoapcajd, ae njcy tn smnw mnwjnt tn rdisnj. Dvdj iknrd subtcd wnr` ca`d ralldr‑sMastnry ne Iromidncnlaoic mnulmt (91=17 984-<)rdkiajdh quatd orataoic ne tmas trihatanj. Nj tnp ne tmit, tmd rioast ujhdrtnjds ajtmd dvncutanjast wratajls, nr it cdist tmd ujhdrtnjds wmaom ietdr tmd _donjh \nrc \ir stirtdh tn bd rdlirhdh is rioast, hah jnt pirtaoucircy onjtrabutd tn i onjtajudhpnpuciraty. md onkpiritavd kdtmnh mis jnt njcy bddj nvdr-stuhadh by mastnraijsne soadjod, up ujtac tmas hiy at as icsn somdkitaoiccy `jnwj, tmnulm pnnrcy iprdoaitdh, by priotasajl iromidncnlasts. Ae dtmjniromidncnly as hastajot ernk tmonkpiritavd kdtmnh nj knst ne ats prajoapcds, at as bdoiusd at wis hdeajdh aj np-pnsatanj tn tmas cihdj cdlioy. md haeedrdjod bdtwddj bntm hdbitds oij sakpcbd ioonujtdh enr by tmd mastnraoic hdvdcnpkdjt ne iromidncnlaoic hdbitd aj tmjajdtddjtm ijh twdjtadtm odjturads. Tjenrtujitdcy, tmd ijswdr as cdss strialmtenr-wirh enr tmd ntmdr ixds ne nur traijlucitanj.



?66

Dtmjniromidncnly ijh prakitd knhdccajlmnulm tmd hasoussanj nj tmd prnpdr usd ne dtmjniromidncnly ijh tmd qudst enr

ij ihdquitd prakitncnlaoic knhdc onajoahdh aj tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd twdjta-dtm odjtury, tmd haeedrdjods bdtwddj tmdk bdoikd snkdtakds surprasajlcy cirld.Onkpirajl prakitncnlaoic ijh iromidncnlaoic gnurjics ernk tmd 91<6s ijh =6s,njd as surprasdh tmit tmd irlukdjts nj ijicnly wdrd rnulmcy ondvic. Aj knrd rd-odjt ydirs, is Omiptdr 8 smnwdh, tmdrd mis bddj snkd onjvdrldjod bdtwddj bntmeadchs, pirtaoucircy aj i subhasoapcajd ca`d dtmniromidncnly. Ajataiccy, mnwdvdr, tmdrdmih icsn bddj i majt ne pnssabcd piriccdcask bdtwddj tmd twn hdbitds.

Xmd akpiot ne eujotanjicask

Cnnàjl it HdUnrd ijh \ismburj‑s hdedjod ne tmd bibnnj knhdc ijh puttajl atsahd tn sahd watm Ocir`‑s usd ne ij Ajuat ijicnly enr _tir Oirr, sdvdric onjvdrldjods

oij bd jntdh. Ipirt ernk tmd nbvanus but jnt icwiys rdcdvijt haeedrdjods‘Dist- Ieraoi vdrsus jnrtm-wdst Durnpd0 sivijjim bibnnjs vdrsus subirotao mujtdr-litm-drdrs0 Vcan-Vcdastnodjd mnkajahs vdrsus tmd Kdsncatmao‘bntm smirdh i struoturicdkpmisas nj subsastdjod is tmd `dy tn ujhdrstijhajl ntmdr ispdots ne tmd onk-kujatads stuhadh, subsastdjod bdajl hdeajdh is tmd ennh prnourdkdjt tmrnulm tmddonjnkaoic dxpcnatitanj ne tmd surrnujhajl doncnly. Enr HdUnrd ijh \ismburj,ennh hastrabutanj ijh prdhitnr ivnahijod wdrd tmd dy viraibcds wmaom hdtdrkajdhtmd bibnnjs‑ snoaic nrlijazitanj. Enr Ocir`, subsastdjod catdriccy wis ”tmd don-jnkao bisas‑, tn rdpmrisd tmd tatcd ne mas bdst `jnwj knjnlripm, enr ijy eurtmdrajquary. ”_ubsastdjod‑, md mih njod wrattdj, wis ”tmd knst vatic ispdot ne tmd caed neprdmastnrao, nr ajhddh ne ijy onkkujatads‑ wmaom ajecudjodh ”dvdry ispdot ne tmdcaed ne tmd onkkujaty‑ (91?17 9<<). Onjsdqudjtcy, wmdj dxtdrjic snurods wdrdajvn`dh, bntm HdUnrd ijh \ismburj ijh Ocir`d hdedjhdh tmdk by pnajtajl nutsakaciratads aj donjnky ijh doncnly. md bibnnj knhdc wis hdedjhdh bdoiusd Iustricnpatmdoajds mih mih i tdrrdstraic caedstycd ijh subsastdjod struoturd aj isivijjim mibatit. md Ajuat ijicnly wis hriwj bdoiusd tmd Kdsncatmao pdnpcdit _tir Oirr mih icsn bddj mujtdr-litmdrdrs aj i rdcitavdcy onkpiribcd sdttajl. Ajbntm oisds, tmdj, ijicnlads wdrd hriwj nj tmd bisas ne i sajlcd sakaciraty tmit wishddkdh rdcdvijt.

md rdisnj enr tmas onjvdrldjod kust bd snulmt aj tmd tmdnrdtaoic rdsdrvnarbntm mih tippdh. At mis icrdihy bddj kdjtanjdh mnw tmd dircy stuhdjts ne bibnnjsnoaic caed wdrd ajspardh by eujotanjicast ijtmrnpncnly. \ismburj mih hdocirdhtmit Kicajnwsà‑s eujotanjic tmdnry wnr`dh bdttdr enr knj`dys tmij enr mukijs,wmdrdis HdUnrd wis ajecudjodh by Rihocaeed-Brnwj‑s tmdnry ne snoadty (Lacknrd91=9). Eujotanjicask wmaom rdlirhdh snoadty is ij ajtdlritdh wmncd wmdrd tmdonjstatudjt dcdkdjts icc onjtrabutdh tn tmd kiajtdjijod ne tmd snoaic nrhdr wistmus ajecudjtaic tn tmd earst ldjdritanj ne prakitncnlasts. Aj iromidncnly, Ocir` tnnwis ittriotdh tn tmas enrk ne ijtmrnpncnly. Md jikdh tmd eujotanjicast vadw nemukij snoadty wmaom rdsuctdh ernk ”ajtakitd eadch stuhads, ca`d tmnsd oirradh nutby Rihocaeed Brnwj, Kicajnwsà, ijh tmdar pupacs ijh enccnwdrs P...[ eucc ne prnk-asd tn tmd prdmastnraij wmnsd dvahdjod as jdodssiracy vdstalaic‑ (91?17 9<8). _uom



?69

ijicysds smnwdh tmit snoadtads ”ird ajtdlritdh wmncds0 tmit tmd viranus dcdkdjttmdar oucturds ird ajtdrrdcitdh0 ijh tmit ajhddh, tmdy ioquard tmdar kdijajl enr tmsnoadtads onjodrjdh by tmd wiy aj wmaom tmdy ird nrlijazdh‑ (9<8). \atm ats ajtlritavd, mncastao vadw ne snoadty, eujotanjicask‘kuom ca`d tmd citdr systdks tm

nry‘viludcy prnkasdh tmd ibacaty tn rdonjstruot bihcy hnoukdjtdh pirts ne tmdsnoaic systdk nj tmd bisas ne ntmdr wdcc-prdsdrvdh pirts. Mnwdvdr, aj priotaod bHdUnrd ijh Ocir` turjdh tn snkd enrk ne doncnlaoic oiusitanj wmdrdby tmd lavdjdjvarnjkdjt hdtdrkajdh nr mdivacy onjstriajdh tmd snoaic nutonkd. _uom dxtdrjicoiusitanj wis aj eiot tmd vdry nppnsatd ne wmit Rihocaeed-Brnwj mih hdedjhdh9 But dvdj aj tmdar spdoaeao rdihajl ne mas wnr`, bntm Ocir`‑s ijicnly ijh HdUnrdijh \ismburj‑s knhdc onjvdrldh ajtn i enrk ne doncnlaoic hdtdrkajask.

Mnwdvdr, at smnuch jnt bd enrlnttdj tmit Ocir`‑s Ajuat ijicnly wis rdiccy ijdxodptanj sddj watmaj tmd brnihdr onjtdxt ne mas wnr` wmdrd hardot-mastnrijicnlads wdrd kuom knrd erdqudjt ijh dxtdjsavd tmij tmas edw cajds ne ldjdric-

onkpiritavd rdisnjajl. Nj tnp ne tmit, eujotanjicask wis jnt ldjdriccy dkbriodhby Ocir`‑s onjtdkpnrirads. Omachd, enr dxikpcd, sdvdrdcy orataoazdh ats cio` netnraoic ittdjtanj, wmaom wis tn mak, is i mastnraoic kitdraicast, quatd ujioodptib(Omachd 91857 28<-=). Ocir`‑s ijicnly hriwj ernk onjtdkpnriry Ds`akns wis,tmdrdenrd, ij asncitdh ajstijod bdenrd tmd rasd ne prnodssuic iromidncnly ijh tmawmy Isomdr mdrichdh at is i rird dxikpcd ne tmd jdw ijicnly. md nvdrwmdckajkignraty ne iromidncnlaoic ijicnlads enrkucitdh nj bntm sahds ne tmd Itcijtao hur-ajl tmd 9146s, 56s ijh dircy <6s wdrd sakpcy hardot-mastnraoic irlukdjts wmaotradh tn enrod tmd ijicnly ne rdsdkbcijod ajtn i mnkncnly ne hdsodjt. Ijh aj tmastmdy wdrd haikdtraoiccy nppnsdh tn doncnlaoic ijicnlads tmdj eurtmdrdh by tmdkitd knhdccdrs.

Iromidncnlasts ijh prakitd knhdcs

Ae njds onkpirds tmd nvdricc tdjhdjoads aj bntm tmdsd pnstwir hdbitds, tmdy ippdtn bd lnajl aj nppnsatd hardotanjs. md hasoussanj nj dtmncnlaoic knhdcs stirtdhernk i prdedrdjod ne doncnlaoic ijh subsastdjod ijicnlads (tmd bibnnj knhdc, tmdoirjavnrd knhdc, tmd ldcihi ijicnly) wmaom turjdh ajtn i prdhacdotanj enr pmycnldjdtao mnkncnlads (tmd omakpijzdd knhdc, tmd bnjnbn knhdc). md usd ne dtmjnlripmao snurods aj iromidncnly, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, ajataiccy eivnurdh i mnkncn

lnus ipprniom (tmd hardot-mastnraoic ipprniom ne tmd eujotanjicast, Ikdraoijaijh dircy Jdw iromidncnlasts) but dvdjtuiccy hdvdcnpdh ajtn i straotcy ijicnla-oic trditkdjt (tmd ldjdric-onkpiritavd ipprniom, tmd kiturd prnodssuic dtmjnir-omidncnly ijh tmd dircy onjtdxtuic dtmjniromidncnly). Aj tdrks ne irlukdjtitavdcnlao, prakitncnly knvdh ernk oiusicaty tn sakaciraty, iromidncnly ernk sakaciratytn oiusicaty. Aj bntm oisds tmd brdi`pnajt ciah irnujh 91<47 tmas wis tmd knkdjtwmdj tmd earst omakp knhdcs rdpciodh tmd prdvanus bibnnj, ldcihi ijh oirjavnrd

9 Iliajst Kicajnws`a‑s tmdnry ne jddhs wmaom dxpciajdh oucturic dxprdssanjs is tmd sitaseiotanj ndxtdrjic pmysaoic, pmysancnlaoic nr psyomncnlaoic jddhs, Rihocastd-Brnwj mih stapucitdh, enccHur`mdak, tmit snoaic eiots wdrd tn bd dxpciajdh by snoaic eiots. Dvdj ae tmdy mih njod nralajitdh ijswdrs tn dxtdrjic jddhs, snoaic pmdjnkdji mih tn bd ujhdrstnnh aj tdrks ne prdsdjt kdijajl ijhpurpnsd‘mdjod, tmd cirldcy i-mastnraoic omiriotdr ne eujotanjicask (@updr 91157 8=-1).



?62

ijicnlads0 at wis tnn tmd knkdjt wmdj dtmjniromidncnly brn`d iwiy ernk tmdirlukdjt ne mastnraoic onjtajuaty, tmd ujprnkasajl tdstajl ne mypntmdsds ijh tmdwdirasnkd oiutanjiry ticds. Nvdricc, mnwdvdr, bntm hdbitds mih hdvdcnpdh iutnj-nknuscy ijh cirldcy ajhdpdjhdjtcy ernk diom ntmdr ijh, wmit‑s knrd, aj rihaoiccy

nppnsatd hardotanjs.n ipprdoaitd tmd hasordpijoy bdtwddj tmd hdbitds, at as wdcc wnrtm tn onjsuctijh tn onjtrist snkd ne tmdar rdspdotavd spn`dspdrsnjs. It i takd wmdj praki-tncnlasts wdrd icrdihy vdmdkdjtcy quabbcajl nvdr tmd bdst pnssabcd knhdc enr uj-hdrstijhajl tmd bdmivanur ne Iustricnpatmdoajds, tmd iromidncnlast Hivah Ocir`dpnaljijtcy nbsdrvdh7

At wnuch jnt njcy bd pnnr soadjod but at wnuch bd i soadjta o trildhy ae wd enrodhtmd snoaic ijh donjnkao caed ne Iustricnpatmdous ajtn tmd rdodjt pittdrj ne datmdrsn-oiccdh knhdrj ”Vrakatavds‑ nr tmd malmcy dvncvdh pittdrj ne tmd knhdrj ipds.(Ocir`d 91<2b7 89)

mas as i oruoaic quntd7 wmit tn knst prakitd knhdccdrs wis onjsahdrdh i ciuh-ibcd ijh i jdodssiry djtdrprasd, wis jntmajl smnrt ne i soadjtaeao trildhy tn njdne tmd `dy tmaj`drs ne tmd Jdw Iromidncnly! _tuhdjts ne ijakic bdmivanur wdrdissdssajl tmd rdcitavd kdrats ne tmd bibnnj knhdc, tmd snoaic oirjavnrd knhdc nrtmd ldcihi ijicnly, but Ocir`d enujh suom ociaks hnwjralmt nutrildnus dvdj wdccbdenrd tmd mncastao prngdotanjs ernk omakpijzdds ijh bnjnbns wdrd kihd. mdrdas pdrmips jnt i sajlcd cnous aj tmd mastnry ne tmd hdbitds wmaom bdttdr accustritdstmd hasordpijoy tmit mih lrnwj bdtwddj iromidncnly ijh prakitncnly. Ocir`d wisjnt tmd njcy iromidncnlast mnchajl suom ahdis. Aj eiot, mas dssiy wis wahdcy rdihijh bdoikd ajecudjtaic0 tmd ahdis dxprdssdh aj at wdrd by jn kdijs asncitdh. i`denr ajstijod Kurriy ijh \ic`dr wmn, saxtddj ydirs ietdr Ocir`d, dquiccy hdoradhtmd qudst enr i bdst knhdc7 ”_oadjtaeao kdtmnhncnly mis cdss tn hn watm omnnsajlijh tdstajl i sajlcd dcdlijt knhdc,‑ tmdy wrntd, ”tmij at mis tn hn watm omnnsajlijicnlads aj tdrks ne ajtdrdstajl prnpdrtads wmaom bdmivd aj onjsastdjt wiys ajpncytmdtao sdts ne onkkdjsuribcd oisds‑ (91==7 25?). md ahdi tmit snkd snurodsaj tmd prdsdjt wnuch prnvahd i pravacdldh ioodss tn tmd pist wis rahaoucdh by kijyonjtdkpnriry priotasajl iromidncnlasts.

md hasipprnvic ne rdedrdjtaic knhdccajl dxprdssdh by iromidncnlasts wdjt

mijh aj mijh watm i orataqud nj tmd iknujt ne enrkic sakaciraty is tmd hdoasavdoratdranj enr issdssajl tmd ijicnly. ”Lnnhjdss ne eat as jnt djnulm,‑ Hivah Ocir`d(91<2b7 89) wrntd wmdj dvicuitajl ijicnlaoic ajedrdjods. mas stitdkdjt pdredotcydomndh tmd cnlaoaij Hnrnccd‑s icrdihy net-rdpditdh but onkpdccajl haotuk tmit ”cdjnkbrd hds rdssdkbcijods jd sueeat hnjo pis ‑ (91817 981), but wis tnticcy it nhhswatm tmd onjtdkpnriry irlukdjts aj prakitd knhdccajl wmdrd sakaciraty bdoikdicc-hdoasavd. \mdrdis sdvdric prakitncnlasts wdrd aj tmd kahst ne onkkattajl tmdeiccioy ne tmd pdredot ijicnly aj tdrks ne omakp ijh bnjnbn knhdcs, Kurriy ijh \ic`dr pdrsastdjtcy strdssdh tmit ”ij ijicnly as jnt ij dquavicdjod‑ (91==7 2<4)7”_uom pmrisds is –i wajhnw nj tmd pist‛ oirry onjjntitanjs ne i twn-hakdjsanjic

akild, paoturajl rdicaty, sn tn spdi`. I bdttdr ijicnly as tmit ne castdjajl tn domndsernk tmd pist. \d mivd jn sonrd, icc wd `jnw as tmit tmdy rdprdsdjt trijsenrki-



?6?

tanjic prnodssds ne mukij akpajldkdjts‑ (2<<). Mnwdvdr, at as akpnrtijt tn rdic-azd tmit tmas orataoask wis jnt hardotcy iakdh it tmd ihvnoitds ne rdedrdjtaic kndcs aj prakitncnly, jnr wdrd Ocir`d‑s onkkdjtirads. mdsd iromidncnlasts kiajcyspn`d tn edccnw iromidncnlasts. mdrd wis jnt njcy i hasordpijoy bdtwddj bntm

hasoapcajds but icsn i tioat hasordtanj. md lip bdtwddj bntm hdbitds yiwjdh, ijhat hah sn aj sacdjod.

Vrakitncnlasts ijh dtmjnlripmao knhdcs md npajanjs prakitncnlasts mdch ibnut tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao onkpirasnjs ics

tdstaeads tn tmd dxtdjt ne havdrldjod bdtwddj dtmjniromidncnly ijh prakitd knhdccajl. Nj rdpditdh nooisanjs, prakitncnlasts turjdh tn tmd dvahdjod ernk onjtdk-pnriry jnj-ajhustraicazdh snoadtads, ae njcy tn onujtdrbicijod tmdar ajput ernk tmjnj-mukij prakitds. Ernk \ismburj ijh HdUnrd‑s (91597 962) guxtipnsatanjne bibnnjs tn ”prdilraoucturic mukijs‑ tn KoLrdw‑s (91127 9?9) onkpirasnj ne

iskijaij ibnralajds ijh ijzijaij omakps, prakitd knhdccdrs mivd netdj rdcadhnj dtmjnlripmao dvahdjod tn dxpciaj tmd prnodss ne mnkajazitanj. md dircy mnkjah wis ipprniomdh by i rdedrdjtaic sijhwaom, onjsastajl ne ij ipd buj nj tmd njdsahd ijh i enrildr buj nj tmd ntmdr. Yuajtdssdjtaic tn suom ”Vacthnwj ipprniom‑( nnby ijh HdUnrd 91=<7 26?) tn dvncutanjiry rdonjstruotanj wis jnt njcy tmittmd bdst-eattajl prakitd spdoads bd enujh, but icsn tmd bdst-eattajl mujtdr-litmdrdsnoadty. By ”bdst-eattajl‑ wis ldjdriccy kdijt tmd ”cnwdst‑, tmnulm tmit wnrh wrirdcy usdh dxpcaoatcy aj tmd sdonjh mice ne tmd twdjtadtm odjtury. Rdcuotijdomn nch rioast ujhdrtnjds ijh hasorakajitnry hasonursds, sdvdric prakitncnlasts

jnjdtmdcdss prdsdjtdh substijtaic irlukdjts enr malmcalmtajl tmas bisdcajd ne mukij ihiptitanj aj tmd prdsdjt.ypaoiccy, suom irlukdjts stirtdh by i enrkuciao ipncnly enr sajlcajl nut spd-

oaeao snoadtads is ocnsdr tn dircy mnkajahs nr pnjlahs but strdssdh tmd jdodssahn sn. Cajhi Kirad Edhalij wrntd tmit aj tmd ibsdjod ne i prnpdr hdbitd nj ijic-nly at wis ”jdvdrtmdcdss jdodssiry mdrd tn ioodpt tmd usild Pne ijicnly[ ijh tn lnnj tn tmd qudstanj ne wmaom, ae ijy, ne tmd knhdrj mujtajl ijh litmdrajl snoadtadsprnvahd tmd knst ipprnpraitd ijicnlads‑ (91=57 84). Bacc KoLrdw rdicazdh mn”snoaic ijh oucturic ijtmrnpncnlasts kalmt tmaj` suom i onkpirasnj tn bd i wistdne takd, bdcadvajl tmd lip bdtwddj mukij ijh jnj-mukij oucturd tn bd sn wahd

is tn bd ujbrahldibcd‑ but strdssdh7 ” md bisao pnajt as tmas7\d wacc jdvdr `jnwae suom onkpirasnjs ird usdeuc ujcdss wd try tmdk‑ (91127 922, nralajic aticaos). IjhLnrhnj Mdwds (91187 52) stitdh7 ”Onkpirajl dvdj tmd cdist onkpcdx mukijsnoadty watm tmit ne omakpijzdds as ca`dcy tn needjh snkd hdedjhdrs ne tmd jntmit icc oucturds ird dxiotcy dquic by wmitdvdr stijhirhs wd kiy ippcy.‑ Qdt md ontajudh7 ”A smnuch ki`d at vdry ocdir tmit jnjd ne tmd –bio`wirh‛ mukij oucturiclrnups tmit A mivd kdjtanjdh cio` tmd pntdjtaic (jnw ajordisajlcy rdicazdh) enrripah djtry ajtn knhdrj onkpcdx snoadtads‑ (52). md eiot tmit –bio`wirh‛ lrnupsonuch bd ripahcy \dstdrjazdh ippirdjtcy strdssdh tmdar mukijaty, but hah jnt prd-vdjt Mdwds ernk onjsahdrajl tmdk is dvncutanjiry rdcaos.



?68

\mdrdis tmd tdrks ”cnwdst‑ ijh ”malmdst‑ wdrd ivnahdh, tmd ujhdrcyajl onjodptswdrd rdtiajdh ijh cibdccdh aj tdrks ne rdcitavd hdlrdd ne ”onkpcdxaty‑. KoLrdw rd-straotdh at tn tmd sied rdick ne tdomjncnly7 ”Njd smnuch sdd` tmd knst onkpcdxtdomjncnly aj tmd jnj-mukij spdoads, ijh tmd sakpcdst njd ernk tmd mukij ir-

riy‑ (91127 9?8). Mdwds, nj mas turj, usdh onkpcdxaty aj tmd wahdst pnssabcd sdjsdne tmd wnrh7 ”\d kust eajh njd nr knrd mukij lrnups tmit cad it tmd ibsncutdkajakuk ne onkpcdxaty ydt kijild tn survavd watmnut hardot nr ajhardot nutsahdsuppnrt‑ (91187 56). mdrd assnkd arnjy aj tmas prdedrdjod enr tmd wnrh ”onk-pcdxaty‑. Aj ij ittdkpt tn ivnah ralah oucturic madriromads, prakitncnlasts edcc bio`upnj tmas nstdjsabcy knrd jdutric tdrk, i tdrk, mnwdvdr, wmaom mih bddj tmd `dyonjodpt ne _pdjodraij dvncutanjask. Tjiwird ne tmas mastnraoic caj`ild ijh tnticcyajhdpdjhdjt ernk tmd prnodssuic knvd iwiy ne jajdtddjtm-odjtury dvncutanjaskaj iromidncnly, Edhalij, KoLrdw ijh Mdwds wdrd tmus hddpcy ajvncvdh watm isdirom enr tmd ”cdist onkpcdx mukij snoadty‑.

ypaoic aj tmdar qudst wis i rdcaijod nj ij dxtdrjic iutmnraty tn hdoahd upnj tmdkittdr. Jnt bdajl ioquiajtdh watm tmd eadch ne mujtdr-litmdrdr stuhads tmdksdcvds,tmdy icc ajvn`dh ij ijtmrnpncnlaoic dxpdrt tn luahd tmdar dxpcnritanj. ” md knstsystdkitao ittdkpt tn ijswdr tmas qudstanj as by tmd Erdjom dtmjnlripmdr Iciaj

dstirt,‑ C.K. Edhalij (91=57 84) wrntd. \.O. KoLrdw (91127 9?9) jddhdh ”ionkprdmdjsavd but prdoasd, raom ydt nbgdotavd tixnjnky tmit as jdatmdr dtmjn- jnrijtmrnpnodjtrao‑ ijh enujh tmit ”tmd knst ipt typncnlaoic systdk as tmit ne \.M.Nswict‑. Ca`dwasd, Mdwds (91187 59) rdcadh upnj Kurhno`‑s ”akprdssavd wnrch-wahd dtmjnlripmao hitibisd‑, a.d. ”tmd ihkaribcy nrlijazdh ijh ajhdxdh MukijRdcitanj Irdi Eacds (MRIE) iromavds.‑ Ne onursd, tmdrd as jntmajl wrnjl watmhriwajl ajsparitanj ernk `dy tmaj`drs ne i rdcitdh hasoapcajd, dspdoaiccy wmdj njdas, enr icc snrts ne priotaoic rdisnjs, ujeikacair watm tmit spdoaeao eadch. Qdt wmit wisritmdr hdtrakdjtic tn tmas djtdrprasd wis tmd dxocusavd trust bdstnwdh upnj diomne tmdsd ijh tmd onjonkatijt ujorataoic ioodptijod ne tmdar ahdis. dstirt‑s ”knstsystdkitao ittdkpt‑ wis ietdr icc ij njcy jajd-pild cnjl irtaocd aj tmd pnpucir gnurjicVnur ci _oadjod(91<=). Nswict‑s ”nbgdotavd tixnjnky‑, usdeuc is at as, pnsdhsdranus haeeaouctads tn hriw i soicd ne tdomjncnlaoic onkpcdxaty purdcy nj knrpmn-cnlaoic lrnujhs.2 Ijh Kurhno`‑s MRIE iromavds, ictmnulm mdivacy orataoazdh ajrdodjt ydirs, prnvahd kdrd hdsoraptanjs ne pdnpcds0 tmd eacds hn jnt tdcc wmaom trabdwis tmd knst prakatavd nr cdist onkpcdx ne icc. Iliaj, rdcyajl nj dxtdrjic dxpdrtsas ajdvatibcd ae njd wijts tn ujhdrti`d ldjuajd ornss-hasoapcajiry rdsdirom, butsajlcajl nut njd iutmnr is tmd `dy iutmnraty enr sdttcajl i onkpcaoitdh hdbitd aj-dvatibcy cdihs tn hastnrtanj ijh sakpcaeaoitanj. md dildrjdss ne snkd prakitncn-

2 Nswict‑s systdk onujts tmd ”tdomjnujats‑ ne bisao tnnc typds is ij ivdrild kdisurd ne tdomjncnlaoiconkpcdxaty. I spihd, enr dxikpcd, onjtiajs it cdist i mijhcd, ij arnj bcihd ijh i hdvaod enr onjgnaj-ajl tmd twn, rdsuctajl aj tmrdd suom tdomjnujats, wmaom as i malmdr enrk ne onkpcdxaty tmij tmd sajlcdtdomjnujat ne i sakpcd hallajl stao`. Xd prnbcdk watm tmas oitdlnrazitanj as tmit at njcy cnn`s it tmdenrkic djh prnhuot ne i tdomjncnlaoic prnodss. Ioonrhajl tn at, i bnnkdrijl wnuch bd is onkpcdx isi omnppdr nr i hallajl stao`, bntm onjtiajajl njcy njd tdomjnujat. Xas tnticcy aljnrds tmd onkpcdx-aty ne bntm tnnc prnhuotanj (tmd kijueioturd ne tmd bnnkdrijl) ijh onjsukptanj (tmd tmrnwajl netmd bnnkdrijl). Nswict‑s systdk as usdeuc tn hdsorabd tnncs, jnt tn hdvasd tdomjncnlaoic madriromads(oe. Katmdj 91157 <8-5).



?64

lasts tn eajh tmd njd ijh njcy ijtmrnpncnlaoic dxpdrt rdecdots tmd sikd ivahaty bwmaom tmdy snulmt tmd sajlcd bdst prakitd knhdc.

Enccnwajl dstirt‑s ”oirdeuc ijh wdcc-rdisnjdh ijicysas‑, Edhalij (91=57 84)enujh ”tmd !@ujl ijh Iustricaij Ibnralajds P...[ tn mivd struoturic editurds tmit

wnuch ki`d tmdk lnnh omnaods is knhdcs enr dircadr enrilajl snoadtads,‑ wmdrdsmd mih i pdrsnjic prdhacdotanj enr tmd !@ujl. KoLrdw (91127 9?8), nj mas turjprdedrrdh tmd iskijaijs bdoiusd tmdy wdrd ”siah tn mivd mih tmd sakpcdst tdojncnly ne icc mukij enrilajl pdnpcds.‑ Md ihkattdh tmit ijntmdr trabd ca`d tmd Iustricaij awa onuch dquiccy sueeaod, onjsahdrajl tmdar dquiccy sakpcd subsdjod tdomjncnly. Mdwds (91187 59), mnwdvdr, hasilrddh watm tmas omnaod7 ”tmdrdenrd omnsdj tmd oucturds ne Kribra ne jnrtmdrj miacijh ijh tmd isihiy nKajhijin aj tmd Vmacappajds tn onkpird tn tmd omakpijzdds, rdtiajajl tmd ibn-ralajic iskijaijs icrdihy usdh aj KoLrdw‑s stuhy omadecy tn dkpmisazd tmd eirlrditdr sakpcaoaty ne Kribra ijh isihiy oucturd‑. Eir lrditdr sakpcaoaty, tmit wis

it sti`d. ”Netdj tmd _ij (Busmkdj) ijh tmd jnw dxtajot ibnralajic iskijaijsird rdprdsdjtdh is tmd –knst prakatavd‛ ijh mdjod knst ca`d dircy mukijs. A prn-pnsd twn ntmdr lrnups is bdttdr rdprdsdjtitavds enr onkpirasnj watm omakpij-zdds‑ (Mdwds 91187 41). md oucturds tmus hdsorabdh ”oij prnvahd ajenrkitatmit onjtrabutds hardotcy tn nur ujhdrstijhajl ne tmd bdmivanr ijh bdmivanricoipioatads ne knhdrj mukij bdajls, tmd dircadst mnkajahs, ijh dxastajl omakpij-zdds‑ (Mdwds 91187 59). md !@ujl, tmd iskijaijs, tmd Kribra nr tmd acc-rdputd

isihiy, prakitncnlasts tmus hdbitdh, sdcdotavdcy luahdh by ijtmrnpncnlasts, wmdnj dirtm tmd cdist onkpcdx mukij oucturd onuch bd enujh. \mdrdis Hivah Ocir`drdlirhdh suom djhdivnur is ”i soadjtaeao trildhy‑, sdvdric prakitncnlasts onjsdjtdhtn Mdwds‑ rdkir`ibcd urld tmit ”wd kust eajh njd nr knrd mukij lrnups tmit cadit tmd ibsncutd kajakuk ne onkpcdxaty‑ (91187 56).

Jddhcdss tn siy tmit sakaciraty wis iliaj tmd prajoapic yirhstao` enr sdcdotanjEdhalij (91=57 84) dxocuhdh Jnrtm Ikdraoij Ajhaij snoadtads ”bdoiusd ne tmdardodjoy, ldnlripmy, ijh spdoaicazitanj enr i mibatit ujsuatibcd tn ilraoucturd,‑a.d. bdoiusd ne tmd iknujt ne hassakaciraty, rdlirhcdss ne at wis rdcdvijt nr jnt.KoLrdw (91127 92?) bdcadvdh tmit ”tmd bdst onkpirasnj wnuch bd ne tmd ocnscavajl rdcitanjs aj tmd ocnsdst ipprnxakitanj tn tmd djvarnjkdjt ne mnkajazitanj‑.Ahdiccy, suom ij ijicnlud wnuch sitasey sax oratdrai7 ”sykpitry, prastajaty, sakucjdaty, kdtmnhncnlaoic ahdjtaty, cnjldvaty ijh onkprdmdjsavdjdss.‑ md ahdi tmii odrtiaj hastijod bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt ijicnluds kalmt bd prnhuotavd wisjdvdr onjsahdrdh. Nj tmd onjtriry, njd mih tn eajh ”tmd ocnsdst cavajl ipprnxaki-tanjs‑ (KoLrdw 91127 929).

md hasordpijoy watm onjtdkpnriry dtmjniromidncnly onuch jnt mivd bddjknrd kijaedst. \mdrdis iutmnrs ca`d Qdccdj, Bajenrh, Lnuch, _omaeedr ijh \matdciw snulmt tn ln bdynjh tmd strialmtenrwirh trijsedr ne prnpdrtads ernki sajlcd dtmjnlripmao snurod aj nrhdr tn stuhy hyjikao prnodssds aj tmd prdsdjt,sdvdric prakitncnlasts wdrd onjvajodh tmit eajhajl tmd bnttnkcajd ne mukijatywis tmd knst ipprnpraitd wiy ne usajl onjtdkpnriry dtmjnlripmao ijicnluds.At as akpnrtijt tn strdss tmit tmnsd prakitncnlasts wmn hdict watm dtmjnlripmasnurods wdrd jnt kirlajicazdh kivdrao`s, but `dy ealurds watmaj tmdar hasoapcaj



?65

Edhalij‑s dssiy wis sncaoatdh by tmd bnirh ne tmd prdstalanus Ijjuic Rdvadw ne Ijtmrnpncnly , ietdr mdrVrakitd Virihalks (91=2) mih iomadvdh tdxtbnn` stitus ajkuom Ijlcn-Ikdraoij prakitncnly. KoLrdw‑sOmakpijzdd Kitdraic Oucturdwisrdprajtdh twaod ijh rdodavdh tmd 9115 \.\. Mnwdccs Bnn` Vrazd ne tmd Ikdraoij

Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Issnoaitanj0 at odrtiajcy kihd KoLrdw tmd wnrch iutmnraty njomakpijzdd tnnc usd enr kijy ydirs tn onkd. Mdwds wis ijákajdjod lrasdajhasoussanjs nj tmd nralaj ne cijluild, dspdoaiccy rdjnwjdh enr mas tmdnry nj tmdldsturic nralaj ne cijluild.

md knst dcibnritd usd ne ij dtmjnlripmao knhdc aj i prakitncnlaoic onjtdxtnoourrdh watm R.B. Cdd‑s stuhy ne tmd !@ujl. Cdd, tmnulm triajdh is ij dtmjnlri-pmdr, wis prnedssanjiccy ijh ajstatutanjiccy rdcitdh watm tmd mukij nralajs prn-lrikkd ijh prakitncnlaoic wnr` ne \ismburj ijh HdUnrd. Is ij ujhdrlrihuitdernk nrnjtn wmn mih kignrdh aj ijtmrnpncnly ijh pmacnsnpmy, md bdoikd aj-tdrdstdh aj mukij dvncutanj ijh prakitd bdmivanur. Md rdoiccs7

I pipdr (–Vrakitd Bdmivanr ijh tmd Nralaj ne Ajodst‛) A livd it tmd 9156 kddt-ajl ne tmd Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Issnoaitanj cdh tn i kddtajl watm _mdrwnnh \ismburj ijh Arvdj HdUnrd ijh ij ajvatitanj tn stuhy prakitd bdmivanr watmtmdk it tmd Tjavdrsaty ne Oicaenrjai, Bdr`dcdy. _nnj ietdr sdttcajl aj Bdr`dcdy, Ardicazdh tmit ky cnjl-tdrk rdsdirom ajtdrdst ciy aj stuhyajl pdnpcd, jnt prakitds.Ky mujom wis tmit rdsdirom nj onjtdkpnriry mujtdr-litmdrdr lrnups‘subgdot tnorataoic siedluirhs‘onuch prnvahd i bisas enr knhdcs ne tmd dvncutanj ne mukijbdmivanr. (Cdd 91<17 1)

Is i onjsdqudjod, mas subsdqudjt rdsdirom nj tmd !@ujl tnn` pciod watmaj ihasoapcajiry ijh ajstatutanjic onjtdxt ne nbsdrvajl prakitd bdmivanur. \ismburjijh HdUnrd wdrd mas tdiomdrs it Bdr`dcdy, ijh HdUnrd bdoikd tmd supdrvasnr wmnrdpditdhcy vasatdh mak hurajl eadchwnr` aj tmd @icimira. \atm HdUnrd stuhyajltmd bibnnjs ijh Cdd tmd Busmkdj, tmd ldjdric oitdlnrads ”knj`dys‑ ijh ”kij‑wmaom mdihdh \ismburj ijh Ivas‑ onkpiritavd tibcd aj 914= wdrd substijtaitdhaj cdss tmij tdj ydirs by tmd eadchwnr` ne twn ne \ismburj hnotnric stuhdjts. Ijhat wdrd tmnsd twn stuhdjts wmn, bdtwddj eadchwnr` sdssanjs, wnuch nrlijazd njd netmd knst ajecudjtaic kddtajls aj tmd mastnry ne twdjtadtm-odjtury mukij nralajsrdsdirom7 tmd 9155 Kij tmd Mujtdr sykpnsauk.

Hdspatd Cdd‑s dkbdhhdhjdss aj prakitncnly, md icsn havdrldh ernk tmd eadch‑socakitd ne npajanj watm rdlirh tn tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao ijicnly. Tjca`d Edhalij,KoLrdw, ijh Mdwds, md rderiajdh ernk cnn`ajl enr tmd bnttnkcajd ne mukij enr-ildr ihiptitanjs. Aj eiot, mas omnaod enr tmd !@ujl wis nralajiccy lavdj aj by G.Hdsknjh Ocir`, tmd Bratasm iromidncnlast wmn mih wnr`dh enr jdircy twdjty ydirsit tmd Rmnhds-Cavajlstnjd Kusduk aj Jnrtmdrj Rmnhdsai (Wikbai) ijh wmnmih gnajdh tmd stiee it Bdr`dcdy aj 91597 ”Ocir` wis ajstrukdjtic aj enousajl nurittdjtanj nj _nutmdrj Ieraoi is i rdsdirom cnoicd ijh aj pirtaoucir nj tmd !@ujl_ij, i mujtajl ijh litmdrajl pdnpcd aj tmd jnrtmdrj @icimira Hdsdrt‑ (Cdd 91<1710 oe. Ocir` 91=50 9118 ijh Onn`d, Mirras ijh Mirras 91=<). Vriotaoic onjsahdri-tanjs suom is tmd rdcitavd disd tn ioodss i pirt ne tmd Bratasm dkpard (Bntswiji wisstacc tmd Bdomuijicijh Vrntdotnritd aj 915? wmdj Cdd bdlij), tmd kdhaitanj nei Oikbrahld icukjus ca`d Hdsknjh Ocir` ijh tmd oncnjaic jdtwnr` ne Djlcasm-



?6<

spdi`ajl ihkajastritnrs ijh somncirs mih i cirldr akpiot nj tmd hdoasanj tn stuhytmd !@ujl tmij ijy dxpdotitanjs ne eajhajl tmd cdist onkpcdx snoadty ne mujt-dr-litmdrdrs. Ajtdrdstajlcy, tmdsd wdrd tmd vdry sikd rdisnjs wmaom mih iccnw \ismburj tn nbsdrvd bibnnjs aj Dist-Ieraoi, ijh gust is tmd disacy nbsdrvibcd

bibnnjs dvdjtuiccy turjdh ajtn ldjdricazdh rdprdsdjtitavds ne tmd dircadst mnkajahpist ijh tmd prakitds pir dxodccdjod , sn tmd !@ujl tnn bdoikd ij aonj, dvdj wdccbdynjh tmd straotcy ioihdkao oarocds, ne tmd enrilajl knhd ne prnhuotanj aj tmprdsdjt is wdcc is aj tmd pist. mdy bdoikd tmd mujtdr-litmdrdrs pir dxodccdjod .

mnulm Cdd wis dxpcaoatcy ”cnn`ajl it i onjtdkpnriry mujtajl ijh litmdrajlsnoadty ernk ij dvncutanjiry pdrspdotavd‑ (91<17 xvaa), tmrnulmnut mas stuhysnulmt tn ivnah ”tmd akpcaoat rioask ijh bancnlaoic rdhuotanjask ne dircadr ijtmrpncnlaoic wnr`‑ (xvaa)‘i rdcuotijod ocnsd tn tmd iromidncnlaoic pnsatanj nj tmikittdr. Ij ijtmrnpncnlast by triajajl, md wis kuom bdttdr iwird ne tmd hijldrsne snoaic dvncutanjask tmij mas edccnw prakitncnlasts7 ”Kijy jajdtddjtm-odjtur

wratdrs mih trditdh onjtdkpnriry –sivilds‛ is –cavajl enssacs‛ nr –kassajl caj`s,‛ij ipprniom tmit mih bdonkd tmnrnulmcy hasordhatdh‑ (xvaa). Md eivnurdh ij ipprniom wmaom iccnwdh tn stuhy i lrdit hdic ne snoaic viraibcds ”watmnut hnajl cdjod tn tmd ibsncutdcy oruoaic rdonljatanj ne tmd ujaqudjdss ne mukij oucturd(xvaa). Cdd ajsastdh nj sdvdric nooisanjs nj tmd eiot tmit ”tmd mujtdrs ird jnt cavenssacs7 tmdy ird mukijs ca`d nursdcvds watm i mastnry is cnjl is tmd mastnry nntmdr mukij lrnup‑ (9), ajhddh, ”tmdy wdrd jnt kassajl caj`s0 tmdy wdrd is mukijis wd.‑ (8?2).

Qdt mnw onuch tmd dkpmisas nj tmdar pirtaouciraty ijh mukijaty bd rdonjoacdwatm ij dvncutanjiry ikbatanj ne hriwajl akpcaoitanjs ibnut tmd dircadst mukijenrildrs> Earst, Cdd bdcadvdh, onjtdkpnriry mujtdr-litmdrdrs, jn kittdr wmdrdtmdy cavdh, icc smirdh i onrd ne editurds, ”ijh tmas onrd ne editurds rdprdsdjts tmsao mukij ihiptitanj strappdh ne tmd ioordtanjs ijh onkpcaoitanjs brnulmt ibnutby ilraoucturd, urbijazitanj, ihvijodh tdomjncnly, ijh jitanjic ijh ociss onjecaot‑(91<17 2). Tjhdrjditm tmd issukdhcy tmaj ciydr ne rdodjt akpiots ijh onjtiotswatm tmd knhdrj wnrch at wis stacc pnssabcd, ioonrhajl tn mak, tn eajh tmd dssdne tmd mujtajl-litmdrajl wiy ne caed, jn kittdr wmdrd nj dirtm. Bdoiusd tmd onrdahdi ne tmd Kij tmd Mujtdr onjedrdjod wis stacc nut ne tmd qudstanj, mujtdrlitmdrdrs, dvdj tmnsd ernk tmd knhdrj wnrch, enrkdh i ujatiry ijh ujavdrsicoitdlnry tmit domndh mukijaty‑s dircadst ihiptitanj. Ajuat, Iustricaij ibnralajdsijh @icimira _ij wdrd ”iknjl tmd edw rdkiajajl rdprdsdjtitavds ne i wiy ne caedtmit wis, ujtac 96,666 ydirs iln, i mukij ujavdrsic‑ (9). _donjhcy, Cdd urldh tmitijicnlads mih tn bd knrd tmij sakpcd prngdotanjs7

\d wacc ki`d jn prnlrdss aj tmas irdi by sakpcy ippcyajl spdoa o dtmjnlripmaohiti tn iromidncnlaoic satds. P...[ Xnulm spdoa o dtmjnlripmao hiti kiy bd ne cattcdusd aj rdonjstruotanj, ae wd oij hasodrj tmdprajoapcds ujhdrcyajl enrilajl bd-mivanr aj icc ats viraibacaty, wd oij ippcy tmdsd prajoapcds tn knrd hyjikao knhdcsne enrilajl snoadtads pist ijh prdsdjt.(Cdd 91<17 8??-80 nralajic aticaos)



?6=

Aj nrhdr tn eajh ijh ippcy tmdsd ujhdrcyajl prajoapcds, Cdd hrdw upnj twn tmd-nrdtaoic stijods7 ujaenrkatiraijask ijh Kirxask. md ujaenrkatiraij ipprniomprnvahdh ”pirikdtdrs watmaj wmaom `dy viraibcds ecuotuitd, ijh tmd `jnwcdhldne tmdar irtaoucitanjs iccnws us tn tdst knhdcs ne lrnup struoturd ijh bdmivanr ne

prdmastnrao enrildrs iliajst tmd bdmivanr ne onjtdkpnriry enrildrs‑ (8?5). masoikd hnwj tn ujhdrstijhajl oiusitanj watmaj tmd prdsdjt snurod tmit onuch bddxtripncitdh tn tmd pist. At wis tmdrdenrd knst ipprnpraitd enr knrd kdomijaoicassuds suom is oicnrao rdquardkdjts, rdprnhuotavd ritds ijh onkpnjdjts ne doncnla-oic systdks. Enr oucturic priotaods bdynjh doncnlaoic bdmivanur, Kirxask prnvahdhi bdttdr erikdwnr`7 ajhddh, sajod tmd ahdncnlaoic supdrstruoturd wis hdtdrkajdhby tmd knhd ne prnhuotanj, i tmnrnulm `jnwcdhld ne tmd ajeristruoturd iccnwdhtn ki`d prdhaotanjs nj i snoadty‑s ”malmdr‑ rdicks.? md oucturic priotaod ne smir-ajl, enr ajstijod, kalmt jnt bd vasabcd aj tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh, but by bdajlstrnjlcy rdcitdh tn tmd enrilajl knhd ne prnhuotanj, at kihd sdjsd tn pnstucitd at

enr pist mujtdr-litmdrdrs is wdcc. md sikd mdch trud enr pncataoic dlicatiraijask,spitaic knbacaty, ijh i pirtaoucir sdxuic havasanj ne cibnur7 iromidncnlaoiccy ajvas-abcd, but struoturiccy rdcitdh tn tmd mujtajl-litmdrajl knhd ne dxastdjod. mdrdwis i oiusic caj` bdtwddj ”tmd enrilajl knhd ne prnhuotanj ijh ats issnoaitdhsupdrstruoturd‑ (8?8).

Ietdr mivajl hdoradh ”tmd cio` ne i ociraty ibnut tmd kdtmnhncnly ne dtmjn-lripmao ajedrdjod‑ (8??), Cdd prdsdjtdh ij irlukdjt tmit wis knrd subtcd tmijijytmajl prdsdjtdh aj prakitncnlaoic oarocds. Aj eiot, mas rdeusic tn hriw enrkicijicnlads ijh mas ajsastdjod tn ujhdrstijh ujhdrcyajl prajoapcds oikd ocnsd tnwmit dtmjniromidncnlasts wdrd wnr`ajl nj. Mnwdvdr, it tmd djh ne tmd hiy, massulldstanjs rdkiajdh tnn vilud, ijh pdrmips tnn tmdnrdtaoic, tn ki`d ijy sdra-nus akpiot. At wis icc wdcc ijh lnnh tn ajvn`d onjodptuic systdks ca`d ujaenrka-tiraijask ijh Kirxask, aj tmd ibsdjod ne ijy wnr`dh-nut dxikpcds nr prdoasdluahdcajds, tmd prnspdot ne hriwajl ijicnlads ibnut prdmastnry rdkiajdh eiarcyahcd. \mdrdis dtmjniromidncnlasts hdvdcnpdh i kahhcd-rijld tmdnry, Cdd‑s wnr`rdkiajdh straotcy onjeajdh tn ldjdric tmdnry. md eajic omiptdr ne mas akprdssavddtmjnlripmy md !@ujl _ij (91<1) hah jnt kddt tmd prnkasd tn smdh calmt upnjmukij dvncutanj, but sakpcy hrdw tnldtmdr i jukbdr ne ldjdricazitanjs ibnut!@ujl snoadty ijh snkdtakds dvdj ajhaoitdh tmdk is ujavdrsic enrildr trutms. \mdrdis Cdd onjsoanuscy ivnahdh eioacd prngdotanjs, mas ujavdrsic ijh rdaeadh oit-dlnry ne mujtdr-litmdrdrs is wdcc is mas ajvncujtiry pnrtriyic ne tmd !@ujl is atsprntntypaoic dxdkpcir livd rasd tn i pnwdreuc akild ne mukij ijodstry. mas aspdrmips tmd trildhy ne !@ujl dtmjnlripmy7 nralajiccy stirtdh is i wiy tn ivnahprngdotavd rdisnjajl, at dvdjtuiccy turjdh ajtn tmd knst dssdjtaicast hdeajatanj netmd mujtajl-litmdrajl wiy ne caed. Gust ca`d tmd iskijaijs, tmd Kribra nr tmd

isihiy, tmd !@ujl oikd tn bd onjsahdrdh is njd ne tmnsd mukij lrnups ”it tmdibsncutd kajakuk ne onkpcdxaty‑, ijh aj tmas dvdj tmd knst pnpucir njd. Cdd mihjnt njcy bddj ajstatutanjiccy dkbdhhdh aj prakitncnly0 mas rdsdirom subgdots, tmd

? Cdd‑s vadw ne Kirxask as aj eiot i enrk ne ajeristruoturic hdtdrkajask ijh onkds ocnsd tn Mirras‑sn-oiccdh ”vuclir kitdraicask‑.



?61

!@ujl, mih icsn ujhdrlnjd i ”prakitncnlaoic‑ trditkdjt ne bdonkajl i bdst pns-sabcd knhdc.

Havdrldjt hdbitds

\my as at tmit twn onjtdkpnriry hasoapcajds watm rdcitdh rdsdirom tmdkds hdvdnpdh aj suom nppnsatd hardotanjs> \my hah iromidncnly ijh prakitncnly havdrldsn vistcy ernk diom ntmdr, dspdoaiccy ernk tmd kah-91<6s nj> Mnw as at pnsstmit bntm eadchs ajvn`dh suom haeedrdjt ippcaoitanjs ne ijicnly tn hdic watm wwis, ietdr icc, i sakacir qudstanj> At kalmt mivd bddj disy djnulm tn dxpciaj haiomrnjao hasonjtajuaty watmaj iromidncnly is i rdsuct ne ij njlnajl haicnlud watmtmd hasoapcajiry pist ijh tmdnrdtaoic rd-nradjtitanj0 at as kuom knrd haeeaouctioonujt enr syjomrnjao hasonjtajuaty bdtwddj iromidncnly ijh prakitncnly ajsuom tdrks.

Aj tmd earst hdoihds ne pnstwir nralajs rdsdirom, mnwdvdr, tmdrd mih bddj osahdribcd onjtiot ijh dxomijld ne ahdis bdtwddj pdnpcd stuhyajl prakitds ijhtmnsd stuhyajl tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh. md earst knhdrj prakitd eadch stuhadkdrldh is i rdpcy tn ij iromidncnlaoic prnbcdk. \ismburj stirtdh nbsdrvajl bi-bnnjs ralmt ietdr tmd Vij-Ieraoij Onjlrdss aj 9144 aj nrhdr tn vdraey Hirt‑s ociaksenr ij nstdnhnjtn`dritao oucturd. Lnnhicc mih bddj sdjt ajtn tmd eadch nj Cdi`dy‑sajstalitanj tn eajh nut ibnut dircy mnkajahs by cnnàjl it omakpijzdds. Ajataiccy,prakitncnly mih pciydh ij ijoacciry rncd tn iromidncnly ijh priotatanjdrs ne bntmeadchs wdrd aj rdlucir onjtiot watm diom ntmdr it nooisanjs ca`d tmd Vij-IeraoOnjlrdssds ijh tmd Kij tmd Mujtdr onjedrdjod. By tmd citd 9156s, mnwdvdr, pra-

kitncnly dkijoapitdh ajtn i eadch ne ats nwj. mdrd wis ij djnrknus dxpijsanjne eadchwnr` nj knj`dys ijh ipds, bdoiusd cdss tmij i mijheuc ne spdoads mih tmueir bddj stuhadh aj hdptm. Ipirt ernk i ynujl hasoapcajd‑s jdodssaty tn hnoukdjtaj i jdircy dtmjnlripmaoic eismanj tmd havdrsaty ne prakitd bdmivanur, tmd 91<wdrd omiriotdrazdh by tmd lrnwajl iwirdjdss tmit tmd vdry rdsdirom nbgdot ne tjisodjt eadch wis ripahcy vijasmajl. Mdrd wis i ynujl ijh prnkasajl eadch, but atsenrkic nbgdot wis icrdihy ocnsd tn dxtajotanj! Enr kijy prakitncnlasts, tmdrdenrdtmdrd wis jnt i knkdjt tn cnnsd0 eadchwnr` bdoikd knrd akpnrtijt tmij `ddpajlup watm somncircy hdbitds, dspdoaiccy aj ntmdr hasoapcajds. @nrtcijht (91=57siroistaoiccy jntdh tmit ”it prdsdjt, tnn kijy dch wnr`drs stacc spdjh eir tnn kuom

takd aj tmd dch ijh eir tnn cattcd aj tmd cabriry.‑ Qdt tmd mastnry ne prakitncnly as icsn njd ne lrnwajl ajvncvdkdjt watm prakitdsNjod hastijt iutnkitnjs tmit wdrd ahdjta dh by jukbdrs, knj`dys ijh ipds ajordis-ajlcy rdodavdh pdrsnjic jikds, istdotanj ijh rdspdot ernk tmdar nbsdrvdrs. Xd nbgdotbdoikd subgdots ijh tmd jdutric ”at‑ wis rdpciodh by ”md‑ nr ”smd‑ aj ioonujts ne tmbdmivanur. At as rdkirìbcd mnw tmd jntanj ne eradjhsmap wis i rdlucir trnpd aj tatne pnpucir ioonujts7 Ky Eradjh ntn7 Xd Ihvdjturds ne i Omakpijzdd(@dirtnj 9124)0 Ky Knj dy Eradjhs(Russdcc 91?=)0 Ky Eradjhs tmd Bibnnjs(Kirias 91?1)0 Ky Eradjhstmd Ipds (Bdjomcdy 9188)0 Ky Eradjh tmd Omakpijzdd(Nbdrgnmijj 914<)0 Ky Eradjhstmd \ach Omakpijzdds(Lnnhicc 915<) ijh ”Kiàjl eradjhs watm knujtiaj lnraccis‑

(Enssdy 91<6). Hdspatd tmd enrkuciao rdpdtatanj ijh tmd rmdtnrao ne pravacdldh iooakpcadh, tmd ippdic tn ikaoibacaty odrtiajcy kir`dh i hastdrdjod watm Hu Omiaccu‑somissd



?96

iu lnraccd , tmd onch dyd ne bdmivanurask, ijh dvdj HdUnrd‑s snoandoncnly. Is tmd odjturyknvdh nj, jnjmukij prakitds wdrd jn cnjldr sakpcy nbsdrvdh but icsn bdstnwdh watmistdotanj, rst is pdts, citdr is wach spdoads. Xd iwirdjdss tmit kijy prakitd spdoadswdrd sdvdrdcy djhijldrdh stirtdh tn hiwj ernk tmd kah-odjtury njwirhs. Xas hak

rdicaty hah jnt njcy haspnssdss prakitncnly ne ats nbgdot ne rdsdirom ijh atsriasnj h‑çtrd ,but icsn bdrdet priotatanjdrs ernk tmdar nbgdots ne istdotanj. Eadchwnr`drs turjdh knrdnetdj ajtn cnbbyasts tmij cnlaoaijs. Icc tmrdd ”Cdi`dy larcs‑ ciujomdh pncataoic oikpialjsijh onjsdrvitanj iots iliajst mibatit hdstruotanj (Licha`is aj @icakijtij), pniomajl(Enssdy aj Rwijhi) ijh mujtajl (Lnnhicc aj ijzijai). Jdxt tn tmdsd ”trakitds‑, sdv-dric prakitncnlasts tnn` nj ij iotavd rncd aj onjsdrvitanj, tn tmd dxtdjt tmit tmd assud neonjsdrvitanj mis jnw bdonkd mdivacy ajstatutanjicazdh ajtn tmd hasoapcajd.8 Hdedjhajltmd caeds ijh tmd ralmts ne tmd jnjmukij prakitds wis prnbibcy knrd prdssajl, bntm ajtdrks ne takd ijh dkntanjs, tmij hdcvajl ajtn tdomjaoic hdbitds, dspdoaiccy nj suomeajao`y tmdkds ca`d tmd prnpdr usd ne ijicnly. \mit‑s knrd, ociakajl tmit tmd spd-

oads ynu stuhadh wis malmcy rdcdvijt tn ij ajquary ajtn mukij nralajs wis pdrmipstmd bdst wiy tn sdourd snkd prntdotavd kdisurds enr at. I sakacir pncataoic onk-katkdjt prdvdjtdh tmd ihvnoitds ne tmd omakp ijh bnjnbn knhdc tn ihhrdss tmdcnlao ne ijicnly. At wnuch cdih tnn eir tn hdtiac tmd kdtipmnraoic caj`ild bdtwddjtmd wnkdj‑s ralmt knvdkdjt ijh prakitd onjsdrvitanj deenrts (Miriwiy 91=1),but bntm onjsastdh ne i hdedjod ne tmd supprdssdh iliajst rdcdjtcdss dxpcnatitanjby ijhrnodjtrao nr ajhustraic pnwdrs. md omakp ijh bnjnbn ihvnoitds wdrd jneadchwnr`drs, but tmd rdpnrts ibnut bdmivanur aj tmd wach rdspnjhdh sn ihdquitdcytn tmdar isparitanjs tmit tmdy mih cattcd ittdjtanj tn tmd kdtmnhncnlaoic prnbcdkne ijicnly ijh tmd wiy at wis hasoussdh aj tmd eadch ne prnodssuic dtmjniromidnc-nly‘i eadch, knrdnvdr, tmit wis mdivacy kicd-hnkajitdh ijh wmdrd tmd bnistajlpncdkaos wdrd eir rdknvdh ernk tmdmdrrsomietserdad Haicnl rdquardh by edkajasts.

md rdsuct wis tmit knst, ae jnt icc prakitd knhdcs wdrd enrkucitdh watm cattcdrdspdot enr wmit wis lnajl nj aj i rdcitdh eadch ca`d iromidncnly, bntm aj tdrks neats hiti ijh ats kdtmnhs.

Iromidncnlasts wdrd icsn rdspnjsabcd enr tmd hasordpijoy watm prakitd stuhads. It tmd sikd takd prakitncnlasts turjdh tn tmd wnnhs tn stuhy bdmivanuric pittdrjsne ijakics it tmd vdrld ne dxtajotanj, tmd enrkdr wdjt tn tmd irotao ijh irah rdlanjstn nbsdrvd onjtdkpnriry mujtdr-litmdrdrs. Njd ne tmd lrdit ajodjtavds ne dtmjnir-omidncnly, ipirt ernk ats tmdnrdtaoic prnkasds, mih icsn bddj tmd urldjoy tn hnou-kdjt i enrilajl caedstycd tmit wis ripahcy hasippdirajl tmrnulm knhdrj akpiots.Bajenrh ijh Qdccdj, enr ajstijod, istutdcy rdicazdh tmit tmdy wdrd stuhyajl oucturicsystdks tmit mih bddj aj dxastdjod enr odjturads ijh wnuch snnj bdcnjl tn tmdpist, is tmdy wdrd icrdihy ujhdrlnajl sdvdrd knhaeaoitanj. Dtmjniromidncnlasts,tnn, mih i jirrnwcy oarouksorabdh tmdnrdtaoic ijh dkparaoic enous wmaom kihdtmdk ritmdr ajsdjsatavd tn wnr` ujhdrti`dj dcsdwmdrd. \macd kuom ajtdrdstajleadchwnr` aj prakitncnly wis icrdihy bdajl hnjd, Qdccdj (91<<7 ?) stacc bdcadvdh

8 Icc kignr prakitncnlaoic onjedrdjods somdhucd sdssanjs nj onjsdrvitanj, knst pubcaoitanjs s`dtomtmd djhijldrdh stitd ne tmd spdoads stuhadh, ijh tmdAjtdrjitanjic Gnurjic ne Vrakitncnly mis dvdj ispdoa o cnln (ij iyd-iyd mnchajl i ”vavikus‑ salj) tn ioonkpijy irtaocds wmaom hdsorabd ij djhij-ldrdh prakitd spdoads.



?99

tmit knhdcs ernk i rdcitdh eadch ca`d ijakic dtmncnly wdrd ”tmdnrdtaoiccy ippcaobut priotaoiccy haeeaouct tn ippcy‑.

Nj tnp ne tmit, tmd spdoucitavd tdjnr ne hdbitd aj prakitd-bisdh nralaj stuh-ads kust mivd kdt watm rdsastijod ijh hasipprnvic aj dtmjniromidncnlaoic oaroc

wdrd tmd dxaldjoads ne eiotuic hdknjstritanj bdoikd ajordisajlcy strajldjt. mdswddpajl jirritavds, tmd lrijh dvncutanjiry sodjirans, ijh tmd netdj lrituatnus gust-sn stnrads, icc bisdh nj sajlcd-spdoads knhdcs ijh prakd-knvdr dxpcijitanjs,kust mivd riasdh knrd tmij njd dtmjniromidncnlast‑s dydbrnws. _nkd prakitncn-lasts mivd irludh tmit tmd snoaic soadjods, ajocuhajl ijtmrnpncnly ijh iromidncnlymivd bddj rdcuotijt tn hriw upnj prakitd stuhads bdoiusd ne ”i ldjdric haspnsatanjtn hasonujt dxpcijitanjs ijh ioonujts ne mukij bdmivanr tmit skio` ne wmit sn-oaic soadjtasts oicc –bancnly‛ ‑ (Cny ijh Vdtdrs 91197 99). Qdt wmit mujtdr-litmddtmjniromidncnlasts wijtdh wis jnt icdss kdomijast tmdnry, but njd tmit wis dvdjknrd . Vrakitd knhdcs wdrd jnt tnn rdhuotanjast, but tnn akprdssanjastao. Ca`d prn-

pnjdjts ne i omakp knhdc, tmdy rdgdotdh tmd kistdr jirritavd ne Kij tmd Mujtdr,but tmit rdgdotanj wis bisdh nj tipmnjnky, jnt nj edkajask.Onjsdqudjtcy, tmd ajtdrdst enr prakitd bdmivanur wis jdxt tn kajakic iknjl

knst dtmjniromidncnlasts. mdar pubcaoitanjs wdrd dxtrdkdcy pnnr aj rdedrdjotn prakitd stuhads. Ae tmdy turjdh tn dtmncnly, at mippdjdh knstcy aj tmd onjtdxne enrkitanj stuhads. Bajenrh stuhadh tmd deedots ne bnjd ljiwajl by hnls, Briajnbsdrvdh mnw lnits, pnroupajds ijh cdnpirhs ieedotdh bnjd issdkbcilds. mdywnr`dh nj suom kajutd pittdrjs ca`d tmd akpiot ne oijajd prdssurd nj tmd dpapmy-sas ne i oirabnu‑s edkur. md iromidncnlaoic ajtdrdst aj ijakic bdmivanur noourrdearst ne icc aj i rdsdirom onjtdxt ne mnw nrlijasks ictdrdh tmd enssac rdonrh pnhdpnsatanjiccy, cdss aj mnw tmdy onuch bd knhdccdh is hdpnsatanjic ildjts.

Cnn`ajl it prakitd knhdccajl ijh dtmjniromidncnly aj tmd citd 91<6s ijhdircy =6s‘tmd hdoihds aj wmaom bntm rdiomdh tmdar ocissaoic stild‘wd nbsdrtwn ajtrnvdrtdh hdbitds rdlirhajl tmd usd ne onjtdkpnriry snurods tn ujhdrstijhtmd pist. \mdrdis tmd njd rdcadh nj tmd jukbdr ne sakaciratads tn dstibcasm mcastao prngdotanjs, tmd ntmdr rdcadh nj tmd quicaty ne ujhdrstnnh oiusds tn hpadodkdic trijsedrs. md njd vicudh ijicnluds aj tdrks ne prnxakaty, tmd ntmdraj tdrks ne rdcdvijod. \mdrdis njd wis hnoukdjtajl ikizajl pittdrjs ne bdmiv-anur iknjl netdj djhijldrdh spdoads, tmd ntmdr wis hdsorabajl knhdrj enrildrsystdks ijh hdvasdh i erikdwnr` enr usajl suom onjtdkpnriry dvahdjod. Aj tdrksne rdonjstruotajl dircy mnkajah snoaicaty, at sddkdh is ae njd lrnup ne somncirmih rdcdvijt hiti ijh ijntmdr lrnup rdcdvijt kdtmnhs. Bntm wdrd sdpiritdh by ihasoapcajiry lip. Kutuic cio` ne ujhdrstijhajl ijh tmd ibsdjod ne ajtdrhasoapca-jiry onkkujaoitanj tmus akpdhdh tmd pntdjtaiccy eruateuc dxomijld ne rdsdiromrdsucts. md iwirdjdss tmit tmas wis ritmdr rdlrdttibcd stirtdh tn hiwj aj tmd citd91=6s ijh at wis iliaj tmd @ajzdy vncukd wmaom pivdh tmd wiy7 Vntts orataoatmd prakitd knhdccdrs‑ cio` ne ittdjtanj enr iromidncnlaoic ijh ldncnlaoic dva-hdjod, nnby ijh HdUnrd oiccdh enr onjodptuic knhdcs ijh _truk ijh Katomdcc‑sajsastdh nj stuhyajl prnodssds ritmdr tmij supdreaoaic sakaciratads mas kust msnujhdh eikacair tn dtmjniromidncnlasts brnulmt up watm tmd ijicnly hasoussanaj tmdar eadch. Mdrd wis it cdist ij nooisanj ne pnssabcd onjvdrldjod. ”Ldjuaj



?92

ajtdrhasoapcajiry onccibnritanj,‑ KoLrdw nbsdrvdh snkd ydirs citdr, ”bdtwddj prakitnc-nly, dspdoaiccy ne tmd Ieraoij ipds, ijh picidnijtmrnpncnly, dspdoaiccy aj iromidncnlyijh doncnly, as cnjl nvdrhud‑ (aj _dpt 91127 91<). Ictmnulm tmas jdodssaty wis wnrhdhby i prakitncnlast, aj ldjdric iromidncnlasts mivd bddj knrd prdpirdh tn brahld tmd has-

pcajiry maitus. Aj tmd hdoihd subsdqudjt tn @ajzdy vncukd, i ynujldr ldjdritanj neprakitncnlasts stuo` tdjioanuscy tn tmd vicud ne rdedrdjtaic omakp knhdcs, but ajiromidncnly i jdw ajtdrdst enr prakitd bdmivanur dkdrldh7 _dpt (91120 911=) ijh Gnucaij (91180 9115) wdjt tn tmd eadch tn hn dtmniromidncnly, wmdrdis Vicidncatmaoiromidncnlasts ca`d Katmdj (9118) ijh _tddcd ijh _mdjjij (9115) mivd stirtdh tnusd tmd iviacibcd prakitncnlaoic catdriturd, dvdj enr knrd rdodjt pdranhs ca`d tmdDurnpdij Vicidncatmao.

Vrakitd knhdccajl ijh tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh

Cubbno`‑s eiknus stitdkdjt (9=547 884-50 oe. supri p. 5<-=) nj tmd qudst enrtmd cnwdst sivild oij bd disacy knhaeadh tn hdsorabd tmd prakitncnlaoic hdbitd njmujtdr-litmdrdrs7

Vrakitd knhdccdrsmivd viradh i lnnh hdic aj npajanj is tn tmdsnoadty ne mujt-dr-litmdrdrs wmaom as djtatcdh tn tmd ujdjvaibcd rdputitanj neciyajl it tmd ib-sncutd kajakuk ne onkpcdxaty . Mdwds wis hdoahdhcy aj eivnr, ae A kiy sn siy,netmd Kribra ijh tmd isihiy 0Edhalij kiajtiajdh tmit tmd Busmkdj ird tmdcdist onkpcdx 0 wmacdKoLrdw vntdh enr tmd Iustricaijs ijh iskijaijs.

At sueeaods tn omijld ”trivdccdrs ijh jituricasts‑ ajtn ”prakitd knhdccdrs‑0 ”tmd

riod ne sivilds‑ ajtn ”tmd snoadty ne mujtdr-litmdrdrs‑0 ”tmd cnwdst aj soicd ne oavaca-sitanj‑ ajtn ”tmd ibsncutd kajakuk ne onkpcdxaty‑0 tmd jikds ne Uaotnraij jitu-ricasts ajtn tmd jikds ne onjtdkpnriry prakitncnlasts0 ijh tmd Eudlaij ajtn tmdKribra ijh tmd isihiy. \mit wd ldt ernk tmas stycastao surldry as i eiar pnrtriyicne tmd hdbitd aj prakitncnly nj tmd usd ne dtmjnlripmao snurods. drks ijh jikdskiy mivd omijldh, but onjodpts mivd jnt. At ti`ds tmdrdenrd cattcd akilajitanjtn sdd mnw rdcitdh tmd prakitd hdbitd as tn tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury onkpiritavdkdtmnh, dspdoaiccy wmdj tmdy bntm tic` ibnut tmd sikd snoadtads7 tmd Busmkdjijh tmd iskijaijs ird jnw is malmcy vicudh is snurods enr knhdccajl is tmdywdrd i odjtury iln. md qudstanj bdonkds knrd omiccdjlajl wmdj wd tic` ibnut

djtardcy haeedrdjt snurods ca`d prakitds.Vrnxakaty, pravacdld, prngdotanj ijh pirihnxds

Onkpirajl tmd cnlaoic ijicysds ne tmd irlukdjts put enrwirh by snoanoucturicdvncutanjasts ijh prakitncnlasts, i jukbdr ne piriccdcasks oijjnt ln ujjntaodh,dspdoaiccy bdtwddj tmd knst ocissaoic dxikpcds ca`d Knrlij‑s, _nccis‑ ijh ycnr‑scitdr rdisnjajls, nj tmd njd mijh, ijh tmd ”kiturd‑ bibnnj, omakp, bnjnbn, ijhjdn-rdedrdjtaic knhdcs, nj tmd ntmdr. At onkds is jn surprasd tmitsakaciraty wismalmcy vicudh by bntm is tmd knst akpnrtijt oratdranj enr issdssajl tmd vicahatyne i onjtdkpnriry snurod. iskijaijs ijh omakpijzdds wdrd bntm hdedjhdh njtmd bisas ne tmd jukdrnus rdsdkbcijods tmdy kijaedstdh watm tmd nbsdrvdh ijh



?9?

issukdh prnpdrtads ne tmd tirldt ijicnlud. Busmkdj ijh bibnnjs wdrd ajvn`dhis tmdy sddkdh tn eiatmeuccy rdprdsdjt aj tmd prdsdjt wmit mih bddj cnst aj tmpist. Iliajst KoCdjjij‑s nbsdrvitanj ne ”suom sakaciraty, sn kijy onrrdspnjhdjods,sn kuom sikdjdss‑ iknjl sivilds (9=547 ?) stnnh ijjdr‑s ajsastdjod tmit omakps ijh

mukijs wdrd ”dxtrdkdcy sakacir ijh dvahdjtcy ocnsdcy rdcitdh‑ (91=<7 <). Xd akprdssne akkdhaitd ca`djdssds turjdh tmd iknujt ne rdsdkbcijod ajtn tmd hdoasavd ijh dvdjnjcy oratdranj enr ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl, it tmd dxpdjsd ne hasoussajl tmd ujhdrcyajlrdc-dvijod (wmaom wis onjsahdrdh rdhujhijt aj tmd calmt ne suom kijaedst sakaciraty) ijh nivnahajl tmd ispdot nehassakaciraty (wmaom wis dxpdradjodh is iutnkitaoiccy ajvicahitajltmd irlukdjt).

Aj tmas onjtdxt at as usdeuc tn rdoicc, iliaj, tmd dxpdrakdjt onljatavd psyomncnlhdvasdh tn ajvdstalitd tmd prnodss ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl, tmd dxpdrakdjt aj wmaostuhdjts wdrd is`dh enr ihvaod ibnut Ikdraoij kacatiry ajvdjtanj aj i eaotatanussatuitanj wmaom, tmnulm ahdjtaoic, aj njd oisd supdreaoaiccy rdsdkbcdh \nrch \i

AA ijh aj ijntmdr Uadtjik. _ajod rdspnjhdjts tn tmd earst oisd eivnurdh ajtdrvdj-tanj but tmd njds tn tmd sdonjh ihvasdh iliajst, tmd rdsdiromdrs onjocuhdh tmisureiod sakaciraty pciydh i oruoaic rncd it tmd cdvdc ne snurod sdcdotanj. mdronursd i haeedrdjod bdtwddj smnrt-tdrk ajhavahuicbraoncild ijh cnjl-tdrk onccdo-tavd rdisnjajl. But wd mivd sddj mnw tmd ocissaoic dpasnhd ne prakitd knhdccawis mdivacy onjodrjdh watm sdcdotajl tmd ralmt snurod, aj pirtaoucir rdlirhajl tmomakpijzdd ijh bnjnbn knhdc ijh ocissaoic Uaotnraij dvncutanjask mih i lrditajtdrdst aj eajhajl ij ihdquitd rdprdsdjtitavd enr dvncutanjiry stilds, aj pirtaoucirenr tmd cnwdst cdvdc ne sivildry. mas nbsdssanj djtiacdh i eisoajitanj watm akkditd sakaciraty, rdlirhcdss ne ats wdalmdh rdcdvijod.

I cnlaoic onjsdqudjod ne tmas odjtricaty ne sakaciraty wis tmit tmd bdst snurmih tn bd tmd njd ocnsdst tn tmd tirldt. Ae tmd iknujt ne sakaciraty as wmit kittdrat enccnws tmit odrtiaj snurods ernk tmd prdsdjt wnrch ird ocnsdr . Vrnxakaty tn tirldt hdtdrkajdh tmd quicaty ne tmd snurod. mdjukbdr ijh viradty ne snurod onj-tdxts bdoikd tnticcy ajedranr tn tmd oratdranj ne sakaciraty aj suom rdisnjajl ernprnxakaty. Mdjod tmd ioraknjanus hdbitds aj pnstwir prakitncnly tn eajh tmd bdstknhdc0 mdjod icsn tmd deenrts aj snoanoucturic dvncutanjask tn eajh tmd cnwdsild. \mit wd sdd aj tmdsd hasputds as i strnjl hasrdlirh enr usajl knrd tmij njdsnurod onjtdxt it tmd takd. Ritmdr tmij stuhyajl tmd tirldt ujhdr onjsahdritanj(dircy mnkajah snoaicaty, nralajs ne mukijaty) ernk i kuctatuhd ne ijlcds ijh ak-pnrtdh ijicnluds, bntm prakitncnlasts ijh snoanoucturic dvncutanjasts prdedrrdh tnpravacdld njd kijaedst snurod ijicnlud ibnvd tmd ntmdrs. Onjtdkpnriry sivildsijh jnjmukij prakitds wdrd sddj is ”wajhnws tn tmd pist‑, but njcy njd waj-hnw wis npdjdh it tmd takd. md pdrspdotavd ne i knrd viradlitdh, but jdodssir-acy knrd onkpcaoitdh vadw iomadvdh by npdjajl sdvdric smuttdrs it njod wis njcrirdcy dxpcnrdh.

Ajstdih, tmas ocnsdst snurod sdrvdh is tmd bisas enr wmncdsicd prngdotanjs ernprdsdjt njtn tmd pist. Djtard stilds ne prdmastnry wdrd dxpciajdh jnt by irlukdjts hd-ravdh ernk tmd pravacdldh snurod, but by hdsoraptanjs ne at. Xd jdir-tn-dquic snurtmus rdpciodh tmd nbsourd tirldt0 vasuicazitanj bdajl knrd akpnrtijt tmij irlukdjti-tanj. _nccis‑ cdjltmy dxpnsás nj tmd ratuics ne Iustricaij ibnralajds wdrd domndh cdss t



?98

i odjtury citdr by ijjdr‑s dxtdjsavd dvnoitanjs ne omakpijzdd caed7 aj tmd njd oisd atsdrvdh tmd smdh calmt nj Jdijhdrtmics, aj tmd ntmdr nj tmd cist onkknj ijodstnr nemukijs ijh omakpijzdds, but aj bntm oisds tmd irlukdjt onjsastdh ne hnwjralmt prngdotanjs. At wis tn jn iviac tmit onljatavd psyomncnlasts irludh tmit ”ijicnlads smnuch

djmijod tmaj`ajl, jnt substatutd enr at‑ (Mncyni` ijh Xilirh 91147 9??). Is i onjsd-qudjod, tmdwdalmtne tmd ajedrdjods ldjdriccy nutbicijodh tmd wdalmt ne tmd prdkasds.bdoiusd tmd trust aj sakaciraty cdh tn nvdrhirajl rdonjstruotanjs tmit wdjt bdynjh tmdiviacibcd dvahdjod. Xd 11 % ne ldjdtao nvdrcip bdtwddj tmd ldjusVij ijh tmd ldjusMnkn mih lavdj rasd tn suom vist prngdotanjs tmit bntm omakp spdoads onuch rdpciod tmdiotuic onkknj ijodstnr. Cdt at bd ij akprdssavd pdrodjtild ne ldjdtao rdsdkbcijod, atas dvdj knrd akprdssavd tn sdd tmd iknujt ne hassakaciraty aj ijitnky, bdmivanur, ijhonljatanj wmaom sddks tn sprajl ernk tmd rdkiajajl pdrodjt. Xdrd as kuom cdet aj tmd

jic pdrodjt, nr dcsd tmdrd as kuom tmit as jnj-ldjdtao. Cdt us jnt enrldt tmit <8 % netmd `jnwj mukij ldjnkd oij bd enujh watmOidjnrmibhatas dcdlijs , i ruhakdjtiry

wnrk wmn wis tmd rst ne icc znncnlaoic spdoads tn mivd ats ldjnkd ajtdlriccy kippdh!4

Aj tmd ibsdjod ne onjsahdrajl tmd kdijajl nr tmd rdcdvijod ne tmas ldjdtao ocnsdjdss, njdsmnuchj‑t bd kascdh by kdrd jukdraoic rmdtnrao. I sakacir orataoask onuch icsn bd cdvdccdhiliajst ycnr‑s dquitanj ne iskijaijs watm Jdijhdrtmics. Njd ijtapnhic sahd-soripdrijh i onupcd ne tmao` dydbrnw rahlds wdrd ippirdjtcy su oadjt tn hriw eir-rdiomajl aj-edrdjods nj tmd Knustdraij. Ne onursd, tdomjncnlaoic ajldjuaty (nr tmd cio` tmdrdne) ijhijitnkaoic pdoucairatads ne issukdh prakatavdjdss wdrd onjsahdrdh by tmd dvncutanjasts isoruoaic oucturic kir`drs, but at wis stacc quatd i hiujtajl stdp tn ajedr dquavicdjod nr dvdjahdjtaty ernk suom irbatriry kir`drs. Bcajhdh by tmd iknujt ne akkdhaitd rdsdkbcijod,somncirs mivd tmus netdj ittrabutdh eir tnn kuom wdalmt tn tmd prdhaotdh sakaciraty ajonkpirasnj tn tmd nbsdrvdh sakaciraty.

wn ajtdrdstajl pirihnxds rdsuct ernk tmas rdisnjajl ernk prnxakaty. Earst,wmdrdis njd kalmt bd ibcd tn ajhaoitd tmd ocnsdst snurod iknjl tmd iviacibcd ictdr-jitavds, njd mis stacc jn ahdi ne tmd rdkiajajl hastijod tn tmd iotuic tirldt atsdce,dspdoaiccy wmdj tmit tirldt as pnnrcy `jnwj (tmas as tmd wmncd pnajt njd wijts tnrdsncvd!). Bnjnbns ird icknst odrtiajcy ocnsdr tn tmd cist mnkajah-pnjlah onk-knj ijodstnr tmij bibnnjs ird, but tmdrd as jn wiy ne tdccajl nemnwocnsd tmdyird. mas as tmd arnjy ne suom sajlcd-spdoads nr sajlcd-sivilds rdisnjajl7 at trads tnajordisd tmd ispdots ne sakaciraty watm tmd tirldt, but enr kijy ispdots tmd tirldt‑sediturds ird sakpcy uj`jnwj (bdoiusd tmdy ird jnt aj tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh). Iearst pirihnx oij tmus bd pmrisdh7 rdisnjajl ernk prnxakaty onkds hnwj tn eajh-ajl sakaciratads wmdj suom sakaciratads oijjnt dvdj bd dstibcasmdh bdoiusd sakpcdonkpirasnjs oijjnt bd kihd. Aj nrhdr tn ki`d suom onkpirasnjs, njd jddhs tn`jnw knrd ibnut tmd tirldt, sn i prdsdjt snurod kalmt bd ajvn`dh, but tmit rd-quards tmd issdsskdjt ne sakaciraty ijh mnw ird wd tn kdisurd sakaciraty aj tmasoisd> By ajvn`ajl i jdw snurod> Dtodtdri, dtodtdri. Aj tmd ibsdjod ne onjsahdrajl

4 O. dcdlijswis kippdh by tmd djh ne 911=0 tmd mukij ldjnkd smnuch bd kippdh by 266?. Xdkippajl ne Hrnsnpmaci kdcijnlistdr , tmd eruat y sn ajtdjsavdcy stuhadh by ldjdtaoasts enr icknst iodjtury, wis onkpcdtdh by Kirom 2666. Aj tmas oisd, tnn, hiujtajl iknujts ne sakaciraty aj tdrksne pdrodjtild watm mukijs wdrd jntdh (wmaom wis siah tn bd irnujh 56 pdrodjt).



?94

rdcdvijod, wd turj ajtn irdlrdssuk ih ajeajatuk. mas, tmdrdenrd, as tmd pirihnx neajeajaty .

Njd wiy nut ne tmas pirihnx onkds hnwj tn smnwajl tmit tmd prdsdjt snurod asajhddh quatd ocnsd tn tmd prdmastnrao tirldt bdoiusd at mis jnt omijldh vdry kuo

sajod tmit takd. mas wis wmit tmd djtard hdbitd bdtwddj tmd dvncutanjasts ij Irlycc odjtrdh upnj7 iliajst tmd Hu`d‑s ociak tmit knhdrj prakatavds mih onkdtn tmdar prdsdjt stitd bdoiusd ne ujenrtujitd mastnrads ne hdlrihitanj ijh rdgdo-tanj, tmd dvncutanjasts kiajtiajdh tmit sivilds mih icwiys bddj ca`d tmas, tmit tmdwdrd pdnpcd watmnut mastnry, ijh tmit tmd eiotnr ne takd wis ne jn akpnrtijod ajhdsorabajl tmdar jituric ijh ujavdrsic stitd. At as jn onajoahdjod tmit tmnsd iutmnrwmn lrijtdh ittdjtanj tn tmd pirtaoucir mastnrads ne tmd sivild trabds (earst Irlycccitdr Bnis) wdrd icsn tmd njds wmn rderiajdh ernk usajl tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnhijh dvdj eadrodcy orataoazdh at. At as jn onajoahdjod datmdr tmit tmd ynujl yctmdRdsdiromdsstacc strdssdh tmd nvdricc akpnrtijod ne mastnry ijh wis oirdeuc wat

ornss-oucturic onkpirasnj0 njcy citdr, aj tmdNralajs ne Oucturd , is i eucc-bcnwjdvncutanjast hah md hasrdlirh suom tmajl ca`d mastnraoic dxiotjdss nr ldnlripmprdoasanj. Ij iwirdjdss ne mastnry onuch jnt bd rdonjoacdh watm tmd jddh enrprngdotibcd snurod. mas wis icsn trud aj tmd oisd ne prakitncnly. Nbvanuscy, tmwis tmd cnjl-stijhajl tmnulmt tmit njcy mukijs mih mastnry ijh ijakics jnjd. \mdrdis mukijaty wis pdrodavdh is hyjikao, ijakics wdrd rdlirhdh is stitao, nutne takd, akkutibcd, nr kutibcd njcy it vdry scnw ritds ijh bdynjh tmdar prnpdrwacc. \ismburj onuch nrlijazd mas bibnnj dvahdjod is tmd prakitd bisas ernkwmaom dircy mnkajahs mih hdpirtdh sajod prakitds ”mivd omijldh eir cdss tmij mkij‑ (\ismburj ijh Ivas 914=7 822). mit onjtdkpnriry bibnnjs kalmt bd vdryhaeedrdjt ernk Vcan-Vcdastnodjd njds, cdt icnjd ernk vdry dircy mnkajahs, hah jkittdr tn mak. _akacircy, ijjdr tnn` omakpijzdds is mdr stirtajl pnajt, catdriccyoiccajl tmdk ”onjsdrvitavd‑ (91=97 54). md ”onjsdrvitavd‑ omakps tmus stnnhtmd sikd enntajl is tmd ”irrdstdh hdvdcnpkdjt‑ ne tmd iskijaijs7 tmdy onjtajudhajtn tmd prdsdjt i stitd ne bdajl ernk tmd pist. Mdrd, tnn, at as jn onajoahdjod tmitij iutmnr ca`d Hd \iic wmn mis strdssdh tmd akpnrtijod ne mastnry tn ujhdrstijhjnjmukij prakitds nbstajitdcy rdeusds tn ihvnoitd i rdedrdjtaic knhdc. Mastnrynbstruots rdisnjajl ernk prnxakaty, at smnws tmit tmdrd as it cdist njd haeedrdjodbdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt, a.d. takd‘ijh tmd deedots tmas kiy oiusd. md hdjaicne mastnry wis ij uctakitd, tmnulm by jn kdijs luirijtddh, hdvaod tn ki`d tmdpravacdldh snurod ippdir is deedotavdcy ocnsd tn tmd tirldt. At wis ajvn`dh by bhdbitds is ij ijswdr tn tmd pirihnx ne ajeajaty.

I sdonjh, rdcitdh cnlaoic prnbcdk onkds hnwj tn tmd ahdi tmit njd oij jdvdrmivd djnulm rdsdkbcijods. md iknujt ne sakaciraty oij icwiys bd eurtmdr iul-kdjtdh. md jukbdr ne enrkic ca`djdssds tmit as rdquardh tn siedcy hriw ajedr-djods oij njcy bd rdiomdh wmdj sakaciraty as ibsncutd, ydt tmas as tmd pnajt wmjn eurtmdr ajedrdjods oij bd hriwj. mas tmdj as tmd sdonjh pirihnx ne rdisnjajlernk prnxakaty7 sakaciraty as jdvdr djnulm, ijh wmdj at as djnulm, at bdonkds tiu-tncnlaoic. \d oij oicc tmas tmd pirihnx ne ajsueeaoadjoy . Eajhajl tmd pdredot snurodijicnlud wnuch kdij eajhajl i cavajl iustricnpatmdoajd, i mdictmy cist onkknjijodstnr, i bras` Jdijhdrtmic, nr ij djdrldtao drtairy kij. Ne onursd, prakitd



?95

knhdccdrs ijh snoanoucturic dvncutanjasts rdicazdh tmit suom wis jnt tmd oisd, butonjtajudh tn bdcadvd tmitahdiccy tmd bdst knhdc wnuch stacc bd ij ahdjtaoic snurod.By tmus iotajlis ae tmd snurod dquiccdh tmd tirldt, tmdy rij ajtn tmd ajdvatibcdeiccioy ne tmd pdredot ijicnly, a.d. tmd hijldr tn rdisnj ernk pirtaic rdsdkbcijod

tn tntic ahdjtaty. mas wis nbvanus, is wd mivd sddj, watm tmd omakpijzdd ijhbnjnbn knhdcs. At icsn mippdjdh tn _nccis, enr ajstijod, wmn mih tn irlud tmiticc mas snurods wdrd mastnraoiccy rdcitdh tn mas tirldts, njcy tn bd ibcd tn substatutdtmd njds enr tmd ntmdrs. ycnr ijh Knrlij, nj tmd ntmdr mijh, mih tn strdss tmdpsyomao ujaty ne kij`ajh aj nrhdr tn bd ibcd tn issdkbcd wahdcy haspdrsdh snurodsis stijh-ajs enr tmd stilds ne mukij dvncutanj. Bntm hdbitds edcc ajtn tmd eiccioy netmd pdredot ijicnly tn ivnah tmd pirihnx ne ajsueeaoadjoy.

Vrnxakaty cdh tn pravacdlajl njd snurod, pravacdlajl cdh tn prngdotavd hdsorap-tanj, ijh tmas cdh tn twn pirihnxds. md eiot tmit prnpnjdjts ne tmd onkpiri-tavd kdtmnh ijh ne prakitd knhdccajl rdiotdh aj sakacir wiys tn tmdsd pirihnxds

dpatnkazds tmd eujhikdjtic sakaciraty bdtwddj bntm hdbitds.

Haeedrdjods Jnw wd wnuch bd onkkattajl tmd sikd drrnr is snkd ne tmd dvncutanjasts ijh pra-kitncnlasts mivd hnjd ae wd njcy strdssdh sakaciratads it tmd dxpdjsd ne haeedrdjodsaj nur onkpirasnj ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh ijh prakitd knhdccajl. Dvdry onk-pirasnj jddhs tn issdss tmd iknujt ne hasordpijoy ijh tn isodrtiaj ats kdijajl.

rud, tmdrd ird prnenujh haeedrdjods bdtwddj bntm hdbitds. Earst ne icc, tmdrdwis kuom knrd viraitanj watmaj diom. Aj prakitncnly, tmd oirjavnrd ijh tmd ld-

cihi knhdc, is wdcc is jnj-rdedrdjtaic ictdrjitavds ca`d pmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj,bdmivanuric doncnly ijh dtmjniromidncnly icc dsoipdh tmd rdisnjajl ernk prnxak-aty. Aj snoanoucturic dvncutanjask, tmd dircy Cubbno` haeedrdh strnjlcy ernk tmdcitdr ocissaoic onkpiritavd kdtmnh. md ibnvd onkpirasnj mis kiajcy enousdh njtmd knst ocissaoic dxikpcds ernk bntm hdbitds. But jnt watmnut rdisnj7 tmdsd wdrdjnt njcy tmd knst nutspn`dj oisds, but wdrd watmnut dxodptanj tmd knst pnpucirijh hnkajijt njds. Cubbno`‑s ajsastdjod nj eajhajl tmd onkknj hdjnkajitnrbdtwddj sivild trabds kdt watm jn sykpitmy ernk mas onjtdkpnrirads it icc. Atwis cdet aj sacdjod ijh wis erdqudjtcy ujhdrkajdh, dvdj by Cubbno` maksdce._akacircy, Gnccy‑s ldcihi knhdc nr _dpt‑s dtmniromidncnly, ajtdrdstajl is tmdy ird,

hrdw eir cdss ittdjtanj ernk tmd soadjtaeao onkkujaty tmij tmd omakpijzdd knhdc. Iliajst njd iutmnr ihvnoitajl ij ictdrjitavd wiy ne rdisnjajl ernk onjtdkpnriryprakitds, tmdrd wdrd it cdist tdj hdedjhajl i rdedrdjtaic knhdc bisdh nj njd ne tmdomakpijzdd spdoads. md sdotanj nj ldcihis hrdw nj tmrdd pubcaoitanjs njcy, tmdnjd nj omakp knhdcs hdict watm it cdist i hnzdj ne tmdk (jdn-rdedrdjtaic knhdcsjnt dvdj ajocuhdh). Dvdj tmd ictdrjitavds brnulmt up sajod tmd orasas ne rdedrdj-taic knhdccajl ird stacc nutjukbdrdh by tmd pnpuciraty ne omakp knhdcs tnhiy.Hdspatd icc ats lnnh ahdis, dtmniromidncnly enr ajstijod as stacc njcy priotasdh by ionupcd ne hdvntdds.

Ajtdrdstajlcy, tmd ahdis hdvaitajl ernk tmd ldjdric tdjhdjoy aj njd hdbitd

onuch snkdtakds onjvdrld tn ij ictdrjitavd brnulmt up aj ijntmdr hdbitd i odj-tury citdr. Cubbno`‑s sdirom enr i onkknj hdjnkajitnr wis dxiotcy domndh by tmd



?9<

\rijlmik‑s oicc enr pmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj ijh tmd subsdqudjt ocihastaos ne bd-mivanur7 aj bntm oisds, cnn`ajl enr smirdh onkknjicatads bdtwddj sdvdric snuroaj tmd prdsdjt wis bdcadvdh tn bd i knrd rdcaibcd prnodhurd tmij pao`ajl nut i saj-lcd njd enr prngdotanj. Knrdnvdr, bntm wnr`dh ernk tmd prdkasd tmit tmd snuro

ijicnluds wmdrd ajtdrjiccy rdcitdh, datmdr by pmycnldjy nr by psyomao ujaty. Jnat wnuch cdih tnn eir tn sulldst tmit Cubbno` wis i enrdrujjdr ne bdmivanuricocihastaos nr tmit md wis ”imdih ne mas takd‑ nr wmitdvdr ntmdr ijiomrnjask, tmd eiot tmit dvdj dxodptanjs tn tmd hnkajijt hasonursd struoturiccy rdsdkbcd diontmdr ieearks tmd prnenujh ca`djdss ne tmnsd hasonursds.

md cirldst ijh knst akpnrtijt haeedrdjod bdtwddj tmd onkpiritavd kdtm-nh ijh prakitd knhdccajl onjodrjs tmd onjodpt ne madriromy. \mdrdis tmd jajd-tddjtm-odjtury iutmnrs tradh tn onrrdcitd diom hdvdcnpkdjtic stild watm onjtdk-pnriry dtmjnlripmao oisds (rdlirhcdss ne wmdtmdr tmdsd wdrd tnnc typds nr djtrabds), tmus irrijlajl tmdk ajtn i madriromy ernk sakpcd tn onkpcdx, prakitncn-

lasts jdvdr wdjt sn eir. Vrakitd knhdccdrs jdvdr ociakdh, enr dxikpcd, tmit tmd cistonkknj ijodstnr wis i bibnnj, tmd dircadst iustricnpatmdoajd i omakpijzdd ijhMnkn mibacasi bnjnbn. Njcy Vedaeedr (91<2) ijh Barhsdcc (91<2) njod sulldstdhtmit nur irbnrdic ijodstnrs mih earst tn bd onkpirdh tn omakps ijh citdr, wmdjtmdy mih rdiomdh i tdrrdstraic caedstycd, tn bibnnjs, but tmas wis aj tmd onjtne ldjdric tdxtbnn`s ijh, onkpirdh tn tmd dcibnritd snoanoucturic dvncutanjastsomdkds prnhuodh i odjtury dircadr, tmd jntanj wis jdvdr sdranuscy onjsahdrdhAj ldjdric dvncutanjasts put onjtdkpnriry snurods nj dvdry rujl ne tmd cihhdr,prakitncnlasts njcy it tmd bnttnk rujl. md haeedrdjod as ujhdjaibcy rdcdvijt isat rdcitds tn tmd rdspdotavd rdsdirom ildjhis7 tmd Uaotnraij somncirs wdrd ibnvonjodrjdh watm tmd jntanj ne prnlrdss , prakitncnlasts wdrd knrd onjodrjdh watmtmd jntanj nenralajs . md njds stuhadh mnw mukij oavacazitanj mih hdvdcnpdhajtn tmd prdsdjt, tmd ntmdrs nj mnw mnkajazitanj mih ti`dj pciod aj tmd pist.Madriromaoic ocissaeaoitanjs wdrd ij ajtdlric pirt ne tmd snoandvncutanjast eibbut mih jn rncd aj tmd prakitncnlaoic hdbitd. Vrakitd knhdccdrs rirdcy wnr`dhnj pdranhs ynujldr tmij tmd Vcan-Vcdastnodjd0 njodMnkn drdotus ippdirdh nj tmdsodjd, tmd usd ne prakitd knhdcs wis watmhriwj.

_akaciraty but jn onjtajuaty

Eir ernk bdajl ahdjtaoic, tmd dxtdjt ne hassakaciraty bdtwddj tmd twn hdbitds rdkajhs us ne tmd eiot tmit prakitd knhdccajl wis jnt i twdjtadtm-odjtury rdpcaoi netmd Uaotnraij onkpiritavd kdtmnh. Enr icc tmdar sakaciratads, tmdrd as vdry cattcsnj tn bdcadvd aj i onjtajuaty ne hdbitd bdtwddj jajdtddjtm-odjtury snoaic soadjodijh pnstwir prakitncnly, onkpiribcd tn mnw dircy twdjtadtm-odjtury iromidncnlywis irtaoucitdh vas-æ-vas tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh. Onjodpts nr kdtmnhs wdrd jnmijhdh hnwj ernk njd odjtury tn tmd ntmdr, dircy prakitncnlasts hah jnt sdd`dxpcaoat ajsparitanj aj tmd snoanoucturic dvncutanjask, tmdrd wis jn hardot trijsne i hasoursavd ijh onjodptuic ippiritus bdtwddj bntm hdbitds. Aj eiot, icc mas-tnraoic dvahdjod pnajts tn i strnjl oidsuri, bntm omrnjncnlaoiccy ijh hasoapcajir-

acy, bdtwddj tmd djh ne dvncutanjask aj snoanoucturic ijtmrnpncnly aj tmd 919ijh tmd dkdrldjod ne tmd ahdi ne i prakitd knhdc aj pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnly ijh



?9=

picidnijtmrnpncnly aj tmd 9146s. Mnntnj, \ismburj, ijh Cdi`dy hah jnt njodrdedr tn tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh wmdj tmdy strdssdh tmd nppnrtujatads ne jituric-astao nbsdrvitanjs nj prakitds aj tmd wach0 ajstdih tmdy rdedrrdh tn wmit Qdr`ds‑stuhdjts mih ajiuluritdh aj tmd Ajtdrbdccuk. Aj mas dircadst pipdrs, \ismburj oat-

dh tmd wnr` ne prd-wir iutmnratads ca`d Qdr`ds, Wuo`drkij, _omuctz, Mnntnj ijhOirpdjtdr, jdvdr tmit ne Cubbno`, ycnr, Knrlij nr _nccis. Cdt us jnt enrldt tmit \ismburj wis i stuhdjt ne Mnntnj, ijh tmit md mih pirtaoapitdh aj _omuctz‑ ijhOirpdjtdr‑s cdldjhiry Isaitao Vrakitd Dxpdhatanj ne 91?<. Mnntnj ijh _omuctzmih bddj ajecudjtaic aj mas ijitnkaoic wnr`, Oirpdjtdr aj mas bdmivanuric stuh-ads. Ae i pdhalrdd ne ajtdccdotuic ajecudjod oij bd triodh at lnds ernk HdUnrd tn \ismburj, ernk \ismburj tn Mnntnj ijh Oirpdjtdr, ijh ernk Oirpdjtdr tn Qdr`ds. md earst prakitd knhdc wis tmus mastnraoiccy rnntdh aj tmd prd-wir triha-tanjs ne prakitd ijitnky, psyomncnly ijh wmit Qdr`ds mih biptazdh ”psyomnbanc-nly‑, odrtiajcy jnt aj Uaotnraij snoanoucturic ijtmrnpncnly. md dircadst praki-

tncnlasts pao`dh up tmd tmrdih wmaom mih bddj sdvdrdh by tmd wir, but tmdy twastdhat tn rdsncvd jdw qudstanjs7 jnt tmd mukij psyomd nr dkbryn, but tmd mukijpist wis jnw tn bd dcuoahitdh by at. Ajhddh, rdihajl tmrnulm mice i odjtury neprakitncnly, A njcy njod oikd upnj i sdjtdjod wmaom dxpcaoatcy rdedrrdh tn jajd-tddjtm-odjtury dvncutanjask. \mdj KoLrdw (91127 915-<) hdsorabdh tmd wdictmne iooukucitdh hiti nj omakpijzdds, md wrntd7 ”\drd I.M.C.E. Vatt-Ravdrs icavdtnhiy md kalmt jntd ij ujoijjy rdpcaoitanj ne tmd oukucitavd dtmjnlripmy netmd jajdtddjtm odjtury.‑ dccajlcy, tmas sajlcd rdedrdjod tn Uaotnraij ijtmrnpncnlyspdi`s njcy ne i sakaciraty ajhiti iooukucitanj, jnt aj tmd enrkucitanj ne kdtm-nhs, onjodpts, nr tmdnrads. Ae prakitncnlasts hasoussdh jajdtddjtm-odjtury somnc-irsmap, at wis nbvanuscy Hirwajask, jnt snoanoucturic dvncutanjask. Cubbno`‑shdsoraptanj ne prakitd tnnc usd wis cnst ajtn nbcavanj ijh rdkiajdh ujjntaodh byLnnhicc0 Muxcdy‑s sukkiry nj lrdit ipd jdsts wis enrlnttdj0 ijh dvdj Qdr`ds ijh Qdr`ds‑ quntd ernk Gnbsnj nj tmd kiromajl nrhdr ne tmd bibnnjs wis uj`jnwjtn HdUnrd. Lnnhicc ihkattdh7 ”By tmd takd systdkitao nbsdrvitanjs ne tnnc-us-ajl oikd ernk Lnkbd tmnsd panjddrajl stuhads Pby Qdr`ds ijh @nmcdr[ mih bddjcirldcy enrlnttdj‑ (91167 94). Vrakitncnly wis cdss onjodrjdh ibnut icrdihy ”hdih‑mastnraoic dvahdjod tmij ibnut bancnlaoic dvahdjod tmit wis ripahcy hyajl nut.

md rdsdkbcijod bdtwddj tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh ijh prakitd knhdccajlsmnuch, tmdrdenrd, bd sddj aj tdrks ne ”rdourrdjt‑ ritmdr tmij ”onjtajuajl‑ ahdis.5

md kutuic ca`djdssds ird vdry rdic but hn jnt rdsuct ernk i hardot, mastnraoictrijskassanj ne ahdis. n usd tmd tdrks snoanoucturic dvncutanjasts wnuch mivdprdedrrdh7 tmd sakaciraty rdsuctdh ernk ”ajhdpdjhdjt ajvdjtanj‑ ritmdr tmij ”mas-tnraoic onjjdxanj‑. Vrakitd knhdccdrs mih rd-ajvdjtdh i cnlao wmaom ajoahdjticcymih icrdihy bddj ippcadh i odjtury dircadr. Nr tn hdpcny tmd vnoibuciry eikacairtn prakitd knhdccdrs7 wd mih tn hn watm ”ijicnly‑, rdsdkbcijod oiusdh by sakaciroaroukstijods, ritmdr tmij ”mnkncnly‑, rdsdkbcijod oiusdh by sakacir hdsodjt0watm ”onjvdrldjod‑ ritmdr tmij ”havdrldjod‑.

5 Xd hastajotanj bdtwddj onjtajuajl ijh rdourrdjt ahdis wis ajtrnhuodh by Kiuraod Kijhdcbiuk isij dkdjhitanj tn Cnvdgny‑s tnn knjncatmao onjodpt ne tmd ujat-ahdi (sdd \acsnj 91=<7 91=).



?91

Qdt wmit wis tmd jiturd ne tmas sakaciraty> \mit wis ats kdijajl, atsrdcdvijod ,tn usd tmd tdrk wd mivd bddj usajl sn erdqudjtcy aj tmas stuhy> Aj bntm hdbitdirlukdjts wdrd bisdh nj tmd iknujt ne akkdhaitd rdsdkbcijods, hasrdlirhdhhaeedrdjod, rdcdvijod, ijh snurod viradty, ijh rdsuctdh aj hasprnpnrtanjitd prngdo

tanjs. But wmit hah tmit akpcy> Ird jnt knst ijicnlads bisdh nj sakpcd sakacira-tads> As tmd iwirdjdss ne rdsdkbcijod jnt tmd prakd knvdr tn ujcdism ijicnlaoictmaj`ajl> Aj suk, as tmdcnlaoic sakaciraty nbsdrvdh bdtwddj bntm hdbitds icsn istruoturic njd> mas qudstanj lnds strialmt tn tmd eajicd ne tmas stuhy.



?29

Onjocusanj

Dtmjnlripmao ijh prakitncnlaoic ijicnlads mivd pciydh i hdoasavd rncd aj liaj-ajl ij ujhdrstijhajl ne prdmastnry hurajl tmd cist twn odjturads. mdsd dxtdrjic

snurods mivd netdj bddj bdjdeaoaic tn smdh calmt nj i rijld ne tmdkds tmit ird bihchnoukdjtdh aj tmd iromidncnlaoic ijh enssac rdonrh. It tmd sikd takd, ijicnlaoicrdisnjajl mis rdpditdhcy tiajtdh ijh snkdtakds dvdj hastnrtdh ij ajtdrprdtitanjne tmd pist, dspdoaiccy wmdj tnn kuom onjeahdjod wis lavdj tn pirtaoucir snuroijicnluds. md prnpdr usd ne ijicnly, tmdrdenrd, onjsasts ne i orataoic ipprdoaitanne ats strdjltms ijh wdi`jdssds by eajhajl i bicijod bdtwddj ujhud onjeahdjodijh nvdrhnjd sodpsas.

md prdodhajl omiptdrs mivd omirtdh i mastnry ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl is usdhby stuhdjts ne prdmastnry sajod tmd dircy jajdtddjtm odjtury. mas wis hnjd byenousajl nj tmrdd cirld hdbitds aj Ijlcn-_ixnj soadjod‘tmd onkpiritavd kdtm-

nh, dtmjniromidncnly ijh prakitd knhdccajl. Icc kignr tdxts ernk tmd mastnry netmdsd hdbitds mivd bddj subgdotdh tn i cnlaoic ijicysas by wdalmajl tmdar netdj pcaoat irlukdjts iliajst i saxench oratdranj ne ijicnlaoic strdjltm. mas mis iccnwdhtn hnoukdjt ijh tn onkpird i viradty ne irlukdjts usdh, is wdcc is tn hdcajditdi jukbdr ne cirldr tdjhdjoads (ealurd 22). Earstcy, dtmjniromidncnlaoic ijicnlads,tmnulm netdj oiccdh jdn-dvncutanjast, ird aj cnlaoic tdrks tnticcy ujonjjdotdh tntmd piriccdcs ne Uaotnraij snoanoucturic dvncutanjask. _ajod tmas hastajotanj dxpcaoatcy snulmt by twdjtadtm-odjtury iromidncnlasts aj rdspnjsd tn tmd onkpitavd kdtmnh, wd mivd tn hn watm i rdcitanj nehaiomrnjao hasonjtajuaty . _donjhcy,tmd sikd dtmjniromidncnlaoic ijicnlads icsn haeedrdh prnenujhcy ernk tmd prakit

knhdcs wmaom wdrd hdvdcnpdh it tmd sikd takd. md ibsdjod ne ajtdrhasoapcadxomijlds bdtwddj stuhdjts ne prakitd bdmivanur ijh mujtdr-litmdrdr dtmjnir-omidncnlasts mivd turjdh tmas rdcitanj ajtn njd nesyjomrnjao hasonjtajuaty . marhcy,prakitd knhdcs is tmdy hdvdcnpdh ietdr tmd _donjh \nrch \ir cnlaoiccy rdsdkbcdtmd dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs ne tmd jajdtddjtm-odjtury onkpiritavd kdtmnh aj ijukbdr ne eujhikdjtic ispdots. mas rdcitanj as njd nehaiomrnjao onjtajuaty .

Qdt mnw smnuch suom haiomrnjao onjtajuaty bd ujhdrstnnh> Mnw as at pnssabctmdrd as knrd i jaty bdtwddj twn hdbitds ernk sdpiritd hasoapcajds aj sdpiritd odjtu-rads tmij bdtwddj hdbitds tmit ird datmdr sakuctijdnus nr pirt ne tmd sikd dch> Xdsqudstanjs brajl tn kajh tmd hasoussanj dvn`dh aj tmd ajtrnhuotnry omiptdr bdtwddjstruoturicast ijh mastnraoast ipprniomds tn mukij nralaj stuhads. _truoturicast mastnrane soadjod, watm tmdar prdedrdjod enr i cnjl-tdrk pdrspdotavd, wnuch ajtdrprdt tmd rdbcijods bdtwddj prakitd knhdccajl ijh tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh is su oadjt rdisnj enrissukajl onjtajuaty ernk tmd jajdtddjtm tn tmd twdjtadtm odjtury. Ioonrhajl tn tmdk,tmd usd ne prakitd knhdcs aj pnstwir mukij nralajs rdsdirom wnuch njcy bd i scalmtcknha dh onjtajuitanj ne i Uaotnraij ijh pdrmips dvdj nchdr trihatanj ne rdprdsdjt-ajl ij akilajiry ntmdr. ijjdr ijh Wamckij wnuch sakpcy bd wic`ajl aj Knrlij‑sijh _nccis‑ enntstdps, wmacd \rijlmik‑s pmycnldjdtao onkpirasnj wnuch bd ij domnne Cubbno`‑s onkknj hdjnkajitnr. Knrd trihatanjic mastnraijs ne soadjod, mnwdvdr,wnuch pnajt nut tmit tmdrd as vdry cattcd lrnujh enr suom onjocusanj. Ietdr i stuhy tmd rdspdotavd smnrt-tdrk onjtdxts, tmdy wnuch ralmtcy ajhaoitd tmd ibsdjod ne ocd



?22

trijsedrs ne kdtmnhs ijh ahdis vai ajtdccdotuic bnrrnwajl, pdrsnjic tutnrsmap, ajsta-tutanjic ieeajaty nr ijy ntmdr kdomijask. Ajhddh, icc iviacibcd dvahdjod sulldsts tmittmdrd wis i brdi` ritmdr tmij i brahld bdtwddj snoanoucturic dvncutanjask ijh tmd rstprakitd knhdc. Bdynjh tmd kijaedst rdicaty ne sakaciraty, cattcd sddks tn gustaey i bdcadeaj onjtajuaty.

\mit, tmdj, as tmd akpnrtijod ne tmas sakaciraty> _ajod at rdsuctdh ernk ajhdpdjhdjtajvdjtanj ritmdr tmij mastnraoic onjjdotanj snkdtmajl kiy bd cdirjdh ernk tmd enrkdr‑shnotrajd tmit ”ca`d oaroukstijods prnhuod ca`d rdsucts‑.

Ealurd 22. \macd dtmjniromidncnly wis ij dxpcaoat knvd iwiy ernk tmd sakaciraty-bisdh prngdotavd rdisnjaj l ne Uaotnraij snoaic dvncutanjask, pnstwir prakitd knhdccajl akpcaoatcy dom-ndh tmd nchdr onkpiritavd kdtmnh. Xmas rdsdkbcijod wis hud tn rdourrdjt ritmdr tmij njlnajlahdis ibnut tmd jiturd ne orditurds ca`d prakatavds nr prakitds.



?2?

md usd ne dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs aj tmd jajdtddjtm odjtury rdodavdh ij akpnrtijt akpdtus ernk tmd dstibcasmkdjt ne mukij ijtaquaty (Omiptdr 2). mnulm \acsnj ijh Jacssnj mih ajhaoitdh ats pntdjtaics bdenrd, at wis njcy ietdr 9=56tmit tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh hdvdcnpdh ajtn i systdkitao prajoapcd. Mastnraijs

ne Uaotnraij soadjod mivd netdj jntdh mnw tmd suhhdj dxpijsanj ne mukijaty‑sdxastdjod nj dirtm oiusdh i ”rdvncutanj aj dtmjncnlaoic takd‑ ( riutkijj 9112).Kurriy mis ralmtcy irludh tmit tmd dstibcasmkdjt ne mukij ijtaquaty sihhcdh tmdsnoanoucturic dvncutanjasts watm tmd jddh tn eajh ”i mukij eiod enr tmd Vicidnca(91127 <??). _tno`ajl hdknjstritdh mnw onjtdkpnriry sivildry wis ajvn`dh tneacc ”tmd vnah aj oucturic takd‑ (91=<7 9<=). md onkpiritavd kdtmnh tmus sdtn pnpucitd tmd cnjl strdtomds ne ldncnlaoic takd watm icrdihy eikacair ”sivilds‑. eiot, Lrimikd Ocir` (914?7 ?84) mih icrdihy rdicazdh tmas wmdj wd wrntd7 ” mkah-Uaotnraij ijtmrnpncnlasts wdrd onjernjtdh by ij akkdjsd vnah, enr kijy netmdk suhhdjcy ipprdmdjhdh, ijh tmdy kdrdcy hah wmit ijy ntmdr soadjtasts wnuch

mivd hnjd ujhdr sakacir oaroukstijods‘tmdy pculldh tmd lip watm mypntmdsds.‑md dcibnritanj ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh wis tmus ajtakitdcy rdcitdh tn tmdonjodptuic ijh tdkpnric maitus tmit mih bddj bcnwj by tmd pao`s it BraxmikOivd.

Kuom tmd sikd mnchs trud enr tmd hdvdcnpkdjt ne prakitd knhdccajl. mdajtrnhuotnry sdotanj ne Omiptdr 8 mis triodh mnw tmd ahdi ne i prakitd knhdcdkdrldh aj tmd onjtdxt ne jdw enssac hasonvdrads. md iustricnpatmdoajd mnkaujdirtmdh by Hirt aj _nutm-Ieraoi ijh tmd Cdi`dys aj Dist-Ieraoi wdrd kuomnchdr tmij ijytmajl matmdrtn enujh0 ijh at wis aj rdspnjsd tn tmas dvahdjod tmit \ismburj ijh Cdi`dy stakucitdh HdUnrd ijh Lnnhicc tn stuhy bibnnjs ijhomakpijzdds. \mdj tmd earst ibsncutd hitajls (nbtiajdh tmrnulm tmd pntissauk-irlnj kdtmnh) prnvdh tmdsd enssacs tn bd dxtrdkdcy nch, tmd jddh enr i onkprdmdjsavd ujhdrstijhajl tmrnulm oirdeuc usd ne dxtdrjic snurods dvdj ajordisdh.9

mas ”pntissauk-irlnj rdvncutanj‑ ijh tmd ajordisajl jukbdr ne dircy mnkajahenssacs hasonvdrdh hurajl tmd 9156s wdrd ajstrukdjtic aj sustiajajl ij ajtdrdst ajprakitd bdmivanur. \atmnut tmdsd eajhs, prakitd stuhads wnuch jnt mivd hdvdcnpdh tmd wiy tmdy hah. Viripmrisajl Kurriy, njd onuch siy tmit picidnijtmrn-pncnlasts jddhdh ”i prakitd eiod enr tmd Vcan-Vcdastnodjd.‑ \mdtmdr tmd hal wiHdvnj, tmd _nkkd viccdy, rijsviic nr Nchuvia, vasuicazajl tmd nooupijts ne ijdjnrknuscy dxpijhdh mukij pist wis ij akpnrtijt ajodjtavd enr oiccajl upnj ijdxtdrjic snurod.

Ipirt ernk i jdw hdeajatanj ne prdmastnrao takd, tmdsd oruoaic omrnjncnlaoihasonvdrads icsn akpcadh i jdw hdeajatanj ne prdmastnrao mukijaty. md dstibckdjt ne mukij ijtaquaty akpcadh tmit prdmastnrao kij wis jnt njcy vdry nch, buticsn vdry prakatavd. Hasonvdrajl i ”takd ajhd jatdcy knrd rdkntd‑ akpcadh ”i onjh

9 Xd rst suom hitajl wis pubcasmdh aj 91597 at wis tmd pntissauk-irlnj kdtmnh ippcadh tn vncoijaociydr AB it tmd bnttnk ne tmd Nchuvia sdqudjod wmdrd Wajgijtmrnpusmih bddj enujh ijh at livd ijild ne 9.<4 kaccanj ydirs. Xas oiusdh quatd i sdjsitanj is at wis tmrdd takds nchdr tmij nralajiccydxpdotdh nj ldncnlaoic lrnujhs (Cdwaj 911<7 989). Viriccdc tn tmd ”rihanoirbnj rdvncutanj‑ orditdhby tmd ippcaoitanj ne98O hitajls aj tmd stuhy ne Durnpdij prdmastnry (Rdjerdw 91<?b), i ”pntis-sauk-irlnj rdvncutanj‑ tmus tnn` pciod aj tmd stuhy ne tmd Ieraoij Vcan-Vcdastnodjd. Rihankdtraohitajl eujhikdjticcy omijldh tmd pdrodptanj ne bntm rdodjt ijh rdkntd prdmastnry.



?28

tanj ne kij ajhd jatdcy cnwdr‑ (KoCdjjij 9=517 42?). Knst snoanoucturic dvncutanj-asts wdrd jnt substijtaiccy ajudjodh by Hirwajask ijh tmd Jdijhdrtmic hah jnt pciy iodjtric rncd aj tmdar hdbitds, but tmd ahdi tmit suom prakdvic mukijs wdrd ocnsdr tn tmdijakics wis watmnut qudstanj.2 _akacircy, tmd dircy mnkajah enssacs hasonvdrdh aj Ieraoi

wdrd rdonljazdh is kuom knrd ipd-ca`d. Xas wis dxpdotdh by dvncutanjiry tmdnry‘atwis jnt watmnut rdisnj tmit tmd wnrh ”patmdous‑ ippdirdh aj tmdar tixnjnkao jikd‘butHirt‑s (9124) dstakitd ne 856 oo enr ij ihuct iustricnpatmdoajd orijaic oipioaty wis quatdbdcnw tmd 9666 oo ittrabutdh tnVatmdoijtmrnpus , tmd nchdst enssac ujtac tmdj, ijh kuomocnsdr tn i omakpijzdd‑s 866 oo. \mdtmdr at wis bisdh nj oucturic cdvdc nr orijaic vncukd,tmd akild ne prdmastnrao mukijaty tmit dkdrldh aj bntm onjtdxts wis tmit ne i mybrahbdtwddj tmd mukij ijh tmd ijakic rdick.

Eiodh watm cnjl strdtomds ne takd ijh watm knrd ijakic-ca`d ijodstnrs, at wis icknstdvahdjt tmit somncirs ernk bntm hdbitds wnuch turj tn tmnsd snurods aj tmd prdsdjt wmnwdrd bdcadvdh tn nooupy i cakajic pnsatanj bdtwddj mukijaty ijh ijakicaty. Vrakatavds

ijh prakitds rdprdsdjtdh sakacir dxpdradjods ne mukij-ijakic ikbaluaty tmd knkdjttmdy wdrd ajvn`dh is pravacdldh dxtdrjic ijicnluds. Uaotnraij dvncutanjasts, rdlirhcdss newmdtmdr tmdy djhnrsdh Hirwajask nr jnt, onkknjcy ilrddh tmit onjtdkpnriry sivildsstnnh kuom ocnsdr tn tmd ijakic àjlhnk tmij Durnpdijs hah. Cydcc (9=5?7 15) onuchipprnvajlcy quntd Mukpmry wmdj siyajl tmit ”tmd ajedranr riods ne kijàjh dxmabatprnpnrtanjs wmaom ird aj kijy rdspdots ajtdrkdhaitd bdtwddj tmd malmdr, nr Durnpdij,nrhdrs, ijh tmd knj`dys‑. ycnr (9=<97 A, ?<) wrntd7 ”Ae tmd ihvijod ne oucturd bd rdlirh-dh is tiàjl pciod icnjl njd ldjdric cajd, tmdj dxastajl sivildry stijhs hardotcy ajtdrkd-haitd bdtwddj ijakic ijh oavacazdh caed.‑ Vatt Ravdrs (9=<87 =) bdcadvdh tmit tmd psyomn-cnlaoic stijhirh ne prakdvic kij onuch njcy mivd bddj ”it tmd cdvdc it wmaom wd jh tmdmalmdst ne tmd cnwdr ijakics tmit dxast it tmd prdsdjt takd.‑ Ijh Cubbno` (9=547 885)wdjt sn eir is tn kdjtanj tmd npajanj tmit ”knj`dys ird knrd mukij tmij Cipcijhdrs‑.? Aj pmysaoic, aj onljatavd ijh aj oucturic rdspdot, tmd ”hir -sàjjdh sivild‑ wis tmnulmt tnipprnxakitd tmd jnjmukij prakitds (_tnoàjl 915=b0 Lnuch 91=9).

Nj tmd ntmdr mijh, tmd pnstwir dxpcnsanj ne bdmivanuric stuhads ajordisajlcy rdprd-sdjtdh jnjmukij prakitds is stijhajl ocnsdr tn mukijaty tmij ntmdr ijakic orditurds.Bibnnjs wdrd siah tn bd ”icknst mukij‑ (_truk 91=<), omakps wdrd tmnulmt tn bd njcy”aj tmd smihnw ne kij‑ (Lnnhicc 91<9), ijh bnjnbn onljatanj wis onjsahdrdh ”it tmdbraj` ne tmd mukij kajh‑ (_ivild-Rukbiulm ijh Cdwaj 9118). Xd rdpditdh rdedrdjodtn mukijaty aj tatcds ne prakitncnlaoic knjnlripms tdjhs tn nbcatdritd tmit tmdsd ird pub-caoitanjs ibnut ijakics. Ne icc tmd prakitds, lrdit ipds ird tmd knst nutspn`dj bnujhiryorditurds bdtwddj tmd mukij rdick ijh tmd rdst ne tmd ijakic àjlhnk. Gijd Lnnhiccdxpcaoatcy ioonrhdh suom trijsatanjic stitus tn tmd omakpijzdd. ”Omakpijzdds brahld tmd

2 Dvdj tmd Jdijhdrtmic atsdce wis ernk tmd 9=56s tn tmd 9=16s stacc ajtdrprdtdh is ij dssdjtaiccymukij orditurd, icbdat tmd vdry cnwdst enrk ne at. Iutmnrs is havdrsd is _omiistmiusdj, Muxcdy ijhhd Yuitrdeilds ijh Miky (tmd rst twn wdrd dvncutanjasts, tmd cittdr twn jnt) ujhdrcajdh tmit tmdJdijhdrtmic wis tmd nchdst ijh cnwdst mukij riod matmdrtn `jnwj (Uij Rdybrnuo` 911=i).

? Cubbno` kihd tmd knst dxtrdkd stitdkdjts aj tmas rdspdot. Md icsn jikdh tmd Mnttdjtnts ”tmd ctmadstpdnpcd aj tmd wnrch. \d kalmt dvdj ln eirtmdr, ijh siy tmd ctmadst ijakics‑ (9=547 ??=). Xd Eudlaijs wdrd,aj tmd wnrhs md quntdh ernk Ihncpm Hdo`dr (9528), ”ritmdr bdists tmij kdj‑ (9=547 8?2) ijh Bitds wis oatdhtn strdss tmit ”tmd knj`dys cdih aj eiot i caed sakacir tn tmit ne tmd Viréruitd Ajhaijs‑ (9=547 8<5). _donjhirycatdriturd wis tmus ajvn`dh tn strdss tmd bdstaicaty ne onjtdkpnriry sivilds.



?24

lip bdtwddj ”us‑ ijh ”tmdk‑,‑ smd wrntd (91167 261)7 ”Gust is md as nvdrsmihnwdh bytmd omakpijzdd nvdrsmihnws icc ntmdr ijakics‑ (Lnnhicc 91<97 22<). By bdajl sn octn mukijs, omakpijzdds wdrd bdcadvdh tn brahld tmd lip bdtwddj ijakics ijh mukijsLnnhicc7 ” md omakpijzdd as knrd ca`d us tmij as ijy ntmdr cavajl bdajl‑, jnt gu

aj tdrks ne ijitnky ijh pmysancnly, but dspdoaiccy aj tdrks ne ”snoaic bdmivanur,onljatanj, ijh dkntanjicaty‑ (91167 261). Ijh KoLrdw (91127 2?6) ihhdh tmit”kuom ne wmit omakpijzdds hn as sn ocnsd tn mukij tmit tmd twn ird ajhastajluasmibMiriwiy (91=87 <<-=) mis ralmtcy irludh tmit sajod ”jnjmukij prakitds ird sddj tn dx-ast it i oruoaic bnujhiry bdtwddj ijakic ijh mukij P...[ tmdy ird pravacdldh bdajls enrujhdrstijhajl –jiturd‛ ijh –oucturd,‛ iknjl tmd prajoapic ijicytaoic oitdlnrads \dstdrjpdnpcd mivd usdh tn tmdnrazd tmdar mastnrads ijh dxpdradjod.‑

Virt-mukij, pirt-ijakic, tmd oitdlnraic ikbaluaty ne prakatavds ijh prakitds hah jntnjcy prnvn`d onkpcdx oucturic hasonursds ne rdprdsdjtitanj but prnvahdh i raom snurodsoadjta o spdoucitanj nj tmd jiturd-oucturd trijsatanj. Uaotnraij dvncutanjasts oikd up

watm tmd knst ijakic-ca`d mukij0 prakitd knhdccdrs cnn`dh enr tmd knst mukij-ca`dijakic. Dvdj ae tmdrd wis jnmastnraoic onjtajuatybdtwddj snoanoucturic dvncutanjask ijhprakitncnly, tmdrd wis it cdist i pnwdreuchasoursavd onjtajuatywatm rdlirh tn tmd pirtaou-cir snurods. _dvdric ne tmd rdsdirom qudstanjs ourrdjtcy it sti`d aj prakitncnly (ca`d tnusd, cijluild, ijh onljatanj) hn jnt hastdr ernk eivnuratd Uaotnraij tmdkds nj tmd cdvdcne tdomjncnlaoic kistdry, cajluastao onkpdtdjod ijh kdjtic oipioatads. Xd rdodjt hasous-sanj ibnut wmdtmdr omakpijzdds ird by jiturd pdiodeuc nr illrdssavd snujhs ca`d ij domne tmd nch hdbitd nj tmd jnbcd nr aljnbcd sivild.8 Xd erdqudjt tdjhdjoy tn dvicuitd pra-kitd bdmivanur ernk i mukij pdrspdotavd mis bddj oiccdh ”spdoadsask‑ (Jns`d 91=1), ii knhdrj vdrsanj ne jajdtddjtm-odjtury rioask. Ijh, jiccy, onjtdkpnriry irlukdjtsenr lrdit ipd ralmts mivd bddj ca`djdh tn tmd Uaotnraij oisd enr tmd ibncasmkdjt ne sciv(Oivicadra ijh _ajldr 911?). Bntm aj soadjta o ijh dxtri-soadjta o onjtdxts, prakatavdijh prakitds nooupy rdcitdh hasoursavd pnsatanjs.

Njod tmdsd snurod ijicnluds wdrd sdcdotdh, tmd jntanj ne sakaciraty bdoikdknrd akpnrtijt hurajl subsdqudjt mastnrads ne hdbitd. Bntm tmd onkpiritavdkdtmnh ijh prakitd knhdccajl ujhdrwdjt i prnenujh tmdnrdtaoic rdnradjtitanj7hdldjdritanjask wis tn tmd njd, wmit snoanbancnly wis tn tmd ntmdr. Bntm tmdnratmnulm uttdrcy haeedrdjt aj tmdar ipprdoaitanj ne ijicnly, cdh tn i lrditdr dkpmisanj tmd rncd ne sakaciraty. md hdldjdritanjast ociak tmit knhdrj sivilds hah jntpiriccdc prdmastnrao pdnpcd prnvn`dh ij dvdj lrditdr ajsastdjod nj tmdar eujhikdj-tic ca`djdssds nj tmd pirt ne tmd dvncutanjasts. Ca`dwasd, snoanbancnly‑s rdgdne tmd strialmtenrwirh oiusicaty bdtwddj djvarnjkdjt ijh bdmivanur djmijodhtmd jdodssaty ne hnoukdjtajl sakaciraty, prdedribcy aj ldjdtao tdrks7 mdrd, tnnprnxakaty bdoikd tmd bisas enr icc eurtmdr ajedrdjods. Kirsmiccajl icc tmd iviacirdsdkbcijods wis tmus tmd rdspnjsd tn tmd jdw tmdnrdtaoic onjhatanjs akpnsdh n

8 Lnnhicc‑s ajataic pnrtriyic ne i pdiodeuc omakpijzdd snoadty wis qudstanjdh watm tmd nbsdrvitanjs ne ajeoahd ijh struoturdh illrdssanj, bntm aj tmd wach ijh aj oiptavaty (Hd \iic 91=2). Aj rdodjt ydirs, tmd hdbitdmis bddj tn tmd enrdlrnujh ne omakp stuhads (Hd \iic 91=10 91150 Hd \iic ijh Cijtajl 911<0 \rijlmikijh Vdtdrsnj 911<) Hd \iic‑s (9115) bnn` wis subtatcdh ”tmd nralajs ne ralmt ijh wrnjl aj mukij ijh ntmdrijakics‑0 \rijlmik ijh Vdtdrsnj‑s (911<) bnn` wis subtatcdh ”ipds ijh tmd nralajs ne mukij vancdjod‑. Xdyrdih ca`d i citd-twdjtadtm odjtury vdrsanj ne tmd hdbitd bdtwddj Mnbbds ijh Rnussdiu.



?25

tmd usd ne dxtdrjic snurods. Is i rdsuct, prakatavds ijh prakitds ajordisajlcy bdlijtn bd ajvn`dh enr prngdotavd rdisnjajl nj ioonujt ne tmdar prnxakaty.

By hriwajl upnj djtatads ernk tmd jdbucnus but ajtraluajl znjd wmdrd tmd mu-kij-ijakic bnujhiry wis satuitdh aj tmdar rdspdotavd takds, dvncutanjasts ijh pra-

kitncnlasts ajonrpnritdh i sdt ne ijicnluds tn hdic watm tmd ikbavicdjt nooupijtsne i rdodjtcy bcnwj tdkpnric vnah. _ubsdqudjt pncdkaoic onjhatanjs enrodh tmdktn strdss akkdhaitd sakaciraty bdtwddj snurod ijh tirldt ijh tmus tn pravacdldodrtiaj snurods nvdr ntmdrs is prnxakitd djtatads tmit onuch bd prngdotdh. \atmnutmastnraoic trijskassanj, but tmrnulm hasoursavd onjvdrldjod, tmd omakpijzdd mihbdonkd tmd iskijaij ne tnhiy.

I mastnry ne ijicnlaoic rdisnjajl aj tmd jajdtddjtm ijh twdjtadtm-odjtury prd-mastnrao somncirsmap tmus rdvdics i spdoaeao trijsatanj ernk prakatavds tn prakitds.Ne onursd, prakitds mih bddj cnn`dh it bdenrd tmd 9146s ijh, ne onursd, ”praka-tavds‑ onjtajudh tn bd ajecudjtaic ietdr tmit hitd (aj dtmjniromidncnly, aj tmd wnr`

ne Cdd). But tmd priotaod ne usajl tmdsd djtatads ernk tmd prdsdjt wnrch is onjtdk-pnriry ijodstnrs tmit onuch bd mncastaoiccy prngdotdh ajtn tmd pist wis cirldcy rd-straotdh tn tmd pirtaoucir pncdkaoic onjtdxts ne tmd Uaotnraij onkpiritavd kdtmnhijh pnstwir prakitd knhdccajl. At wis aj tmdsd onjtdxts tnn tmit sakaciraty wisrdquardh tn bdonkd ahdjtaty, tmit padodkdic trijsedrs bdoikd wmncdsicd prngdo-tanjs, tmit vasuicazitanj bdoikd knrd akpnrtijt tmij irlukdjtitanj, ijh tmittmd eiccioads ne tiutncnly, oarouciraty ijh sdce-euceaccajl prnpmdoy wdrd erdqudjtcydjonujtdrdh.

Xd ydir 9144 stijhs nut is tmd sykbncao pavntic pnajt enr tmit trijsatanj. Earst ne iccbdoiusd at wis tmd ydir wmaom siw tmd pubcaoitanj ne Mnntnj‑s hdedjod ne tmd rdkir`ibcdirtaocd tmit onajdh tmd tdrk prakitncnly ijh strdssdh tmd supdranraty ne prakitds nvdrprakatavds enr ujhdrstijhajl mukij nralajs. At wis icsn tmd ydir ne tmd Xarh Vij-IeraoijOnjlrdss nj Vrdmastnry ietdr wmaom \ismburj stirtdh tn witom bibnnj bdmivanur, rstnj mas nwj, citdr watm HdUnrd. Enr Ocir`, wmn mih nrlijazdh tmd onjedrdjod, at kir`dh”i turjajl pnajt‑ aj mas oirddr (Ocir` 91187 99). Mas kddtajl watm \ismburj wnuchcdih tn i knvd tn Bdr`dcdy, ijh mas dvdjtuic ajsastdjod tmit lrihuitd stuhdjt Cddsmnuch stuhy tmd !@ujl. Aj 9144 tmd enujhitanjs ne i rdsdirom prnlrikkd nj mu-kij nralajs wdrd tmus ciah tmrnulm i jukbdr ne onjtajldjt eiotnrs tmit cdh tn tmdajecudjtaic rdsdirom lrnup aj Bdr`dcdy.

But at wis knrd tmij i kittdr ne sdrdjhapaty. md enrkucitanj ne tmas rdsdiromprnlrikkd noourrdh iliajst tmd bio`lrnujh ne i eujhikdjtic rd-hdeajatanj hur-ajl tmd pnstwir ydirs ne wmit at kdijt tn bd mukij. md Tjavdrsic Hdociritanjne Mukij Ralmts, tmd TJ omirtdr ijh tmd Tjdson stitdkdjts nj riod mih icc ip-pdirdh smnrtcy bdenrd ijh akpcadh i vdry haeedrdjt pdrspdotavd nj mukij viraibaca-ty tmij bdenrd. At prnkuclitdh tmd ahdi ne ”ujavdrsic kij‑. Hdspatd rioaic viraitanj,mukijs wdrd jnw siah tn pnssdss ij dssdjtaic dquicaty aj tdrks ne oucturd, onlja-tanj, ijh bnhy. md tdrk ”riod‑ wis ajordisajlcy ivnahdh is i soadjtaeao onjodpt ajeivnur ne tdrks ca`d ”pnpucitanj‑ aj bancnly ijh ”oucturd‑ aj ijtmrnpncnly. _uom ijdw pdrodptanj ne mukijaty ieedotdh tmd prdedrdjod enr prakitds is bdttdr snurodijicnluds tmij trabic snoadtads. mas as jnt i sakpcd dxtdrjicast dxpcijitanj enr tmdtrijsatanj tn prakitd knhdcs, bdoiusd kijy ijtmrnpncnlasts mih bddj ajvncvdh



?2<

watm tmd wratajl ne tmd Tjdson hdociritanj atsdce (soadjod irtaoucitdh is kuom ptaos is pncataos irtaoucitdh soadjod), ijh bdoiusd tmd Tjdson tdxt hah jdvdr haottmd usd ne prakitd knhdcs is suom0 tmas wis ij nralajic sncutanj tmit mih dkdrldhwatmaj tmd hasoapcajd atsdce. md pnajt asjnt tmit dircy prakitncnlasts wdrd sakpcy

ajecudjodh by tmd Tjdson ahdncnly but tmit tmdar wnr` pirtnn` aj i wahdr ajtdccdtuic knvdkdjt ne wmaom tmd Tjdson tdxt enrkdh ijntmdr, onjspaounus nutornp.md ydir 9144 icsn watjdssdh tmd npdjajl ne Dhwirh _tdaomdj‑s knjukdjtic

pmntnlripm dxmabatanjmd Eikacy ne Kij aj tmd Jdw Qnr` Kusduk ne Knhdrj Irt. At dpatnkazdh tmd omijlajl onjtnurs ne mukijaty‑s sdce-ujhdrstijhajl. mddxmabatanj onjsastdh ne i onkpacitanj ne knrd tmij 466 paoturds ti`dj by i mnstne pmntnlripmdrs aj <6 haeedrdjt onujtrads. md dxmabatanj tnurdh tmd wnrchtmd enccnwajl ydirs, stnppajl nj ats wiy aj Brussdcs ijh Ikstdrhik ijh ittriotajlknrd tmij jajd kaccanj vasatnrs. Kij`ajh mih bdonkd `ajsmap0 ijh tmd ispari-tanjs ne tmas jdw oucturic dtmns wis njd ne ujavdrsic brntmdrmnnh. Dvdr sajod

tmd Ecdkasm pndt Mdrkij hd Onjajo` hdsorabdh tmd deedot ne _tdaomdj‑s dxmtanj, tmdrd wis ”ajtakioy ujhdr tmd kac`y wiy‑.



?21

Dpacnlud

mas wnr` stirtdh watm i odjtury-nch soadjtaeao ajstatutanj, tmd drvurdj Kusdu

aj Bdclauk but djhs watm i brijh-jdw njd.Aj tmd onursd ne tmd cist twn ydirs, A stirtdh tn onkpacd i skicc cast ne pntdtaic tatcds enr ky Vm.H. mit tmd subtatcd wnuch bd ”i mastnry ne dtmjnlripmaoprakitd ijicnlads aj tmd stuhy ne prdmastnry‑ wis ripahcy hdoahdh. md omnaodtmd kiaj tatcd, mnwdvdr, tnn` cnjldr, bdajl knrd ne ij idstmdtao onjujhruk tmijijytmajl dcsd. A wijtdh i oitomy pmrisd wmaom wnuch rdedr bntm tn Uaotnraij djnlripmao piriccdcs ijh tn pnstwir prakitd knhdcs. A oikd up watm kdcnhanusijh‘cdss kdcnhanus‘sulldstanjs ca`d ”\ajhnws tn tmd pist‑, ”Ijoadjt Ijicnlads‑(nr dvdj ”Ijodstric Ijicnlads‑), ”Cavajl Enssacs‑ ijh tmd jnt vdry nralajic njd”Onjtdkpnriry Ijodstnrs‑. Enr i wmacd, A icsn tmnulmt ibnut tmd dupmnjao ”Cav

Caj`s‑, wmaom mih bddj tmd tatcd ne i VmH syjnpsas A wrntd aj Jnvdkbdr 9115 Qdt aj Iprac 911=, A rdih ij dssiy nj Erijs hd \iic aj tmd Hutom wdd`cyAjtdrkdhaiar . Ipirt ernk snkd sdce-lcnraeyajl nptakask ibnut tmd suoodssds neHutom soadjod ibrnih, tmd irtaocd dxpciajdh tmit Hd \iic mih bddj ippnajtdhhardotnr tn i jdw ajstatutd enr stuhyajl lrdit ipd bdmivanur, ldjdtaos ijh mukijdvncutanj aj Itcijti. md ajstatutd mih bddj biptazdh...md Cavajl Caj`s . ”At as ipciy ne wnrhs,‑ tmd gnurjicast quntdh njd ne Hd \iic‑s ocnsd onccibnritnrs, ”wmdrdpicidnjtncnlasts stuhy kassajl caj`s, wd wijt tn cnn` it tmd bdmivanr ne nur cavajlrdcitavds tn cdirj knrd ibnut nur nwj dvncutanj.‑ At wnuch mivd kihd i jaod tatcdbut at mih icrdihy bddj usdh. Ictmnulm at kihd ky dvdjtuic omnaod ne tatcd disadA rdlrdttdh tmit njd ne ky oijhahitds mih bddj ajvncujtiracy dcakajitdh. Djtatcajlky hassdrtitanj ”Cavajl Caj`s‑ onuch mivd lavdj tmd akprdssanj tmit A wis wratai mastnraoic cdlatakazitanj ne ij ajstatutanj wmaom A mih jnt dvdj vasatdh.

Ietdr i wmacd, A stirtdh tn tmaj` tmit tmd jikd ne tmas ajstatutanj wis pdrmipjnt iooahdjtic0 tmit at prdoasdcy ajhaoitdh wmit A wis tryajl tn siy, jikdcy tmittnhiy jnjmukij prakitds is ”cavajl caj`s‑ wdrd tmd knhdrj vdrsanj ne tmd jajd-tddjtm-odjtury ”onjtdkpnriry ijodstnrs‑. Ritmdr tmij rdgdotajl njd ne ky tatcds,tmd jikd ne tmd odjtrd aj Itcijti onjearkdh tmd kiaj mypntmdsas ne tmas tdxt. Atmd pmrisd onuch jnt ippdir nj tmd earst pild ne ky hassdrtitanj, A tmnulmt, asmnuch it cdist ippdir nj tmd cist.



??9

Rdedrdjods

Icdxijhdr, R.H. ijh @.K. Jnnjij 91<17 Onjodickdjt ne nvucitanj, pirdjtic oird, ijh

mukij snoaic dvncutanj. Aj J.I. Omiljnj ijh \. Arnjs (dhs)7Dvncutanjiry Bancnlyijh Mukij _noaic Bdmivanr7 Ij Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Vdrspdotavd . Huxbury, Jnrtm _oatuitd78?5-4?.

Ictkijj, G. 91<87 Nbsdrvitanjic stuhy ne bdmivanr7 sikpcajl kdtmnhs.Bdmivanur 81722<-5<.

Ictkijj, _.I. 915<7 Vrdeiod. Aj _.I. Ictkijj (dh.)7_noaic Onkkujaoitanj iknjlVrakitds . Tjavdrsaty ne Omaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln-Cnjhnj7 ax-xaa.

Ictkijj, _.I. ijh G. Ictkijj 91<67 Bibnnj Doncnly7 Ieraoij Eadch Rdsdirom. @irldr,Bisdc.

Ijhdrsnj, @.K. 91517 Dtmjnlripmao ijicnly ijh iromdncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj._oadjod95?7 9??-=.

Ijhrds`a, _. 91517 Ajtrnhuotanj tn Mdrbdrt _pdjodr‑sVrajoapcds ne _noancnly . KioKaccij,Cnjhnj, ax-xxxva.

Ipnstdc, C. 91597 nwirhs tmd enrkic stuhy ne knhdcs aj tmd jnj-enrkic soadjods. Aj M.Erduhdjtmic (dh.)7md Onjodpt ijh tmd Rncd ne tmd Knhdc aj Kitmdkitaos ijh Jituricijh _noaic _oadjods. Rdahdc, Hnrhrdomt7 9-?<.

Irhrdy, R. 91597 Ieraoij Ldjdsas7 I Vdrsnjic Ajvdstalitanj ajtn tmd Ijakic Nralajs ijhJiturd ne Kij . Itmdjduk, Jdw Qnr`.

Irhrdy, R. 91557md drratnraic Akpdritavd7 I Vdrsnjic Ajquary ajtn tmd Ijakic Nralajs neVrnpdrty ijh Jitanjs . Hdcc, Jdw Qnr`.

Irhrdy, R. 91<67md _noaic Onjtriot7 I Vdrsnjic Ajquary ajtn tmd Dvncutanjiry _nurods neNrhdr ijh Hasnrhdr . Itmdjduk, Jdw Qnr`.

Irhrdy, R. 91<57md Mujtajl Mypntmdsas7 I Vdrsnjic Ajquary Onjodrjajl tmd DvncutanjiryJiturd ne Kij . Onccajs, Cnjhnj.

Irlycc, tmd Hu`d ne 9=517Vrakdvic Kij7 Ij Dxikajitanj ne snkd Rdodjt _pdoucitanjs ._trimij, Cnjhnj.

Isomdr, R. 91597 Ijicnly aj iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj._nutmwdstdrj Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnly 9<7 ?9<-24.

Isomdr, R. 91527 Dtmjnlripmy enr iromdncnly7 i oisd ernk tmd _dra Ajhaijs.Dtmjncnly97?56-1.

Isomdr, R. 915=7 akd‑s irrnw ijh tmd iromidncnly ne i onjtdkpnriry onkkujaty. [email protected]. Omijl (dh.)7_dttcdkdjt Iromidncnly . Jitanjic Vrdss, Vicn Ictn7 8?-42.

Isquatm, V.G. 91197 Vrakitd rdsdirom lrnups aj Gipij7 nradjtitanjs ijh Dist-\dst haeedr-djods. Aj C.K. Edhalij ijh V.G. Isquatm (dhs)7md Knj`dys ne Irismayiki7 marty-EavdQdirs ne Rdsdirom aj Gipij ijh tmd \dst . _titd Tjavdrsaty ne Jdw Qnr` Vrdss, Icbijy7=9-1=.



??2

Isquatm, V.G. 91147 Ne knj`dys ijh kdj7 oucturic vadws aj Gipij ijh tmd \dst. Aj R.Onrbdy ijh B. mdujassdj (dhs)7 Ipd, Kij, Ipdkij7 Omijlajl Uadws sajod 9566 .Cdahdj Tjavdrsaty, Cdahdj7 ?61-24.

It`ajsnj, R.G.O. 91857Eadch Iromidncnly . Kdtmudj, Cnjhnj.

Itz, G.K. 91<67 md ippcaoitanj ne tmd ahdi ne mnkncnly tn bdmivanr. Aj C.R. Irnjsnj,D. nbio`, H._. Cdmrkij ijh G._. Rnsdjbcitt (dhs)7Hdvdcnpkdjt ijh Dvncutanj neBdmivanr7 Dssiys aj Kdknry ne .O. _omjdarci . Erddkij, _ij Erijoason7 4?-<8.

Biomnedj, G.G. 9=597His Kuttdrrdomt7 Dajd Tjtdrsuomujl óbdr had Lyjia`n`ritad hdr ictdj\dct jiom amrdr rdcalaõsdj ujh rdomtcaomdj Jitur . Unj @rias & Mneekij, _tuttlirt.

Bimj, V. 911<7 Kdkbrijd ijh jukb briaj7 i ocnsd cnn` it i rdodjt ociak enr smikijaskaj Vicidncatmao irt.Rno` Irt Rdsdirom987 52-=.

Bipty, A. ijh . Qitds 91167 Iromidncnly ietdr _truoturicask7 Vnst-_truoturicask ijh tmdVriotaod ne Iromidncnly . Rnutcdhld, Cnjhnj.

Birjirh, I. 91=?7 Onjtdkpnriry mujtdr-litmdrdrs7 ourrdjt tmdnrdtaoic assuds aj doncnlyijh snoaic nrlijazitanj. Ijjuic Rdvadw ne Ijtmrnpncnly 927 91?-298.

Birjirh, I. 91127 md @icimira Hdbitd7 I Babcanlripmaoic Dssiy . Odjtrd enr Ieraoij_tuhads, Dhajburlm.

Birjirh, I. 91147 Knjbnhhn‑s nrijl nutijl ijh tmd hdeajatanj ne kij. Aj R. Onrbdyijh B. mdujassdj (dhs)7 Ipd, Kij, Ipdkij7 Omijlajl Uadws sajod 9566 . CdahdjTjavdrsaty, Cdahdj7 <9-=4.

Birjdtt, _.I. 915=7 Nj tmd mizirhs ne ijicnlads. Aj I. Knjtilu (dh.)7 Kij ijh Illrdssanj .Nxenrh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Cnjhnj7 <4-=? (2jh dhatanj, 91<?).

Birrdtt, G. 91187Erilkdjts ernk Ijtaquaty7 Ij Iromidncnly ne _noaic Caed aj Bratiaj 2166-9266 BO . Bcio`wdcc, Nxenrh.

Birry, U.D. ijh H.G. _nooan 91==7Vriotaoic Cnlao.. Mnct, Rajdmirt & \ajstnj, Jdw Qnr`-Omaoiln (?rh dhatanj).

Birtmncnkdw, L.I. ijh G.B. Barhsdcc 914?7 Doncnly ijh tmd prntnmnkajahs. Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlast 447 8=9-1=.

Bdo`, B.B. 91<47 Vrakitd tnnc bdmivanr. Aj R.M. uttcd (dh.)7_noandoncnly ijh Vsyomncnlyne Vrakitds . Knutnj, tmd Milud-Viras7 89?-8<.

Bdjomcdy, B. 91887 Ky Eradjhs tmd Ipds . Cattcd-Brnwj, Bnstnj.Bdjhdr, B. ijh B. Knrras 91==7 wdjty ydirs ne mastnry, dvncutanj ijh snoaic omijld aj

litmdrdr-mujtdr stuhads. Aj . Ajlnch, H. Raomds ijh G. \nnhburj (dhs)7Mujtdrs ijhLitmdrdrs , 9.Mastnry, Dvncutanj ijh _noaic Omijld . Bdrl, Nxenrh7 8-98.

Bdjsmnne, C. ijh R. mnrjmacc 91<17 md dvncutanj ne knjnliky ijh onjodicdh nvuci-tanj aj mukijs. Gnurjic ne _noaic ijh Bancnlaoic _truoturds27 14-965

Bdttajldr, R.C. 91=<7 Iromidncnlaoic ipprniomds tn mujtdr-litmdrdrs. Ijjuic Rdvadw ne Ijtmrnpncnly 957 929-82.



???

Bajenrh, C.R. 91527 Iromidncnly is ijtmrnpncnly. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty 2=7 29<-24 (rd-prajtdh aj C.R. Bajenrh 91<2i7 Ij Iromidncnlaoic Vdrspdotavd . _dkajir, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj7 26-?2).

Bajenrh, C.R. 915<7 _kuhld pats ijh mahd sknàjl7 tmd usd ne ijicnly aj iromidncnl-

aoic rdisnjajl. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty ?27 9-92 (rdprajtdh aj C.R. Bajenrh 91<2i7 Ij Iromidncnlaoic Vdrspdotavd . _dkajir, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj7 ??-4=).

Bajenrh, C.R. 915=i7 Kdtmnhncnlaoic onjsahdritanjs ne tmd iromidncnlaoic usd ne djnlripmao hiti. Aj R.B. Cdd ijh A. HdUnrd (dhs)7 Kij tmd Mujtdr . Ichajd, Omaoiln725=-<?.

Bajenrh, C.B. 915=b7 Iromidncnlaoic pdrspdotavds. Aj _.R. Bajenrh ijh C.R. Bajenrh (dhJdw Vdrspdotavds aj Iromidncnly . Ichajd, Omaoiln7 4-?2 (rdprajtdh aj C.R. Bajenrh91<2i7 Ij Iromidncnlaoic Vdrspdotavd . _dkajir, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj7 <=-968).

Bajenrh, C.R. 91<2i7 Ij Iromidncnlaoic Vdrspdotavd . _dkajir, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91<2b7 Iromidncnlaoic rdisnjajl ijh skuhld pats‘rdvasatdh. Aj C.R.Bajenrh 91<2i7 Ij Iromidncnlaoic Vdrspdotavd . _dkajir, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj7 42-=.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91<<7Enr mdnry Buachajl aj Iromidncnly7 Dssiys nj Eiujic Rdkiajs, IquitaoRdsnurods, _pitaic Ijicysas, ijh _ystdkao Knhdcajl . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91<=i7 Nj onvdrajl ciw ijh tmdnrads aj iromidncnly.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly917 5?9-2 (rdprajtdh aj C.R. Bajenrh 91=?b7\nràjl it Iromidncnly . Ioihdkao Vrdss,Jdw Qnr`7 89-?).

Bajenrh, C.R. 91<=b7Jujikaut Dtmjniromidncnly . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91<=o7 Hakdjsanjic ijicysas ne bdmivanr ijh satd struoturd7 cdirjajl ernkij Dsàkn mujtajl stijh. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty 8?7 ??6-59 (rdprajtdh aj C.R. Bajenrh91=?b7\nràjl it Iromidncnly . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 2=<-?28).

Bajenrh, C.R. 91=67 \accnw skn`d ijh hnls‑ tiacs7 mujtdr-litmdrdr sdttcdkdjt systdksijh iromidncnlaoic satd enrkitanj. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty 847 8-26.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91=97Bnjds7 Ijoadjt Kdj ijh Knhdrj Kytms . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91=?i7Aj Vursuat ne tmd Vist7 Hdonhajl tmd Iromidncnlaoic Rdonrh . mikdsijh Muhsnj, Cnjhnj.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91=?b7\nràjl it Iromidncnly . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91=?o7 Rdpcy tn ”Knrd nj tmd Knustdraij7 eci`dh bnjd ernk Oudvi Knrëj,‑by C. Erddkij.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly287 ?<2-< (rdprajtdh aj C.R. Bajenrh 91=17Hdbitajl Iromidncnly . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 =6-=.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91=8i7Eiujic Rdkiajs ernk @cisads Ravdr Knutm. Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91=8b7 Butomdrajl, smirajl, ijh tmd iromidncnlaoic rdonrh. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly?7 2?4-4<.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91=8o7 Ij Icyiwiri hiy7 ecnur, spajaedx luk, ijh smaetajl pdrspdotavds. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Rdsdirom867 94<-=2.



??8

Bajenrh, C.R. 91=47 –Brijh ]‛ vdrsus tmd rdonkkdjhdh prnhuot. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty 4674=6-16.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91=57 Ij Icyiwiri hiy7 ki`ajl kdj‑s `javds ijh bdynjh. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty 497 48<-52.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91=<7 Rdsdiromajl ikbaluaty7 erikds ne rdedrdjod ijh satd struoturd. Aj_. @djt (dh.)7 Kdtmnh ijh mdnry enr Iotavaty Irdi Rdsdirom7 Ij Dtmjniromidncnlaoic Ipprniom. Oncukbai Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 881-492.

Bajenrh, C.R. 91==i7 md mujtajl mypntmdsas, iromidncnlaoic kdtmnhs, ijh tmd pist.Qdirbnn` ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly?67 9-1 (rdprajtdh aj C.R. Bajenrh 91=17Hdbitajl Iromidncnly . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 2=2-16).

Bajenrh, C.R. 91==b7 Rdvadw ne Mnhhdr,Rdihajl tmd Vist7 Ourrdjt Ipprniomds tnAjtdrprdtitanj aj Iromidncnly . Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty 4?7 =<4-5 (rdprajtdh aj C.R. Bajenrh91=17Hdbitajl Iromidncnly . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 51-<9).

Bajenrh, C.R. 91=17Hdbitajl Iromidncnly . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.Bajenrh, C.R. 9119i7 As Iustricaij satd struoturd dxpciajdh by tmd ibsdjod ne prdhitnrs>

Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly967 244-=2.

Bajenrh, C.R. 9119b7 \mdj tmd lnajl ldts tnulm, tmd tnulm ldt lnajl7 Jujikaut cn-oic lrnups, oikpajl pittdrjs ijh donjnkao nrlijazitanj. Aj O._. Likbcd ijh \.I. Bnaskadr (dhs)7Dtmjniromidncnlaoic Ipprniomds tn Knbacd Oikpsatds7 Mujtdr-Litmdrdr ijh Vistnricask Oisd _tuhads(Ajtdrjitanjic Knjnlripms aj Vrdmastnry7Dtmjniromidncnlaoic _drads 9). Ajtdrjitanjic Knjnlripms aj Vrdmastnry, Ijj Irbnr724-9?<.

Bajenrh, C.R., K.L.C. Kaccs ijh J.K. _tnjd 91=<7 Mydji soivdjlajl bdmivanr ijh atsakpcaoitanjs enr tmd ajtdrprdtitanj ne eiujic issdkbcilds ernk EC@ 22 (tmd Wajg ecnnr)it Nchuvia Lnrld. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly<7 11-9?4.

Bajenrh, C.R. ijh J.K. _tnjd 91=57 Wmnu`nuhaij7 i ocnsdr cnn`.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly2<7 84?-<4.

Bajlmik, M.O. 91?27Lnraccis aj i Jitavd Mibatit (Oirjdlad Ajstatutanj Vubcaoitanj 825).Oirjdlad Ajstatutanj, \ismajltnj.

Barh-Hivah, J.M. 91==7 Mujtdr-litmdrdrs ijh ntmdr pdnpcd7 i rd-dxikajitanj. Aj .Ajlnch, H. Raomds ijh G. \nnhburj (dhs)7Mujtdrs ijh Litmdrdrs , 9.Mastnry, Dvncutanjijh _noaic Omijld . Bdrl, Nxenrh7 9<-?6.

Barhsdcc, G.B. 91<27Mukij Dvncutanj7 Ij Ajtrnhuotanj tn tmd Jdw Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly .Rijh KoJiccy, Omaoiln (2jh dhatanj, 91<4).

Bcnom, K. 91147 Yudstanjs jnt tn is` ne Kicilisy oirvajls. Aj A. Mnhhdr, K. _mij`s, I. Icdxijhra, U. Buomca, G. Oirkij, G. Cist ijh L. Cuois (dhs)7Ajtdrprdtajl Iromidncnly .Rnutcdhld, Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`7 292-4.

Bcukdjsomajd, R.G. 91197 Brdi`eist it Ncnrldsiacad7 tmd jituric mastnry ipprniom tn Dircy_tnjd Ild iromidncnly. Gnurjic ne Mukij Dvncutanj 297 ?6<-2<.

Bcurtnj-Gnjds, J. 91<47 Dtmjncnly, ijtmrnpncnly, ijh omachmnnh. Aj R. Enx (dh.)7

Bansnoaic Ijtmrnpncnly . Kiciby, Cnjhnj7 51-12.



??4

Bnis, E. 9===7 md iaks ne dtmjncnly (rdprajtdh aj E. Bnis 918=7Riod, Cijluild ijhOucturd . KioKaccij, Jdw Qnr`7 525-?=).

Bnis, E. 9=157 md cakatitanjs ne tmd onkpiritavd kdtmnh ne ijtmrnpncnly._oadjod 87169-= (rdprajtdh aj E. Bnis 918=7Riod, Cijluild ijh Oucturd . KioKaccij, Jdw Qnr`7

2<6-=6).Bnis, E. 91687 md mastnry ne ijtmrnpncnly._oadjod 267 49?-28 (rdprajtdh aj R. Hirjdcc

(dh.) 91<87Rdihajls aj tmd Mastnry ne Ijtmrnpncnly . Mirpdr ijh Rnw, Jdw Qnr`7256-<?).

Bnis, E. 91267 md kdtmnhs ne dtmjncnly. Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlast 227 ?99-22 (rdprajtdhaj E. Bnis 918=7Riod, Cijluild ijh Oucturd . KioKaccij, Jdw Qnr`7 2=9-1).

Bnis, E. 91287 Dvncutanj nr haeeusanj. Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlast 257 ?86-8 (rdprajtdh aj E.Bnis 918=7Riod, Cijluild ijh Oucturd . KioKaccij, Jdw Qnr`7 216-8).

Bnis, E. 91?67 _nkd prnbcdks ne kdtmnhncnly aj tmd snoaic soadjods. Aj C.H. \matd (dh.md Jdw _noaic _oadjod . Tjavdrsaty ne Omaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln7 =8-1= (rdprajtdh aj E.

Bnis 918=7Riod, Cijluild ijh Oucturd . KioKaccij, Jdw Qnr`7 256-1).

Bnis, E. 91?=7 Ij ijtmrnpncnlast‑s ordhn.md Jitanj 98<7 269-8 (pirtcy rdprajtdh is f mdbio`lrnujh ne ky dircy tmajàjl‑ aj L.\. _tnoàjl 91<87md _mipajl ne Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnly 9==?-91997 I Erijz Bnis Rdihdr . Bisao Bnn`s, Jdw Qnr`, 89-2).

Bndsom-Iomdrkijj, M. ijh O. Bndsom 91187 Mnkajazitanj aj tmd riajenrdst7 tmd omak-pijzdd‑s padod ne tmd puzzcd.Dvncutanjiry Ijtmrnpncnly ?7 1-95.

Bnjjaomsdj, R. 91<27 Kaccad‑s oikp7 ij dxpdrakdjt aj iromidncnly.\nrch Iromidncnly 872<<-19.

Bnurjd, L.M. 91<97md Ipd Vdnpcd . Rupdrt Mirt-Hivas, Cnjhnj.Bnurjd, L.M. (dh.) 91<<7Vrnlrdss aj Ipd Rdsdirom. Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Bnwhdj, K. 91197Vatt Ravdrs7 md Caed ijh Iromidncnlaoic \nr` ne Cadutdjijt-Ldjdric Iulustus Mdjry Cijd Enx Vatt Ravdrs, HOC, ER_, E_I. Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Oikbrahld.

Bnwcdr, V.G. 91=57mdnrads ne Mukij Dvncutanj7 I Odjtury ne Hdbitd 9=88-9188 . Bcio`wdcc,Nxenrh.

Bnwcdr, V.G. 91==7md Jnj-Hirwajaij Rdvncutanj7 Rdajtdrprdtajl i Mastnraoic Kytm. GnmjsMnpàjs Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Bictaknrd-Cnjhnj.

Bnwcdr, V.G. 91=17md Ajvdjtanj ne Vrnlrdss7 md Uaotnraijs ijh tmd Vist . Bcio`wdcc,Nxenrh.

Bnwcdr, V.G. 91167Omircds Hirwaj7 md Kij ijh mas Ajecudjod . Bcio`wdcc, Nxenrh.

Bnwcdr, V.G. 91127 Ernk fsivild‑ tn fprakatavd‑7 Uaotnraij dvncutanjask ijh tmd ajtdrprdttanj ne kirlajicazdh pdnpcds. Ijtaquaty 557 <29-1.

Bnwcdr, V.G. 2666, aj prdss7 Kytms, jirritavds ijh tmd usds ne mastnry. Aj R. Onrbdy ij \. Rndbrnd`s (dhs)7_tuhyajl Mukij Nralajs7 Hasoapcajiry Mastnry ijh Dpastdkncnly . Ikstdrhik Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Ikstdrhik.



??5

Briaj, O.@. 91=97md Mujtdrs nr tmd Mujtdh> Ij Ajtrnhuotanj tn Ieraoij Oivd ipmnjnky .Tjavdrsaty ne Omaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln-Cnjhnj.

Brysnj, L. 91847 Kij ijh _noadty7 md _onttasm Ajquary ne tmd Dalmtddjtm Odjtury . VrajodtnjTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Vrajodtnj.

Budttjdr-Gijusom, G. (dh.) 91527md Rdcitavds ne Kij7 Knhdrj _tuhads ne tmd Rdcitanj ne tmdDvncutanj ne Jnjmukij Vrakitds tn Mukij Dvncutanj, Ijjics ne tmd Jdw Qnr` Ioihdkyne _oadjods 9627 9=9-498.

Bujj, M. ., C.D. Birtrik ijh D.K. @rncc 91==7 Uiraibacaty aj bnjd issdkbcild enrkitanjernk Mihzi mujtajl, soivdjlajl ijh oiroiss prnodssajl. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly<7 892-4<.

Bujj, M. . ijh D.K. @rncc 91=57 _ystdkitao butomdry by Vcan/Vcdastnodjd mnkajahs itNchuvia Lnrld, ijzijai.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly2<7 8?9-42.

Bujzdc, R. 91527 Ajtrnhuotanj tn ErijzBnis‑ Ijtmrnpncnly ijh Knhdrj Caed . Hnvdr, Jdw Qnr`7 8-96.

Bur`att, K. ijh U.L. Omachd 91?27 I omrnjncnlaoic tibcd ne prdmastnry. Ijtaquaty57 9=4-264, suppcdkdjt.

Burrnw, G.\. 91557Dvncutanj ijh _noadty7 I _tuhy aj Uaotnraij _noaic mdnry . OikbrahldTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

Oiomdc, _. 91<47 I jdw vadw ne spdoaitanj aj Iustricnpatmdous . Aj R.M. uttcd (dh.)7Vicidnijtmrnpncnly, Knrpmncnly ijh Vicidndoncnly . Knutnj, tmd Milud7 9=?-269.

Oiaj, I.G. 91<57 md usd ne mnkncnly ijh ijicnly aj dvncutanjiry tmdnry. Aj K. vnjOrijiom (dh.), Kdtmnhs ne Ajedrdjod ernk Ijakic tn Mukij Bdmivanur. Ichajd, Omaoiln724-?=.

Oiccnj, K. ijh B. Citnur 91127 Hnj‑t tmrnw tmd biby nut watm tmd Bitm somnnc7 i rdpcytn Onccajs ijh Qdircdy. Aj I. Vao`drajl (dh.)7_oadjod is Vriotaod ijh Oucturd . Tjavdrsatyne Omaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln7 ?8?-5=.

Oikdrnj, H.\. 911?7 md Vcanodjd mnkajah ijh prntnomakpijzdd bdmivanric knrpmn-typds. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly 927 ?=5-898.

Oikpbdcc, B.L. 915<7Mukij Dvncutanj7 Ij Ajtrnhuotanj tn Kij‑s Ihiptitanjs . Mdajdkijj,Cnjhnj.

Oijhcijh, H.@. 911?7Edric Omachrdj ijh Ocdvdr Ijakics7 Rdecdotanjs nj Mukij Jiturd .Nxenrh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`-Nxenrh.

Oirkaomidc, C. 91517 md pist, prdsdjt ijh euturd ne prakitncnly. Aj O.R. Oirpdjtdr(dh.)7Bdmivanr7 Vrnoddhajls ne tmd _donjh Ajtdrjitanjic Onjlrdss ne Vrakitncnly, Itcijti(LI) 915=, vnc. 9. @irldr, Bisdc-Jdw Qnr`7 9-96.

Oirjdarn, R.C. 915<7 Dhatnr‑s prdeiod tnmd Dvncutanj ne _noadty7 _dcdotanjs ernk Mdrbdrt_pdjodr‑s Vrajoapcds ne _noancnly . Tjavdrsaty ne Omaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln-Cnjhnj7 ax-cvaa.

Oirpdjtdr, O.R. 91?87 I eadch stuhy ne bdmivanr ijh snoaic rdcitanjs ne mnwcajl knj`dys( Icnuitti piccaiti ) (Onkpiritavd Vsyomncnly Knjnlripms 96, 2). Bictaknrd (rdprajt-dh aj O.R. Oirpdjtdr 91587Jituricastao Bdmivanr ne Jnjmukij Vrakitds . Vdjjsycvijai_titd Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Tjavdrsaty Vir`7 ?-12).



??<

Oirtiacmio, D. 91627 Cds oivdrjds nrjáds hd hdssajs7 ci lrnttd h‑Ictikari, Dspiljd. –Kdioucpi‛ h‑uj sodptaqud.C‑Ijtmrnpncnlad 9?7 ?8=-48 (rdprajtdh aj J. Raomirh 91127C‑ajvdjtanj hd ci prámastnard7 ujd ijtmncnlad . Vrdssds Vno`dt, Viras7 ?2<-?4.

Oirtkacc, K. 91167 Mukij ujaqudjdss ijh tmdnrdtaoic onjtdjt aj picdnijtmrnpncnly.Ajtdrjitanjic Gnurjic ne Vrakitncnly 997 9<?-12.

Oirtkacc, K. 911?7 I Uadw tn i Hditm aj tmd Knrjajl7 Mujtajl ijh Jiturd tmrnulm Mastnry .Mirvirh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld-Cnjhnj.

Oivicadra, V. ijh V. _ajldr (dhs) 911?7md Lrdit Ipd Vrngdot7 Dquicaty bdynjh Mukijaty. _t. Kirtaj‑s Lraeeaj, Jdw Qnr`.

Omiaccu, V.B. hu 9=5?7Unyilds dt ivdjturds hijs c‑Ieraqud áquitnraicd7 kşurs dt onutukds hdsmibatijts0 omissd iu lnraccd, iu ornonhacd, iu cánpirh, æ c‑ácápmijt, æ c‑mappnpntikd dto.dto. Cávy, Viras.

Omijl, @.O. 915<7 Kignr ispdots ne tmd ajtdrrdcitanjsmap ne iromidncnly ijh dtmjncnlyOurrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly=7 22<-<?.

Omipkij, \.R. 91=47 Irrijlajl dtmjncnly7 I.M.C.E. Vatt Ravdrs ijh tmd typncnlaoictrihatanj. Aj L.\. _tno`ajl (dh.)7Nbgdots ijh Ntmdrs7 Dssiys nj Kusduks ijh KitdraicOucturd (Mastnry ne Ijtmrnpncnly ?). Tjavdrsaty ne \asonjsaj Vrdss, Kihasnj794-8=.

Omirctnj, .O. 91=97 Iromidncnly, dtmjnmastnry, ijh dtmjncnly7 ajtdrprdtavd ajtdreiodAj K.B. _omaeedr (dh.)7 Ihvijods aj Iromidncnlaoic Kdtmnh ijh mdnry , vnc. 8. IoihdkaoVrdss, Jdw Qnr`, 921-<5.

Omachd, U.L. 91247md Hiwj ne Durnpdij Oavacazitanj. @dlij Viuc-@jnpe, Cnjhnj-Jdw

Qnr`.Omachd, U.L. 91217md Hijubd aj Vrdmastnry . Ocirdjhnj, Nxenrh.

Omachd, U.L. 91?67md Brnjzd Ild . Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

Omachd, U.L. 91?47 Omijlajl kdtmnhs ijh iaks aj prdmastnry7 prdsahdjtaic ihhrdss enr91?4.Vrnoddhajls ne tmd Vrdmastnry _noadty97 9-94.

Omachd, U.L. 91?57 Kij Ki`ds Maksdce . Onccajs, Cnjhnj (8tm dhatanj 9154, assudh9155).

Omachd, U.L. 91827\mit Mippdjdh aj Mastnry . Vdjluaj, Mirknjhswnrtm.

Omachd, U.L. 91857 Iromidncnly ijh ijtmrnpncnly._nutmwdstdrj Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnly27 28?-49.

Omachd, U.L. 91457Vadoajl nldtmdr tmd Vist7 md Ajtdrprdtitanj ne Iromåncnlaoic Hiti .Rnutcdhld-@dlij Viuc, Cnjhnj.

Ocir`, G.E.K. 911=7 f md onkpcdtd banlripmy ne dvdry ijakic‑7 ijts, bdds, ijh mukij-aty aj jajdtddjtm-odjtury Djlcijh._tuhads aj Mastnry ijh Vmacnsnpmy ne Bancnlaoic ijhBankdhaoic _oadjods 217 281-5<.

Ocir`, G.L.H. 91?57 Russaij iromidncnly7 tmd ntmdr sahd ne tmd paoturd.Vrnoddhajls ne tmdVrdmastnrao _noadty27 28=-1.



??=

Ocir`, L. 91?17 Iromidncnly ijh _noadty7 Rdonjstruotajl tmd Vrdmastnrao Vist . Kdtmudj,Cnjhnj (?rh dhatanj, 914<).

Ocir`, L. 91497 Enc`-oucturd ijh tmd stuhy ne Durnpdij prdmastnry. Aj \.E. Lrakds (dh.)7 Ispdots ne Iromidncnly aj Bratiaj ijh Bdynjh7 Dssiys Vrdsdjtdh tn N.L._. Oriwenrh .

Dhwirhs, Cnjhnj7 81-54.Ocir`, G.L.H. 91427Vrdmastnrao Durnpd7 md Donjnkao Bisas . Kdtmudj, Cnjhnj.

Ocir`, G.L.H. 914?7 Iromidncnlaoic tmdnrads ijh ajtdrprdtitanj7 Nch \nrch. Aj I.C.@rndbdr (dh.)7 Ijtmrnpncnly nhiy7 Ij Djoyocnpdhao Ajvdjtnry . Tjavdrsaty ne OmaoilnVrdss, Omaoiln7 ?8?-56.

Ocir`, G.L.H. 91487Dxoivitanjs it _tir Oirr . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

Ocir`, L. 91<87 Vrdmastnrao Durnpd7 tmd donjnkao bisas. Aj L.R. \accdy (dh.)7 IromidncnlaoicRdsdiromds aj Rdtrnspdot . \ajtmrnp, Oikbrahld7 ??-4<.

Ocir`, G.H. 915=7 _tuhads ne mujtdr-litmdrdrs is ij iah tn tmd ajtdrprdtitanj ne prdmastnraostuhads. Aj R.B. Cdd ijh A. HdUnrd (dhs)7 Kij tmd Mujtdr . Ichajd, Omaoiln7 2<5-=6.

Ocir`, G.H. 91=57 Iromidncnlaoic rdtrnspdot 96. Ijtaquaty567 9<1-==.

Ocir`, G.H. 91187 Hallajl nj7 I pdrsnjic rdonrh ijh ippriasic ne iromidncnlaoic rdsdiromaj Ieraoij ijh dcsdwmdrd. Ijjuic Rdvadw ne Ijtmrnpncnly 2?7 9-2?.

Ocir`, G.H. ijh _. Oncd (dhs) 914<7Vrnoddhajls ne tmd marh Vij-Ieraoij Onjlrdss njVrdmastnry, Cavajlstnjd 9144 . Omittn ijh \ajhdrs, Cnjhnj.

Ocir`d, H. 915=7 Ijicytaoic Iromidncnly . Kdtmudj, Cnjhnj.

Ocir`d, H.C. 91<2i. Knhdcs aj iromidncnly. Kdtmudj, Cnjhnj.

Ocir`d, H.C. 91<2b. Knhdcs ijh pirihalks aj onjtdkpnriry iromidncnly. Aj H.C. Ocir`d(dh.), Knhdcs aj iromidncnly. Kdtmudj, Cnjhnj7 9-56.

Ocir`d, H. 91<?7 Iromidncnly7 tmd cnss ne ajjnodjod. Ijtaquaty8<7 5-9=.

Ocnttds, G. ijh H. Cdwas-\accaiks 91157Cds omikijds hd ci prámastnard7 rijsd dt kilad hijscds lrnttds nrjáds . _duac, Viras.

Oncd, _. 91<47Cdi`dy‑s Cuo`7 md Caed ne Cnuas _dyknur Bizdtt Cdi`dy 916?-91<2 . Onccajs,Cnjhnj.

Oncds, G. 91<?7 Iromidncnly by Dxpdrakdjt . Mutomajsnj Tjavdrsaty Cabriry, Cnjhnj.

Oncds, G. 91<17Dxpdrakdjtic Iromidncnly . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Cnjhnj.Onccajlwnnh, R.L. 91857md Ahdi ne Mastnry . Nxenrh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Nxenrh-Jdw Qnr`

(rdvasdh dhatanj, 9118).

Onn`d, M.B._., G.\.@. Mirras ijh @. Mirras 91=<7 G. Hdsknjh Ocir`7 mas oirddr ijh onj-trabutanj tn prdmastnry. Gnurjic ne Mukij Dvncutanj957 481-=9.

Onncahld, M.G. 91??7Vij pijasous 7 palky Psao[ omakpijzdd ernk snutm ne tmd Onjlnravdr. Ikdraoij Gnurjic ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly 9=7 9-41.

Onncahld, M. G. 91=87 Mastnraoic rdkir`s bdirajl nj tmd hasonvdry ne Vij pijasous. Aj R.C._uskij (dh.)7 md Vylky Omakpijzdd7 Dvncutanjiry Bancnly ijh Bdmivanr . Vcdjuk,Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj7 ax-xaaa.



??1

Onpa, A.K. 91<27Ajtrnhuotanj tn Cnlao. KioKaccij, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj (8tm dhatanj).

Onrbdy, R. 911?7 Ikbalunus ipds. Aj V. Oivicadra ijh V. _ajldr (dhs)7md Lrdit IpdVrngdot. Dquicaty bdynjh Mukijaty. _t. Kirtaj‑s Lraeeaj, Jdw Qnr`7 925-?5.

Onrbdy, R. 91157 Rnnts, bio`lrnujhs ijh onjtdxts ne prakitncnly7 i babcanlripmao dssiy.Vrakitd Rdpnrt847 21-88.

Onrbdy, R. ijh B. mdujassdj (dhs) 91147 Ipd, Kij, Ipdkij7 Omijlajl Uadws sajod 9566 .Cdahdj Tjavdrsaty, Cdahdj.

Onrbdy, R. ijh \. Rndbrnd`s 2666, aj prdss7 Hnds mastnry kittdr> Ij ajtrnhuotanj. AjR. Onrbdy ijh \. Rndbrnd`s (dhs)7_tuhyajl Mukij Nralajs7 Hasoapcajiry Mastnry ijhDpastdkncnly . Ikstdrhik Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Ikstdrhik.

Orikdr, H.C. ijh I.C. Wamckij 91<=7 _dxuic haknrpmask aj tmd pylky omakpijzdd,Vij pijasous . Aj H.G. Omavdrs ijh @.I. Gnysdy (dhs)7 Rdodjt Ihvijods aj Vrakitncnly, ?7Dvncutanj. Ioihdkao Vrdss, Cnjhnj7 8=<-16.

Orijstnjd, B.I.C. 91<97 md aeickaj7 i ”Jdncatmao‑ pdnpcd aj Jdw Luajdi.\nrch Iromidncnly ?7 9?2-82.

Oriwenrh, N.L._. 912<7 Dhatnraic jntds. Ijtaquaty 97 9-8.

Oriwenrh, N.L._. 91567 Iromidncnly aj tmd Eadch . Vmndjax Mnusd, Cnjhnj.

Orno`dtt, O. 91=<7 Hadt, haknrpmask ijh hdknlripmy7 pdrspdotavds ernk mnwcdrs tn mkajahs. Aj \.L. @ajzdy (dh.)7md Dvncutanj ne Mukij Bdmivanr7 Vrakitd Knhdcs . _titdTjavdrsaty ne Jdw Qnr` Vrdss, Icbijy7 994-?4.

Ornn`, G.M. ijh G._. Lirtcij 91557 Dvncutanj ne prakitd snoadtads.Jiturd 2967 9266-?.

Ornjaj, G.D. 91=?7 Ipds, mukijs, ijh kncdoucir ocno`s7 i rdippriasic. Aj R.C. Oanomnjijh R._. Onrruooaja (dhs)7Jdw Ajtdrprdtitanjs ne Ipd ijh Mukij Ijodstry . Vcdjuk,Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj7 994-?4.

Himc, G.E. 91=57 Vij pijasous, i oiticyst enr tmd stuhy ne ipds ijh mukijs. Ikdraoij Gnurjic ne Vrakitncnly 967 1<-1 (rdvadw ne _uskij 91=8).

Himcbdrl, E. (dh.) 91=97\nkij tmd Litmdrdr . Qicd Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, JdwMivdj-Cnjhnj.

Hijadc, L. 918?7md mrdd Ilds7 Ij Dssiy nj Iromidncnlaoic Kdtmnh . Oikbrahld TjavdrsatyVrdss, Oikbrahld.

Hijadc, L. 915<7md Nralajs ijh Lrnwtm ne Iromidncnly . Vdjluaj, Mirknjhswnrtm.Hijadc, L. 91<47 I Mujhrdh ijh Eaety Qdirs ne Iromidncnly . Huo`wnrtm, Cnjhnj.

Hijadc, L. 91<57 _tnjd, brnjzd ijh arnj. Aj G.U._. Kdliw (dh.)7n Accustritd tmd Knjukdjts7 Dssiys nj Iromidncnly prdsdjtdh tn _tuirt Vallntt . mikds ijh Muhsnj,Cnjhnj7 ?5-82.

Hijadc, L. 91=97 I _mnrt Mastnry ne Iromidncnly . mikds ijh Muhsnj, Cnjhnj.

Hir`, @.R. 91147mdnrdtaoic Iromidncnly . Huo`wnrtm, Cnjhnj.

Hirt, R. 91247 Iustricnpatmdous ieraoijus7 tmd kij-ipd ne _nutm Ieraoi.Jiturd 9947914-1.



?86

Hirwaj, O. 9=417md Nralaj ne _pdoads by Kdijs ne Jituric _dcdotanj7 Nr tmd Vrdsdrvitanjne Eivnurdh Riods aj tmd _trullcd enr Caed . Kurriy, Cnjhnj.

Hirwaj, O. 9=<97md Hdsodjt ne Kij ijh _dcdotanj aj Rdcitanj tn _dx . Kurriy, Cnjhnj(2 vncs).

Hirwaj, O. 9=<27md Dxprdssanj ne tmd Dkntanjs aj Kij ijh tmd Ijakics . Kurriy, Cnjhnj(2 vncs).

Hivah, J. 91<97 md Eucija onkpnujh ijh tmd iromidncnlast.\nrch Iromidncnly ?7999-?9.

Hivah, J. 91127 Ajtdlritajl dtmjniromidncnly7 i subtcd rdicast pdrspdotavd. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly997 ??6-41.

Hiwàjs, R. 911=7Tjwdivajl tmd Riajbnw7 _oadjod, Hdcusanj ijh tmd Ippdtatd enr \njhdr .Vdjluaj, Mirknjhswnrtm.

Hd Bnas, M. ijh B. Uij Vuagdjbrndo` 911?7Bnjnbn, Vij pijasous7 Ajtdrjitanjic _tuhbnn` .Rnyic Wnncnlaoic _noadty ne Ijtwdrp, Ijtwdrp.

Hd Cidt, _.G. 914<7 Iromidncnly ijh ats Vrnbcdks . Vmndjax, Cnjhnj.

HdUnrd, A. (dh.) 91547Vrakitd Bdmivanr7 Eadch _tuhads ne Knj`dys ijh Ipds . Mnct, Rajdmirtijh \ajstnj, Jdw Qnr`.

HdUnrd, A. 91127 Ij ajtdrvadw watm _mdrwnnh \ismburj.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly ??7899-2?.

HdUnrd, A. ijh @.R.C. Micc 91547 Bibnnj doncnly. Aj A. HdUnrd (dh.)7Vrakitd Bdmivanr7Eadch _tuhads ne Knj`dys ijh Ipds . Mnct, Rajdmirt ijh \ajstnj, Jdw Qnr`7 26-42.

HdUnrd, A. ijh R. Cdd 915?7 Rdodjt ijh ourrdjt eadch stuhads ne prakitds.EncaiVrakitncnlaoi 97 55-<2.

HdUnrd, A. ijh _.C. \ismburj 915?7 Bibnnj doncnly ijh mukij dvncutanj. Aj E.O.Mnwdcc ijh E. Bnurcaírd (dhs)7 Ieraoij Doncnly ijh Mukij Dvncutanj (Uaàjl EujhVubcaoitanjs aj Ijtmrnpncnly ?5). Ichajd, Omaoiln7 ??4-5<.

Ha Brazan, K.B. 91147 –Vrásdjtaskd‛ dt –Mastnraoaskd‛ hijs c‑mastnranlripmad hd L.\._tnoàjl.Lrihmavi 9=7 <<-=1.

Hnkkdcdj, V. vij 9111, aj prdss7 Kitdraic onjodrjs ijh bnujhcdss havdrsaty7 i rdvadw netmd Gnurjic ne Kitdraic Oucturd . Durnpdij Gnurjic ne Iromidncnly 2.

Hnjjij, O.B., ijh O.\. Ocdwcnw (dhs) 91<87Dtmjniromidncnly(Iromidncnlaoic _urvdyKnjnlripm 8). Ajstatutd ne Iromidncnly Tjavdrsaty ne Oicaenrjai, Cns Ijldcds.

Hnrnccd, K. 91817Cd riasnjjdkdjt pir ijicnlad. Vrdssds Tjavdrsatiards hd Erijod, Viras.

Hnulmdrty, E. 91147 Kassajl caj`, omiaj ne bdajl, ipd ijh kij aj tmd Djcalmtdjkdjt7tmd irlukdjts ne tmd jituricasts. Aj R. Onrbdy ijh B. mdujassdj (dhs)7 Ipd, Kij, Ipdkij7 Omijlajl Uadws sajod 9566 . Cdahdj Tjavdrsaty, Cdahdj7 5?-<6.

Hriiaski, H. 91147Hd kdtienrdjkiomajd7 Ddj ldsomadhdjas vij mdt ldmduldj. MastnrasomdTatldvdrag, Lrnjajldj.

Hriucijs, H. 911=7Hd kdjs vij knrldj7 ddj spdurtnomt jiir hd bnjnbn aj Onjln/Wiîrd

. Itcis, Ikstdrhik-Ijtwdrpdj.



?89

Huorns, I. ijh G. Huorns 91147 Cd lrijh sajld7 pirdjt, knhícd nu piar> Ijtmrnpnznncnlaoi 297 =<-18.

Hujbir, R.A.K. 91<57 Iustricnpatmdoajd hadt bisdh nj i bibnnj ijicnly. Gnurjic neMukij Dvncutanj 47 959-<.

Hujbir, R.A.K. 91=17 Doncnlaoic knhdccajl aj ij dvncutanjiry onjtdxt.Encai Vrakitncnlaoi 4?7 2?4-85.

Hujbir, R. 911<7Lrnnkajl, lnssap, ijh tmd Dvncutanj ne Cijluild . Mirvirh TjavdrsatyVrdss, Oikbrahld.

Dakdrc, _. ijh A. HdUnrd 91547md Vrakitds . akd, Jdw Qnr` (Hutom dhatanj, 9155).

Dra`snj, L.D. 91=97 Ihncpm Mijs _omuctz, 9=19-91<5. Ikdraoij Gnurjic ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly 457 ?54-<9.

Dvijs, G. 9=<27md _tnjd Akpcdkdjts, \dipnjs, Nrjikdjts ne Lrdit Bratiaj. Cnjlkijs-

Lrddj, Cnjhnj.Dvijs, G. 9==97md Ijoadjt Brnjzd Akpcdkdjts, \dipnjs, Nrjikdjts ne Lrddt Bratiaj ijh

Ardcijh . Cnjlkijs-Lrddj, Cnjhnj.

Eibaij, G. 91=?7akd ijh tmd Ntmdr7 Mnw Ijtmrnpncnly Ki`ds ats Nbgdot . OncukbaiTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Eimjdstno`, V.G. 91=87 Mastnry ijh tmdnrdtaoic hdvdcnpkdjt7 tmd akpnrtijod ne i oratamastnranlripmy ne iromidncnly . Iromidncnlaoic Rdvadw ernk Oikbrahld ?7 <-9=.

Edhalij, C.K. 91=27Vrakitd Virihalks7 _dx Rncds ijh _noaic Bnjhs . Tjavdrsaty ne OmaoilnVrdss, Omaoiln-Cnjhnj (2jh dhatanj, 9112).

Edhalij, C.K. 91=57 md omijlajl rncd ne wnkdj aj knhdcs ne mukij dvncutanj. IjjuicRdvadw ne Ijtmrnpncnly 947 24-55.

Edhalij, C.K. 91187 _oadjod ijh tmd suoodsseuc edkicd7 wmy tmdrd ird sn kijy wnkdjprakitncnlasts. Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlast 157 421-?1.

Edhalij, C.K. ijh V.G. Isquatm (dhs) 91197md Knj`dys ne Irismayiki7 marty-Eavd Qdirsne Rdsdirom aj Gipij ijh tmd \dst . _titd Tjavdrsaty ne Jdw Qnr` Vrdss, Icbijy.

Edhalij, C.K. ijh _.O. _truk 911<7 Omijlajl akilds ne prakitds snoadtads.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly ?=7 5<<-=9.

Edydribdjh, V. 91<47 Iliajst Kdtmnh7 Nutcajd ne ij Ijiromastao mdnry ne @jnwcdhld . Udrsn,Cnjhnj.

Eartm, R. 912<7 Kinra macc-enrts. Ijtaquaty 97 55-<=.

Easomdr, H.M. 91<67Mastnraijs‑ Eiccioads7 nwirhs i Cnlao ne Mastnraoic mnulmt . Mirpdr,Jdw Qnr`-Oikbrahld.

Ecijjdry, @.U. 915=7 md Nckdo ijh tmd viccdy ne Nixioi7 i knhdc enr ajtdr-rdlanjic aj-tdriotanj aj enrkitavd takds. Aj D.V. Bdjsnj (dh.)7Hukbirtnj Ni`s Onjedrdjod nj tmdNckdo . Hukbirtnj Ni`s Rdsdirom Cabriry ijh Onccdotanj, \ismajltnj. <1-996.

Encdy, R. 91127 _tuhyajl mukij dvncutanj by ijicnly. Aj _. Gnjds, R. Kirtaj ijh H.Vacbdik (dhs),

md Oikbrahld Djoyocnpdhai ne Mukij Dvncutanj. Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty

Vrdss, Oikbrahld7 ??4-86.



?82

Encdy, R.I. ijh V.O. Cdd 91=17 Eajatd snoaic spiod, dvncutanjiry pitmwiys, ijh rdonj-struotajl mnkajah bdmivanr._oadjod 28?7 169-5.

Encdy, R. ijh V. Cdd 91157 Eajatd snoaic spiod ijh tmd dvncutanj ne mukij snoaic bdmivanur.Aj G. _tddcd ijh _. _mdjjij (dhs)7md Iromidncnly ne Mukij Ijodstry7 Vnwdr, _dx ijh

rihatanj. Rnutcdhld, Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`7 8<-55.Enjtagj, H. ijh H. Uij Rdybrnuo` 91117 md cuxury ne ibujhijod7 syjtmdsds ne Arasm

prdmastnry. Iromidncnlaoic Haicnluds57 44-<?.

Enssdy, H. 91<67 Kiàjl eradjhs watm knujtiaj lnraccis.Jitanjic Ldnlrimao Kilizajd9?<7 8=-5=.

Enssdy, H. 91=?7Lnraccis aj tmd Kast . Mnulmtnj Kaeecaj, Bnstnj.

Enx, R. 915=7Djonujtdr watm Ijtmrnpncnly . Mironurt Briod Gnvijnvaom, Jdw Qnr`.

Enx, R. 91<47 Vrakitd àj ijh mukij àjsmap. Aj R. Enx (dh.)7Bansnoaic Ijtmrnpncnly .

Kiciby, Cnjhnj7 1-?4.Eriapnjt, G. 9===7 Cd tabai hijs ci riod hd Jáijhdrtmic7 átuhd onkpiritavd hd c‑ajourvitanj

hd ci tçtd hu tabai, hijs sds rippnrts ivdo ci stitanj vdrtaoic omdz c‑mnkkd dt cds ijtmrn-pnahds.Rdvud h‑Ijtmrnpncnlad ?, ?, 27 984-4=.

Erizdr, G.L. 9=167md Lnchdj Bnulm7 I _tuhy aj Onkpiritavd Rdcalanj. KioKaccij,Cnjhnj.

Erddkij, G.B. 91==7majàjl Cnlaoiccy7 Bisao Onjodpts enr Rdisnjajl. Vrdjtaod-Micc,Djlcdwnnh Ocaees.

Erddkij, C.L. 915=7 I tmdnrdtaoic erikdwnr` enr ajtdrprdtajl iromdncnlaoic kitdraics. Aj

R.B. Cdd ijh A. HdUnrd (dhs)7 Kij tmd Mujtdr . Ichajd, Omaoiln7 252-<.Erasom, G.D. 91417 Rdsdirom nj prakitd bdmivanr aj Gipij. Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlast 597

4=8-15.

Eratz, G.K. ijh E. . Vcnl 91<67 md jiturd ne iromidncnlaoic dxpcijitanj. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty?47 864-92.

Erutm, B. ijh L. Mnmkijj 91157 Jdst buachajl bdmivanr aj tmd lrdit ipds7 tmd lrdit cdipenrwirh> Aj \.O. KoLrdw, C.E. Kiromijt ijh . Jasmahi (dhs)7Lrdit Ipd _noadtads .Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld7 224-86.

Lihikdr, M.-L. 91197 Mdrkdjdutaos is priotaoic pmacnsnpmy. Aj @. Biyjds, G. Bnmkij ijh

. KoOirtmy (dhs)7 Ietdr Vmacnsnpmy7 Djh nr rijsenrkitanj> KA Vrdss, Oikbrahld-Cnjhnj7 ?24-?=.

Lichaìs, B.K.E. 91147Rdecdotanjs ne Dhdj7 Ky Caed watm tmd Nrijlutijs ne Bnrjdn. UaotnrLnccijoz, Cnjhnj.

Likbcd, O. 91127 Iromidncnly, mastnry ijh tmd uttdrknst djhs ne tmd dirtm7 iskijai,adrri hdc Eudln ijh tmd Oipd. Ijtaquaty 557 <92-26.

Lirtcij, G._. 915=7 _truoturd ijh eujotanj aj prakitd snoadty.Encai Vrakitncnlaoi =7=1-926.

Ldaàd, G. 9==97Vrdmastnrao Durnpd7 I Ldncnlaoic _`dtom. _tijenrh, Cnjhnj.



?8?

Ldjtjdr, H. 91=?7 _truoturd-kippajl7 i tmdnrdtaoic erikdwnr` enr ijicnly.Onljatavd_oadjod<7 944-<6.

Ldjtjdr, H. ijh I.B. Kir`kij 911<7 _truoturd kippajl aj ijicnly ijh sakaciraty. Ikdraoij Vsyomncnlast427 84-45.

Ldnrld, @. 914=7 md oavacazdh \dst cnn`s it prakatavd Ieraoi 9866-9=667 i stuhy aj dtmjnodjtrask.Asas 817 52-<2.

Lmalcadra, K.V. 91=<7 _noanbancnly ne tmd lrdit ipds ijh tmd mnkajah ijodstnr. Gnurjic neMukij Dvncutanj 957 ?91-4<.

Lmalcadra, K.V. 91=17 Mnkajnah snoanbancnly ijh mnkajah snoaic dvncutanj. Aj V.LMdctjd ijh C.I. Kirquirht (dhs)7Tjhdrstijhajl Omakpijzdds . Mirvirh TjavdrsatyVrdss, Oikbrahld7 ?<6-1.

Laeenrh, H. 91=97 ipmnjnky ijh picdndoncnly7 i orataoic rdvadw ne iromidncnly‑s sashasoapcajds. Aj K.B. _omaeedr (dh.)7 Ihvijods aj Iromidncnlaoic Kdtmnh ijh mdnry , vnc.8. Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj7 ?54-8?=.

Laeenrh-Lnjzicdz, H. 91197 Bnjds ird jnt djnulm7 ijicnluds, `jnwcdhld, ijh ajtdrprd-tavd stritdlads aj znniromidncnly. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly967 294-48.

Laccdspad, J. 91<<7 md Hu`d ne Irlycc, dvncutanjiry ijtmrnpncnly, ijh tmd irt ne soadj-taeao onjtrnvdrsy.Asas 5=7 86-48.

Lacknrd, M.I. 91=97 Ernk Rihocaeed-Brnwj tn snoanbancnly7 snkd ispdots ne tmd rasdprakitncnly watmaj pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnly. Ikdraoij Gnurjic ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly 457 ?=<-12.

Lcisdr, M._.R. 91157 md earst twn prakitd rdsdirom stitanjs.Vrakitd Rdpnrt847 94-2<

Lnludt, I.Q. 9<4=7Hd c‑nralajd hds cnas, hds irts dt hds soadjods, dt hd cdurs prnlrís omdz cdijoadjs pdupcds . Hdsiajt dt _iaccijt, Viras

Lnnhicc, G. Pvij Ciwao`[ 915<7 Ky Eradjhs tmd \ach Omakpijzdds . Jitanjic Ldnlripmao, \ismajltnj.

Lnnhicc, G. Pvij Ciwao`[ 91<97Aj tmd _mihnw ne Kij. Mnulmtnj Kaeecaj, Bnstnj.

Lnnhicc, G. 91=57md Omakpijzdds ne Lnkbd7 Vittdrjs ne Bdmivanr . Mirvirh TjavdrsatyVrdss, Oikbrahld.

Lnnhicc, G. 91167mrnulm i \ajhnw7 marty Qdirs watm tmd Omakpijzdds ne Lnkbd .

Vdjluaj, Mirknjhswnrtm.Lnnhicc, G. ijh H.I. Mikburl 91<47 Omakpijzdd bdmivanr is i knhdc enr tmd bdmivanr

ne dircy kij7 Jdw dvahdjod nj pnssabcd nralajs ne mukij bdmivanr. Aj H.I. Mikburlijh [email protected]. Brnhad (dhs)7Jdw Vsyomaitrao Ernjtadrs (Ikdraoij Mijhbnn` ne Vsyomaitry5). Bisao Bnn`s, Jdw Qnr`7 98-8?.

Lnshdj, O. 91117 Ijtmrnpncnly ijh Iromidncnly7 I Omijlajl Rdcitanjsmap. Rnutcdhld,Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`.

Lnuch, R.I. 915=7 Cavajl iromidncnly7 tmd Jlititgiri ne \dstdrj Iustricai._nutmwdstdrj Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnly287 969-22.



?88

Lnuch, R.I. 91<97 md iromidncnlast is dtmjnlripmdr7 i oisd ernk tmd \dstdrj Hdsdrt ne Iustricai.\nrch Iromidncnly ?7 98?-<<.

Lnuch, R.I. 91<87 _nkd ourrdjt prnbcdks aj dtmjniromidncnly. Aj O.B. Hnjjij ijhO.\. Ocdwcnw (dhs)7Dtmjniromidncnly(Iromidncnlaoic _urvdy Knjnlripm 8). Ajstatutd

ne Iromidncnly Tjavdrsaty ne Oicaenrjai, Cns Ijldcds7 21-8=.Lnuch, R.I. (dh.) 91<=i7Dxpcnritanjs aj Dtmjniromidncnly . Tjavdrsaty ne Jdw Kdxaon

Vrdss, Icbuqudrqud.

Lnuch, R.I. 91<=b7 Bdynjh ijicnly aj dtmjniromidncnly. Aj R.I. Lnuch (dh.)7Dxpcnritanjsaj Dtmjniromidncnly . Tjavdrsaty ne Jdw Kdxaon Vrdss, Icbuqudrqud7 281-1?.

Lnuch, R.I. 91=67Cavajl Iromidncnly . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

Lnuch, R.I. 91=47 md dkparaoast stra`ds bio`7 i rdpcy tn Bajenrh. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty467 5?=-88.

Lnuch, R.I. ijh K.B. _omaeedr (dhs) 91=97 Knhdrj Kitdraic Oucturd7 md Iromidncnly neTs . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Lnuch, R.I. ijh V.G. \itsnj 91=27 I haicnlud nj tmd kdijajl ijh usd ne ijicnly aj dtm-jniromidncnlaoic rdisnjajl. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly 97 ?44-=9.

Lnuch, R.I. ijh G.D. Qdccdj 91=<7 Kij tmd mujtdh7 hdtdrkajijts ne mnusdmnch spio-ajl aj hdsdrt ijh trnpaoic enrilajl snoadtads. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly <7<<-96?.

Lnuch, _.G. 91=97md Kaskdisurd ne Kij. Jnrtnj, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj.

Lrèscujh, B. 91=97 md bio`lrnujh tn O.G. mnksdj‑s mrdd Ild _ystdk. Aj L. Hijadc

(dh.)7nwirhs i Mastnry ne Iromidncnly . mikds ijh Muhsnj, Cnjhnj7 84-46.Lrèscujh, B. 91=<7md Bartm ne Vrdmastnrao Omrnjncnly7 Hitajl Kdtmnhs ijh Hitajl

_ystdks aj Jajdtddjtm-Odjtury _oijhajivaij Iromidncnly . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Oikbrahld.

Lriysnj, H.@. 91=?7md Dstibcasmkdjt ne Mukij Ijtaquaty . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Lrddj, _. 91=97Vrdmastnraij7 I Banlripmy ne U. Lnrhnj Omachd . Knnjri`dr,Brihenrh-nj-Ivnj.

Lrndjdj, K. 91187Vnur ujd mastnard hd ci prámastnard7 cd Vicáncatmaqud . Kaccnj, Lrdjnbcd.

Lrubdr, G. 91547 Braxmik Oivd ijh tmd ijtaquaty ne kij. Aj K.D. _parn (dh.)7Onjtdxtijh Kdijajl aj Oucturic Ijtmrnpncnly . Erdd Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 ?<?-862 (rdprajtdh ajR. Hirjdcc (dh.)7Rdihajls aj tmd Mastnry ne Ijtmrnpncnly . Mirpdr ijh Rnw, Jdw Qnr`7256-<?).

Lójtmdr, E. 916<7Had \assdjsomiet vnk Kdjsomdj. Daj Bdatril zuk hdutsomdj Ldastdscdbdjak Wdatictdr hds Ritanjicaskus (Ldsomaomcaomd Tjtdrsuomujldj 4, 9). Eradhraom IjhrdisVdrtmds, Lntmi.

Lustiessnj, I. 911=7 md mastnry ne iromidncnly7 lnnh iromidncnly is bih mastnry> Aj Ijhdrssnj, I.-O., Ä. Laccdrl, N.\. Gdjsdj, M. @ircssnj ijh K.U. Rncõe (dhs)7md@icdahnsonpao Vist(LN IRO _drads O, Ir`dncnlas`i _`raetdr). Lõtdbnrl Tjavdrsaty,

Lõtdbnrl7 2=4-1?.



?84

Lustiessnj, I. 91117 ...wasdr tmij md maksdce it tmd takd `jdw... ‟ tmd mastnry ne iromidnnly ijh tmd \mal prnbcdk.Ourrdjt _wdhasm Iromidncnly<7 2<-?4.

Micc, @.R.C. ijh A. HdUnrd 91547 Bibnnj snoaic bdmivanr. Aj A. HdUnrd (dh.)7VrakitdBdmivanr7 Eadch _tuhads ne Knj`dys ijh Ipds . Mnct, Rajdmirt ijh \ajstnj, Jdw Qnr`7

4?-996.Micc, R.C. ijh M._. _mirp (dhs) 91<=7\nce ijh Kij7 Dvncutanj aj Viriccdc . Ioihdkao

Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Miriwiy, H. 91=87 Vrakitncnly as pncataos by ntmdr kdijs.Vmacnsnpmy ne _oadjod Issnoaitanj 2 (rdprajtdh aj R. Bcdadr (dh.) 91=57Edkajast Ipprniomds tn _oadjod . Vdrliknj, Jdw Qnr`-Nxenrh7 <<-99=.

Miriwiy, H. 91=17Vrakitd Uasanjs7 Ldjhdr, Riod, ijh Jiturd aj tmd \nrch ne Knhdrj_oadjod . Udrsn, Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`.

Mirhajl, R._.N. ijh L. dcdà (dhs) 91=97Nkjavnrnus Vrakitds7 Litmdrajl ijh Mujtajlaj Mukij Dvncutanj. Oncukbai Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Mirras, K. 915=7md Rasd ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic mdnry7 I Mastnry ne mdnrads ne Oucturd.Mirpdr ijh Rnw, Jdw Qnr`.

Mistajls, M. 91?57 Kij ijh Bdist aj Erdjom mnulmt ne tmd Dalmtddjtm odjtury ( md GnmjsMnpàjs _tuhads aj Rnkijod Catdriturds ijh Cijluilds 2<). md Gnmjs MnpàjsVrdss, Bictaknrd.

Miw`ds, O. 91487 Iromdncnlaoic tmdnry ijh kdtmnh7 snkd sulldstanjs ernk tmd Nch \nrch. Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlast457 944-5=.

Miw`ds, G. 915=7 md prnpdr stuhy ne kijàjh. Ijtaquaty 827 244-52.

Miyhdj, B. 91=97 _ubsastdjod ijh doncnlaoic ihiptitanjs ne knhdrj mujtdr/litmdrdrs. AjR._.N. Mirhajl ijh L. dcdà (dhs)7Nkjavnrnus Vrakitds7 Litmdrajl ijh Mujtajl ajMukij Dvncutanj. Oncukbai Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 ?88-829.

Mdihcijh, .J. ijh C.I. Rdah 91=17 Mujtdr-litmdrdrs ijh tmdar jdalmbnrs ernk prdmas-tnry tn tmd prdsdjt.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly?67 8?-55.

Mdbdrt, V.C. ijh K. Onurtnas 91187 wdjty-eavd ydirs ne bdmivanric rdsdirom nj lrditipds7 trdjhs bdtwddj 915< ijh 9119. Gnurjic ne Onkpiritavd Vsyomncnly 96=7 ?<?-=6.

Mdlirht, G. 91157 _vdj Jacssnj ijh tmd ajvdjtanj ne knhdrj kij. Ourrdjt _wdhasm Iromidncnly87 49-5<.

Mdahdr, @.L. 915<7 Iromidncnlaoic issukptanjs ijh dtmjnlripmaoic eiots7 i oiutanjiryticd ernk Jdw Luajdi._nutmwdstdrj Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnly 2?7 42-58.

Mdssd, K.B. 91557 Knhdcs ijh Ijicnlads aj _oadjod. Tjavdrsaty ne Jntrd Hikd Vrdss,Jntrd Hikd.

Mdwds, L. \. 91187 md bisdcajd enr onkpirajl mukij ijh jnjmukij prakitd bdmiv-anr. Aj H. Yuaitt ijh G. Atija (dhs)7Mnkajah Oucturd aj Vrakitd Vdrspdotavd . TjavdrsatyVrdss ne Oncnrihn, Jawnt7 41-18.

Macc, G.J. 915=7 Brn`dj @ Vudbcn7 pittdrjs ne enrk ijh eujotanj. Aj _.R. Bajenrh ijh

C.R. Bajenrh (dhs)7Jdw Vdrspdotavds aj Iromidncnly . Ichajd, Omaoiln7 96?-82.



?85

Mnhhdr, A. 91=97 nwirhs i kiturd iromidncnly. Aj A. Mnhhdr, L. Asiio ijh J. Mikknjh(dhs)7Vittdrj ne tmd Vist7 _tuhads aj Mnjnur ne Hivah Ocir`d . Oikbrahld TjavdrsatyVrdss, Oikbrahld7 2-9?.

Mnhhdr, A. 91=2i7md Vrdsdjt Vist7 Ij Ajtrnhuotanj tn Ijtmrnpncnly enr Iromidncnlasts .

Bitsenrh, Cnjhnj.Mnhhdr, A. 91=2b7_ykbncs aj Iotanj7 Dtmjniromidncnlaoic _tuhads ne Kitdraic Oucturd .

Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

Mnhhdr, A. (dh.) 91=2o7_ykbncao ijh _truoturic Iromidncnly . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Oikbrahld.

Mnhhdr, A. 91=2h7 mdnrdtaoic iromidncnly7 i rdiotanjiry vadw. Aj A. Mnhhdr (dh.) 91=2o7_ykbncao ijh _truoturic Iromidncnly . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld7 9-95.

Mnhhdr, A. 91=87 Buraics, mnusds, wnkdj ijh kdj aj tmd Durnpdij Jdncatmao. Aj H.Kaccdr ijh O. accdy (dhs)7Ahdncnly, Vnwdr ijh Vrdmastnry . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Oikbrahld7 49-5=.

Mnhhdr, A. 91=57Rdihajl tmd Vist7 Ourrdjt Ipprniomds tn Ajtdrprdtitanj aj Iromidncnly .Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld (2jh dhatanj, 9119).

Mnhhdr, A. (dh.) 91=<i7 Iromidncnly is Cnjl- drk Mastnry . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Oikbrahld.

Mnhhdr, A. (dh.) 91=<b7md Iromidncnly ne Onjtdxtuic Kdijajls . Oikbrahld TjavdrsatyVrdss, Oikbrahld.

Mnhhdr, A. 91=17 mas as jnt ij irtaocd ibnut kitdraic oucturd is tdxt. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly=7 246-51.

Mnhhdr, A. 91167md Hnkdstaoitanj ne Durnpd . Bcio`wdcc, Nxenrh-Oikbrahld.

Mnhhdr, A. 91197 Iromidncnlaoic mdnry aj Durnpd7 md Cist mrdd Hdoihds . Rnutcdhld,Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`.

Mnhhdr, A. 91127mdnry ijh Vriotaod aj Iromidncnly . Rnutcdhld, Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`.

Mnhhdr, A., K. _mij`s, I. Icdxijhra, U. Buomca, G. Oirkij, G. Cist ijh L. Cuois (dhs)91147Ajtdrprdtajl Iromidncnly . Rnutcdhld, Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`.

Mnhldj, K. 91?<7md Hnotrajd ne _urvavics7 I Omiptdr aj tmd Mastnry ne _oadjtaeao Kdtmnhaj tmd _tuhy ne Kij. Iccdjsnj, Cnjhnj.

Mnhlds, \. 91<<7Cnlao. Vdjluaj, Mirknjhswnrtm.Mnmkijj, L. ijh B. Erutm 911?7 Eadch nbsdrvitanjs nj kdit smirajl iknjl bnjnbns

(Vij pijasous ). Encai Vrakitncnlaoi 567 224-1.

Mnccijh, G.J., @.G. Mncyni`, R.D. Jasbdtt ijh V.R. milirh 91=57Ajhuotanj7 Vrnodssds neAjedrdjod, Cdirjajl ijh Hasonvdry . KA Vrdss, Oikbrahld-Cnjhnj.

Mnctnre, O. 26667 Ki`ajl sdjsd ne tmd pist bdynjh ijicnlads. Aj I. Lriksom (dh.)7Udrlcdaomdj ics iromèncnlasomd Kdtmnhd7 Ijicnladj aj hdj Iromèncnladj(BIR Ajtdrjitanjic_drads). Bratasm Iromidncnlaoic Rdpnrts, Nxenrh7 959-<2.

Mncyni`, @.G. ijh V. milirh 91147 Kdjtic Cdips7 Ijicnly aj Orditavd mnulmt

. KAVrdss, Oikbrahld-Cnjhnj.



?8<

Mncyni`, @.G. ijh V. milirh 911<7 md ijicnlaoic kajh. Ikdraoij Vsyomncnlast 427?4-88.

Mnnee, G.I.R.I.K. vij (enrtmonkajl)7 Vrakitd dtmncnly ijh snoan-doncnly aj tmdJdtmdrcijhs. Aj C.K. Edhalij ijh _.O. _truk (dhs)7Omijlajl Uadws aj Vrakitncnly .

Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.Mnntnj, D.I. 91447 md akpnrtijod ne prakitd stuhads aj ijtmrnpncnly. Aj G.I. Livij

(dh.)7 md Jnj-Mukij Vrakitds ijh Mukij Dvncutanj. \iyjd Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Hdtrnat7 9-96.

Mujt, K. 91<67 Kij ijh bdist.Vciybny , Gucy (rdprajtdh aj I. Knjtilu (dh.) 91<?7 Kijijh Illrdssanj . Nxenrh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Cnjhnj (2jh dhatanj)).

Mutomajsnj, M.L. 91987Caed ne _ar Gnmj Cubbno`, Cnrh Ivdbury . KioKaccij, Cnjhnj (2vncs).

Muxcdy, .M. 9=5?7Dvahdjod is tn Kij‑s Vciod aj Jiturd . \accaiks ijh Jnrlitd, Cnjhnj.

Amnbd, M. 91127 Nbsdrvitanjs nj tmd kdit-ditajl bdmivanr ne wach bnjnbns (Vij pijas-ous) it \ikbi, Rdpubcao ne Wiard.Vrakitds ??7 28<-46.

Ajldrsncc, H., G. Qdccdj ijh \. Kiohnjich (dhs) 91<<7Dxpdrakdjtic Iromidncnly . OncukbaiTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Ajlkijsnj, D.G. 91157 nnc-usajl bdmivanr aj wachVij pijasous 7 snoaic ijh doncnlaoic onj-sahdritanjs. Aj I.D. Russnj, @.I. Birh ijh _. . Vir`dr (dhs)7Rdiomajl ajtn mnulmt7

md Kajhs ne tmd Lrdit Ipds . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld7 916-296.

Ajlnch, . 91=57Dvncutanj ijh _noaic Caed . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

Ajlnch, . 91==7 md ijakic aj tmd stuhy ne mukijaty. Aj . Ajlnch (dh.)7\mit as ij Ijakic> (Njd \nrch Iromidncnly 9). Rnutcdhld, Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`7 =8-11.

Ajlnch, . 91127 Enrilajl enr hiti, oikpajl watm tmdnrads7 mujtdr-litmdrdrs ijh jnkihaopistnricasts aj iromidncnly ijh ijtmrnpncnly. Ijtaquaty 557 <16-=6?.

Ajlnch, ., H. Raomds ijh G. \nnhburj (dhs) 91==7Mujtdrs ijh Litmdrdrs . Bdrl, Nxenrh(2 vncs).

Asiio, L. 91=97 _tnjd Ild vasatajl oirhs7 ipprniomds tn tmd stuhy ne dircy cijh usd pit-tdrjs. Aj A. Mnhhdr, L. Asiio ijh J. Mikknjh (dhs)7Vittdrj ne tmd Vist7 _tuhads ajMnjnur ne Hivah Ocir`d . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld7 9?9-44.

Asiio, L.C. 91=87 md iromidncnly ne mukij nralajs7 stuhads ne tmd Cnwdr VcdastnodjDist Ieraoi 91<9-91=9. Ihvijods aj \nrch Iromidncnly ?7 9-=<.

Gibcnjs`a, J.L. (dh.) 911?7mdrnpatmdous7 md Rasd ijh Eicc ne i Vrakitd Ldjaus . OikbrahldTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

Gijsnj, M.\. 91427 Ipds ijh Ipd Cnrd aj tmd Kahhcd Ilds ijh tmd Rdjiassijod . md \irburlAjstatutd, Cnjhnj.

Gdjjasnj, L. 91?<7 Ijakics enr _mnw ijh Vcdisurd aj Ijoadjt Rnkd . Kijomdstdr TjavdrsatyVrdss, Kijomdstdr.



?8=

Gdjsdj, N.\. 911=7 \mdj iromidncnly kddts Ocan7 i orataoic rdecdotanj nj wratajl tmd mas-tnry ne iromidncnly. Aj Ijhdrssnj, I.-O., Ä. Laccdrl, N.\. Gdjsdj, M. @ircssnj ijhK.U. Rncõe (dhs)7md @icdahnsonpao Vist (LN IRO _drads O, Ir`dncnlasì _`raetdr).Lõtdbnrl Tjavdrsaty, Lõtdbnrl.

Gdvnjs, \._. 9=<67Dcdkdjtiry Cdssnjs aj Cnlao. KioKaccij, Cnjhnj. Gnmjsnj, _.O. 91=97 Bnjnbns7 ldjdricazdh mnkajah prntntypds nr spdoaicazdh ajsucir

hwires>Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly 227 ?5?-<4.

Gnccy, O.G. 91<67 md sddh-ditdrs7 i jdw knhdc ne mnkajah haeedrdjtaitanj bisdh nj i bi-bnnj ijicnly. Kij 47 4-25

Gnccy, O.G. 91<27 Omijlajl vadws ne mnkajah nralajs.Qdirbnn` ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly 957 9-9<.

Gnucaij, E. 91187 Oucturd ijh kitdraic oucturd aj omakpijzdds ijh dircy mnkajahs. Aj G.G. Rndhdr, B. madrry, G.R. Ijhdrsnj, J. Mdrrdjsomkaht (dhs)7Ourrdjt Vrakitncnly,vnc. 27 _noaic Hdvdcnpkdjt, Cdirjajl ijh Bdmivanur. _dcdotdh Vrnoddhajls ne tmd ]AUtmOnjlrdss ne tmd Ajtdrjitanjic Vrakitncnlaoic _noadty . Tjavdrsatá Cnuas Vistdur, _trisbnurl7?1<-868.

Gnucaij, E. 91157 Onkpirajl omakpijzdd ijh prdiomducaij tdomjaquds7 snkd onjtrabutanjstn oucturic ijh onljatavd qudstanjs. Aj V. Kdccirs ijh @. Labsnj (dhs)7 Knhdccajl tmdDircy Mukij Kajh . KoHnjich Ajstatutd enr Iromidncnlaoic Rdsdirom, Oikbrahld.

@ijn, . 91127md Cist Ipd7 Vylky Omakpijzdd Bdmivanr ijh Doncnly . _tijenrh TjavdrsatyVrdss, _tijenrh (trijscitdh ernk tmd Gipijdsd dhatanj, 91=5).

@ippdcdr, V.K. 911=7 Jdsts, trdd mncds, ijh tmd dvncutanj ne prakitd caed mastnrads. Ikdraoij

Gnurjic ne Vrakitncnly 857 <-??.@dirtnj, O. 91247 Ky Eradjh ntn7 md Ihvdjturds ne i Omakpijzdd ijh tmd _tnry ne mas

Gnurjdy ernk tmd Onjln tn Cnjhnj. Irrnwskatm, Cnjhnj.

@dmnd, I.B. 91197 md ajvdjtanj ne prdmastnry,Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly ?2, 85<-8<5.

@dmnd, I.B. 911=7md Cijh ne Vrdmastnry7 I Orataoic Mastnry ne Ikdraoij Iromidncnly .Rnutcdhld, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj.

@dccdy, H.R. 91167 \mit as mippdjajl tn tmd mastnry ne ahdis> Gnurjic ne tmd Mastnry neAhdis 497 ?-25.

@djt, _. (dh.) 91=<7 Kdtmnh ijh mdnry enr Iotavaty Irdi Rdsdirom7 Ij Dtmjniromidncnlaoic Ipprniom. Oncukbai Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

@djt, _. 911?7 Uiraibacaty aj eiujic issdkbcilds7 tmd ajecudjod ne mujtajl sàcc, smirajl,hnls, ijh knhd ne onnàjl nj eiujic rdkiajs it i sdhdjtiry @icimira onkkujaty. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly927 ?2?-=4.

@dvcds, B. 91<57\itomajl tmd \ach Ipds7 md Vrakitd _tuhads ne Lnnhicc, Enssdy, ijhLichaìs . Huttnj, Jdw Qnr`.

@ajl, L.D. 91<47 _noantdrratnraic ujats iknjl oirjavnrds ijh dircy mnkajahs. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Rdsdirom ?97 51-=<.

@ajl, L.D. 91<57 _noadty ijh tdrratnry aj mukij dvncutanj. Gnurjic ne Mukij Dvncutanj 47 ?2?-?2.



?81

@ajl, L.D. 91=67 Ictdrjitavd usds ne prakitds ijh oirjavnrds aj tmd rdonjstruotanj nedircy mnkajah bdmivanr.Dtmncnly ijh _noanbancnly 97 11-961.

@ajzdy, \.L. (dh.) 91=<7md Dvncutanj ne Mukij Bdmivanr7 Vrakitd Knhdcs . _titdTjavdrsaty ne Jdw Qnr` Vrdss, Icbijy.

@atimiri-Erasom, G. 91197Oucturd ijh prakitncnly7 Dist ijh \dst . Aj C.K. Edhalij ijh V.G. Isquatm (dhs)7md Knj`dys ne Irismayiki7 marty-Eavd Qdirs ne Rdsdirom aj Gipij ijhtmd \dst . _titd Tjavdrsaty ne Jdw Qnr` Vrdss, Icbijy7 <8-=6.

@cdajhadjst, K. ijh V.G. \itsnj 91457 ”Iotanj iromidncnly‑7 tmd iromidncnlaoic ajvdjtnryne i cavajl onkkujaty. Ijtmrnpncnly nknrrnw47 <4-=.

@cajht-Gdjsdj, N. 91<47 I Mastnry ne _oijhajivaij Iromidncnly . mikds ijh Muhsnj,Cnjhnj.

@cajht-Gdjsdj, N. 91<57 md ajecudjod ne dtmjnlripmy nj dircy _oijhajivaij iromidnc-nly. Aj G.U._. Kdliw (dh.)7n Accustritd tmd Knjukdjts7 Dssiys nj Iromidncnly prdsdjtdhtn _tuirt Vallntt . mikds ijh Muhsnj, Cnjhnj7 88-=.

@cajht-Gdjsdj, N. 91=97 Iromidncnly ijh dtmjnlripmy aj Hdjkir`7 dircy stuhads. Aj L.Hijadc (dh.)7nwirhs i Mastnry ne Iromidncnly . mikds ijh Muhsnj, Cnjhnj7 98-1.

@õmcdr, \. 91247md Kdjticaty ne Ipds . @dlij Viuc, Cnjhnj.

@ncdj, G. 91127 Iromidncnly is mdrkdjdutaos7 tmd soadjod ne ikbaluaty. Rdkir`s njOmrastnpmdr accdy, Kitdraic Oucturd ijh dxt. md Irt ne Ikbaluaty . Mdcajauk?2722<-88.

@njhi`nw, J.A. 91<=7\õrtdrbuom hdr Cnla`. His durnpèasomd Buom, \dstbdrcaj.

@nrtcijht, I. 91=57 md usd ne stnjd tnncs by wach-cavajl omakpijzdds ijh dircadst mnkjahs. Gnurjic ne Mukij Dvncutanj 947 <<-9?2.

@nrtcijht, I. ijh K. @nnag 915?7 Vrntnmnkajah bdmivanur aj prakitds (prdcakajiryonkkujaoitanj). Aj G. Jipadr ijh J.I. Birjaont (dhs)7md Vrakitds (_ykpnsai ne tmdWnncnlaoic _noadty ne Cnjhnj 96). Wnncnlaoic _noadty ne Cnjhnj, Cnjhnj7 59-==.

@nssajji, L. 91997Had Mdr`ujet hdr Ldrkijdj7 Wur Kdtmnhd hdr _adhcujlsiromèncnlad .@ibatzsom, Cdapzal (2jh dhatanj, 9126).

@rikdr, O. (dh.) 91<17Dtmjniromidncnly7 Akpcaoitanjs ne Dtmjnlripmy enr Iromidncnly .Oncukbai Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

@rikdr, O. 91=27Uaccild Dtmjniromidncnly7 Ruric Arij aj Iromidncnlaoic Vdrspdotavd . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

@rastaijsdj, @. 91=97 I snoaic mastnry ne Hijasm iromidncnly (9=64-91<4). Aj L. Hija(dh.)7 nwirhs i Mastnry ne Iromidncnly . mikds ijh Muhsnj, Cnjhnj7 26-88.

@rndbdr, I.C. 912=7 _ub-mukij oucturd bdlajjajls.Yuirtdrcy Rdvadw ne Bancnly?7?24-82.

@rndbdr, I.C. (dh.) 914?7 Ijtmrnpncnly nhiy7 Ij Djoyocnpdhao Ajvdjtnry . Tjavdrsaty neOmaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln.

@ukkdr, M. 915=7_noaic Nrlijazitanj ne Mikihryis Bibnnjs7 I Eadch _tuhy (BabcantmdoiVrakitncnlaoi 5). Tjavdrsaty ne Omaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln-Cnjhnj.



?46

@ukkdr, M. 91<97Vrakitd _noadtads7 Lrnup domjaquds ne Doncnlaoic Ihiptitanj. Ichajd,Omaoiln.

@ukkdr, M. 91147Aj Yudst ne tmd _iordh Bibnnj7 I _oadjtast‑s Gnurjdy . Vrajodtnj TjavdrsatyVrdss, Vrajodtnj (trijscitdh ernk tmd Ldrkij dhatanj, 9112).

@updr, I. 91==7 mdAjvdjtanj ne Vrakatavd _noadty7 rijsenrkitanjs ne ij Accusanj.Rnutcdhld, Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`.

@updr, I. 91157 Ijtmrnpncnly ijh Ijtmrnpncnlasts7 md Knhdrj Bratasm _omnnc . Rnutcdhld,Cnjhnj (?rh dhatanj).

Cieatiu, G.-E. 9<287 Kşurs hds siuvilds ikáraoiajs7 onkpiráds iux kşurs hds prdkadrs tdkps .Viras (91=?, watm ij ajtrnhuotanj by D.M. Cdkiy).

Ci`nee, L. ijh K. Gnmjsnj 91=67 Kdtipmnrs wd cavd by . Tjavdrsaty ne Omaoiln Vrdss,Omaoiln-Cnjhnj.

Cikajl-Dkpdriard, I. 91587Nralajds hd c‑irománcnlad prámastnraqud dj Erijod . Vaoirh,Viras.

Cijhiu, K. 91197Jirritavds ne Mukij Dvncutanj7 md Mdrn _tnry . Qicd Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Jdw Mivdj-Cnjhnj.

Citakdr, B.K., .H. \matd, \.M. @akbdc, H.O. Gnmijsnj ijh O.N. Cnvdgny 91=97 mdpylky omakpijzdd as jnt i cavajl kassajl caj` aj mukij dvncutanj. Gnurjic ne MukijDvncutanj 967 8<4-==.

Citnur, B. ijh _.O. _truk 91=57 Mukij snoaic nralajs7 pcdisd tdcc us ijntmdr stnry. Gnurjicne _noaic ijh Bancnlaoic _truoturds17 95<-=<.

Ciudr, V.@. 91<97 Omijlajl pittdrjs ne pnttdry trihd tn tmd rnbraijh Ascijhs.\nrch Iromidncnly?7 91<-261.

Ciulmcaj, \._. 915=7 Mujtajl7 ij ajtdlritajl banbdmivanr systdk ijh ats dvncutanjirysaljaeaoijod. Aj R.B. Cdd ijh A. HdUnrd (dhs)7 Kij tmd Mujtdr . Ichajd, Omaoiln7?68-26.

Cdiono`, D. ijh R. Cdd (dhs) 91=27Vncataos ijh Mastnry aj Bijh _noadtads . OikbrahldTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

Cdi`dy, R. ijh R. Cdwaj 91127Nralajs Rdonjsahdrdh7 Aj _dirom ne \mit Ki`ds us Mukij.Hnubcdhiy, Jdw Qnr`.

Cditmdrhicd, \.M. 91<87md Rncd ne Ijicnly, Knhdc ijh Kdtipmnr aj _oadjod. JnrtmMnccijh, Ikstdrhik-Nxenrh.

Cdd, R.B. 915=7 \mit mujtdrs hn enr i cavajl, nr, mnw tn ki`d nut nj soirod rdsnurods. AjR.B. Cdd ijh A. HdUnrd (dhs)7 Kij tmd Mujtdr . Ichajd, Omaoiln7 ?6-8=.

Cdd, R.B. 91<17md !@ujl _ij7 Kdj, \nkdj, ijh \nr` aj i Enrilajl _noadty . OikbrahldTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

Cdd, R.B. ijh A. HdUnrd (dhs) 915=7 Kij tmd Mujtdr . Ichajd, Omaoiln.

Cdd, R. ijh K. Ludjtmdr 91197 Nxdj nr njanjs> md sdirom enr trihd (ijh trutm) aj [email protected] Ijtmrnpncnly?27 41?-569.



?49

Cdlld, I.G. ijh V.I. Rnwcdy-Onjwy 91==7_tir Oirr Rdvasatdh7 I Rd-Ijicysas ne tmd Cirld Kikkics . Odjtrd enr Dxtri-Kuric _tuhads, Bar`bdo` Onccdld, Tjavdrsaty ne Cnjhnj,Cnjhnj.

Cdkiard, . 91=57Hd Ajhaiij aj njs bdwustzagj7 Hd njtkndtajl vij hd Nuhd kdt hd Jaduwd

\drdch . Biirj, Ikbn.Cdrna-Lnurmij, I. 91587Cds rdcalanjs hd ci prámastnard. Yuihrald-Vrdssds Tjavdrsatiards hd

Erijod, Viras (4tm dhatanj, 9119).

Cdwaj, R. 91=87Mukij Dvncutanj7 Ij Accustritdh Ajtrnhuotanj. Bcio`wdcc, Nxenrh (?rhdhatanj, 911?).

Cdwaj, R. 911<7Bnjds ne Onjtdjtanj7 Onjtrnvdrsads aj tmd _dirom enr Mukij Nralajs . mdTjavdrsaty ne Omaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln-Cnjhnj (2jh dhatanj).

Cajl Rntm, M. 9=167md Ibnralajds ne iskijai . @ajl, Micaeix (2jh dhatanj, 9=11).

Cajtnj, _. 91<97 \nkij tmd litmdrdr7 kicd bais aj ijtmrnpncnly. Aj _.D. Gionbs (dh.)\nkdj aj Vdrspdotavd7 I Luahd enr Ornss- Oucturic _tuhads . Tjavdrsaty ne AccajnasVrdss, Trbiji7 1-29 (rdprajtdh is _. _cnouk 91<47 Aj R.R. Rdatdr (dh.)7nwirh ij Ijtmrnpncnly ne \nkdj. Knjtmcy Rdvadw Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 ?5-46.

Cavajlstnjd, E.B. 91527 Rdonjstruotajl kij‑s Vcanodjd pnjlah ijodstnr. Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnly 587 ?69-4.

Ccnyh, L.D.R. 91557Vnciraty ijh Ijicnly7 wn ypds ne Irlukdjtitanj aj Dircy Lrdd`mnulmt. Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

Cnoìrh, R.B. 91<97 Rdecdotanjs nj tmd eicc ne onkpiritavd psyomncnly7 as tmdrd i kdsenr us icc> Ikdraoij Vsyomncnlast 247 95=-<1.

Cnjliord, \.I. 91<=7 Dtmjniromidncnly.Rdvadws aj Ijtmrnpncnly47 ?4<-5?.

Cnjliord, \.I. (dh.) 91197Odrikao Dtmjniromidncnly . md Tjavdrsaty ne Iraznji Vrdss,uosnj.

Cnjliord, \.I. ijh G.K. _àbn (dhs) 91187@icajli Dtmjniromidncnly7 Dxpijhajl Iromidncnlaoic Kdtmnh ijh mdnry . _katmsnjaij Ajstatutanj Vrdss, \ismajltnj-Cnjhnj.

Cnjlajn, M.D. 91167_oadjod is _noaic @jnwcdhld7 Uicuds ijh Nbgdotavaty aj _oadjtaeaoAjquary . Vrajodtnj Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Vrajodtnj.

Cnpdz, B.M. 91<=7Ne \ncvds ijh Kdj. _aknj ijh _omustdr, Jdw Qnr`.

Cnrdjz, @. 91557Nj Illrdssanj. Kdtmudj, Cnjhnj.Cnvdgny, I.N. 91?57md Lrdit Omiaj ne Bdajl7 I _tuhy ne tmd Mastnry ne Ahdis . Mirvirh

Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld-Cnjhnj.

Cnvdgny, I.N. 91?=7 md mastnranlripmy ne ahdis. Aj I.N. Cnvdgny 918=7 Dssiys aj tmdMastnry ne Ahdis . md Gnmjs Mnpàjs Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Bictaknrd-Cnjhnj.

Cnvdgny, O.N. 91=97 md nralaj ne kij._oadjod 2997 ?89-46 (hasoussanj aj_oadjod 91=2,29<7 214-?65).

Cnwad, R.M. 91?<7md Mastnry ne Dtmjncnlaoic mdnry . Mnct, Rajdmirt ijh \ajstnj, Jdw Qnr`.



?42

Cny, G.H. 911<7 Omircds Hirwaj is Vrakitncnlast7 I Catdriturd Luahd. Ikdraoij Gnurjicne Vrakitncnly 827 4?-56.

Cny, G.H. ijh O.B. Vdtdrs 91197 Knrtaeyajl rdecdotanjs7 prakitncnly ijh tmd mukij has-oapcajds. Aj G.H. Cny ijh O.B. Vdtdrs (dhs),Tjhdrstijhajl Bdmivanr7 \mit Vrakitd

_tuhads dcc Ts Ibnut Mukij Bdmivanr. Nxenrh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Nxenrh-Jdw Qnr`7?-95.

Cubbno`, G. 9=547Vrd-mastnrao akds is Accustritdh by Ijoadjt Rdkiajs ijh tmd Kijjdrs ijhOustnks ne Knhdrj _ivilds . \accaiks ijh Jnrlitd, Cnjhnj.

Cubbno`, G. 9=<67md Nralaj ne Oavacasitanj ijh tmd Vrakatavd Onjhatanj ne Kij7 Kdjticijh _noaic Onjhatanj ne _ivilds . Cnjlkijs-Lrddj, Cnjhnj.

Cupn, @.H. 91147 Mihzi bnjd issdkbcilds ijh mydji ittratanj7 ij dtmjnlripmao dxikpcdne tmd ajecudjod ne onn`ajl ijh knhd ne hasoirh nj tmd ajtdjsaty ne soivdjldr rivil-ajl. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly987 2==-?98.

Cuwdc, K. 91567 Mastnard hu Kusdá rnyic hu Onjln bdcld.Onjln- drvurdj 57 ?6-81.Cydcc, O. 9=5?7md Ldncnlaoic Dvahdjods ne tmd Ijtaquaty ne Kij watm Rdkir`s nj mdnrads

ne tmd Nralaj ne _pdoads by Uiraitanj. Kurriy, Cnjhnj.

Cykij, R.C. 91=<7 Iromidneiujis ijh butomdry stuhads7 i tipmnjnkao pdrspdotavd. AjK.B. _omaeedr (dh.)7 Ihvijods aj Iromidncnlaoic Kdtmnh ijh mdnry , vnc. 96. IoihdkaoVrdss, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj7 281-??<.

Cyjom, B.H. ijh .E. Cyjom 915=7 md bdlajjajls ne i soadjtaeao ipprniom tn prdmastnraoiromidncnly aj 9<tm ijh 9=tm odjtury Bratiaj._nutmwdstdrj Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnly287 ??-54.

Cynj, _. 911?7 md prakitd ntmdr. Ibstriots ne tmd 12jh ijjuic kddtajl ne tmd Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnly Issnoaitanj7 ?=4.

KoHdrkntt, \.O. 91?=7 md Ipd aj Ijtaquaty . md Gnmjs Mnp`ajs Vrdss, Bictaknrd.

KoLrijd, B. 91=17Bdynjh Ijtmrnpncnly7 _noadty ijh tmd Ntmdr. Oncukbai TjavdrsatyVrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

KoLrdw, \.O. 91=97 md edkicd omakpijzdd is i mukij dvncutanjiry prntntypd. AjE. Himcbdrl (dh.)7\nkij tmd Litmdrdr . Qicd Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Mivdj-Cnjhnj7?4-<?.

KoLrdw, \.O. 91127Omakpijzdd Kitdraic Oucturd7 Akpcaoitanjs enr Mukij Dvncutanj.Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

KoLrdw, \.O., V.G. Bichwaj, O.D.L. utaj 91=97 Omakpijzdds aj i mnt, hry ijh npdjmibatit7 Kt. Issara`, _djldci, \dst Ieraoi. Gnurjic ne Mukij Dvncutanj 967 22<-88.

KoLrdw, \.O., C.E. Kiromijt, . Jasmahi (dhs) 91157Lrdit Ipd _noadtads . OikbrahldTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

KoMdjry, M.K. 91=87 md onkknj ijodstnr7 i stuhy ne tmd pnstorijauk neVij pijasous , Iustricnpatmdous ijh ntmdr mnkajnahs. Aj R.C. _uskij (dh.)7md Vylky Omakpijzdd7Dvncutanjiry Bancnly ijh Bdmivanr . Vcdjuk, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj7 269-?6.

KoMdjry, M.K. ijh R._. Onrruooaja 91=97Vij pijasous ijh mukij dvncutanj. Ikdraoij Gnurjic ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly 487 ?44-5<.



?4?

Kio@ajjnj, G. 91<=7md Ipd \atmaj Ts . Onccajs, Cnjhnj.

KoCdjjij, G.E. 9=547Vrakatavd Kirraild7 Ij Ajquary ajtn tmd Nralaj ne tmd Enrk neOipturd aj Kirraild Odrdknjads . Bcio`, Dhajburlm (91<6, watm ij ajtrnhuotanj byV. Ravaírd).

KoCdjjij, G.E. 9=517 md dircy mastnry ne kij.Jnrtm Bratasm Rdvadw 467 2<2-16.

KoJiarj, B. 91=67 md Kdtmnh ijh mdnry ne U. Lnrhnj Omachd . Dhajburlm TjavdrsatyVrdss, Dhajburlm.

KoUaoir, G.B. 91=87 md mastnry ne iromidncnly. Iromidncnlaoic Rdvadw ernk Oikbrahld ?72-5.

Kiajd, M._. 9=597 Ijoadjt Ciw7 Ats Onjjdotanj watm tmd Dircy Mastnry ne _noadty ijh atsRdcitanj tn Knhdrj Ahdis . Kurriy, Cnjhnj (1tm dhatanj, 9==?).

Kijhdcbiuk, K. 91<97Mastnry, Kij ijh Rdisnj7 I _tuhy aj Jajdtddjtm-Odjtury mnulmt .

Gnmjs Mnp`ajs Vrdss, Bictaknrd-Cnjhnj.Kipcd, .C. 91<17 Vrakitd psyomncnly aj mastnraoic pdrspdotavd. Aj G.Drwaj, .C. Kipcd

L. Katomdcc (dhs)7Oiptavaty ijh Bdmivanr7 Vrakitds aj Brddhajl Oncnjads, Cibnritnradsijh Wnns . Uij Jnstrijh Rdajmnch, Jdw Qnr`7 21-4=.

Kirias, D. 91?17 Ky Eradjhs tmd Bibnnjs . Bcnjh ijh Bralls, Cnjhnj.

Kirias, D.J. 91517 md _nuc ne tmd Ipd . Vdjluaj, Mirknjhswnrtm (91<?, watm ij ajtrn-huotanj by R. Irhrdy).

Kirtaj, K.@. ijh B. Unnrmads 91<47Edkicd ne tmd _pdoads . Oncukbai Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj.

Kirtajdz-Onjtrdris, G. 91157 md earst soadjtaeao nbsdrvitanjs nj nrijl-utij bdmivanr7Eráhárao Ouvadr (9=96).Vrakitd Rdpnrt847 84-58.

Kdd`, R.C. 91<57_noaic _oadjod ijh tmd Aljnbcd _ivild . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Oikbrahld.

Kdajijhdr, O.E. 91=97 md onjodpt ne oucturd aj Durnpdij iromidncnlaoic catdriturd. AL. Hijadc (dh.)7nwirhs i Mastnry ne Iromidncnly . mikds ijh Muhsnj, Cnjhnj7966-99.

Kdctzdr, H._. 91<17 Virihalks ijh tmd jiturd ne omijld aj Ikdraoij iromidncnly. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty 887 588-4<.

Kdrwd, J.G. vij hdr, ijh R. .@. _ouccy 91<97 md Vmicibnrwi stnry7 iromidncnlaoic ijdtmjnlripmao ajvdstalitanj ne i _nutm Ieraoij Arnj Ild lrnup.\nrch Iromidncnly?79<=-15.

Kaccdr, H. 91=87 Knhdrjask ijh suburbai is kitdraic ahdncnly. Aj H. Kaccdr ijh O. accdy(dhs).Ahdncnly, Vnwdr ijh Vrdmastnry . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld7 ?<-81.

Kaccdr, H. 91=47 Irtdeiots is Oitdlnrads7 I _tuhy ne Odrikao Uiraibacaty aj Odjtric Ajhai .Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

Kaccdr, H. 91=<7 Kitdraic Oucturd ijh Kiss Onjsukptanj. Bcio`wdcc, Nxenrh-Oikbrahld.

Kaccdr, H. 91187 Knhdrjaty, ij Dtmjnlripmao Ipprniom7 Huicask ijh Kiss Onjsukptanj ajrajahih . Bdrl, Nxenrh-Vrnvahdjod.



?48

Kaccdr, H. ijh O. accdy (dhs) 91=87Ahdncnly, Vnwdr ijh Vrdmastnry . Oikbrahld TjavdrsatyVrdss, Oikbrahld.

Kaccdr, H. ijh O. accdy 91157 Dhatnraic. Gnurjic ne Kitdraic Oucturd97 4-98.

Kaccdr, L._. 912=7 _nkd dcdkdjts ne sdxuic bdmivanr aj prakitds ijh tmdar pnssabcd aj-ecudjod nj tmd bdlajjajls ne mukij snoaic hdvdcnpkdjt. Gnurjic ne Kikkicnly 172<?-1?.

Katmdj, _. 91187 domjncnly ijh snoadty hurajl tmd Kahhcd Vcdastnodjd.Oikbrahld Iromidncnlaoic Gnurjic87 ?-??.

Katmdj, _. 91157md Vrdmastnry ne tmd Kajh7 I _dirom enr tmd Nralajs ne Irt, Rdcalanj ijh_oadjod . mikds ijh Muhsnj, Cnjhnj.

Knjtilu, K.E.I. 918?7Dhwirh ysnj, K.H., E.R._., 9546-9<6= ijh tmd Rasd ne Mukijijh Onkpiritavd Ijitnky aj Djlcijh7 I _tuhy aj tmd Mastnry ne _oadjod . IkdraoijVmacnsnpmaoic _noadty, Vmacihdcpmai.

Knnrd, M.C. 91=57_piod, tdxt ijh ldjhdr7 ij ijtmrnpncnlaoic stuhy ne tmd Kiri`wdt ne@djyi . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

Knnrd, M.C. 91167 Viuc Raondur7 Iotanj, Kdijajl ijh dxt. Aj O. accdy (dh.)7Rdihajl Kitdraic Oucturd7 _truoturicask, Mdrkdjdutaos ijh Vnst-_truoturicask. Bcio`wdcc,Nxenrh-Oikbrahld7 =4-926.

Knnrd, G. 91157 _ivijji omakpijzdds, rdedrdjtaic knhdcs ijh tmd cist onkknj ijodstnr.Aj \. KoLrdw, C.E. Kiromijt ijh . Jasmahi (dhs),Lrdit Ipd _noadtads. OikbrahldTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld7 2<4-12.

Knrij, E. AAA 911?7 Bdtwddj prakitds ijh prakatavds7 jituric kij is tmd kassajl caj` ajRnussdiu‑s_donjh Hasonursd . Gnurjic ne tmd Mastnry ne Ahdis 487 ?<-4=.

Knrij, V. ijh H._. Mahds 91167 \ratajl, iutmnraty ijh tmd hdtdrkajitanj ne i subgdot.Aj A. Bipty & . Qitds (dhs)7 Iromidncnly ietdr _truoturicask7 Vnst-_truoturicask ijh tmdVriotaod ne Iromidncnly . Rnutcdhld, Cnjhnj7 264-26

Knrdcc, U. 911?7 _ddajl jiturd tmrnulm tmd cdjs ne ldjhdr._oadjod 2567 82=-1.

Knrdcc, U. 91147 Ijodstric Vissanjs7 md Cdi`dy Eikacy ijh tmd Yudst enr Mukij`ajh‑sBdlajjajls . _aknj ijh _omustdr, Jdw Qnr`.

Knrlij, O.L. 91<27 Iromidncnly ijh dxpcijitanj.\nrch Iromidncnly87 241-<5.

Knrlij, C.M. 9=<<7 Ijoadjt _noadty nr Rdsdiromds aj tmd Cajds ne Mukij Vrnlrdss ernk_ivildry, tmrnulm Birbirask tn Oavacazitanj. KioKaccij, Cnjhnj.

Knrras, H. 915<i7md Ji`dh Ipd7 I Wnncnlast‑s _tuhy ne tmd Mukij Ijakic . GnjitmijOipd, Cnjhnj.

Knrras, H. 915<b7 Ajtrnhuotanj7 tmd stuhy ne prakitd bdmivanur. Aj H. Knrras (dh.)7Vrakitd Dtmncnly . \dahdjedch ijh Jaoncsnj, Cnjhnj7 9-5.

Knrras, R. ijh H. Knrras 91557 Kdj ijh Ipds . KoLriw-Macc, Jdw Qnr`.

Knrtaccdt, L. hd 9==?7Cd Vrámastnraqud7 Ijtaquatá hd c‑Mnkkd . Rdajwich, Viras.

Knsdr, _. 911=7 Ijodstric Akilds7 md Aonjnlripmy ne Mukij Nralajs

. Onrjdcc TjavdrsatyVrdss, Atmioi.



?44

Kujsnj, V.G. 91517 Onkkdjts nj Bajenrh‑s ”_kuhld pats ijh mahd sknàjl7 tmd usd neijicnly aj iromidncnlaoic rdisnjajl‑. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty ?87 =?-4.

Kurpmrdd, A.C. 91597 md dvncutanjiry ijtmrnpncnlasts7 tmd prnlrdss ne kijàjh. monjodpts ne prnlrdss ijh oucturd aj tmd tmnulmt ne Gnmj Cubbno`, Dhwirh B. ycnr, ijh

Cdwas M. Knrlij.Vrnoddhajls ne tmd Ikdraoij Vmacnsnpmaoic _noadty 9647 254-?66.Kurriy, . 91127 iskijai ijh tmd onjstatutanj ne ftmd hiwj ne mukijaty‑. Ijtaquaty 557

<?6-8?.

Kurriy, . 91157 Ernk _yhjdy tn _irigdvn7 I odjtdjiry rdecdotanj nj iromidncnly ijhDurnpdij ahdjtaty. Iromidncnlaoic Haicnluds?7 45-<6.

Kurriy, . ijh K.G. \ic`dr 91==7 Ca`d wmit> I priotaoic qudstanj ne ijicnlaoic ajedrdjodijh iromidncnlaoic kdijajleucjdss. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly <7 28=-=<.

Kusomajs`d, H. 91<<7 md jnjwmatd is omach7 L. _tijcdy Micc ijh tmd dhuoitanj ne jnjwmatd pdnpcd. Gnurjic ne tmd Mastnry ne tmd Bdmivanric _oadjods 9?7 ?2=-?5.

Kydrs, E.R. 91==7 Orataoic trdjhs aj tmd stuhy ne mujtdr-litmdrdrs. Ijjuic Rdvadw ne Ijtmrnpncnly9<7 259-=2.

Kyrds, G. 91997md Hiwj ne Mastnry . \accaiks ijh Jnrlitd, Cnjhnj.

Jihcdr, R.H. 91157 Rnbdrt Kdijs Qdr`ds ijh tmd dircy stuhads ne prakitd sdxuic bdmivanr.Vrakitd Rdpnrt 847 54-<<.

Jirncc, R. 91527 Ecnnr irdi ijh sdttcdkdjt pnpucitanj. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty 2<7 4=<-1.

Jism, R. 91147 ysnj‑s Vylkad7 tmd nrijl-nutijl ijh Iulustij fsityr‑. Aj R. Onrbdyijh B. mdujassdj (dhs)7 Ipd, Kij, Ipdkij7 Omijlajl Uadws sajod 9566 . Cdahdj

Tjavdrsaty, Cdahdj7 49-52.Jacssnj, _. 9=?=-9=8?7_ìjhajivasì Jnrhdjs Tr-ajväjiri7 Dtt Eõrsõ` a @nkpiritavi

Dtmjnlrieadj nom dtt Bahril tacc Kdjjas`nscèltdts Ttvdo`cajls-Mastnrai . Bdrcajlsì,Cujh.

Jacssnj, _. 9=5?7Had Trdajwnmjdr hds _oijhajivasomdj Jnrhdjs7 Daj Udrsuom aj hdr onkpir-itavdj Dtmjnlripmad ujh daj Bdatril zur Djtwao`cujlsldsomaomtd hds KdjsomdjldsomcdomtdsA. His Brnjzdictdr . Kdassjdr, Mikburl.

Jacssnj, _. 9=5=7md Vrakatavd Ajmibatijts ne _oijhajivai7 Ij Dssiy aj OnkpiritavdDtmjnlripmy, ijh i Onjtrabutanj tn tmd Mastnry ne tmd Hdvdcnpkdjt ne Kijàjh onjtiaj-ajl i Hdsoraptanj ne tmd Akpcdkdjts, Hwdccajls, nkbs, ijh Knhd ne Cavajl ne tmd _ivildsaj tmd Jnrtm ne Durnpd hurajl tmd _tnjd Ild . Cnjlkijs-Lrddj, Cnjhnj.

Jasbdt, R.I. 91517_noaic Omijld ijh Mastnry7 Ispdots ne tmd \dstdrj mdnry ne Hdvdcnpkdjt .Nxenrh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Jassdj, M.\. 91?97 I Eadch _tuhy ne tmd Omakpijzdd (Onkpiritavd Vsyomncnly Knjnlripms=). Bictaknrd.

Jns`d, B.K. 91==7Muacdj kdt hd wncvdj7 ddj ajtdrhasoapcajiard bdjihdrajl vij hd kdjs-hadr rdcitad . Uij Ldjjdp, Ikstdrhik

Jns`d, B. 91=17Mukijs ijh Ntmdr Ijakics7 Bdynjh tmd Bnujhirads ne Ijtmrnpncnly .

Vcutn, Cnjhnj.



?45

Ni`cdy, E. 91=<7 Cnvdgny‑s ujdxpcnrdh nptanj. Gnurjic ne tmd Mastnry ne Ahdis 8=7 2?9-84.

Nbdrgnmijj M. 914<7 Ky Eradjh tmd Omakpijzdd . Micd, Cnjhnj.

N‑Onjjdcc, G.E. 91=<7 Icyiwiri satd struoturd ijh ats iromidncnlaoic akpcaoitanjs. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty427 <8-96=.

N‑Onjjdcc, G.E. 91147 Dtmjniromidncnly jddhs i ldjdric tmdnry ne bdmivanr. Gnurjic ne Iromidncnlaoic Rdsdirom?7 264-44.

N‑Onjjdcc, G.E., @. Miw`ds ijh J. Bcurtnj Gnjds 91==i7 Mihzi soivdjlajl7 akpcaoitanjsenr Vcan/Vcdastnodjd mnkajah subsastdjod.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly217 ?45-5?.

N‑Onjjdcc, G.E., @. Miw`ds ijh J. Bcurtnj Gnjds 91==b7 Mihzi mujtajl, butomdrajl,ijh bnjd trijspnrt ijh tmdar iromidncnlaoic akpcaoitanjs. Gnurjic ne IjtmrnpncnlaoicRdsdirom887 99?-59.

N‑Onjjdcc, G.E. ijh B. Kirsmicc 91=17 Ijicysas ne `ijlirnn bnhy pirt trijspnrt iknjltmd Icyiwiri ne Odjtric Iustricai. Gnurjic ne Iromidncnlaoic _oadjod957 ?1?-865.

Nrkd, B. 91<?7 Iromidncnly ijh dtmjnlripmy. Aj O. Rdjerdw (dh.),md Dxpcijitanj neOucturd Omijld7 Knhdcs aj Vrdmastnry. Huo`wnrtm, Cnjhnj7 8=9-12.

Nrkd, B. 91<87 wdjtadtm-odjtury prdmastnraijs ijh tmd ahdi ne dtmjnlripmao piriccdcs. Kij (J._.) 17 911-292.

Nrkd, B. 91=97 Ijtmrnpncnly enr iromidncnlasts7 Ij Ajtrnhuotanj. Huo`wnrtm, Cnjhnj.

Nswict, \.M. 91<87 Dtmjniromidncnly. Aj O.B. Hnjjij ijh O.\. Ocdwcnw (dhs)7Dtmjniromidncnly(Iromidncnlaoic _urvdy Knjnlripm 8). Ajstatutd ne IromidncnlyTjavdrsaty ne Oicaenrjai, Cns Ijldcds7 ?-99.

Nswict, \.M. ijh G.\. Uijstnjd 915<7md Dtmjniromidncnly ne Ornw Uaccild, Icis`i (Burdiune Ikdraoij Dtmjncnly Buccdtaj 911). _katmsnjaij Ajstatutanj, \ismajltnj.

Vir`dr Vdirsnj, K. 91=27 Knrtuiry priotaods, snoadty ijh ahdncnly7 ij dtmjniromidncnla-oic stuhy. Aj A. Mnhhdr (dh.) 91=2o7_ykbncao ijh _truoturic Iromidncnly . OikbrahldTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld7 =1-1=.

Vir`dr Vdirsnj, K. ijh Rikacasnjaji 911=7 _tnjdmdjld enr tmd ijodstnrs7 tmd stnjds pissnj tmd kdssild. Ijtaquaty<27 ?6=-25.

Vdrpdr, . ijh O. _omrard 91<<7 md Jakrnh onjjdotanj7 kytm ijh soadjod aj tmd mujt-ajl knhdc. Aj K.R. @ird ijh N. Kiccdr (dhs)7md Omdkaoic _djsds ijh Jutratanj. Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 88<-41.

Vdtdrs, R. 91<=7 Onkkujaoitanj, onljatavd kippajl, ijh stritdly aj wncvds ijh mnkaj-ahs. Aj R.C. Micc ijh M._. _mirp (dhs)7\nce ijh Kij7 Dvncutanj aj Viriccdc . IoihdkaoVrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 14-96<.

Vdtdrs, R. ijh C.H. Kdom 91<47 Bdmivnraic ijh ajtdccdotuic ihiptitanjs ne sdcdotdh kik-kicaij prdhitnrs tn tmd prnbcdk ne mujtajl cirld ijakics. Aj R.M. uttcd (dh.)7_noandoncnly ijh Vsyomncnly ne Vrakitds . Knutnj, tmd Milud-Viras7 2<1-?64.



?4<

Vdtdrsnj, J. 91<97 Npdj satds ijh tmd dtmjnlripmao ipprniom tn tmd iromidncnly ne mujt-dr-litmdrdrs. Aj H. Kucvijdy ijh G. Lncsnj (dhs)7 Ibnralajic Kij ijh Djvarnjkdjt aj Iustricai . Iustricaij Jitanjic Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oijbdrri7 2?1-8=.

Vedaeedr, G.D. 91<27md Dkdrldjod ne Kij. Mirpdr ijh Rnw, Jdw Qnr` (?rh dhatanj,

91<=).Vallntt, _. 91457 Ijtaquiraij tmnulmt aj tmd saxtddjtm ijh sdvdjtddjtm odjturads. Aj C.

Enx (dh.)7Djlcasm Mastnraoic _omncirsmap aj tmd _axtddjtm ijh _dvdjtddjtm Odjturads .Nxenrh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`7 1?-998.

Vallntt, _. 91417 Ipprniom tn Iromidncnly . Ihik ijh Bcio`, Cnjhnj.

Vallntt, _. 91<57 Ruajs aj i cijhsoipd7 ispdots ne sdvdjtddjtm ijh dalmtddjtm odjtury ij-taquiraijask. Aj _. Vallntt7Ruajs aj i Cijhsoipd7 Dssiys aj Ijtaquiraijask. DhajburlmTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Dhajburlm7 969-?2.

Vallntt, _. 91=17 Ijoadjt Bratnjs ijh tmd Ijtaquiraij Akilajitanj7 Ahdis ernk tmdRdjiassijod tn tmd Rdldjoy . mikds ijh Muhsnj, Cnjhnj.

Vajs`y, U. 91=17 Ajtrnhuotanj7 mastnraoic enujhitanjs. Aj U. Vajs`y ijh I. \ycad (dhs)7Orataoic rihatanjs aj Onjtdkpnriry Iromidncnly7 Dssiys aj tmd Vmacnsnpmy, Mastnry ijh_noan-Vncataos ne Iromidncnly . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld7 49-8.

Vajs`y U. ijh I. \ycad (dhs) 91=17Orataoic rihatanjs aj Onjtdkpnriry Iromidncnly7 Dssiysaj tmd Vmacnsnpmy, Mastnry ijh _noan-Vncataos ne Iromidncnly . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Oikbrahld.

Vatt Ravdrs, I.M. Cijd Enx 9=<87 Vrajoapcds ne ocissaeaoitanj. Aj G.C. Kyrds (dh.) 9md Dvncutanj ne Oucturd ijh Ntmdr Dssiys by tmd Citd Ct.-Ldj. I. Cijd-Enx Vatt-Ravdrs .

Ocirdjhnj, Nxenrh7 9-91.Vatt Ravdrs, I.M. Cijd Enx 9=<47 Nj tmd dvncutanj ne oucturd. Aj G.C. Kyrds (dh.) 916

md Dvncutanj ne Oucturd ijh Ntmdr Dssiys by tmd Citd Ct.-Ldj. I. Cijd-Enx Vatt-Ravdrs .Ocirdjhnj, Nxenrh7 26-88.

Vntts, R. 91=<7 Rdonjstruotanjs ne dircy mnkajah snoandoncnly7 i orataqud ne prakknhdcs. Aj \.L. @ajzdy (dh.)7md Dvncutanj ne Mukij Bdmivanr7 Vrakitd Knhdcs ._titd Tjavdrsaty ne Jdw Qnr` Vrdss, Icbijy7 2=-8<.

Vrduodc, R. ijh A. Mnhhdr (dhs) 91157Onjtdkpnriry Iromidncnly aj mdnry . Bcio`wdcc,Nxenrh-Oikbrahld.

Vukpmrdy, R.G. 914=7 md enrlnttdj kij--_ar Gnmj Cubbno`, E.R._.Jntds ijh Rdonrhs netmd Rnyic _noadty ne Cnjhnj 9?, Gujd7 81-4=.

Yuaitt, H. ijh K.I. Mueekij 911?7 Nj mnkd bisds, jdstajl satds, iotavaty odjtdrs, ijhjdw ijicytao pdrspdotavds.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly ?87 5=-<6.

Rijsnk, .\. 91=97 Bdiom rnnp ne tmd Lnkbd . Buo`jdcc Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Cdwasburl(watm i enrdwnrh by .D. Rnwdcc).

Ritmgd, \.C. 91=97 I kijaedstn enr knhdrj kitdraic-oucturd stuhads. Aj R.I. Lnuch ijhK.B. _omaeedr (dhs)7 Knhdrj Kitdraic Oucturd7 md Iromidncnly ne Ts . Ioihdkao Vrdss,Jdw Qnr`7 49-5.



?4=

Rivj, K. 911?7 Ijicnly aj Hijasm prdmastnrao stuhads.Jnrwdlaij Iromidncnlaoic Rdvadw 257 41-16.

Rdih, O. 91267md Nralaj ne Kij ijh mas _updrstatanjs . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Oikbrahld.

Rdljácc, L. (dh.) 91=?7_vdj Jacssnj7 Dj cèrh a 9=66-ticdts Cujh . @ujlc. Eysanlrieas`i_èccs`ipdt a Cujh, Cujh.

Rdjerdw, R. 91<?i7md Dxpcijitanj ne Oucturd Omijld7 Knhdcs aj Vrdmastnry. Huo`wnrtm,Cnjhnj.

Rdjerdw, O. 91<?b7Bdenrd Oavacazitanj7 md Rihanoirbnj Rdvncutanj ijh Vrdmastnrao Durnpd .Oipd, Cnjhnj.

Rdjerdw, O. ijh V. Bimj 91197 Iromidncnly7 mdnrads, Kdtmnhs ijh Vriotaod . mikds ijhMuhsnj, Cnjhnj.

Rdyjnchs, U. 91557 Npdj lrnups aj mnkajah dvncutanj. Kij 97 889-42 (rdprajtdh ajH.H. Yuaitt (dh.) 91<27Vrakitds nj Vrakitds7 Ipprniomds tn tmd Ijicysas ne JnjmukijVrakitd _noaic Bdmivanr . Burldss, Kajjdipncas7 ?9-8?).

Rdyjnchs, U. 915=7 @ajsmap ijh tmd eikacy aj knj`dys, ipds ijh kij. Kij ?7 261-2?.

Rdyjnchs, U. 91<57md Bancnly ne Mukij Iotanj. Erddkij, Nxenrh-_ij Erijoason (2jhdhatanj, 91=6).

Rabjao`, R. 91=27 I smnrt mastnry ne prakitd eadch stuhads7 Nch \nrch knj`dys ijh ipds.Aj E. _pdjodr (dh.)7 I Mastnry ne Ikdraoij Vrakitncnly 91?6-91=6 . Ioihdkao Vrdss,Jdw Qnr`7 81-<?.

Raomirh, I.E. 91=97 Omijlajl issukptanjs aj prakitd doncnly. Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlast =?7 49<-??.

Raomirh, J. 91127C‑ajvdjtanj hd ci prámastnard7 ujd ijtmncnlad . Vrdssds Vno`dt, Viras.

Raomirh, J. 911?7 Jnuvdccds pdrspdotavds hd c‑mastnard hd ci prámastnard. Buccdtaj hd ci_noaátd Vrámastnraqud Erijìiasd167 99-2.

Rnhhdj, G. 91=97 md hdvdcnpkdjt ne tmd mrdd Ild _ystdk7 Iromidncnly‑s earst piri-halk. Aj L. Hijadc (dh.)7nwirhs i Mastnry ne Iromidncnly . mikds ijh Muhsnj,Cnjhnj7 49-5=.

Rõmrdr-Drtc, N. 91==7 Rdsdirom mastnry, jnkdjociturd, ijh tixnjnky ne tmd nrijl-utij.

Aj G.M. _omwirtz (dh.)7Nrijl-Ttij Bancnly . Nxenrh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7<-9=.

Rnàcc 91157Hd wdrdch vij ajstajot7 Ja`n ajbdrldj dj mdt njtstiij vij hd dtmncnlad ajJdhdrcijh (9126-9146). Driskus, Rnttdrhik.

Rnmcds, E.M. 91517 md akpiot ne Rnbdrt Qdr`ds nj omakpijzdd rdsdirom. Aj O.R. Oirpdjtdr(dh.)7Bdmivanr7 Vrnoddhajls ne tmd _donjh Ajtdrjitanjic Onjlrdss ne Vrakitncnly, Itcijti(LI) 915=, vnc. 9. @irldr, Bisdc-Jdw Qnr`7 99-94.

Rnwdcc, .D. 91557 Enrdst cavajl bibnnjs aj Tlijhi. Gnurjic ne Wnncnly 9817 ?88-58.

Rnwcijhs, K. 911?7 md rncd ne kdknry aj tmd trijskassanj ne oucturd.\nrch Iromidncnly 247 989-49.



?41

Rujoakij, \.L., G. Kiyjirh _katm ijh R.A.K. Hujbir (dhs) 91157Dvncutanj ne _noaicBdmivanur Vittdrjs aj Vrakitds ijh Kij7 I Gnajt Hasoussanj Kddtajl ne tmd Rnyic _noadtyijh tmd Bratasm Ioihdky(Vrnoddhajls ne tmd Bratasm Ioihdky ==). Nxenrh TjavdrsatyVrdss, Nxenrh.

Russdcc, O.D.B. 91?=7 Ky Knj`dy Eradjhs . Irrnwskatm, s.c._ibcnee, V.C.\. 911=7Onjvdrsitanjs watm Cdw Bajenrh7 Hrietajl tmd Jdw Iromidncnly .

Tjavdrsaty ne N`cimnki Vrdss, Jnrkij.

_io`dtt, G.R. 91=97 Ernk hd Knrtaccdt tn Bnrhds7 i odjtury ne Erdjom Vicidncatmao rdsdAj L. Hijadc (dh.)7nwirhs i Mastnry ne Iromidncnly . mikds ijh Muhsnj, Cnjhnj7=4-11.

_imcajs, K. 91157 md sihjdss ne swddtjdss7 tmd jitavd ijtmrnpncnly ne \dstdrj onsknc-nly. Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly ?<7 ?14-82=.

_icknj, \.O. 91527Cnlao. Vrdjtaod Micc, Djlcdwnnh Ocaees.

_icknj, K.M. 91=27Vmacnsnpmy ijh Iromidncnly. Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj.

_icknj, K.M. 91=87Ajtrnhuotanj tn Cnlao ijh Orataoic maj`ajl. Mironurt Briod Gnvijnvaom, _ij Hadln-Jdw Qnr`.

_ijhdrsnj, _.@. 91167_noaic Dvncutanjask7 I Orataoic Mastnry . Bcio`wdcc, Nxenrh.

_ipar, G.H. 91<<7 md ijitnky ne kdtipmnr. Aj G.H. _ipar ijh G.O. Orno`dr (dhs)7md_noaic Tsd ne Kdtipmnr7 Dssiys nj tmd Ijtmrnpncnly ne Rmdtnrao . Tjavdrsaty ne VdjjsycvijaiVrdss, s.c.7 ?-?2.

_ivild-Rukbiulm, D._. ijh R. Cdwaj 91187@ijza7 md Ipd it tmd Braj` ne tmd Mukij

Kajh . Hnubcdhiy, Cnjhnj._omiccdr, L.B. 91587md Qdir ne tmd Lnracci . Tjavdrsaty ne Omaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln.

_omiccdr, L.B. ijh L.R. Cnwtmdr 91517 md rdcdvijod ne oirjavnrd bdmivanr tn tmd stune dircy mnkajahs._nutmwdstdrj Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnly 247 ?6<-89.

_omaeedr, K.B. 91<57Bdmivanric Iromdncnly . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

_omaeedr, K.B. 91<<7 Ourrdjt hardotanjs aj iromidncnlaoic kdtmnh ijh tmdnry. Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlast<17 58<-1.

_omaeedr, K.B. 91<=7 Kdtmnhncnlaoic assuds aj dtmjniromidncnly. Aj R.I. Lnuch (dhDxpcnritanjs aj Dtmjniromidncnly . Tjavdrsaty ne Jdw Kdxaon Vrdss, Icbuqudrqud7221-8<

_omaeedr, K.B. 91=<7Enrkitanj Vrnodssds ne tmd Iromidncnlaoic Rdonrh . Tjavdrsaty ne JdwKdxaon Vrdss, Icbuqudrqud.

_omjipp, I. 911?7Ci onjquçtd hu pissá7 iux nralajds hd c‑irománcnlad . Oirrá, Viras.

_omnj, H.I. 915?7Haspciodkdjt ne Onjodpts . ivastno`, Cnjhnj.

_omõj, H.I. 91<17 Ldjdritavd kdtipmnr7 i pdrspdotavd nj prnbcdk-sdttajl aj snoaic pncaoyAj I. Nrtnjy (dh.), Kdtipmnr ijh mnulmt. Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld7248-=?.



?56

_omrard, O. (dh.) 91=8i7Vist ijh Vrdsdjt aj Mujtdr Litmdrdr _tuhads . Ioihdkao Vrdss,Nrcijhn.

_omrard, O. 91=8b7 \ach surkasds nj sivild tmnulmts. Aj O. _omrard (dh.)7 Vist ijh Vrdsdjtaj Mujtdr Litmdrdr _tuhads . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Nrcijhn7 9-24.

_omubdrt, L. 91197 Vrakitncnly, edkajask ijh pncataoic bdmivanr. Aj L. _omubdrt ijhR.H. Kistdrs (dhs)7Vrakitd Vncataos . _nutmdrj Accajnas Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oirbnjhicd-Dhwirhsvaccd7 ?-24.

_omuctz, I.M. 91<97 md rasd ne prakitncnly aj tmd twdjtadtm odjtury. Aj M. @ukkdr(dh.)7Bdmivanr7 Vrnoddhajls ne tmd marh Ajtdrjitanjic Onjlrdss ne Vrakitncnly, Wuraom91<6,vnc. 9. @irldr7 Bisdc-Jdw Qnr`7 2-94.

_omwirz, D. 91217 His Unr`nkkdj hds _omakpijsdj iue hdj caj`dj @njln-Tedr. Rdvudhd znncnlad dt hd bntijaqud ieraoiajds957 824-5.

_dpt, G.K. 91127 \is tmdrd jn pciod ca`d mnkd> I jdw pdrspdotavd nj dircy mnkajah ir-omidncnlaoic satds ernk tmd kippajl ne omakpijzdd jdsts.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly ??79=<-26<.

_dpt, G. 911=7 _mihnws nj i omijlajl cijhsoipd7 onkpirajl jdstajl pittdrjs ne mnkajahsijh omakpijzdds sajod tmdar cist onkknj ijodstnr. Ikdraoij Gnurjic ne Vrakitncnly 857 =4-969.

_dpt, G.K. ijh L.D. Brnn`s 91187 Rdpnrts ne omakpijzdd jituric mastnry, ajocuhajl tnnc-usd aj 95tm- ijh 9<tm-odjtury _adrri Cdnjd.Ajtdrjitanjic Gnurjic ne Vrakitncnly 947=5<-<=.

_drvaod, D. 91527Vrakatavd _noaic Nrlijazitanj7 Ij Dvncutanjiry Vdrspdotavd . Rijhnk,

Jdw Qnr` (2jh dhatanj, 91<9)._mij`s, K. ijh A. Mnhhdr 91147 Vrnodssuic, pnstprnodssuic ijh ajtdrprdtavd iromidncn-

lads. Aj A. Mnhhdr, K. _mij`s, I. Icdxijhra, U. Buomca, G. Oirkij, G. Cist ijh L.Cuois (dhs)7Ajtdrprdtajl Iromidncnly . Rnutcdhld, Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`7 ?-21.

_mij`s, K. ijh O. accdy 91=<i7Rd-Onjstruotajl Iromidncnly . Oikbrahld TjavdrsatyVrdss, Oikbrahld.

_mij`s, K. ijh O. accdy 91=<b7_noaic mdnry ijh Iromidncnly . Oikbrahld TjavdrsatyVrdss, Oikbrahld.

_mipaj, _. 91=87 Vukp ijh oaroukstijod7 Rnbdrt Bnycd‑s catdriry tdomjncnly._noaic

_tuhads ne _oadjod987 8=9-426._miparn, M.C. 91=97 Dirjdst I. Mnntnj, 9==<-9148,aj kdknraik ouk iknrd . Ikdraoij

Gnurjic ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly 457 8?9-8.

_mddmij, B. 91=67_ivilask ijh Oavacaty7 Ajhaijs ijh Djlcasmkdj aj Oncnjaic Uarlajai .Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

_mapkij, V. ijh G. Rnsd 91=?7 Dircy mnkajah mujtajl, butomdrajl, ijh oiroiss-prnodss-ajl bdmivanrs7 ipprniomds tn tmd enssac rdonrh. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly 27 4<-1=.

_mjardckij, U.I. 91187 Mujtdrs ijh litmdrdrs aj tmd knhdrj onjtdxt.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly?47 21=-?69.



?59

_cnestri, G. 91187 Rdodjt hdvdcnpkdjts aj Hutom iromidncnly7 i soadjtaeao-mastnraoiccajd. Iromidncnlaoic Haicnluds97 1-??.

_cntàj, G._. 91427 _nkd bisao kdtmnhncnlaoic prnbcdks aj prdmastnry._nutmwdstdrj Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnly=7 882-?.

_katm, K.I. 91447 md cakatitanjs ne ajedrdjod aj iromidncnly. Iromidncnlaoic Jdws Cdttdr 57 ?-<.

_katm, V. 91157 Iromidncnlaoic kytm ijh rdicaty ‟ i oisd stuhy7 tmd ti`d nvdr ne tmVrdmastnrao _noadty ne Dist Ijlcai.Dalmtddjtm Ijjuic Onjedrdjod ne tmd mdnrdtaoic Iromidncnly Lrnup, Tjavdrsaty ne Cavdrpnnc, Hdodkbdr 9115. Vrnlrikkd ijh Ibstriots 7?5.

_kuts, B.B., H.C. Omdjdy, R.K. _dyeirtm, R.\. \rijlmik, . . _trumsi`dr (dhs) 91=<7Vrakitd _noadtads . Tjavdrsaty ne Omaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln.

_nccis, \.G. 91997 Ijoadjt Mujtdrs ijh tmdar Knhdrj Rdprdsdjtitavds . KioKaccij,Cnjhnj.

_ncwiy, G._. ijh R.B. Cdd 91167 Enrildrs, ldjuajd nr spuranus> _atuitajl tmd @icimira _ijaj mastnry.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly?97 961-85.

_nkàj, E. 91527 md onjtrabutanjs ne _ar Gnmj Cubbno`, E.R._. tn tmdNralaj ne _pdoads 7snkd ijjntitanjs tn Hirwaj.Jntds ijh Rdonrhs ne tmd Rnyic _noadty ne Cnjhnj 9<,Hdodkbdr7 9=?-919.

_pdcckij, B.I. ijh @.G. Mncyni` 91157 Vrilkitaos aj ijicnlaoic kippajl.OnljatavdVsyomncnly?97 ?6<-85.

_pdjodr, B. ijh E.G. Laccdj 9=117md Jitavd rabds ne Odjtric Iustricai . Hnvdr, Jdw Qnr`(915=).

_pdjodr, E. 91=97 md rasd ne ioihdkao pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnly aj tmd Tjatdh _titds (9==91=6)7 i mastnraoic nvdrvadw. Ikdraoij Gnurjic ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly 457 ?4?-58.

_pdjodr, E. (dh.) 91=27 I Mastnry ne Ikdraoij Vrakitncnly 91?6-91=6 . Ioihdkao Vrdss,Jdw Qnr`.

_pdjodr, E. 91147 Vatmd`ns tn Vatmdoijtmrnpus7 ij ibbrdvaitdh rdvadw ne omijlajl soadjtaeao vadws nj tmd rdcitanjsmap ne ijtmrnpnah ipds tn Mnkn. Aj R. Onrbdy ijh B

mdujassdj (dhs)7 Ipd, Kij, Ipdkij7 Omijlajl Uadws sajod 9566 . Cdahdj Tjavdrsaty,Cdahdj7 9?-2<.

_pdjodr, M. (watm H. Hujoij) 9=<87Hdsoraptavd _noancnly0 nr, Lrnups ne _noancnlaoic Eiots, ?7 ypds ne Cnwdst Riods, Jdlrattn Riods, ijh Kiciyn-Vncyjdsaij Riods . \accaiks ijhJnrlitd, Cnjhnj-Dhajburlm.

_pdjodr, M. 9=<5-9=157Vrajoapcds ne _noancnly . KioKaccij, Cnjhnj (9151, dhatdh ijhajtrnhuodh by _. Ijhrdsà).

_pdrcajl, _. 91197 Bibnnjs watm bradeoisds7 edkajask, eujotanjicask ijh snoanbancnly ajtmd dvncutanj ne prakitd ldjhdr._aljs7 Gnurjic ne \nkdj aj Oucturd ijh _noadty 9<79-2<.

_pralls, K. (dh.) 91<<7 Iromidncnly ijh Ijtmrnpncnly7 Irdis ne Kutuic Ajtdrdst(BIR_uppcdkdjtiry _drads 91). Bratasm Iromidncnlaoic Rdpnrts, Nxenrh.



?52

_pralls, K. (dh.) 91=87 Kirxast Vdrspdotavds aj Iromidncnly . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Oikbrahld.

_tijenrh, O.B. 91157 md mujtajl doncnly ne wach omakpijzdds7 akpcaoitanjs enr tmd dvn-cutanjiry doncnly ne Vcanodjd mnkajahs. Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlast 1=7 15-99?.

_tijenrh, O.B. 911=7 md snoaic bdmivanr ne omakpijzdds ijh bnjnbns7 dkparaoic dva-hdjod ijh smaetajl issukptanjs.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly?17 ?11-826.

_tijenrh, O.B. 91117md Mujtajl Ipds7 Kdit Ditajl ijh tdm Nralajs ne Mukij Bdmivanr .Vrajodtnj Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Vrajodtnj.

_tijenrh, O.B. ijh G._. Iccdj 91197 Nj stritdlao stnrytdccajl7 ourrdjt knhdcs ne mukijbdmivanric dvncutanj.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly ?27 4=-59.

_tijasciwsà, K.B. 91<87 md rdcitanjsmaps ne dtmjniromidncnly, trihatanjic ijh systdksiromidncnly. Aj O.B. Hnjjij ijh O.\. Ocdwcnw (dhs)7Dtmjniromidncnly(Iromidn-cnlaoic _urvdy Knjnlripm 8). Ajstatutd ne Iromidncnly Tjavdrsaty ne Oicaenrjai, Cns Ijldcds7 94-25.

_tir`, K. . 911?7 Rd-eattajl tmd –orio`dh ijh brn`dj eiìihd‛7 tmd oisd enr dkparaoask ajpnst-prnodssuic dtmjniromidncnly. Aj J. Qneedd ijh I. _mdrritt (dhs)7 Iromidncnlaoic

mdnry7 \mn _dts tmd Ildjhi>Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld7 1?-968.

_tddcd G. ijh _. _mdjjij (dhs)7md Iromidncnly ne Mukij Ijodstry7 Vnwdr, _dx ijhrihatanj. Rnutcdhld, Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`.

_tdpij, J.C. 91=57 Riod ijh ldjhdr7 tmd rncd ne ijicnly aj soadjod.Asas <<7 259-<<.

_tdruh, L. 91<?7 I pirihalkitao vadw ne prdmastnry. Aj O. Rdjerdw (dh.)7md Dxpcijitanjne Oucturd Omijld7 Knhdcs aj Vrdmastnry . Huo`wnrtm, Cnjhnj7 ?-9<.

_tacds, H. 91<<7 Dtmjniromidncnly7 i hasoussanj ne kdtmnhs ijh ippcaoitanjs. Kij (J._.)927 =<-96?.

_tacds, H. 91127 md mujtdr-litmdrdr ”rdvasanjast‑ hdbitd. Ijtmrnpncnly nhiy=7 9?-<.

_tnoàjl, L.\. 915=i7 Nj tmd cakats ne –prdsdjtask‛ ijh –mastnraoask‛ aj tmd mastnranlri-pmy ne tmd bdmivanric soadjods. Aj L.\. _tnoàjl7Riod, Oucturd ijh Dvncutanj7 Dssiysaj tmd Mastnry ne Ijtmrnpncnly . Erdd Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 9-92.

_tnoàjl, L.\. 915=b7 md hir`-sàjjdh sivild7 tmd akild ne prakatavd kij aj dvncu-tanjiry ijtmrnpncnly. Aj L.\. _tnoàjl7Riod, Oucturd ijh Dvncutanj7 Dssiys aj tmdMastnry ne Ijtmrnpncnly. Erdd Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 996-?2.

_tnoàjl, L.\. 91<97 \mit‑s aj i jikd> md nralajs ne tmd Rnyic IjtmrnpncnlaoicAjstatutd (9=?<-<9). Kij (J._.) 57 ?51-16.

_tnoàjl, L.\. 91<8i7 _nkd prnbcdks aj tmd ujhdrstijhajl ne jajdtddjtm odjtury ouc-turic dvncutanjask. Aj R. Hirjdcc (dh.)7Rdihajls aj tmd Mastnry ne Ijtmrnpncnly . Mirpdrijh Rnw, Jdw Qnr`7 86<-24.

_tnoàjl, L.\. 91<8b7 md bisao issukptanjs ne Bnisaij ijtmrnpncnly. Aj L.\. _tnoàjl7md _mipajl ne Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnly 9==?-91997 I Erijz Bnis Rdihdr . Bisao Bnn`s,

Jdw Qnr`, 9-26.

_tnoàjl, L.\. 91=<7Uaotnraij Ijtmrnpncnly. Erdd Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.



?5?

_tnoz`nwsà, \. 91127 Vrámastnard, dtmjncnlad dt ipprnomd práhaotavd7 ci tdjtitanj h‑ujápastákncnlad spnjtijád. AjDtmjnirománcnlad7 Gustaeaoitanj, Vrnbcíkds, Cakatds7 ]AAdRdjonjtrds Ajtdrjitanjicds h‑Irománcnlad dt h‑Mastnard h‑Ijtabds . Dhatanjs IVHOI, Guij-cds-Vajs7 ??-88.

_tnoz`nwsà, \. 91187 Ijtmrnpncnlad jiîvd, ijtmrnpncnlad sivijtd7 Hd c‑nralajd hd c‑mnkkd,hd c‑akilajitanj dt hds aháds rdìuds . OJR_, Viras.

_tnoz`nwsà, \. 91147 Cd bapíhd dt si soadjod7 mastnard h‑ujd struoturd hd ci pdjsád jitu-ricastd.Lrihmavi9<7 9<-8?.

_tnoz`nwsà, \. 91157 Iux nralajds hd c‑mukijatá . Ilnri, Viras.

_tnoz`nwsà, \. 2666, aj prdss7 Mnw tn bdjdeat ernk rdodavdh ahdis. Aj R. Onrbdy ijh \. Rndbrnd`s (dhs)7_tuhyajl Mukij Nralajs7 Hasoapcajiry Mastnry ijh Dpastdkncnly . Ikstdrhik Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Ikstdrhik.

_tradr, @.B. 91187 Kytm ne tmd typaoic prakitd.Qdirbnn` ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly ?<72??-<9.

_truk, _. 91=<7 Icknst Mukij7 I Gnurjdy ajtn tmd \nrch ne Bibnnjs . Rijhnk Mnusd,Jdw Qnr`.

_truk, _.O. ijh \. Katomdcc 91=<7 Bibnnj knhdcs ijh kuhhcds. Aj \.L. @ajzdy (dh.)7md Dvncutanj ne Mukij Bdmivanr7 Vrakitd Knhdcs . _titd Tjavdrsaty ne Jdw Qnr` Vrdss,

Icbijy7 =<-968.

_uskij, R.C. (dh.) 91=87md Vylky Omakpijzdd7 Dvncutanjiry Bancnly ijh Bdmivanr .Vcdjuk, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj7 269-?6.

_uskij, R.C. 91=<7 Vylky omakpijzdds ijh onkknj omakpijzdds7 knhdcs enr tmd bdmiv-anric doncnly ne tmd dircadst mnkajahs. Aj \.L. @ajzdy (dh.)7md Dvncutanj ne MukijBdmivanr7 Vrakitd Knhdcs . _titd Tjavdrsaty ne Jdw Qnr` Vrdss, Icbijy7 <2-=5.

_wdtcatz, K. 91==7 md kajhs ne bdivdrs ijh tmd kajhs ne mukijs7 jituric sulldstanj,jituric sdcdotanj, ijh dxpdrakdjt aj tmd wnr` ne Cdwas Mdjry Knrlij. Aj L.\._tnoàjl (dh.)7Bnjds, Bnhads, Bdmivanr7 Dssiys nj Bancnlaoic Ijtmrnpncnly (Mastnry ne Ijtmrnpncnly 4). Tjavdrsaty ne \asonjsaj Vrdss, Kihasnj7 45-=?.

_ziciy, E._. 91<47 Mujtajl-soivdjlajl prntnmnkajahs7 i knhdc enr mnkajah nralajs. Kij 967 826-1.

icclrdj, I.K. 91?<7 md kdtmnh ne prdmastnrao iromidncnly. Ijtaquaty 997 942-59.

ijjdr, J.K. 91=97 Nj Bdonkajl Mukij . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

ijjdr, J.K. 91=<7 md omakpijzdd knhdc rdvasatdh ijh tmd litmdrajl mypntmdsas. Aj \.L. @ajzdy (dh.)7md Dvncutanj ne Mukij Bdmivanr7 Vrakitd Knhdcs . _titd Tjavdrsatyne Jdw Qnr` Vrdss, Icbijy7 ?-2<.

ijjdr, J. ijh I. Wamckij 91<57 \nkdj aj dvncutanj, pirt A7 Ajjnvitanj ijh sdcdotanjaj mukij nralajs._aljs7 Gnurjic ne \nkdj aj Oucturd ijh _noadty97 4=4-56=.

ittdrsicc, A. 91147md Enssac riac7 Mnw \d @jnw \mit \d maj` ibnut Mukij Dvncutanj.Nxenrh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`-Nxenrh.

ix, _., C.O. Dasdcdy, A. Rnusd ijh O.E. Undldcaj (dhs) 914?7 Ij Ippriasic ne Ijtmrnpncnlynhiy . Tjavdrsaty ne Omaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln7 22



?58

iycnr, \.\. 918=7 I _tuhy ne Iromidncnly (Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlast Kdknar 51). Ikdraoij Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Issnoaitanj, \asonjsaj.

dcd`a, L. 91<47 Vrakitd subsastdjod pittdrjs7 onccdotnr-prdhitnrs ijh litmdrdr-mujtdrs. Gnurjic ne Mukij Dvncutanj 87 924-=8.

dstirt, I. 91==7 _nkd kignr prnbcdks aj tmd snoaic ijtmrnpncnly ne mujtdr-litmdrdrs.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly217 9-?9.

mdujassdj, B. 91=17Dulíjd Hubnas ijh tmd Ipd-Kij ernk Givi7 md Mastnry ne tmd Earst”Kassajl Caj`‑ ijh ats Hasonvdrdr . @cuwdr, Hnrhrdomt.

mdujassdj, B. 2666, aj prdss7 Hnds hasoapcajiry mastnry kittdr> Aj R. Onrbdy ijh \.Rndbrnd`s (dhs)7_tuhyajl Mukij Nralajs7 Hasoapcajiry Mastnry ijh Dpastdkncnly . Ikstdrhik Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Ikstdrhik.

mnkis, G._. 91197Rdtmaj`ajl tmd Jdncatmao . Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld.

mnkpsnj, R.M. 91457 md subgdotavd dcdkdjt aj iromidncnlaoic ajedrdjod._nutmwdstdrj Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnly927 ?2<-?2.

mnkpsnj, V.R. 91<47 I ornss-spdoads ijicysas ne oirjavnrds, prakitd, ijh mnkajah bd-mivanur. Gnurjic ne Mukij Dvncutanj 87 99?-28.

mnkpsnj, V.R. 91<57 I bdmivanr knhdc enr Iustricnpatmdous ieraoijus . Gnurjic ne MukijDvncutanj 47 48<-4=.

mnksdj, O. 9=8=7Luahd tn Jnrtmdrj Iromidncnly by tmd Rnyic _noadty ne Jnrtmdrj Ijtaquirads . Biaj, Cnjhnj (dhatdh by tmd Dirc ne Dccdskdrd).

mnksnj, H.E. 91?17 md sdisnjic eiotnr aj mukij oucturd7 accustritdh ernk tmd caed ne i

onjtdkpnriry jnkihao lrnup.Vrnoddhajls ne tmd Vrdmastnrao _noadty 47 261-29.aldr, C. 91517 Kdj aj Lrnups . Jdcsnj, Cnjhnj.

aldr, C. ijh R. Enx 91557 md znncnlaoic pdrspdotavd aj snoaic soadjod. Kij 97 <4-=9 (rd-prajtdh aj H.H. Yuaitt (dh.) 91<27Vrakitds nj Vrakitds7 Ipprniomds tn tmd Ijicysas neJnjmukij Vrakitd _noaic Bdmivanr . Burldss, Kajjdipncas7 29-=).

aldr, C. ijh R. Enx 91<97md Akpdraic Ijakic . _do`dr ijh \irburl, Cnjhnj.

accdy, O. (dh.) 91167Rdihajl Kitdraic Oucturd7 _truoturicask, Mdrkdjdutaos ijh Vnst-_truoturicask. Bcio`wdcc, Nxenrh-Oikbrahld.

accdy, O. 91197 Kitdraic Oucturd ijh dxt7 md Irt ne Ikbaluaty . Rnutcdhld, Cnjhnj-Jdw Qnr`.

accdy, O. (dh.) 911?7Ajtdrprdtitavd Iromidncnly . Bdrl, Vrnvahdjod-Nxenrh.

accdy, O. 91187 I Vmdjnkdjncnly ne Cijhsoipd, Vciods, Vitms ijh Knjukdjts . Bdrl,Nxenrh-Vrnvahdjod.

accdy, O. 91117 Kdtipmnr ijh Kitdraic Oucturd . Bcio`wdcc, Nxenrh-Oikbrahld.

ajcijh, E. 915=7C‑mnkkd siuvild7 Mnkn edrus dt Mnkn sycvdstras7 Hd c‑ijakic æ c‑mnkkd .Vuynt, Viras.

nbais, V.U. 91=47 Mastnry ne pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnly aj _nutmdrj Ieraoi.Qdirbnn` ne

Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly2=7 9-42.



?54

nnby, G. ijh A. HdUnrd 91=<7 md rdonjstruotanj ne mnkajah bdmivanric rdonjstruotatmrnulm stritdlao knhdccajl. Aj \.L. @ajzdy (dh.)7md Dvncutanj ne Mukij Bdmivanr7Vrakitd Knhdcs . _titd Tjavdrsaty ne Jdw Qnr` Vrdss, Icbijy7 9=?-2?<.

nn`dr, D. (dh.) 91=27Dtmjnlripmy by Iromidncnlasts7 91<= Vrnoddhajls ne tmd Ikdraoij

Dtmjncnlaoic _noadty . Ikdraoij Dtmjncnlaoic _noadty, \ismajltnj.riutkijj, .R. 91=<7Cdwas Mdjry Knrlij ijh tmd Ajvdjtanj ne @ajsmap. Tjavdrsaty ne

Oicaenrjai Vrdss, Bdr`dcdy.

riutkijj, .R. 91127 md rdvncutanj aj dtmjncnlaoic takd. Kij (J._.) 2<7 ?<1-1<.

ralldr, B.L. 91=67Lnrhnj Omachd7 Rdvncutanjs aj Iromidncnly . mikds ijh Muhsnj,Cnjhnj.

ralldr, B.L. 91=27 Dtmjniromidncnly7 snkd oiutanjiry onjsahdritanjs. Aj D. nn`dr(dh.)7Dtmjnlripmy by Iromidncnlasts7 91<= Vrnoddhajls ne tmd Ikdraoij Dtmjncnlaoic_noadty . Ikdraoij Dtmjncnlaoic _noadty, \ismajltnj7 9-1.

ralldr, B.L. 91=47 \ratajl tmd mastnry ne iromdncnly7 i survdy ne trdjhs. Aj L.\._tnoàjl (dh.)7Nbgdots ijh Ntmdrs7 Dssiys nj Kusduks ijh Kitdraic Oucturd (Mastnryne Ijtmrnpncnly ?). Tjavdrsaty ne \asonjsaj Vrdss, Kihasnj7 29=-?4.

ralldr, B.L. 91=17 I Mastnry ne Iromidncnlaoic mnulmt. Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Oikbrahld.

ralldr, B.L. 91187 Nj lavajl Cubbno` mas hud,Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly ?4, 85-8= (watmrdpcy by @dmnd).

ralldr, B.L. 911=7_noanoucturic Dvncutanj7 Oicoucitanj ijh Onjtajldjoy . Bcio`wdcc,Nxenrh.

rajlmik, R. 91<=7 Dxpdrakdjtitanj, dtmjniromidncnly, ijh tmd cdipernls aj iromidncnl-aoic kdtmnhncnly. Aj R.I. Lnuch (dh.)7Dxpcnritanjs aj Dtmjniromidncnly . Tjavdrsaty neJdw Kdxaon Vrdss, Icbuqudrqud7 951-11.

rajìus, D. ijh V. _mapkij 911?7md Jdijhdrtics7 Omijlajl tmd Akild ne Kijàjh . Gnjitmij Oipd, Cnjhnj.

ur`d, V.\. 91=87 Deedots ne nvucitnry onjodickdjt ijh syjomrnjy nj prntnmnkajah kit-ajl systdks ijh pirdjtic rncds.Dtmncnly ijh _noanbancnly47 ??-88.

ycnr, D.B. 9=547Rdsdiromds ajtn tmd Dircy Mastnry ne Kijàjh ijh tmd Hdvdcnpkdjt neOavacazitanj. Kurriy, Cnjhnj.

ycnr, D.B. 9=517 md onjhatanj ne prdmastnrao riods, is ajedrrdh ernk nbsdrvitanj ne kndrj trabds.Onjlrís Ajtdrjitanjic h‑Irománcnlad dt h‑Ijtmrnpncnlad Vrámastnraquds, Cnjhnj9=5= 7 99-25.

ycnr, D.B. 9=<97Vrakatavd Oucturd7 Rdsdiromds ajtn tmd Hdvdcnpkdjt ne Kytmncnly,Vmacnsnpmy, Rdcalanj, Cijluild, Irt, ijh Oustnk. Kurriy, Cnjhnj (2 vncs).

ycnr, D.B. 9==97 Ijtmrnpncnly7 Ij Ajtrnhuotanj tn tmd _tuhy ne Kij ijh Oavacazitanj.KioKaccij, Cnjhnj.

ycnr, D.B. 9=167 Vrdeiod tn earst dhatanj ne M. Cajl Rntm7md Ibnralajds ne iskijai .

@ajl, Micaeix (2jh dhatanj, 9=11).



?55

ycnr, D.B. 9=187 Nj tmd iskijaijs is rdprdsdjtitavds ne Vicåncatmao Kij. Gnurjic ne tmd Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Ajstatutd 2?7 989-42.

ycnr, D.B. 9=147 Nj tmd noourrdjod ne lrnujh stnjd akpcdkdjts ne Iustricaij typd ajiskijai. Gnurjic ne tmd Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Ajstatutd 287 ??4-86.

ycnr, D.B. 9=11i7 Nj tmd survavic ne Vicåncatmao onjhatanjs aj iskijai ijh Iustricai,watm dspdoaic rdedrdjod tn tmd knhdrj usd ne ujlrnujh stnjd akpcdkdjts aj \dst Iustricai. Gnurjic ne tmd Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Ajstatutd 2=7 911.

ycnr, D.B. 9=11b7 Vrdeiod tn sdonjh dhatanj ne M. Cajl Rntm7md Ibnralajds ne iskijai .@ajl, Micaeix (2jh dhatanj, 9=11).

ycnr, D.B. 91667 Nj stnjd akpcdkdjts ernk iskijai7 dxtriots ernk i cdttdr by G. VixtnjKnar. Gnurjic ne tmd Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Ajstatutd ?6 (J._. ?)7 24<-52.

To`n, V.G. 91517 Dtmjnlripmy ijh iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanj ne eujdriry rdkiajs.\nrch Iromidncnly97 252-=6.

Uij Hdj Iuhdjidrhd, H.E.D. . 91=87 md drvurdj kusduk ijh tmd pylky omakpij-zdd. Aj R.C. _uskij (dh.)7md Vylky Omakpijzdd7 Dvncutanjiry Bancnly ijh Bdmivanr .Vcdjuk, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj7 ?-99.

Uij Hd Vuttd, I. 91=27Cnlaoi dj wdtdjsomipscddr. Ioon, Cduvdj.

Uij Dcsio`dr, C. ijh U. \icrivdj 91187 md spnjtijdnus usd ne i pajdippcd is i rdoapadjtby i oiptavd bnjnbn (Vij pijasous ). Kikkicai 4=7 941-52.

Uij Jntdj, E. 91<=7Cds omissdurs hd Kddr(Hassdrtitanjds Iromidncnlaoid Lijhdjsds). Hddkpdc, Brulds.

Uij Rdybrnuo`, H. 9118i7Onjtdkpnriry Jdijhdrtmics . K.Vmac. tmdsas, OikbrahldTjavdrsaty.

Uij Rdybrnuo`, H. 9118b7 Omijlajl pdrspdotavds nj mujtdr-litmdrdrs aj Onjtajdjticijh aj Ijlcn-Ikdraoij iromidncnly. Ijtaquaty 5=7 =?9-=?<.

Uij Rdybrnuo`, H. 91147 Nj i orditavd kahhcd lrnujh bdtwddj tmd dxtrdkds7 ij iromidn-cnlaoic haicnlud watm Bruod L. ralldr. Iromidncnlaoic Haicnluds 27 956-<9.

Uij Rdybrnuo`, H. 91157 nwirhs i Mdahdlldraij iromidncnly> Iromidncnlaoic Haicnluds?7 2-4.

Uij Rdybrnuo`, H. 911<i7 Kdt hd trik jiir @njln7 Hd `ncnjaicd tdjtnnjstdccajl vij

drvurdj._padldc Mastnraidc ?27 ?<8-4.Uij Rdybrnuo`, H. 911<b7 fIj ujusuiccy sivild ispdot‑7 jdldjtadjhd-dduwsd td`djajldj

vij hd Jdijhdrtmicdr.Edat dj Eaotad7 taghsomraet vnnr hd ldsomadhdjas vij hd rdprdsdjtitad ?7 99=-924.

Uij Rdybrnuo`, H. 911=i7 Akilajl ijh akilajajl tmd Jdijhdrtmic7 tmd rncd ne tdomjaoicaccustritanjs aj iromidncnly. Ijtaquaty <27 45-58.

Uij Rdybrnuo`, H. 911=b7 \mit‑s wrnjl watm ldjhdr iromidncnly> IromidncnlaoicHaicnluds (dhatnraic), 47 ==-16.



?5<

Uij Rdybrnuo`, H. 911=o7 Hrad micvd somdhdcs7 mdt rissdjbdlrap aj hd jdldjtadjhd-ddwsd picdnijtrnpncnlad aj Bdclaà. Aj L. Uijpidkdc & K. Bdydj (dhs),Risdomtd wdtdj-somip7 bdtd`djas dj eujotad vij mdt bdlrap ris vÿÿr hd wddhd \drdchnnrcnl . Ioon, Cduvdj75<-=6.

Uij Rdybrnuo`, H. 911=h7 \iirnk as fJdijhdrtmicdr‑ ddj somdchwnnrh> Nvdr hd onjstruo-tad vij prakatavatdat. Aj G. Hddbdj & D. Hrdjtm (dhs).Baghrildj iij mdt njhdrznd` jiirhd _tddjtagh aj Jdhdrcijh7 Udrscildj vij hd f_tddjtaghhil‑ 9 (Rippnrtdj IromdncnlasomdKnjukdjtdjznrl 5=). Rag`shadjst vnnr Nuhmdahùjhal Bnhdknjhdrznd`, Ikdrsennrt7 <-95.

Uij Rdybrnuo`, H. 26667 Bdynjh dtmjniromidncnly> I orataoic mastnry nj tmd rncd ndtmjnlripmao ijicnly aj onjtdxtuic ijh pnst-prnodssuic iromidncnly. Aj I. Lriksom(dh.)7Udrlcdaomdj ics iromèncnlasomd Kdtmnhd7 Ijicnladj aj hdj Iromèncnladj(BIRAjtdrjitanjic _drads). Bratasm Iromidncnlaoic Rdpnrts, Nxenrh7 ?1-42.

Uij Rdybrnuo`, H. 2666, aj prdss7 _akaijs ijh sivilds. Onjtajuaty ijh hasonjtajuaty ajtmd mastnry ne mukij nralaj stuhads. Aj R. Onrbdy ijh \. Rndbrnd`s (dhs)7_tuhyajlMukij Nralajs7 Hasoapcajiry Mastnry ijh Dpastdkncnly . Ikstdrhik Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Ikstdrhik.

Uij Rapdr, I.B. 911?7 Kdj iknjl tmd Kikkntms7 Uaotnraij _oadjod ijh tmd Hasonvdry neMukij Vrdmastnry . Tjavdrsaty ne Omaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln-Cnjhnj.

Uiuoiard, K. 91?97Lnraccigèldr7 Cdbdj ujh Ibdjtdudr hds Lnraccigèldrs Viuc hu Omiaccu.@nkpiss, Bisdc-Cdapzal (trijscitdh ernk Djlcasm).

Udat, T. 911=7 Iromèncnladldsomaomtd ujh Ldldjwirt7 Wur _tru`tur ujh Rnccd hdr wasdsomietsldsomaomtcaomdj Rdecdxanj aj hdr gójldrdj djlcasomspriomaldj Iromèncn

Aj [email protected]. Dlldrt ijh T. Udat (dhs )7 mdnrad aj hdr Iromèncnlad7 Wur djlcasomspriomaldj Hasùssanj ( óbajldr Iromèncnlasomd isomdjbóomdr 9). \ixkijj, Kójomdj7?2<-45.

Udrvid`d, M., M. Hd Urads ijh C. Uij Dcsio`dr 26667 Edkicd sdxuic onkpdtatanj aj ilrnup ne oiptavd bnjnbns (Vij pijasous ). Vrakitds897 961-94.

\iic, E. hd 91=27Omakpijzdd Vncataos7 Vnwdr ijh _dx iknjl Ipds . Gnmjs MnpàjsTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Bictaknrd.

\iic, E.B.K. hd 91=<7 djsanj rdlucitanj ijh jnjrdprnhuotavd eujotanjs ne sdx iknjloiptavd bnjnbns (Vij pijasous ). Jitanjic Ldnlripmao Rdsdirom?7 ?9=-?4.

\iic, E.B.K. hd 91=17Vdiodkiàjl iknjl Vrakitds . Mirvirh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Oikbrahld.

\iic, E.B.K. hd 91147 Bnjnbn sdx ijh snoadty._oadjtaeao Ikdraoij, Kirom7 4=-58.

\iic, E. hd 91157Lnnh-Jiturdh7 md Nralajs ne Ralmt ijh \rnjl aj Mukijs ijh Ntmdr Ijakics . Mirvirh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld-Cnjhnj.

\iic, E. hd ijh E. Cijtajl 911<7Bnjnbn7 md Enrlnttdj Ipd . Tjavdrsaty ne OicaenrjaiVrdss, Bdr`dcdy-Cns Ijldcds.

\iic, E.B.K. hd ijh K. _drds 911<7 Vrnpilitanj ne mijhocisp lrnnkajl iknjl oiptavdomakpijzdds. Ikdraoij Gnurjic ne Vrakitncnly 8?7 ??1-85.



?5=

\icrivdj, U., C. Uij Dcsio`dr ijh R.E. Udrmdydj 911?7 _pnjtijdnus nbgdot kijapucitanjaj oiptavd bnjnbns (Vij pijasous ). Bnjnbn ahajls (Gubacdd Uncukd nj tmd nooisanj netmd 946tm ijjavdrsiry ne tmd Rnyic Wnncnlaoic _noadty ne Ijtwdrp)7 24-?8.

\icrivdj, U., C. Uij Dcsio`dr, R. Udrmdydj 91147 Rdiotanjs ne i lrnup ne pylky omak-

pijzdds (Vij pijasous ) tn tmdar karrnr-akilds7 dvahdjod ne sdce-rdonljatanj.Vrakitds ?57 984-46.

\ismburj, _.C. 91467 md ijicysas ne prakitd dvncutanj watm pirtaoucir rdedrdjod tn tmdnralaj ne kij. AjNralaj ijh Dvncutanj ne Kij(Onch _prajl Mirbnr _ykpnsai njYuijtatitavd Bancnly 94). md Bancnlaoic Cibnritnry, Onch _prajl Mirbnr (JQ)75<-<=.

\ismburj, _.C. 91497 md jdw pmysaoic ijtmrnpncnly.rijsiotanjs ne tmd Jdw Qnr` Ioihdky ne _oadjods AA, 9?, <7 21=-?64.

\ismburj, _.C. 914<7 Iustricnpatmdoajds7 tmd mujtdrs nr tmd mujtdh> Ikdraoij

Ijtmrnpncnlast 417 592-8. \ismburj, _.C. 91<<7 Eadch stuhy ne prakitd bdmivanr. Aj L.M. Bnurjd (dh.)7Vrnlrdss aj

Ipd Rdsdirom. Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 2?9-82.

\ismburj, _.C. 91=?7 Dvncutanj ne i tdiomdr. Ijjuic Rdvadw ne Ijtmrnpncnly 297 9-28.

\ismburj, _.C. ijh U. Ivas 914=7 Dvncutanj ne mukij bdmivanr. Aj I. Rnd ijh L.L._akpsnj (dhs)7Bdmivanr ijh Dvncutanj. Qicd Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Mivdj7 829-?5.

\ismburj, _.C. ijh A. HdUnrd 9159i7 _noaic bdmivanr ne bibnnjs ijh dircy kij. Aj _.C. \ismburj (dh.)7_noaic Caed ne Dircy Kij (Ua`ajl Eujh Vubcaoitanjs aj Ijtmrnpncnly?9). \djjdr Lrdj Enujhitanj enr Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Rdsdirom, s.c.7 19-964.

\ismburj, _.C. ijh A. HdUnrd 9159b7 md snoaic caed ne bibnnjs._oadjtaeao Ikdraoij 2687 52-<9 (rdprajtdh AjVsyomnbancnly7 md Bancnlaoic Bisas ne Bdmivanr. Rdihajls ernk_oadjtaeao Ikdraoij. Erddkij, _ij Erijoason7 96-91).

\ismburj, _.C. ijh O._. Cijoistdr 915=7 md dvncutanj ne mujtajl. Aj R.B. Cdd ijh A.HdUnrd (dhs)7 Kij tmd Mujtdr . Ichajd, Omaoiln7 21?-?6?.

\ismburj, _.C. ijh R. Knnrd 91<87 Ipd ajtn Kij7 I _tuhy ne Mukij Dvncutanj. Cattcd-Brnwj, Bnstnj.

\itsnj, V.G. 91557 Ocuds tn Arijaij prdmastnry aj knhdrj vaccild caed.Dxpdhatanj=(_prajl)7 1-91.

\itsnj, V.G. 91<1i7 md ahdi ne dtmjniromidncnly7 jntds ijh onkkdjts. Aj O. @rikdr(dh.)7Dtmjniromidncnly7 Akpcaoitanjs ne Dtmjnlripmy enr Iromidncnly . OncukbaiTjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`7 2<<-==.

\itsnj, V.G. 91<1b7 Iromidncnlaoic Dtmjnlripmy aj \dstdrj Arij(Ua`ajl Eujh Vubcaoitanjsaj Ijtmrnpncnly 4<). \djjdr Lrdj Enujhitanj enr Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Rdsdirom, s.c.

\itsnj, V.G., _.I. CdBcijo ijh O.C. Rdhkij 91<97Dxpcijitanj aj Iromdncnly7 Ij Dxpcaoatcy_oadjtaeao Ipprniom. Oncukbai Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj.

\itsnj, V.G., _.I. CdBcijo ijh O.C. Rdhkij 91=87 Iromdncnlaoic Dxpcijitanj7 md_oadjtaeao Kdtmnh aj Iromdncnly . Oncukbai Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.



?51

\dbdr, L. 91<87 _oadjod ijh snoadty aj jajdtddjtm-odjtury ijtmrnpncnly.Mastnry ne_oadjod 927 256-=?.

\dstdrkiro`, D. 9=197 md Mastnry ne Mukij Kirraild . KioKaccij, Cnjhnj.

\miccnj, R. 91=27 Dhatnraic ajtrnhuotanj. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly97 9-8.

\mddcdr, K. 91487 Iromidncnly ernk tmd Dirtm. Ocirdjhnj, Nxenrh.

\mddcdr, K. 91447_tacc Hallajl7 Ajtdrcdivds ernk ij Ijtaquiry‑s Jntdbnn` . Gnsdpm,Cnjhnj.

\matd, G.V. ijh H.M. mnkis 91<27 \mit kdij tmdsd stnjds> Dtmjn-tixnjnkao knhdcsijh iromidncnlaoic ajtdrprdtitanjs aj tmd Jdw Luajdi Malmcijhs. Aj H. Ocir`d (dh.)7 Knhdcs aj Iromidncnly . Kdtmudj, Cnjhnj7 2<4-?6=.

\matdciw, .K. 91197 _nkd hakdjsanjs ne viraibacaty aj tmd snoaic nrlijasitanj neonkkujaty spiod iknjl enrildrs. Aj O._. Likbcd ijh \.I. Bnaskadr (dhs)7

Dtmjniromidncnlaoic Ipprniomds tn Knbacd Oikpsatds7 Mujtdr-Litmdrdr ijh VistnricaskOisd _tuhads(Ajtdrjitanjic Knjnlripms aj Vrdmastnry7 Dtmjniromidncnlaoic _drads 9).Ajtdrjitanjic Knjnlripms aj Vrdmastnry, Ijj Irbnr7 9?1-==.

\adssjdr, V. 91=?7 _tycd ijh snoaic ajenrkitanj aj @icimira _ij prngdotacd pnajts. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty8=7 24?-<5.

\accdy, L.R. 914?7 Iromidncnlaoic tmdnrads ijh ajtdrprdtitanj7 Jdw \nrch. Aj I.C.@rndbdr (dh.)7 Ijtmrnpncnly nhiy7 Ij Djoyocnpdhao Ajvdjtnry . Tjavdrsaty ne OmaoilnVrdss, Omaoiln7 ?59-=4.

\accdy, L.R. ijh V. Vmaccaps 914=7 Kdtmnh ijh mdnry aj Ikdraoij Iromidncnly . Tjavdrsatyne Omaoiln Vrdss, Omaoiln.

\accdy, L.R. ijh G.I. _ibcnee 91=67 I Mastnry ne Ikdraoij Iromidncnly . Erddkij, _ijErijoason (2jh dhatanj).

\acksdj, D.J. ijh G.R. Hdjbnw 91167 Virihalkitao mastnry ne _ij-spdi`ajl pdnpcds ijhourrdjt ittdkpts it rdvasanj.Ourrdjt Ijtmrnpncnly?97 8=1-428.

\acsnj, H. 9=497Vrdmastnrao Ijjics ne _ontcijh . KioKaccij, Cnjhnj ijh Oikbrahld (2jhdhatanj, 9=5?).

\acsnj, H. 9=527Vrdmastnrao Kij7 Rdsdiromds ajtn tmd Nralaj ne Oavacasitanj aj tmd Nch ijhtmd Jdw \nrch . KioKaccij, Cnjhnj (2jh dhatanj, 9=54).

\acsnj, H.G. 91=<7 Cnvdgny‑smd Lrdit Omiaj ne Bdajl ietdr Eaety Qdirs. Gnurjic ne tmdMastnry ne Ahdis 8=7 9=<-265.

\acsnj, D.N. 91<47_noanbancnly7 md Jdw _yjtmdsas . Mirvirh Tjavdrsaty Vrdss,Oikbrahld.

\acsnj, V.R. 91587 Nj tmd irlukdjt by ijicnly.Vmacnsnpmy ne _oadjod ?97 ?8-1.

\nbst, M.K. 91<=7 md iromidn-dtmjncnly ne mujtdr-litmdrdrs nr tmd tyrijjy ne tmd dtmjnlripmao rdonrh aj iromidncnly. Ikdraoij Ijtaquaty 8?7 ?6?-1.

\nce, D. 91<=7Durnpd ijh tmd Vdnpcd watmnut Mastnry . Tjavdrsaty ne Oicaenrjai Vrdss,Bdr`dcdy.



?<6

\nnhburj, G. 91==7 Ieraoij mujtdr-litmdrdr snoaic nrlijazitanj7 as at bdst ujhdrstnnh is iprnhuot ne djoipsucitanj> Aj . Ajlnch, H. Raomds ijh G. \nnhburj (dhs)7Mujtdrs ijhLitmdrdrs , 9.Mastnry, Dvncutanj ijh _noaic Omijld . Bdrl, Nxenrh7 ?9-58.

\nnccdy, C. 91?67Hallajl up tmd Vist . Bdjj, njbrahld.

\rijlmik, R.\. 91=<7 md saljaeaoijod ne Ieraoij ipds enr rdonjstruotajl mukij snoaicdvncutanj. Aj \.L. @ajzdy (dh.)7md Dvncutanj ne Mukij Bdmivanr7 Vrakitd Knhdcs ._titd Tjavdrsaty ne Jdw Qnr` Vrdss, Icbijy7 49-<9.

\rijlmik, R. ijh H. Vdtdrsnj 911<7Hdknjao Kicds7 Ipds ijh tmd Nralaj ne MukijUancdjod . Bcnnksbury, Cnjhnj.

\ycad, I. 91=27 Ij ijicnly by ijy ntmdr jikd as gust is ijicnlaoic7 i onkkdjtiry nj tmdLnuch-\itsnj haicnlud. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly97 ?=2-869.

\ycad, I. 91=47 md rdiotanj iliajst ijicnly. Aj K.B. _omaeedr (dh.), Ihvijods aj Iromidncnlaoic Kdtmnh ijh mdnry , vnc. =. Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj75?-999.

\yjijts, K. 911<7 Uij mdrtnldj dj @njlncdzdj7 drvurdj dj hd @ncnjaicd djtnnjstdccajl9=1< . @njaj`cag` Kusduk vnnr Kahhdj-Iera`i drvurdj, drvurdj.

Qitds, . 91167 Gioquds Hdrrahi7 ” mdrd as jntmajl nutsahd ne tmd tdxt‑. Aj O. accdy(dh.)7Rdihajl Kitdraic Oucturd7 _truoturicask, Mdrkdjdutaos ijh Vnst-_truoturicask.Bcio`wdcc, Nxenrh-Oikbrahld7 265-=6.

Qdccdj, G.D. 91<<7 Iromidncnlaoic Ipprniomds tn tmd Vrdsdjt7 Knhdcs enr Rdonjstruotajl tmdVist . Ioihdkao Vrdss, Jdw Qnr`.

Qdccdj, G.D. 9119i7 _kicc kikkics7 !@ujl _ij utacazitanj ijh tmd prnhuotanj ne eiujicissdkbcilds. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly967 9-25.

Qdccdj, G.D. 9119b7 _kicc kikkics7 pnst-hasoirh pittdrjajl ne !@ujl _ij eiujic rdkiajs. Gnurjic ne Ijtmrnpncnlaoic Iromidncnly967 942-12.

Qdr`ds, R.K. 91957md Kdjtic Caed ne Knj`dys ijh Ipds7 I _tuhy ne Ahditanjic Bdmivanr .Mnct, Oikbrahld.

Qdr`ds, R.K. 918?7 Omakpijzdds7 I Cibnritnry Oncnjy . Qicd Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, JdwMivdj.

Qdr`ds, R.K. ijh I. Qdr`ds 91217md Lrdit Ipds . Qicd Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Mivdj.

Wamckij, I. 91<=7 \nkdj ijh dvncutanj, pirt AA7 subsastdjod ijh snoaic nrlijazitanjiknjl dircy mnkajahs._aljs7 Gnurjic ne \nkdj aj Oucturd ijh _noadty 87 8-26.

Wamckij, I.C. 91<17 Vylky omakpijzdd knrpmncnly ijh tmd ajtdrprdtitanj ne dircy mn-kajahs._nutm Ieraoij Gnurjic ne _oadjod <47 954-=.

Wamckij, I.C. 91=97 \nkdj is smipdrs ne mukij ihiptitanj. Aj E. Himcbdrl (dh.)7\nkij tmd Litmdrdr . Qicd Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Jdw Mivdj-Cnjhnj7 <4-926.

Wamckij, I.C. 91=47 Litmdrajl stnrads enr mujtajl mukij jiturd.Edkajast _tuhads 997?58-<<.



?<9

Wamckij, I.C. 91=<7 Ikdraoij Issnoaitanj ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnlasts ijjuic cujomdnjihhrdss, Iprac 91=47 _dx, sdxds, ijh sdxask aj mukij nralajs.Qdirbnn` ne Vmysaoic Ijtmrnpncnly ?67 99-91.

Wamckij, I.C. 91167 @juo`cajl ujhdr7 onjtrnvdrsy nvdr mnkajah nralajs. Aj L.M. _pdrbdr

(dh.)7Ernk Ipds tn Ijldcs7 Dssiys aj Ijtmrnpncnly aj Mnjnr ne Vmaccap U. nbais . \acdy-Cass, Jdw Qnr`-Omaomdstdr7 9=4-15.

Wamckij, I.C. 91127 md dkdrldjod ne mukij cnonkntanj7 tmd dvncutanjiry bio`lrnujhijh djvarnjkdjtic onjtdxt. Aj . Jasmahi, \.O. KoLrdw, V. Kircdr, K. Vao`enrhijh E.B.K. hd \iic (dhs)7npaos aj Vrakitncnly,vnc. 97 Mukij Nralajs . Tjavdrsaty ne

n`yn Vrdss, n`yn7 861-22.

Wamckij, I. 91157 Rdonjstruotanjs rdonjsahdrdh7 omakpijzdd knhdcs ijh mukij dvn-cutanj. Aj \.O. KoLrdw, C.E. Kiromijt ijh . Jasmahi (dhs)7Lrdit Ipd _noadtads .Oikbrahld Tjavdrsaty Vrdss, Oikbrahld7 21?-?68.

Wamckij, I.C. ijh H.C. Orikdr 91<=7 _`dcdtic haeedrdjods bdtwddj pylky (Vij pijasous )ijh onkknj omakpijzdds (Vij trnlcnhytds ). Encai prakitncnlaoi 217 =5-18.

Wamckij, I.C., G.D. Ornjaj, H.C. Orikdr ijh U.K. _iraom 91<=7 Vylky omakpijzdd isi pnssabcd prntntypd enr tmd onkknj ijodstnr ne mukijs, omakpijzdds ijh lnraccis.Jiturd 2<47 <88-5.

Wamckij, I. ijh G. Cnwdjstdaj 91=?i7 I edw wnrhs watm Ruby.Jdw _oadjtast , 98 Iprac7=9-?.

Wamckij, I.C. ijh G.K. Cnwdjstdaj 91=?b7Rikipatmdous ijh Vij pijasous 7 saljaeaoijodenr mukij nralajs. Aj R.C. Oanomnj ijh R._. Onrruooaja (dhs)7Jdw Ajtdrprdtitanjs ne Ipd ijh Mukij Ijodstry . Vcdjuk, Jdw Qnr`-Cnjhnj7 5<<-18.

Wamckij, I. ijh J. ijjdr 91<=7 Litmdrajl ijh tmd mnkajah ihiptitanj. Aj C. aldr ijhM. . Enwcdr (dhs)7Edkicd Madriromads . Bdrdsenrh, Omaoiln7 95?-18.

Wuo`drkij, _. 91?27md _noaic Caed ne Knj`dys ijh Ipds . Rnutcdhld ijh @dlij Viuc,Cnjhnj (91=9).

Wuo`drkij, _. 91<57 Rdvadw ne Ky Eradjhs tmd Bibnnjs by D.J. Kirias (91<4).akdsCatdriry _uppcdkdjt 95 Gijuiry 91<5 (rdprajtdh aj _. Wuo`drkij 91=97md _noaic Caedne Knj`dys ijh Ipds . Rnutcdhld ijh @dlij Viuc, Cnjhnj7 84=-<6).

Wuo`drkij, _. (dh.) 91=67Lrdit Wnns ne tmd \nrch7 mdar Nralajs ijh _aljaeaoijod . \dahdjedch ijh Jaoncsnj, Cnjhnj.

Wuo`drkij, _. 91=97md _noaic Caed ne Knj`dys ijh Ipds . Rnutcdhld ijh @dlij Viuc,Cnjhnj (rd-assud ne 91?2 dhatanj watm i pnstsorapt ijh ippdjhaods).



?<?

Ourraoucuk Uatid

Hivah Uij Rdybrnuo` (Brulds, 91<9) wis triajdh is ij iromidncnlast it tmd

ujavdrsatads ne Cduvdj, Oikbrahld ijh Cdahdj. Enr knrd tmij twdcvd ydirs,md wis ondhatnr ne Iromidncnlaoic Haicnluds. Aj 2699-92, md mdch tmd ptalanus Ocdvdrajli Omiar it tmd Tjavdrsaty ne Cdahdj.

mrnulm mas bnn`smd Vcilud (2669) ijh Onjln (2696) md dstibcasmdhij dxodccdjt rdputitanj is i catdriry jnj-eaotanj wratdr. Eurtmdrknrd UijRdybrnuo` as ij ioociakdh pciywralmt7md _nuc ne tmd Ijt (2668) ijh Kassanj (266<). Md wis tmd enujhdr ne tmd Brussdcs Vndtry Onccdotavd, i pcuraluic, kuctaoucturic ajataitavd tmit brajls tnldtmdr Brussdcs-bisdh pndts ernkhaeedrdjt ilds, stycds ijh bio`lrnujhs. Md as tmd ajataitnr ne tmd L9666, ioatazdjs sukkat wmaom eujotanjs is i Vcitenrk enr hdknoritao ajjnvitanj aj

Bdclauk.‛

van reybrouck 2012 - from primitives to primates

Documents