VARIETAL MAINTENANCE &

QUALITY SEED PRODUCTION IN

PULSE CROPS Dr. VIRENDER SINGH LATHER

Principal Scientist (Genetics & Cytogenetic)ICAR-IARI Regional Station,

Karnal

Pulses Overview

• Main protein sources for large vegetarian Indian

• World production: Stagnant at 60 million tons in last 80 Year

• Largest producers : India, China, Brazil, Australia, Myanmar

• Major exporters : Australia, Canada and Myanmar

• Major importers: India, Pakistan & developing countries

• India: largest producer, consumer and importer of pulses.

• Major producers : MP, UP, AP, Rajasthan, Maha, Karnataka

• Indian pulses output: Highest 19.57 million tons in 2013

• Annual domestic pulses consumption : 23 million tons.

Concerns of Pulse crops: • Low productivity of Varieties(half to cereals) • High risks of aboitic & biotic stresses

LOW PROFITS (Per acre) :Pulse Crops : Rs 8,000-14,000 Rice & Wheat : Rs 20,000-30,000Sugarcane : Rs 30,000-50,000

LOW PROFITS - PRODUCTIVITY - CAUSED SHIFTING OF PULSES CULTIVATION : Rainfed and marginal lands Zonal shifting from N-W to C-S India

INDIAN SCENARIO of PULSE CROPS ?

Then, WHY GROW PULSE CROPS ?PROVIDE NUTRITIONAL SECURITY OF INDIA

CHEAP SOURCES OF PROTIEN (18-26 %) FOR VEGETARIAN DIET

• Custodians : Soil Fertility, Water- Climate-Friendly Agriculture

• Fixed atmospheric N : • ~ 60-400 kg N /ha through

Rhizobium Symbiosis in soil

• Need low Inputs-water• Release low GHGs

Strategies :Increase Pulses Production• Promotion : - Improved Varieties (500 varieties released since 1970) Quality Seed Production (Increase SRR) Improved Production Technologies (Narrow down

the Gap between actual & potential yield)

• Policy Support : To address various issues like : Infrastructure for life saving irrigation, Quality input supply, Storage, buffers stock for seed and grains, Remunerative MSP –Sure marketing. • There is tremendous scope to popularize pulses as

'Health Food' or 'Nutri-Rich Food'.

Steps of Variety Development & Maintenance

• Germplasm Collection, Introduction, Maintenance & its Uses • Creation of Variation

– Hybridization– Polyploidy– Mutation– Recombination, Genetic drift

• Selection: Desirable traits combination in improved genotype• Evaluation (VCU): GOI DAC-ICAR- AICRP: Station, MLT, CVT, FLD.

• Variety Release : CVRC /SVRC : basis on DUS + VCU• Multiplication : Four stages monitored by Govt. /Institutes

- Nucleus - Breeder- Foundation- Certified - Labeled seed

• Seed Act 1966 control: Multiplication & Distribution of variety

Maintenance Breeding or Variety maintenance

• Maintenance Breeding & Variety maintenance, synonymousto each other,

• Both are use for maintaining the genetic purity of release variety.

• Both used Synonymously just like Bombay or Mumbai, Washroom or Bathroom.

• Technically Breeding denotes “ Directed evolution or improving the genetics make up for VCU

• Where as objectives and Procedures of maintenance : “ To Maintain the genetical and morphological purity (DUS: distinctness, uniformity , stability) of release variety” .

• However, Variety maintenance is more appropriate

Deterioration of Varieties

Genetic Causes:

• Developmental variations

• Mechanical mixtures

• Mutations

• Natural crossing

• Minor genetic variations

• Selective influence of

diseases

• Techniques of the plant

breeder

Agronomic Causes:

• Selection of suitable agro-climatic region

• Selection of seed plot

• Isolation of seed crops

• Preparation of land

• Selection of variety

• Selection of Seed

• Time of Planting

• Seed rate

• Seed Treatment

• Method of sowing

• Nutrition

• Irrigation

• Rouging

• Weed control

• Disease and insect control

• Harvesting and threshing of seed crops

• Drying of seeds

• Pre-processing and transit storage

Scheme showing cultivar breeding, maintenance and multiplication in India

Generation System of Seed Multiplication

• (Variety Maintenance)NUCLEUS SEED

BREEDER SEED

FOUNDATION SEED

CERTIFIED SEED

Variety Maintenance & seed production

• Governed by Seed Act-1966 through Institutes, DAC, CSC, CVRC, CSTL, Certification agencies etc.

• legal act with punishments including imprisonments eg: Manager Seed , Liberty Seed Karnal in 1990’s.

• Based on DUS-VCU with for sale

Compulsory labeling of seed for sale

but optional certification of seed.• Seed must be morphologically & genetically pure as per

the seed standards of CSC

• Seed must be identifiable as to its kind or variety which legally debar sale of encapsulated seed in India

DAC Distribution & Monitoring of Breeder Seed • BSP-I : PROFORMA issued by PC to concerned breeder to

whom BSP is allocated for the crop- variety. • BSP-II : PROFORMA submitted by crop breeder to PC unit

after compilation of sowing of BS production plot• BSP-III: PROFORMA submitted by breeder to PC unit after

completion of monitoring by monitoring team.

• BSP-IV : PROFORMA submitted by breeders after harvesting, threshing, cleaning and grading of breeder seed.

• It contains information on actual breeder seed of different varieties produced by the concerned crop breeder.

• On the basis of this proforma, seed division of DAC&FW arranges lifting of the breeder seeds by indenters.

• BSP-V : PROFORMA submitted by breeders to PC unit and contains information on lifting of breeder seed by indenters.

PULSES CROP SEED PRODUCTION • Pulses/Grain legume: Edible dry seed of legumes

• Term pulse is derived from the Latin word pulsmeaning a thick soup made from grain legumes

• Soybean-Peanut: leguminous -high protein crops but not regarded as pulses but oilseed

• Similarly vegetable crop garden pea is not pulses.

• All the leguminous plants are not Pulses but all pulses are leguminous which form symbiotic relationship with rhizobium bacteria to fix atmospheric nitrogen and enhanced soil fertility.

FAO recognizes 11 primary pulses.• 1) Dry beans (Phaseolus spp. including

several species now in Vigna)– Kidney bean, navy bean, pinto bean,

haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)– Lima bean, butter bean (Phaseolus

lunatus)– Azuki bean, adzuki bean (Vigna

angularis)– Mung bean, golden gram, green

gram (Vigna radiata)– Black gram, urad (Vigna mungo)– Scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus

coccineus)– Ricebean (Vigna umbellata)– Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia)– Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius)

• 2) Dry broad beans (Vicia faba)– Horse bean (Vicia faba equina)– Broad bean (Vicia faba)– Field bean (Vicia faba)

• 3) Dry peas (Pisum spp .: P. sativum var. Sativum; P. sativum var. arvense)

• 4) Chickpea, garbanzo, Bengal gram (Cicerarietinum)

• 5) Dry cowpea, black-eyed pea, blackeyebean (Vigna unguiculata )

• 6) Pigeon pea, Arhar /Toor, cajan pea, Congo bean, gandules (Cajanus cajan)

• 7) Lentil (Lens culinaris)

• 8) Bambara groundnut, earth pea (Vignasubterranea)

• 9)Vetch, common vetch (Vicia sativa)• 10)Lupins (Lupinus spp.)• 11) Minor pulses, including:

– Lablab, hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus)

– Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), sword bean (Canavalia gladiata)

– Winged bean (Psophocarpustetragonolobus)

– Velvet bean, cowitch (Mucunapruriens var. utilis)

– Yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus)

CROPS Area lakhha

Per cent Productivity kg/ha

States

Chickpea 73.7 38.71 799.19 MP (32.97%), Maharashtra (18.36%),Rajasthan (16.70%), AP (8.55%), Karnataka(8.21%), Uttar Pradesh (6.85%)

Pegionpea 36.3 19.07 760.33 Maharashtra (32.37%), Karnataka (18.76%),Andhra Pradesh (12.75%), Uttar Pradesh(10.14%), Madhya Pradesh (9.64%) andGujarat (6.69%)

Mungbean 34.4 18.07 406.98 Rajasthan (30.81%), Maharashtra (19.51%),Karnataka (15.35%), Andhra Pradesh(12.79%), Orissa (7.41%), Tamil Nadu (4.97%) and Uttar Pradesh (2.09%)

Uradbean 31 16.28 451.61 Maharashtra (18.55%), Andhra Pradesh(16.23%), Madhya Pradesh (18.55%), UttarPradesh (12.61%), Tamil Nadu (11.00),Rajasthan (4.68), Orissa (4.84%) andKarnataka (4.06)

Lentil 15 7.88 633.33 Madhya Pradesh (40.53%), Uttar Pradesh(37.60%), Bihar (10.80%) and West Bengal(4.00%)

Total 190.4 651.2 Minor Pulses: Rajmash, Mothbean, Dry pea & cowpea, Rice bean etc.

Major Pulse Crops in India

List of crop varieties recommended for Haryana, Punjab and Delhi(NCR)

Crop Varieties

Chickpea /

Bengal gram

BG-1103, C-235,HC-1, HC-3, HC-5, HK-1, HK-2, HK-4,(HK

05-169),GPF 2, L 551, L 550, GNG 1581.

Field Pea DDR 55, DDR23, DDR 27, HFP-4,HFP 8909, Hariyal,

HFP 9426, HFP 529, Rachna, Pant P 74, IPF 5-19, KPMR

522, DMR 7, Aman.

Lentil L 4076, L 4147, L 4594, LL 147, Sapna, Garima,Pant L 4, IPL

406, DPL 6, DPL 15, PL 639, DPL 62 (Sheri), LL 699,PL 406,

PL 639,

Mungbean Pusa Vishal,, Pusa 9531, Pusa Ratna, Pusa 9072, Pusa 672,

MH-421, MH 2-15, Muskan, Basanti, ML 267, SML 668,

ML 818/ PAU911, ML 5,PM 1, PM-5, HUM 2,Ganga 8, IPM

2-3, MUM 2.

Urdbean UG 218, PU 19, PU31, Mash 1008, Mash 414, Mash 338,

Uttara, PDU 1,Mash 479, Mash 414, Mash 338, Shekar-2,

WBU 108.

Pigeonpea/

Arhar

Pusa 991, Pusa 992, Pusa 2001, Pusa 2002 , UPAS 120,

Manak , Paras.

Method of Variety Maintenance depend on Crop Pollination Behaviour

• Pulses are highly SP except pigeon pea often CP out crossing extent up to 25-30 % (Saxenaet al. 1990)

• Pulses flowers are cleistogamous , open after pollination which ensure high self pollination.

• Method & seed standards of SP crops are used in Pulses.

• Method & seed standards of Pigeon pea are different including its hybrid seed programme.

Variety Maintenance in Pulses Genetic variation appear within a seed stock for many reasons including

Mechanical contamination,

Admixture resulting from undesirable pollination/recombination,

Residual segregation,

Mutation.

Continuous intervention required for maintaining PURITY (morphological and genetic purity of the variety).

Sponsored breeder-Institute is responsible for variety maintenance for Nucleus & Breeder seeds

where as Foundation and Certified seed by seed producing agencies through seed certification.

Critical Gap in availability of Pulses Seed(SRR / Production of Quality seed)Pulses sown areas : 239 lakh ha Seed requirement : 101 lakh q. Seed Supply : 20-25 lakh q. SRR : 20 %

Methods of Pulses Variety Maintenance • Plant to row method:• Parental material received from breeder

raised in small uniform plot .• Select fair number (300-500) of healthy

plants typical of the cultivar and marked them for progeny testing .

• Harvested separately the Seeds of the marked true- to- type plants only.

• Seeds of each plant are planted in single 3 m long PRT(Plant to progeny row)

• Assessed critically Progeny rows many times during growing season.

• Progeny rows that deviate in one or other characteristics are discarded and entire plant progeny rows is rejected.

• Selected and bulked only plant progenies that are uniform and true to type as nucleus seed stage-I.

• Used nucleus seed for planting larger breeder seed plots.

• If breeder seed requirement is more, then another cycle of nucleus seed production is followed as nucleus seed stage-II.

IARI CHICKPEA BREEDER SEED PRODUCTION PLOT

Variety Maintenance in Lentil by Plant Row Method

Reserve Seed Method in Pigeon pea Single plants selected, harvested & threshed individually

Single plant seed examined critically in the lab: The single plants seed is divided in two parts with same serial number

A part of single plant seed used to raise plant-row for evaluation

Rest of seed is kept as reserve

Plant rows are critically examined throughout growth stages

Selected (retained) rows harvested & threshed individually

Plant progeny seed examined for seed characters

The reserve seed of the selected rows is bulked to constitute nucleus seed

Field StandardsA) Field Standards: Isolation

requirements

Minimum distance (meters)

Mungbean, Urbean,

chickpea, Lentil, Field pea

Pigeonpea(Arhar)

Foundation Certified Foundation Certified

Fields of other varieties or Fields of same

variety not conforming to varietal purity

requirements for certification.

10 5 250 100

b) Field Standards: Specific

requirements : FactorMaximum permitted (%)

Foundation Certified

Off-types 0.1 0.2Plants affected by seed borne diseases 0.1 0.2

Genetic purity

Standards

Nucleus Seed : Backbone of quality seed programme

Seed Class Genetic

purity

(Minimum %)

Foundation

Seed

99.00

Certified

Seed

98.00

Seed Standards for Pulse Crops Standards

Kharif Pulses Rabi Pulses Mung, Urd Arhar,

PigeonpeaChickpea, Field pea

Lentil

Found-

ation

Certi

fied

Found-

ation

Certi

fied

Founda-

tion

Certified Found-

ation

Certified

Pure seed

(minimum)

98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0

Inert matter

(maximum)

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Other crop seeds

(maximum)

5 / Kg 10 / Kg 5 / Kg 10 / Kg None 5 / Kg 5 / Kg 10 / Kg

Weed seeds

(maximum)

5 / Kg 10 / Kg 5 / Kg 10 / Kg None None 10 / Kg 20 / Kg

Other

distinguishable

varieties

(maximum)

10 / Kg 20 / Kg 10 / Kg 20 / Kg 5 / Kg 10 / Kg 10 / Kg 20 / Kg

Germination

including hard

seeds (minimum)

(%)

75 75 75 75 85 85 75 75

Moisture

(maximum)

9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0

For vapour-proof

containers

(maximum)(%)

8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

Maintenance of Parental Lines of Hybrid Pigeon pea

• Hybrid pigeon pea is based on cytoplasmic-Genetic male-sterility (CGMS) system.

• Seed production of pigeon pea hybrids involves large scale seed production of A-, B-, R- lines, & hybrid combination (A x R).

• For seed production of A-line, breeder seed of both A- and B-lines are planted using a female: male row ratio of 4:1.

• Obcordate hybrids: For easy identification of off- types in the parental lines obcordate trait (single gene recessive) has been introgressed in male sterile line (Sameer Kumar et al. 2014).

Best Example of Varietal maintenance in Pulses

• Best example of Varietal maintenance in Pulses are varieties C-

235 of chickpea, T-9 of Urdbean, which was released in 1960’s

and still cover major areas.

• MASCAVI of Berseem (Egyptian clover, Trifolium alexandrinum L) is

best eg. of varietal maintenance in leguminous crop which is in

cultivation since thousand yrs in Egypt as landrace Masgawi released

in Calofornia(USA)/Austrailia as Muscowi in 1902, India as MASCAVI

in 1965 covering major part of the world

• Technically Easy job due to high self pollination ensure by its cleistogamous / chasmogamous flowers.

• Adopt seed-isolation standards of CSC (Central Seed Committee) as per Seed Act-1966

THANKS

INDIA FIRSTMECHANICALHARVESTING

FRIENDLYCHICKPEA VARIETY

HC-5