variation within species & mutations and selective advantage
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Variation Within Species & Mutations and Selective Advantage
Patrick Zisser and Peter Dyloco
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A group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
Species
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A part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait and is passed on to the offspring; it has a specific
DNA sequence
Gene
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WHAT IS GENETIC VARIATION?
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Genetic Variation
The different allele combinations in a species that cause differently expressed
phenotypes and genotypes
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Cause of Genetic Variation
Order of bases in nucleotides
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Variation Within Species
Sexual Reproduction
Inheritance of different alleles
Genetic Variation• Reflected in phenotype• Reflected in unseen genetic
makeup
Selective Advantage
Survival
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Factors in Genetic Variation
1. Total variety of genetic informationA. Independent AssortmentB. Crossing over/random segregation
2. Mutations3. Gene flow
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Genetic Diversity: Total Variety of Genetic Information
VS.
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A permanent change in the genetic material of an organism, the only source of new genetic variation
Mutation
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CAUSES OF MUTATION
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Causes of Mutation
• Natural:– Errors during DNA replication or meiosis
• Environmental– Mutagens• Radiation• Viruses• Transposons• Chemicals
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Natural: occurs during DNA replication or meiosis; when DNA is copied and before cell divides (S phase)
175 mutations vs. parent
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Environmental: Mutagens - Radiation
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Environmental: Mutagens - Viruses
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Environmental: Mutagens - Transposons
A segment of DNA that can become integrated at many different sites along a chromosome (especially a segment of bacterial DNA that can be translocated as a whole)
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Environmental: Mutagens - Chemicals
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Gene Flow
The net movement of alleles from one population to another due to the migration of animals
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RESULTS OF MUTATION
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1.Cell death2.Cell malfunction3.Selective advantage
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Cell Death and Malfunction
Mutation
Product of gene changed and/or cell malfunctions• 70 percent are harmful
Cell death caused by malfunction
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Mutations in somatic cell disappear after death of organism Only mutation in gamete cell may pass trait as new allele
Note
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A genetic advantage that improves an organism's chance of survival usually in a changing environment
Selective Advantage
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Example I: Daphnia
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Example II: Bacteria
P1 generation
F1 generation mutation I
Survives antibiotic
F2 generation mutation I
Dies
F2 generation mutation II
Dies
F2 generation mutation III
Survives antibiotic
F1 generation mutation II
Dies
F1 generation mutation III
Dies
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End.