various details of mother boards created by harishankar chourasia- impact_ kanpur

8/14/2019 various details of Mother Boards created by harishankar chourasia- impact_ kanpur

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Mother Boards

The main printed circuit board in a computer containing the CentralProcessing unit approximate co-processor, supporting chips and memory. Itmay also exclude expansion slots and memory. The PC Board used in PCboard is made up of fiber glass. Thin copper track connect components. Theboard in a modern PC contains many tracks and expensive to manufacture.The board has seven layer and connected to each other and made at -15C.Introduction of the Personal Computers, various types of mother boards havebeen used. The main point of this variation in design was based to take themaximum advantages of the processor capabilities. In electronics, every newtype of component has its own architecture, capabilities and requires a newtype of circuit design using components compatible with it. Likewise, incomputers also the rapid changes in the mother boards and their designs arebased on this fact only. The mother boards have been classified in threecategories. The category differs according to the type of system they areused in. These mother boards on the basis of the system types are DesktopMother Boards, Server Mother Boards and Laptop Mother Boards.

Desktop Mother BoardsThe desktop mother boards are usedin personal computers and desktopmachines. Since the desktopmachines are used for some simpleapplications at home or small

offices, hence these type ofmotherboards are designed withsome general features. Themotherboard has only one processorand limited upgradation facilities.The figure below shows the typicaldesktop motherboard. The form factor of desktop motherboard is known asmainstream.

Server Motherboards

Server motherboards are moreadvanced than desktopmotherboards and are designed tooffer high - end services. Thesemotherboards support expansionand future upgradation featuresand handles major and multipleapplications at a time. The speed of

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these types of motherboards is faster than the desktop mother boards. Theform factors used in server motherboards are known as Pedestal and Rackmount etc. One of the biggest features of these motherboards may have twoprocessors on the board, improved graphics and usually support differenttypes of memory technology.

Laptop MotherboardsThe laptop motherboard is quite smaller in size as compared to desktopmotherboards and connects to all the different parts of a laptop system. It isthe most important part of the laptop. These motherboards generally havevery advanced features as compared to desktop motherboards.

Desktop Motherboard Form FactorsThe desktop motherboard form factor refers to the physical appearance ofthe motherboard which includes the size, architecture base and to some

extent capabilities of the motherboard. This form factor of motherboardcould be classified into two main classes on the basis of the technologicaldevelopments.

Motherboard Form Factors

Multiple Board Technology Single Boardtechnology

XT Mother Boards AT Mother Boards Baby AT Mother Boards ATXMother Boards

Multiple Board Technology This technology was used in early PCmotherboards. These types of motherboardshad some important components/sections

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whereas the device controllers such as Display controller, I/O DeviceControllers also known as Adapter Cards/Add - On Boards were used. Thesecards were connected separately on the expansions slots given on themotherboards. In general these motherboards had sections/components likeProcessor, ROM, Clock Generator, Keyboard Interface Logic, RAM, Speaker

Logic, DMA Controller/Bus Controller, Reset Logic etc. Placed on one boardknown as motherboard. The user had a choice to use the adapter cards anddevices as per the requirement and had the flexibility to change/upgrade thesystem configuration as and when required.There are two types of multiple boards used in the computer systems.

1. XT Motherboards [Extended Technology Motherboard]XT boards are known as Extended Technology motherboards. Thesetypes of motherboards were mainlyused in the systems based on Intel8088/Motorola 6800 processors. These

motherboards were based on ISAarchitecture. These boards werecomparatively bigger in size and hadso many components mounted on it.The figure on the left hand side showsa typical XT motherboard based onIntel 8088 processor.

2. AT Motherboards [Advance Technology Motherboard]AT boards are known as Advance Technology motherboards. Thesetypes of motherboards wereintroduced with the Intel 80286processor. The introduction of 80286processor had revolutionized thecomputer industry by opening door forfaster processing with so many newfeatures such as improved displaysupport, real mode and protected

mode operation and graphic userinterface. The size of the early 80286motherboards were similar to the8088 motherboards but later on the size of the board reduce to just onefourth size of the 8088 motherboard. The size of the board is 12*13 inch. Theonly integrated port on this board is the keyboard.

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Single Board Technology The single board technology is quitedifferent from the multiple boardtechnology motherboards. In single boardtechnology motherboards apart from

important sections/components some ofthe necessary controller sections likedisplay controller and I/O Controllers arealso included on the motherboards as aresult these controllers are not required tobe attached on any expansions slot. Likemultiple board technology motherboardssingle board technology motherboards are also of two types. ATmotherboards and ATX motherboards.

1. Baby AT MotherboardsThe baby AT form factor was the most popular till recently. The baby AT formfactor fits into most of the system cases. A baby AT motherboard is 8.5inches wide and about 13 inches long. The length of baby AT motherboardsis not fixed. The Baby AT motherboard are the type of motherboards whichuses AT power supply therefore these type of motherboards have AT powerconnectors. This form factor matches the original IBM AT motherboard instructure and layout.

3. Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) Form FactorIntel invented the ATX form factor in the year1995. The ATX and mini ATX form factors arethe most popular ones presently. The ATXform factor has many of the best features ofthe previous form factors. These type ofmotherboards uses both AT and ATX powersupplies. Therefore some older motherboardsmay have both AT and ATX type powerconnectors but current motherboards have

only ATX connectors. The design of somemotherboards are different from the previousAT type motherboards as a result, new system cases were designed to matchthis form factor which have now become quite common.

What is Chipset?The term chipset means a set of chips. It is a group of integrated circuitswhich is compatible to the processor. The chipset on a motherboard

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determines its functionality. The chipset and controllers on a motherboardare the intelligence of the system. The chipset therefore affects every aspectof the performance of a system.The chipset controls the data transfers between every component of thesystem. Previously, a single chip or multiple chips performed every function

of the chipset. Over the time, all these chips were integrated in one or morechips to form the chipset that controls the system operations. A modernchipset consists of Graphic and Memory Control Hub (also known as NorthBridge) and I/O Control Hub (also known as south bridge). These twomicrochips, to a large extent determine the features and capabilities of amotherboard. The Graphic and Memory Control Hub handles datacommunication between the memory and the CPU whereas the ICH handlesdata from the PCI/ISA slots and other devices not under the control ofGraphic and Memory Control Hub.Some of the leading processor and chipset manufacturers are as under:

1. Intel Chipset (Intel Corp. Inc. USA)2. AMD Chipset3. VIA Chipset (VIA Technologies USA)4. SiS Chipset5. Opti Chipset6. Other Vendors - Such as Tomato, ALI, Vintron, Gigabyte, Kripton, PCPartner etc.

Intel ChipsetsIntel Corp. USA, a pioneer processor manufacturing company prior toPentium systems was manufacturing processors only. Intel on introducing thenew generation processor branded as Pentium also introduced its compatiblesupporting components which was a set of compatible chips and termedthem as Intel Chipsets in order to extract maximum benefits of the capabilityof the processor. Soon after introducing next series of Pentium processor P II,Intel also introduced its motherboards. These motherboards having Intelcompatible chipsets are widely known as Intel Chipset motherboards.

Intel 440 EX / LXThis motherboard supports Intel P - II categoryprocessors. The Intel 440 EX / 440 LX chipsetmotherboard is a Baby AT motherboard. Thechipset is a highly integrated solution for a cost- effective and compact motherboard. Themotherboard supports SDRAM and 3.3V EDO.

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Features on - board include super-I/O, Ultra DMA33, PCI bus master IDE, AGPVer 1.0, PCI Ver 2.1 compliant, USB.

Intel 443 ChipsetThis is a type of Intel chipset developed for Intel Pentium - II categoryprocessors. This motherboard supports Slot - 1 type of processor, InfraredModule, USB connectors, AGP expansion slot for display adapter, 3 nos. 32 -bit PCI and 2 nos. ISA expansion slots. The motherboard form factor supportsBaby AT type having motherboard dimension 22cm X 22 cm. Apart fromthese features this motherboard also supports the features of 440EX /LXchipsets along with some additional features such as PS / 2 Mouse.

Intel 810 / 810 EChipset The Intel 810 / 810 Echipset was designed forIntel Pentium III and Celeronprocessors using PGA 370socket. This motherboardsupports 66 M Hz and 100M Hz system bus speed forthe processor operatingfrom 300 M Hz to 800 M Hz

processing speedprocessors. The Intel 810 Echipset also supports 133 MHz system bus speed. Themotherboard supports onboard VGA capable of 3Dhyper pipelinedarchitecture, full 2D hardware acceleration, 3D Visual enhancements, VGAport etc. The board also has on board support for Ac97 sound card controllerhaving Line - In, Line - Out/Speaker Out, MIC In and MIDI/Game port. Some ofthe later version of Intel 810/810 E chipset based motherboard also supportson board LAN card, Internal Modem etc.

Intel 815 ChipsetThe Intel 815 chipset family consists of high-flexibility chipsets designed toextend from the basic graphics/multimedia PC platform up to the mainstreamperformance desktop platform. In Intel 815 chipset based motherboard,increased I/O bus bandwidth allows better concurrency for next-generation e-

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business applications. It also supports 100 M Hz and 133 M Hz system busspeed. A dedicated graphics subsystem accelerator that compliments systemmemory to provide up to 30% boost for better 2D and 3D performance. Themotherboard layout is similar to the Intel 810 chipset based motherboard.

Intel 845 GV / GL Chipset The Intel 845 GV/GL chipsetsupports Intel Pentium4/Celeron processors usingsocket 478. This is a Micro ATXform factor motherboardhaving dimension of 24.4 cm X20.8 cm. The motherboarduses a Intel 845 GV / GL chip

as GMCH (north bridge) havingFSB at 400 M Hz/533 M Hz.and Intel ICH4 as I/O controlHub (south bridge). The boardhas on -board VGA known asIntel Extreme Graphics with64MB V RAM and sound cardbased on Ac97 5.1 channels.Apart from these features theIntel 815 supports 2 DDRDIMM slots for memory

supporting 333 M Hz/PC 266 MHz up to max. 2 GB, PCI LANcard, AMR slot, PS/2 keyboardand mouse ports.

Intel 910/ 915 Chipset

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This chipset has been designed for high - end Pentium 4 processorssupporting Hyper Threading Technology (HT Technology) using LGA 775 and475 pin processor package. The chipset supports 533 M Hz Front Side Bus(FSB) for highperformance Intel

processor andgreater systemperformance. Thechipset providesIntel Graphics MediaAccelerator forstunning media,incredible visualsand new 3Dcapabilities. Forbusiness users, Intel

validates thechipset, processor,graphics andsoftware stack toprovide a well tested platform withsupport for MicrosoftWindows2000/XP/Linux etc. The PCI express bus architecture offers 500 MB/seconddata transfer rate over 3.5 times more bandwidth than PCI at 133MB/second, Dual - Channel DDR 400/DDR 333 memory configurable up to 2

GB RAM space. Apart from these features the Intel 910 / 915 chipsetmotherboard provides four Serial ATA ports for high speed data transfer at upto 150 MB/Second for each of 4 ports, allows easier hard drive upgrades andexpansion for new SATA optical drives, also supports Ultra ATA / 100 legacyhard drives and optical drive support, eight high speed USB ports offering upto 40X greater bandwidth over USB for high - speed I/O peripherals such asdigital video cameras and Intel Serial Video output offering maximum display(digital CRT or TV) flexibility through existing PCI Express x16 connector.

Intel D102GGC2 Chipset The Intel Desktop Board

D102GGC2 delivers an integratedgraphics solution for your nextvalue platform. The Intel DesktopBoard D102GGC2 supports theIntel Pentium D Processor, theIntel Pentium 4 Processor withHyper-Threading Technology andthe Intel Celeron D processor in

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the LGA775 package. This ATX board delivers both quality and value byoffering features such as High Definition Audio and Realtek RTL8101L 10/100LAN. This desktop board also features PCI Express 16, DDR2 533/400memory, and 8 USB 2.0 ports.

Intel D102GGC2 FeaturesFeatures:Form Factor: microATX (9.60 inches by 8.60 inches).Processors: Support for an Intel Pentium D processor in an LGA775 / 4processor sockets with an 800 or 533MHz system bus.Memory: Two 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)sockets. Support for DDR2 533MHz and DDR2 400MHz DIMMs Support for upto 2GB of system memoryLAN Support: 10/100 Mbps LAN subsystem using the Realtek 8101L LANadapter devicePeripheral Interfaces: Eight USB 2.0 ports, one serial port, one parallel

port, Four Serial ATA interfaces, Two Parallel ATA IDE interfaces with UDMA33, ATA-66/100 support Expansion Capabilities:

VIA ChipsetsVIA chipsets are designed and manufactured by VIA Technologies. VIA isanother leading manufacturer of chipsets. Earlier till the introduction ofPentium II processors VIA Technologies were mainly engaged inmanufacturing its motherboards and processors which are compatible withthe chipset originally designed for Intel processors but from year 2003 / 2004VIA Technologies started its production of motherboards based on the VIAchipsets for its own processors like M-II/C3 on the pattern followed by IntelCorp. Some of the most popular VIA chipsets and their features are given

below:VIA CLE 266 ChipsetThis motherboard has a VIA C3 CPU onboard with front-side bus speed up to133 MHz. This motherboard support DDR 266MHz, Ultra DMA 33/66/100/133function and remarkably high system performance under all types of systemoperations it supports built - in USB 2.0 providing higher bandwidth. Itimplements Universal Serial Bus Specification Revision 2.0. The motherboardsupports the built - in AC'97 Codec,two 32-bit PCI slots, one CNR(Communications and NetworkingRiser) slot, and an onboard

10BaseT/I00Base TX Networkinterface (optional). This motherboardintegrates a 128-bit 3D/2D graphicsengine and a high - performance 3Daccelerator.In addition, this motherboard has afull set of I/O ports including two PS/2ports for mouse and keyboard, one

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serial port, one VGA port, one parallel port. one LAN port (optional), audiojacks for microphone, line-in and line-out, four back-panel USB2.0 ports andonboard USB header USB 1 providing two extra ports by connecting theextended USB module to the motherboard.

Key Features:The key features of this motherboard include:CPU Type: Supports the VIA C3 CPU on board. Supports 133 MHz Front - SideBus.

Chipset: There are VIA CLE266 Northbridge and 8235 Southbridge in thischipset in accordance with an innovative and scalable architecture withproven reliability and performance. A few of the chip sets advanced featuresare:1. High Performance CPU Interface: Support for VIA C3 processors;133/100/66 MHz CPU Front Side Bus (FSB).2. Advanced High-Performance DDR/SDR DRAM Controller: DRAM interfacesynchronous with host CPU (133/100 MHz) for most flexible configuration;Supports 4 banks up to 2 GB DRAMs.3. Concurrent PCI Bus Controller: 33 MHz operation, PCI 2.2 compliant, 32 bit3.3V PCI interface with 5V tolerant inputs

4. Fast Ethernet Controller: 1/10/100 MHz full and half duplex operation8. Direct Sound Ready AC'97 Digital Audio Controller: AC'97 2.1 compliantExpansion Slots: One CNR slot, two 32-bit PCI slots for PCI 2.2-compliant businterfaceOnboard IDE: Two IDE Connectors Supports PIO (Programmable I/ O)Channels and DMA (Direct Memory Access) modes, Supports IDE Ultra DMAbus mastering with transfer rates of 133 / 100 / 66 / 33 MB / secVGA: Integrated Graphics/Video Accelerator supports optimized SharedMemory Architecture (SMA), Separate 128-bit data paths between northbridge and graphics core for pixel data flow and texture / command access,Graphics engine clocks up to 133MHz decoupled from memory clock, High

quality DVD video playback

VIA VT 82C585 ChipsetThe motherboard uses VIA VT82C585VPX PCI chipset. This motherboard isdesigned to run Pentium II, AMD and Cyrix processors. The onboard systemmemory consists of DIMM. In addition, two unbuffered, 3.3 Volts, 168-pinSDRAM sockets are also included for 16 to 256MB synchronous Dynamicmemory support. A 321-pin, Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) socket allows an easy

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upgrade path for the future processors. The VIA VT82C586B PCI / ISA Bridgeprovides an integrated Bus Mastering IDE controller with two highperformance Ultra DMA -33 EIDE interfaces for up to four IDE devices (suchas hard drives or CD-ROM). The PCI / ISA Bridge also including an USBinterface. The integrated I / O controller integrates the standard PC I/O

functions: floppy interface, two FIFO serial ports, one parallel port, andsupport for an IrDA and Consumer Infra Red compatible interface. Four on-board 32 - bit PCI local bus slots, which serves as a super highway forintensive data - movement such as video or networking. The BIOS supportPCI bridge user configuration, which allows further expansion of the systemwith PCI peripherals. Up to two 16-bit ISA slots are provided so that the boardis backward hardware compatible with the older expansion card.Auto JumperThis motherboard is one of our "Auto Jumper" series, which eliminates thenecessity for the user to set the jumper s on the motherboard. It is capableof detecting the CPU brand, and setting of the appropriate CPU core voltage

and speed according to instructions from the user through CMOS setupmenu. In contrast to "Jumper less", "Auto Jumper" allows switching to manualmode that enables physical jumpers on the mainboard, so as to prevent thepotential impacts on jumperless boards from the future CPU specifications.Features SummaryThis motherboard comes with following features:1. Support Intel Pentium/Pentium-MMX, AMD K5/K6/K6-2/K6-III, Cyrix/IBM6x86 / 6x86MX /M II.2. With an On-Board Crystal3D Sound Chip for Sound Version.3. Two DIMM slots Supporting up to 512MB Memory Capacity4. 4 x PCI slots, 2 x ISA slots

5. 2 x USB ports, 1 x PS /2 Mouse port and 1x IrDA port6. Dual IDE channel supporting four Ultra DMA 33 IDE Drives7. Dual AT / ATX Power Supply Interface8. Baby AT form factor dimension 220 mm x 170 mm.

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various details of mother boards created by harishankar chourasia- impact_ kanpur

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