variants of layerwise computabilitynies/ara2013b/talks... · variants of layerwise computability...
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Variants of Layerwise ComputabilityAgrentina-Japan-New Zealand Workshop
2 Dec 2013, Auckland, New Zealand
MIYABE KenshiJSPS Research Fellow at Tokyo Daigaku
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Effective version of measurability- many applications
Omega operator
Demuth randomness implies GL_1.
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Layerwise computability
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Measurability
Let X, Y be spaces and BX , BY be the set of Borel sets on
these spaces. f : X � Y is measurable if
f�1(E) � BX for every E � BY .
E�ective versions of this notion have been studied in com-
putable analysis, especially by Brattka.
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Another Measurability
Let µ� be an outer measure on a set X. A subset S � X is
called µ�-measurable if
µ�(A) = µ�(A � S) + µ�(A \ S)
for every A � X. (This condition is called Caratheodory
condition.)
Then, we have the measure µ on the measurable sets. Simi-
larly, we can define µ-measurable functions. In this talk, we
only talk about this measurability.
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Problem
The definition is far from constructive.
How do we effectivize?
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Lusin’s TheoremThe theorem says that measurability means that one can
approximate by continuous functions.
Theorem
A function f : [0, 1] � R is measurable if and only if, for
every � > 0, there is a compact set K and a continuous
function g such that
(i) µ(K) > 1 � �,
(ii) f |K = g|K .
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Computable Measurable Function
A function f : [0, 1] � R is computably measurable if, for
every n � �, one can uniformly compute a co-c.e. closed set
Kn and a computable function gn such that
(i) µ(Kn) � 1 � 2�n
(ii) µ(Kn) is uniformly computable,
(iii) f |Kn = gn|Kn .
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Schnorr Layerwise Computability
Definition (M. after Hoyrup and Rojas)
A function f : [0, 1] � R is Schnorr layerwise computable if
and only if there is a Schnorr test {Un} and a sequence {gn}of uniformly computable functions such that
f |Kn = gn|Kn
where Kn = [0, 1] \ Un.
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Rute defined computable measurability by functions approx-
imated via the distance�
dmeas(f(x), g(x))d�
wheredmeas(x, y) = max{1, |x � y|}.
M. defined computable measurability by functions such that
the preimages of every computable measurable sets are com-
putable measurable sets. They are all equivalent.
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Many applications
Ask Bienvenu or Shen.
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Observation by Bienvenu
The Omega operator ⌦ is layerwise computable relative to
;0. This implies that every 2-random set is GL1.
Question
Can we improve this so that the improved theorem implies
that every Demuth random set is GL1?
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The Chaitin’s � is defined by
� =�
��dom(U)
2�|�|
where U is a universal Turing machine.
Proposition
• 0 < � < 1.
• � is a left-c.e. real.
• � is ML-random.
• � �T ��.
.
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The Omega operator � is defined by
�X =�
��dom(UX)
2�|�|
where UX is a universal Turing machine relative to X.
Proposition
• � : [0, 1] � [0, 1].
• � is a lower semicomputable function.
• �X is ML-random relative to X for every X.
• �X � X �T X �.
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• 2-randomness
• Demuth randomness
• ML-randomness
• Schnorr randomness
A � 2� is GL1 ifA� � A � ��.
.
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Variants of computability of reals and functions
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Variants of computability of reals
effectively computable reals
weakly computable reals
divergence bounded computable reals
computably approximable
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Computable Reals
Definition (Turing ’36, Robinson ’51)
A real x � [0, 1] is computable if there is a computable se-
quence {rn} of rationals such that
(i) the sequence converges to x,
(ii) |rn � rn�1| � 2�n for every n.
We say that the convergence is e�ective.
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Computable Approximation
Definition (Weihrauch and Zheng ’98)
A real x � R is computably approximable if there is a com-
putable sequence {rn} of rationals such that
x = limn
rn.
Theorem (Ho ’99)
A real x is c.a. if and only if it is ��-computable.
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Weak computabilityDefinition (Ambos-Spies et al. 2000)
A real x � R is weakly computable if there is a computable
sequence {rn} of rationals such that
(i) x = limn rn,
(ii)�
n |rn � rn�1| < �.
Theorem (Ambos-Spies et al. 2000)
A real x is weakly computable if there are two left-c.e. reals
� and � such thatx = � � �.
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Divergence bounded computability
Definition (Zheng ’02)
A real x � R is divergence bounded computable if there is a
computable sequence {rs} of rationals such that
(i) x = limn rn,
(ii) the number of non-overlapping pairs (i, j) of indices
such that |xi �xj | � 2�n is bounded by a computable
function.
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A hierarchy of sets
Delta^0_2
omega-c.e. sets
d.c.e. sets
c.e. sets
computable sets
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A hierarchy of reals
0’-computable reals
divergence bounded computable reals
weakly computable reals
left-c.e. reals
computable reals
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Computable Functions
Definition (Pour-El-Richards ’89)
A function f : [0, 1] � R is computable if there is a com-
putable sequence {rn} of rational polygons such that
(i) f(x) = limn rn(x) for all x � [0, 1].
(ii) ||rn � rn�1||� � 2�n.
Here, ||f ||� = supx�[0,1] |f |.
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Variants of computability of functions
(effectively) computable function
uniformly weakly computable function
uniformly divergence bounded computable function
uniformly computably approximable function
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Uniformly Weakly Computable Functions
Definition (Bauer-Zheng ’10)
A function f : [0, 1] � R is uniformly weakly computable
if there is a computable sequence {rn} of rational polygons
such that
(i) f(x) = limn rn(x) for all x � [0, 1].
(ii)�
n ||rn � rn�1||� � 1.
Recall that ||f ||� = supx�[0,1] |f |.
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Representations
(i) �EC = �
(ii) �WC
(iii) �hDBC
(iv) �CA = lim ��
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Variants of computability of functions
(i) (e�ectively) computable = (�, �)-computable
(ii) uniformly WC = (�, �WC)-computable
(iii) uniformly DBC = (�, �hDBC)-computable for some
computable function h
(iv) uniformly CA = (�, �CA)-computable ?
Remark
Let f be a uniformly DBC function. If f(x) is defined, then
f(x) �T x � ��.
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Variants of layerwise computability
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Real or Function Test
Computable Schnorr
Weakly Computable ML
Divergence Bounded Computable Demuth
Computably Approximable Weak 2?
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Demuth randomness
Definition
A Demuth test is a sequence {Un} of c.e. open sets such
that µ(Un) � 2�n, and there is an �-c.e. function f such
that Un = [Wf(n)]. A set X is Demuth random if Z �� Un
for almost all n.
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Demuth-layerwise DBC
Definition
A function f : [0, 1] � R is Demuth-layerwise divergence
bounded computable if there are
• a Demuth test {Un}• a uniform sequence {fn} of uniformly DBC functions
such that
f |Kn = fn|Kn where Kn = [0, 1] \��
k=n
Uk.
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Main theorem of this talk
Theorem
Every integrable lower semicomputable function is Demuth-
layerwise DBC.
Corollary
In particular, the omega operator � is Demuth-layerwise
DBC. Hence, every Demuth random set is GL1.
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ML-layerwise WCDefinition
A function f : [0, 1] � R is ML-layerwise weakly computable
if there are
(i) a Solovay test {Un}(ii) a sequence {fn} of uniformly weakly computable func-
tions
such that
f |Kn = fn|Kn where Kn = [0, 1] \��
k=n
Uk.
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p-weakly computability
Definition
For 0 < p � 1, a real x is p-weakly computable if there is a
computable sequence {rn} of rationals
(i) x = limn rn
(ii)�
n |rn � rn�1|p < �.
If p � q, then p-weakly computability implies q-weakly
computability.
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Theorem
Every 1/2-weakly L1-computable function is ML-layerwise
weakly computable.
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Remark
The omega operator is not ML-layerwise weakly computable.
These two theorems also can be seen as effectivizations of one direction of Lusin’s theorem.
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Summary
We have hierarchies of reals, continuous functions and layerwise continuous functions.
The omega operator is Demuth-layerwise DBC.
Are there any other interesting measurable functions that is computable in some sense?
How about the converse?
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References
M. Hoyrup and C. Rojas. An Application of Martin-Lof randomness to Effective Probability Theory. CiE 2009, 260-290, 2009.
K. Miyabe. L^1-computability, layerwise computability and Solovay reducibility. Computability, 2:15-29, 2013.
J. Rute. Randomness, martingales and differentiability I. In preparation.
X. Zheng. Recursive Approximability of Real Numbers. Mathematical Logic Quarterly, 48, 2002.
M. Bauer and X. Zheng. On the Weak Computability of Continuous Real Functions. CCA 2010, EPTCS 24, 29-40, 2010.
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