vce psychology - sample written · pdf filepsychology written examination day date reading...

S A M P L E

PSYCHOLOGYWritten examination

Day Date Reading time: *.** to *.** (15 minutes) Writing time: *.** to *.** (2 hours 30 minutes)

QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Structure of bookSection Number of

questionsNumber of questions

to be answeredNumber of

marks

A 50 50 50B 9 9 70

Total 120

• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.

• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.

• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.

Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof36 pages• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestions• Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofthebookifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.

Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice

questionsarecorrect,andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.

At the end of the examination• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.

©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2017

Version2–April2017

SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education Year

STUDENT NUMBER

Letter

PSYCHOLOGY(SAMPLE) 2 Version2–April2017

SECTION A – continued

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Question 1Inanexperiment,itisessentialtocontrolforextraneousvariablessothatA. thereisaprobabilitythattheresultswillbeobtainedbychance.B. avalidconclusioncanbedrawnabouttheeffectoftheindependentvariableonthedependentvariable.C. avalidconclusioncanbedrawnabouttheeffectofthedependentvariableontheindependentvariable.D. thehypothesisissupportedandtheresultsoftheexperimentcanbegeneralisedtothebroaderpopulation.

Question 2Ryleedecidedtousethemeanasastatisticalmeasuretoexaminetheeffectoftheconsumptionofenergydrinksonthetimetakentocompleteajigsawpuzzle.TheuseofthemeanissuitableifthescoresareA. clusteredaroundtheextremevalues.B. clusteredaroundacentralscore.C. unevenlydistributed.D. widelyspread.

Question 3Whichoneofthefollowingsequencesbestillustratestheconsciousnesscontinuumfrommostawaretoleastaware?A. inducedcoma→drowsy→fainted→focusedonanexaminationquestionB. focusedonanexaminationquestion→fainted→drowsy→inducedcomaC. inducedcoma→fainted→drowsy→focusedonanexaminationquestionD. focusedonanexaminationquestion→drowsy→fainted→inducedcoma

SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions

Instructions for Section AAnswerallquestionsinpencilontheanswersheetprovidedformultiple-choicequestions.Choosetheresponsethatiscorrectorthatbest answersthequestion.Acorrectanswerscores1;anincorrectanswerscores0.Markswillnotbedeductedforincorrectanswers.Nomarkswillbegivenifmorethanoneansweriscompletedforanyquestion.

Version2–April2017 3 PSYCHOLOGY(SAMPLE)

SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

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Question 4Roywasinaroom,learningthelyricsofasongthathewastoperformataschoolconcert.Whilehewaslearningthelyrics,aclockwastickingnoisilyintheroom.However,Roywasabletofocusandconcentrateonlearningthelyricswithoutbeingdistractedbythesoundoftheclock.Intermsoflevelofawareness,Roy’sabilitytofocusonlearningthelyricsofthesongisA. acontrolledprocessthatinvolvesmentaleffort.B. anautomaticprocessthatinvolvesmentaleffort.C. acontrolledprocessthatinvolvesminimalawareness.D. anautomaticprocessthatinvolvesmaximumawareness.

Question 5Whichoneofthefollowingbestidentifiesthetypeofresponseprovidedbyaspinalreflex?A. voluntaryB. controlledC. involuntaryD. conditioned

Question 6Myelinformsaprotectivecoatingovernerveaxons.AnotherimportantfunctionofmyelinistoA. increasethespeedofelectricalnerveimpulses.B. decreasethespeedofelectricalnerveimpulses.C. preventthetransmissionofneurotransmittersacrosssynapses.D. promotethetransmissionofneurotransmittersacrosssynapses.

Question 7Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?A. Synapticplasticityoccursonlyinearlychildhood.B. Long-termdepressionisbasedontheprinciplethat‘neuronsthatfiretogetherwiretogether’.C. Long-termdepressionmayoccurwhenthenumberofglutamatereceptorsdecreases,strengtheningthesynaptic

responsetothereleaseofneurotransmitters.D. Synapsesarestrengthenedinlong-termpotentiationwhenthenumberofglutamatereceptorsincreases,causing

ahigherexcitatoryresponsetothereleaseofneurotransmitters.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 8 and 9.BarryandTerriareattheAustralianFootballLeagueGrandFinaltogether.Theysupportopposingteamsandarebothexcitedandnervousaboutthegame.

Question 8BothBarry’sandTerri’sexcitementandnervousnessjustpriortothestartofthegameislikelytoproducewhichofthefollowingphysiologicalchanges?A. constrictedpupilsandmuscularrelaxationB. constrictedairwaysandbladderrelaxationC. dilatedpupilsandincreasedreleaseofglucoseD. decreasedheartrateandincreaseddigestivecontractions

Question 9Attheendofthegame,BarryisexperiencingeustressandTerriisexperiencingdistress.WhatisthedominantautonomicnervoussystemdivisionactivatedduringthistimeforBarryandTerri?

Barry Terri

A. sympatheticnervoussystem sympatheticnervoussystem

B. sympatheticnervoussystem parasympatheticnervoussystem

C. parasympatheticnervoussystem sympatheticnervoussystem

D. parasympatheticnervoussystem parasympatheticnervoussystem

Question 10Parkinson’sdiseaseischaracterisedbyA. decreaseddopamineproductionandimprovedmusclemovements.B. increaseddopamineproductionandimprovedmusclemovements.C. decreaseddopamineproductionandimpairedmusclemovements.D. increaseddopamineproductionandimpairedmusclemovements.

Question 11ThealarmreactionstageoftheGeneralAdaptationSyndromeisusuallycharacterisedbyanA. immediatereleaseofcortisolintothebloodstream.B. increaseinvulnerabilitytoillnessessuchasinfluenza.C. initialincreaseinbloodpressureandbodytemperature,followedbyadecreaseinboth.D. initialdecreaseinbloodpressureandbodytemperature,followedbyanincreaseinboth.



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Question 12OnelimitationoftheGeneralAdaptationSyndromeasapsychologicalmodelofstresswithabiologicalprocess isthatA. arat’sresponsetostressorscannotbegeneralisedtoahuman’sresponsebecausetherat’sresponseisless

varied.B. Selyeconsideredtheimpactofpsychologicalstressorsonthehumanbodywithoutconsideringphysiological

stressors.C. itdoesnotprovideanexplanationforwhythehumanbody’slevelofresistancetostressdecreasesduringthe

exhaustionstage.D. Selyeclaimedthat,duringcountershock,thehumanbody’slevelofresistancetostressdecreases;however,itis

actuallyknowntoincrease.

Use the following information to answer Questions 13 and 14.Apsychologistconductedanexperimentusingtheprinciplesofclassicalconditioning.Theexperimentinvestigatedthereflexivesalivationresponseinmonkeysinresponsetothepresentationoffood.Afterestablishingaconditionedresponseusingabell,thepsychologistvariedthetimingbetweenthesoundingofthebellandthepresentationoffood.

Question 13Whatweretheindependentvariable(IV)andthedependentvariable(DV)intheseexperiments?

IV DV

A. presentationoffood soundingofabell

B. soundingofabell presentationoffood

C. amountofsaliva timebetweensoundingofabellandpresentationoffood

D. timebetweensoundingofabellandpresentationoffood

amountofsaliva

Question 14Whatweretheunconditionedstimulus(UCS)andtheconditionedstimulus(CS)intheseexperiments?

UCS CS

A. bell food

B. food bell

C. food saliva

D. saliva food



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Use the following information to answer Questions 15–17.Four-year-oldMaryalwayskickedandscreamedwhenhermotherdressedher.Onemorning,Mary’smothergaveheralollipopandwasthenrelievedtobeabletofinishdressingMarypeacefully.

Question 15Intermsofthethree-phasemodelofoperantconditioning,iftheantecedentstimulusinthisscenarioisconsideredtobethemotherdressingMary,thentheresponsewouldbeA. Maryeatingthelollipop.B. Marykickingandscreaming.C. Mary’smothergivingMarythelollipop.D. Marystoppingthekickingandscreaming.

Question 16Inmanysituations,parentsandchildrencanreinforceeachother’sbehaviours.IftheantecedentstimulusisnowconsideredtobeMarykickingandscreaming,thentheoperantresponsewouldbethemotherA. givingMaryalollipop.B. continuingtodressMary.C. beingrelievedthatMaryisquiet.D. askingMarytocalmdownandbequiet.

Question 17Intermsofoperantconditioning,thereliefexperiencedbyMary’smotherwhenMarystopskickingandscreamingaftershehasreceivedthelollipopisanexampleofA. responsecost.B. stimulusgeneration.C. spontaneousrecovery.D. negativereinforcement.

Question 18MrsFranklin,ascienceteacher,askedherstudentstowatchademonstrationofthedissectionofthespinalcordofamammalandtostoreamentalrepresentationofthedissectedpartsasinformationforlateruse.Whichtwoelementsofobservationallearningdoesthisstrategyreflect?A. attentionandretentionB. retentionandmotivationC. retentionandreinforcementD. motivationandreinforcement



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Question 19Inaninvestigationintoaggressioninchildren,threegroupsofchildrenwereexposedtodifferentconditions:• Thefirstgroupofchildren(GroupA)observedadults,whowereunknowntothem,behavingaggressively

towardssometoys.• Thesecondgroupofchildren(GroupB)observedadults,whowerewell-knownsportsstars,behaving

aggressivelytowardssometoys.• Thethirdgroupofchildren(GroupC)wasacontrolgroupandthisgroupobservedadultsplayingwithsometoys

inanon-aggressivemanner.

Eachgroupwasthenlefttoplaywiththetoysandwasobservedforthenumberofaggressiveactsthatthechildreninthegroupcommitted.Whichoneofthefollowinggraphsmostlikelydepictstheresultofthisinvestigation?

Group A Group B Group C

mean numberof aggressive

acts

A. B.

C. D.

0

5

10



acts

0

5

10



acts

0

5

10



acts

0

5

10



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Use the following information to answer Questions 20–23.Shanehasanintenseandirrationalfearofsnakes,whichhasbeenidentifiedasaphobia.Hethinkssnakeswillattackhimandthathewillgetbittenbyavenomoussnake.Heexperiencesfearevenwhenheisexposedtoaharmlessimageofasnakeinabookorontelevision.Hisheartbeatsfaster,hefeelssweaty,hismouthfeelsdryandheleavestheroom.Toovercomehisphobiaofsnakes,Shaneseekstheadviceofaclinicalpsychologist.

Question 20Shane’sreactiontotheimageofasnakeiscalledtheA. flee-confrontresponse.B. simplephobiaresponse.C. fight-flight-freezeresponse.D. parasympatheticarousalresponse.

Question 21WhichnervoussystemisactivatedduringShane’sreactiontotheimageofasnake?A. parasympatheticnervoussystemB. sympatheticnervoussystemC. centralnervoussystemD. somaticnervoussystem

Question 22Shane’sthoughtsaboutsnakesbeinglikelytoattackhimandaboutgettingbittenbyavenomoussnakeare examplesofA. precipitation.B. memorybias.C. catastrophicthinking.D. anenvironmentaltrigger.

Question 23Shane’spsychologistsuggeststhatagroupofpsychoactiveagentsknownasbenzodiazepinesmaybeusefulinmanagingtheanxietyassociatedwithShane’sphobiaofsnakes.Benzodiazepinesimitatetheactivityoftheneurotransmittergamma-aminobutyricacid(GABA)byA. activatingpost-synapticneuronsinthebraintocalmthebodyandreducearousal.B. activatingpost-synapticneuronsinthebraintoactivatethebodyandincreasearousal.C. inhibitingpost-synapticneuronsinthebraintocalmthebodyandreducearousal.D. inhibitingpost-synapticneuronsinthebraintoactivatethebodyandincreasearousal.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 24–27.JohnWatsonclassicallyconditionedtheemotionalresponseoffearinthe11-month-oldchild‘LittleAlbert’.LittleAlbertwouldcryandtrytocrawlawayfromawhiteratduringWatson’sexperiment.LittleAlbertalsobecamefearfulofotherwhiteobjects,suchasawhiterabbitandaSantaClausmask.

Question 24WhichofthefollowingcorrectlyidentifiesthetypeofmemorydemonstratedbyLittleAlbert’sfearresponseandthepartofthebrainresponsiblefortheconsolidationoffear-conditionedmemories?

Type of memory Part of the brain

A. explicit amygdala

B. implicit amygdala

C. episodic hippocampus

D. procedural hippocampus

Question 25WhichoneofthefollowingbestdescribesLittleAlbert’sfearresponsetothewhiterabbitandtheSantaClausmask?A. reflexresponseB. spontaneousrecoveryC. stimulusgeneralisationD. stimulusdiscrimination

Question 26Withregardtocurrentethicalstandards,whichoneofthefollowingbestidentifiestheethicalconsiderationthatWatsondidnotobservewhenLittleAlbertexhibitedseveredistress?A. privacyB. confidentialityC. informedconsentD. withdrawalrights

Question 27IfLittleAlbert’sconditionedresponsehaddevelopedintoaspecificphobia,whichofthefollowingwouldbeapossiblepredisposingfactorandapossibleperpetuatingfactor?

Predisposing factor Perpetuating factor

A. rumination psychologicaltrauma

B. psychologicaltrauma rumination

C. observationallearning imbalanceofLittleAlbert’sGABAlevels

D. imbalanceofLittleAlbert’sGABAlevels operantconditioning



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Question 28Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutshort-termmemoryismostaccurate?A. Short-termmemoryholdsonlyinformationtransferredfromsensorymemory.B. Allincominginformationisheldinshort-termmemoryforapproximately30minutes.C. Short-termmemoryholdsallsensoryinformationuntilitisencodedintolong-termmemory.D. Short-termmemoryholdsalimitedamountofencodedinformationwhileitisbeingprocessed.

Question 29Garryisdrivinghomefromworkwhenhiswifecallsandaskshimtoget10itemsfromthesupermarket.Garrytriestorepeatthelistoverandovertohimself,inorder,untilhegetstothesupermarket.WhichitemsisGarrymostlikelytobringhome?A. items1and2,and8–10B. themiddlefouritemsC. thelastfiveitemsD. allitems

Question 30KateislearningSpanishasasecondlanguageinpreparationforatripsheistakingtoSouthAmericanextyear.WhichofthefollowingidentifieswhereKateconsolidatesandstoresthenewSpanishwordsinherlong-termmemory?

Where words are consolidated

Where words are stored

A. hippocampus cerebralcortex

B. cerebralcortex hippocampus

C. cerebralcortexandhippocampussimultaneously

hippocampus

D. cerebralcortexandhippocampussimultaneously

bothcerebralcortexandhippocampus

Question 31Peter,ahealthy56-year-oldman,felloffhisbicyclewhileridingtoworkonedayandsustainedheadtrauma.Althoughheregainedconsciousnesssoonaftertheaccidentanddidnotexperienceanyissueswithhisspeechormotorfunctions,hehasbeenunabletorecallanyoftheeventsthathaveoccurredsincetheaccident.Hecan,however,stillrememberallthememoriesofhislifebeforetheaccidentandcanstillrecalltheeventsleadinguptotheaccident.AtaskthatPetershouldstillbeabletodoisA. recallanewbicycleroutetohisworkplace.B. rememberthenamesofthedoctorstreatinghim.C. recitethedetailsofaconversationhehadanhourago.D. useanewpieceofequipmentafterbeingshownhowitworks.



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Question 32Whilerushingoutthedoortogotoschool,Sarahaccidentallysmashedherparents’antiquevase.Shewassoshakenupbytheeventthatshehadtroublesleepingthatnightandkeptreplayingtheincidentinherheadforthenexttwodays.TheneurohormoneinvolvedintheconsolidationofSarah’smemoryoftheincidentisA. GABA.B. dopamine.C. adrenaline.D. abenzodiazepineagent.

Question 33ResearchbyLoftusontheeffectofleadingquestionsoneyewitnesstestimonieshasfoundthatA. exposuretoleadingquestionshasnoimpactonaneyewitness’recollectionofevents.B. eyewitnessmemoriescannotbemanipulatedandare,therefore,highlyreliableasevidenceincourt.C. eyewitnessmemoriesarereconstructionsofeventsthatcanbemanipulatedbyinformationthatisgivenafterthe

event.D. itisunfairtoexpecteyewitnesstestimoniestobeaccurateaspeoplewillrememberonlyeventsthatarepositive.

Question 34Howwillthefrequencyandamplitudeofatypicalperson’sbrainwaveschangebetweenanalertstateandadrowsystate?

Frequency Amplitude

A. increase decrease

B. increase increase

C. decrease decrease

D. decrease increase



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Question 35DrShapiro,aschoolteacher,isscreeningadocumentaryprograminhisclass.Towardstheendoftheclasshenoticesthatsomestudentsarenotwatchingthetelevisionscreen.Maggieisbusyworkingonacrosswordpuzzle,MonicaisstaringdreamilyoutthewindowandKeonghasrecentlyfallenasleepatthetable.Whichofthefollowingidentifiestheprominentbrainwavepatternforeachstudent?

Maggie’s brain waves

Monica’s brain waves

Keong’s brain waves

A. beta alpha delta

B. beta alpha theta

C. alpha beta theta

D. theta alpha delta

Question 36ThefirstultradianrhythmofthenightdiffersfromthelastultradianrhythmofthenightasthefirstultradianrhythmofthenightinvolvesA. moretimespentinnon-rapideyemovement(NREM)sleep.B. moretimespentinrapideyemovement(REM)sleep.C. onlyStage2andStage3ofNREMsleep.D. frequentbriefawakenings.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 37–40.KimagreestoparticipateinasleepresearchstudyconductedbyDrKapoor.DrKapooruseselectroencephalography(EEG),electromyography(EMG)andelectro-oculography(EOG)torecordKim’sphysiologicalchangesoverthecourseofonenightwhileKimisasleep.

Question 37ThetypeofdataDrKapoorisgeneratingisbestdescribedasA. primaryquantitativedata.B. secondaryqualitativedata.C. secondaryquantitativedata.D. primaryrepeated-measuresdata.

Question 38WhatdataaboutKimdotheEEG,EMGandEOGprovideDrKapoorwith?

EEG EMG EOG

A. eyepositionmovementpatterns

brainwavepatterns muscleactivity

B. brainwavepatterns muscleactivity eyepositionmovementpatterns

C. brainwavepatterns eyepositionmovementpatterns

muscleactivity

D. muscleactivity brainwavepatterns eyepositionmovementpatterns

Question 39DrKapooralsowishestoinvestigatetheeffectsofpartialsleepdeprivation.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementswouldbestdescribethefindingsoftheinvestigation?A. Partialsleepdeprivationwouldhavenopsychologicaleffectonparticipants.B. Someparticipantsarelikelytosufferseverephysicaleffectsforseveralweeksfollowingpartialsleep

deprivation.C. Afterpartialsleepdeprivation,participantswouldfinditmoredifficulttoperformsimpletasksthancomplex

tasks.D. Afterpartialsleepdeprivation,participantswouldfinditmoredifficulttoperformcomplextasksthansimple

tasks.

Question 40WhenDrKapoorisstudyinghumansleeppatterns,shemustA. ensureparticipantconfidentiality.B. debriefparticipantsatthestartofthestudy.C. withholdinformationfromparticipantsaboutthenatureofthestudy.D. avoidshort-termdisruptionofparticipants’sleeppatternsforthepurposeofthestudy.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 41 and 42.Thefollowinggraphsshowthetypicalsleepcyclesfortwodistinctagegroups.

awake

REM

Stage 1

1 2 3 4

hours of sleep

5 6 7 8

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

awake

REM

Stage 1

1 2 3 4

hours of sleep

Age group 2

Age group 1

5 6 7 8

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Source:DNNeubauer,‘Sleepproblemsintheelderly’,inAmerican Family Physician,May1999,59(9),pp.2551–2558; ©1999AmericanAcademyofFamilyPhysicians



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Question 41WhosetypicalsleepcyclesarerepresentedbyAgegroup1andAgegroup2?

Age group 1 Age group 2

A. infant adolescent

B. infant elderlyperson

C. adolescent elderlyperson

D. elderlyperson infant

Question 42Accordingtotherestorationtheoryofsleep,theindividualsinAgegroup1spendmoretimeinREMsleepthantheindividualsinAgegroup2A. inordertoconserveenergyandasprotectionfromharm.B. inordertorestorebiologicalprocessessuchasmuscleandtissuerepair.C. becauseexperiencingmoredeepsleepatnightenhancesthechanceofsurvival.D. inordertorestorementalprocessessothatneuralcircuitsareconsolidatedorstrengthened.

Question 43AlisonisinYear11.Onmostweeknightsshegoestobedafterherparentsassheoftendoesnotfeelsleepyuntilmidnight.Shegetsupeachweekdaymorningat6.00amtogotoschoolbutfeelstiredduringmostschooldays.Onweekends,whenshecansleepuninterrupted,sheseldomwakesupbefore10.00am.Comparedtoherparents,AlisonislikelytotakelongertofeeltiredlateratnightduetoA. alackofchangeinhermelatoninlevels.B. adecreaseinhermelatoninlevels.C. adelayedreleaseofmelatonin.D. anearlierreleaseofmelatonin.

Question 44Ariisanursewhodoesshiftworkinahospital.Hisrosterusuallyconsistsofaweekofnightshiftsfollowedbyaweekofdayshifts.Arihasdifficultysleepingatnightduringtheweeksofdayshiftsandisconstantlytired.Ari’sdoctorhasrecommendedbright-lighttherapytoimprovehissleepduringweeksofdayshifts.Itislikelythatbright-lighttherapywillassistAribyresettinghisA. circadianrhythmsasheisexperiencingparasomnia.B. ultradianrhythmsasheisexperiencingparasomnia.C. circadianrhythmsasheisexperiencingacircadianphasedisorder.D. ultradianrhythmsasheisexperiencingacircadianphasedisorder.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 45–48.Fraserisunderalotofstressatworkand,asaresult,isexperiencingpartialsleepdeprivation.Heoftenfeelstiredduringthedayandhasrecentlybeendrinkinguptosixcupsofcoffeedailytostayalertatwork.Fraserseekstheassistanceofapsychologisttodealwithhisstress,andtoimprovehisoverallmentalhealthandwellbeing.

Question 45Intermsofthedevelopmentofmentalhealthdisorders,Fraser’songoingsleepdeprivationcouldbeconsideredaA. biologicalpredisposingriskfactor.B. biologicalprecipitatingriskfactor.C. psychologicalprecipitatingriskfactor.D. psychologicalperpetuatingriskfactor.

Question 46WhenFraserconsumescaffeinetoincreasehislevelofalertness,anEEGwouldshowabrainwavepatternthathasA. low-amplitudeandlow-frequencywaves.B. low-amplitudeandhigh-frequencywaves.C. high-amplitudeandlow-frequencywaves.D. high-amplitudeandhigh-frequencywaves.

Question 47ThepsychologistrecommendsthatFrasertrytoreducehisdailycaffeineintaketotwocupsofcoffeeinthemorningandtoavoidusingelectronicdeviceswithinonehourofgoingtobed.Fraserbelievesthatthisplanisachievableandthathecanmakethesechangesoverthenexttwoweeks.Accordingtothetranstheoreticalmodelofbehaviourchange,FraserismostlikelyinthestageofA. action.B. preparation.C. contemplation.D. pre-contemplation.

Question 48Thefollowingweek,Fraserrestrictshisdailycaffeineintaketotwocupsofcoffeeinthemorning.However,hefindsitdifficulttoavoidusinghismobilephonewithinonehourofgoingtobedasheregularlyusesthattimetocatchuponthedailynewsbyreadingitonhismobilephonewhileinbed.Intermsofhistwogoalsofreducinghisdailycaffeineintakeandnotusingelectronicdeviceswithinonehourofgoingtobed,itismostlikelythatFraserisinthestagesof,respectivelyA. actionandpreparation.B. contemplationandaction.C. actionandcontemplation.D. pre-contemplationandrelapse.


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END OF SECTION ATURN OVER

Use the following information to answer Questions 49 and 50.Leanneplaysthedrumsinabandwithherfriends.Thebandwasaskedtoperformathercousin’s21stbirthdayparty.Leannefeltverystressedaboutperforminginfrontofanaudienceand,ontheeveningoftheparty,shefeltsickandaskedthebandmemberstoperformwithouther.Leannestayedathomeinsteadofgoingtotheparty.Thenexttimethebandperformedataparty,Leannebeganplayingwiththebandbutimmediatelyexperiencedsweatypalms,anincreaseinherbreathingrateandarapidpulseasshestoodinfrontoftheaudience.Shestoppedplayingwiththeband,saidthatshefeltsickandwenthome.Leannehassubsequentlycontinuedtomakeexcusesandstayathomeeverytimeshehasbeenaskedtoperformwiththebandatapartybecause,everytimeshethinksofplayinginpublic,sheexperiencesfeelingsofintensefearandworry,shortnessofbreath,sweating,trembling,nauseaanddizziness.

Question 49Accordingtobehaviouralmodels,itislikelythatLeannehasA. anxietyassociatedwithperforminginpublicthatinvolvesprecipitationbyoperantconditioningand

perpetuationbyclassicalconditioning.B. stressassociatedwithperforminginpublicthatinvolvesprecipitationbyclassicalconditioningandperpetuation

byoperantconditioning.C. enjoymentwhenperforminginpublicthatinvolvesprecipitationbyoperantconditioningandperpetuationby

classicalconditioning.D. aphobiaofperforminginpublicthatinvolvesprecipitationbyclassicalconditioningandperpetuationby

operantconditioning.

Question 50Concernedabouthercontinuedreluctancetoperforminpublic,Leanne’sfriendssuggestedthatsheseeapsychologist.ThepsychologistworkswithLeannetodevelopstrategiestominimiseherreluctancetoperforminpublic.ThepsychologistfirstsuggeststhatLeanneperformwithherbandinfrontofaclosefriend,nominatedbyLeanne,infamiliarsurroundings.WhenLeanneisabletodothatwithoutfeelinganxious,thepsychologistsuggeststhatshepractiseplayingwiththebandinfrontofasmallgroupoffriendsinfamiliarsurroundings.ThenextstepinvolvesLeanneperformingwiththebandinfrontofasmallgroupoffriendsinunfamiliarsurroundings.Eventually,Leannewasabletoperformwiththebandinpublic.ThetreatmentusedbythepsychologistwasA. extinction.B. cognitivebias.C. systematicdesensitisation.D. cognitivebehaviouraltherapy(CBT).


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SECTION B – continued

Question 1 (2marks)Ruby,ajournalist,frequentlytravelsoverseasforworkbutfindsitdifficulttosleeponanaeroplane.Duringarecent16-hour,non-stopflightfromMelbournetoLosAngeles,shesleptinshortburstsof30minutesforatotaloffourhours.UponherarrivalatLosAngeles,Rubywentstraighttoanimportantinterview.

StateoneemotionaleffectandonecognitiveeffectthatRubymayhaveexperiencedasaresultofherpartialsleepdeprivation.

Emotionaleffect

Cognitiveeffect

Question 2 (2marks)Identifyone consequenceofdisorganisedattachmentbyacaregiveronthesocialdevelopmentofachildanddescribehowthisconsequencecouldleadtothepotentialdevelopmentofamentalhealthdisorderlaterinlife.

Question 3 (2marks)Threemonthsago,45-year-oldMiloslosthisjobatacompanywherehehadworkedfor25years.Heisstillunemployeddespiteapplyingformanyjobs.Miloshastwoteenagechildrenlivingathomeandhiswifeworksfull-timeasateacher.Beforelosinghisjob,MiloshadpromisedtotakehisfamilyonanoverseasholidayforChristmas.Milosishavingdifficultysleepingbutismakingsurethatheeatswellandexercisesdaily.Hehasalsorecentlymadecontactwithajobagencythatprovideshimwithjobapplicationandinterviewskills.

Withreferencetocumulativerisk,commentonthelikelihoodofMilosdevelopingamentalhealthdisorder.

SECTION B

Instructions for Section BAnswerall questionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.


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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER

Question 4 (4marks)Vickyhasbeenhavingtennislessonsatherlocaltennisclubforanumberofyears.However,duringherlastthreesocialmatches,wheresheplayedwiththreeofherfriendsattheclub,shemadeahighnumberoferrorswhenrequiredtoswingherracquetbackwards.Vicky’stenniscoachsuggestedthattheyfocusonchangingherbackwardsswingtechniqueoverseveralweeks.

a. Describetheroleoflong-termpotentiationandlong-termdepression,intermsofneuralplasticity,whenVickylearnshernewbackwardsswingtechnique. 2marks

Long-termpotentiation

Long-termdepression

b. OnceVickyhadmasteredhernewbackwardsswingtechnique,shewasselectedtoplayinacompetitionmatchatadifferenttennisclub.Priortothematch,thepalmsofherhandsbecamesweatyandherheartstartedracing.Duringtheearlypartofthematch,sheforgothowtokeepthescore.

Explainhowstate-dependentcuescouldhaveledtoVicky’sinabilitytorememberhowtokeepthescoreforthematch. 2marks


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SECTION B – Question 5–continued

Question 5 (10marks)AlexandDannyarebothstudentswhohavebeenselectedtotryoutforanationalunder-21footballsquad.AlthoughAlexknowsthatheisagoodplayer,heisfeelingoverwhelmedbythelevelofcompetitionforaplaceinthenationalsquadandisconcernedthatheisnotgoodenoughtogainsquadselection.Forthepastsixmonths,Alexhashaddifficultyfallingasleepatnight.Heisoftenstillawakeat2.00amdespitehavinggonetobed,onmostnights,ataround10.30pm.Asbedtimeapproaches,Alexworriesthathewillnotbeabletofallasleep.Ontheotherhand,Dannyisenjoyingfootballtrainingandispleasedwithhisskilldevelopment.Heisconfidentofsquadselection,doesnotfeelexcessivelystressedandhasnotroublesleeping.

a. IdentifyoneexampleofAlex’spoorself-efficacy. 1mark

b. DefinethelikelysleepdisturbancefromwhichAlexissuffering. 1mark

c. Explainhowcognitivebehaviouraltherapy(CBT)couldbeusedtotreatAlex’ssleepdisturbance. 3marks

d. ExplainwhyAlexandDannymayhaveevaluatedtheirsituationsdifferentlyintermsoftheprimaryappraisalstageofLazarusandFolkman’sTransactionalModelofStressandCoping. 3marks


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e. OutlineanapproachstrategythatcouldhelpAlexreducehislevelsofstress. 2marks


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Question 6 (10marks)Callumissufferingfromamentalhealthdisorderthatisbeingtreatedwithmedication.HislegalguardianhasbeenaskedtoprovideinformedconsentforCallumtoparticipateinaresearchstudyforanewmedication,Chloromidiside,whichisbeingdevelopedtopotentiallytreatthedisorderCallumissufferingfrom.Aspartofthestudy,Callummayeitherbeallocatedtotheexperimentalgroupthatwillreceivethetrialmedicationortothecontrolgroupthatwillreceiveaplacebotreatment.IfCallumparticipatesinthestudy,hewillberequiredtostophiscurrentmedication.

a. Psychologicalresearchrequirestheapplicationofanumberofresearchdesignprinciples.

i. Outlinethepurposeofthecontrolgroupasitrelatestothisstudy. 1mark

ii. Whymighttheuseofaplacebotreatmentbeofethicalconcerninrelationtothisstudy? 1mark

iii. WhydidtheresearchersseekinformedconsentfromCallum’slegalguardian? 1mark

b. Poorresponsetomedicationduetogeneticfactorscanbeconsideredbothabiologicalriskfactorandaperpetuatingriskfactor.

Inrelationtothisresearchstudy,explainwhatismeantby‘biologicalriskfactor’and‘perpetuatingriskfactor’. 2marks

Biologicalriskfactor

Perpetuatingriskfactor


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c. Inadifferentmentalhealthstudy,theresearcherswereinterestedincomparingtheeffectivenessofthreeevidence-basedinterventions(biological,psychological,social)foraparticularmentalhealthdisorder.Eachparticipantcompletedaself-reportpriortotreatment,afterfourweeksoftreatmentandagainaftersevenweeksoftreatment.Participantsratedtheirimprovementonascaleofoneto10(thehigherthescore,themoretheyfelttheyhadimproved).Theresultsareshowninthetablebelow.

Biological intervention

(Chloromidiside)

Psychological intervention

(psychotherapy)

Social intervention (family support)

Mean self-report score prior to treatment

3.3 3.2 3.4

Mean self-report score after four weeks

5.8 3.9 6.5

Mean self-report score after seven weeks

6.1 7.5 5.9

i. Identifyonestrengthandonelimitationofself-reports. 2marks

Strength

Limitation

ii. Usethedatainthetabletocomparetheeffectivenessofthethreeevidence-basedinterventions. 3marks


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Question 7 (16marks)ForherextendedVCEPsychologypracticalinvestigation,Ameliadecidedtoinvestigateencodinginshort-termmemory.Sheusedarandomsampleof30studentsfromacohortof150Year10studentsatherschool.Twolistsofmonosyllabicwordswerereadouttoparticipantsintheinvestigation:• List1–key,pea,ski,flea,tea,bee,knee,tree,sea(monosyllabicwordsthatrhyme)• List2–sock,bean,stick,ant,milk,fly,leg,leaf,sand(monosyllabicwordsthatdonotrhyme)

All30participantslistenedtotworeadingsofthewordsinList1andwerethengiventwominutestowritedownthewordsthattheyrecalled.Next,theyalllistenedtotworeadingsofthewordsinList2andwerethengiventwominutestowritedownthewordsthattheyrecalled.

a. IdentifythedependentvariableandtheindependentvariableinAmelia’sresearchinvestigation. 2marks

Dependentvariable

Independentvariable

b. NametheexperimentalresearchdesignthatAmeliausedinthisinvestigationandstateonedisadvantageofthischoiceofdesign. 2marks

Experimentalresearchdesign

Disadvantage

c. Ameliausedrandomsamplingtoselecttheparticipantsforherinvestigation.

i. Explainwhyrandomsamplingisabetterchoiceofsamplingtechniqueforthisinvestigationthanconveniencesampling. 2marks

ii. OutlineamethodthatAmeliacouldhaveusedtotakearandomsampleoftheYear10students. 2marks


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SECTION B – Question 7–continuedTURN OVER

d. Ameliacalculatedthemeanandthestandarddeviationforeachlistinthefindingsofherinvestigationandpresentedthefollowingresultsinherscientificposter.

List 1 (monosyllabic words

that rhyme)

List 2 (monosyllabic words that do not rhyme)

Mean number of words recalled

4.2 6.7

Standard deviation 1.8 0.8

i. ExplainwhatthemeansinAmelia’sinvestigationsuggestaboutencodinginshort-termmemory. 2marks

ii. WhatdothestandarddeviationsinAmelia’sinvestigationsuggestaboutencodinginshort-termmemory? 1mark


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e. Intheconclusionsectionofherscientificposter,AmeliaproposedthatherinvestigationcouldbeextendedtofindoutwhetherthewordsinList2wouldbemoreeasilyrememberediftheywerepresentedalongsidepictures;forexample,iftheword‘sock’waspresentedalongsideapictureofasock.

i. AssumeAmeliausesthesameparticipantsfromtheoriginalpracticalinvestigation.

WhattypeofexperimentalresearchdesigncouldAmeliausefortheproposedextendedinvestigation?Giveareasonforyourresponse. 2marks

ii. PredicttheresultsofAmelia’sproposedextendedinvestigation,usingrelevantpsychologicalconceptstojustifyyourresponse. 3marks


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CONTINUES OVER PAGE


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Question 8 (14marks)Arecentincreaseinthenumberofcaraccidentsasaresultofdrivererrorhascreatedconcernforboththegovernmentandthepolice.Thegovernmenthasofferedtoprovidefundingforapublicawarenesscampaignoncethepolicehaveidentifiedtheprobablecausesoftheincreaseincaraccidents.Afterreviewingthecircumstancesaroundcaraccidents,trafficpolicespecialistsidentifiedtwopossiblefactorstheybelievemayhavecontributedtomostofthedrivererrors:1. thelegalbloodalcoholconcentration(BAC)fordriving,whichiscurrently0.05,istoohigh2. anincreaseindrivertirednessAteamofpsychologistswasemployedtoconductaninvestigationtodeterminewhichofthetwopossiblefactorshadthemostnegativeeffectondrivers.Thefactorwiththegreatestnegativeeffectwouldbethefocusofthepublicawarenesscampaign.Thepsychologistsadvertisedonsocialmediaforvolunteersaged21andover,andwhoholdacurrentfulldriver’slicence,toparticipateintheinvestigation.Eighthundredeligiblevolunteerswereallocatedtogroupsbasedonthefollowingageranges.

Age range of group 21–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 80+

Thepsychologistsrandomlyselected50volunteersfromeachgrouptoparticipateintheinvestigation,givingatotalof350participants.Theparticipantswererequiredtovisittheinvestigationvenueonceperweekforthreeconsecutiveweeks.Oneachdaythattheparticipantswereatthevenue,theycompleteda30-minutedrivingtaskinadrivingsimulatorunderthefollowingconditions.

Day BAC condition Previous night’s sleep condition

1 0.00 normalnight’ssleep

2 0.00 totallysleepdeprived

3 0.05 normalnight’ssleep

Thenumberofdrivingerrorsmadebytheparticipantsinthedrivingsimulatorwasrecorded.Theresultsoftheinvestigationareshowninthetablebelow.

Day Mean number of driving errors for all age groups

1 5.2

2 22.3

3 21.7


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a. Writearesearchhypothesisfortheinvestigation. 2marks

b. Representtheresultsoftheinvestigationinacorrectlylabelledgraphicalrepresentationusingthegridprovidedbelow. 2marks

c. Writeaconclusionthatcouldbedrawnfromtheresultsoftheinvestigation. 2marks

d. Withrespecttotheinvestigation,explainwhatismeantby‘validity’and‘reliability’. 2marks

Validity

Reliability


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e. Explaintheeffectsonconsciousness,particularlycognition,thatarerelevanttodrivingavehiclewithalegalBACof0.05comparedtoonenightoffullsleepdeprivation.

Inyourresponse,referto:• theresultsofthisresearch• relevantpsychologicalconcepts• advicethatcouldbegiventothegovernmentandthepoliceregardingthefocusandcontentofthe

publicawarenesscampaigntoreducethenumberofcaraccidents. 6marks


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CONTINUES OVER PAGE


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Question 9 (10marks)DrWrightvisitedalocalkindergartentotalktothechildrenaboutgoodoralhealth.Attheendofthevisit,sheprovidedeachchildwithaninformationpackthatcontainedatoothbrush,toothpaste,stickersandcolouring-insheet.Theinformationpackalsoincludedapamphletfortheirparents,asshownbelow.

Avoiding fear of the dentist

Itisimportantforyourchildtovisitthedentisttomaintainhealthyteethandgums.Childrendonothaveanaturalfearofthedentist;however,somechildrenmayexperiencestressoranxietythatisassociatedwithdentaltreatment.Ifnoteffectivelymanaged,thismaydevelopintoaphobia.Childrenoftenlearntobefearfulofthedentistsubjectivelythroughobservingwhatotherpeoplesayanddo.

Thegoodnewsisthatyoucanhelptominimisethisfear!Hereisalistofthingsthatmaycontributetopositivedentalexperiencesforyourchild:

1. Choosetherightdentist.Askifthedentisthasexperienceworkingwithchildrenandvisittheclinictoseeifitisfamilyfriendly.Isthereceptionistwelcoming?Aretheretoysinthewaitingroom?Istherepositivepre-visitimagery(i.e.friendlypicturesofteethonthewall,nographicpostersofgumdisease)?

2. Chooseyourwordscarefully.Avoidwordsthatyourchildmayassociatewithpain,suchas‘needle’,‘injection’or‘hurt’,anddonotmakepromisesyoucannotkeep,forexample,saying‘Everythingwillbefine’.Dependingonyourchild’sdevelopmentallevel,youcouldsaysomethinglike,‘Thedentistwillcheckyoursmileandcountyourteeth’.Youshouldalsoavoidsayingthingslike,‘Ifyoudon’tbrushyourteeth,you’llhavetogotothedentist’,asthismaycreateanegativeperceptionandappraisalofthedentistbyyourchild.

3. Considerrole-play.Youcouldplay‘pretend’withyourchildandtakeitinturnstobethedentistandpatient.Whendoingthis,includesuggestionssuchas,‘Openyourmouthlikeatigerroaring’or‘Letmeseehowmanyteethyouhave’.

4. Focusonyourchild’sowndentalexperience.Avoidtalkingaboutyourownfearsofthedentistorhowmuchithurtwhenyouhaddentaltreatmentinthepast,whentreatmentwaslessadvancedandmoreinvasive.Avoidtakingyourchildtoyourowndentalappointmentsifyouknowyouwillshowsignsofstressoranxiety.

5. Actearly.Apositiveearlydentalexperiencecanresultinfutureeustressratherthandistresswhenvisitingthedentist.Preventivecarecanalsominimisetheneedforinvasiveinterventionsinvolvinginjections,fillingsorextractions.Negativeemotionsrelatedtoinvasiveinterventionscanlastforalongtimeandmayleadtoafight-flight-freezeresponseatthethoughtofreturningtothedentist.

6. Avoidbribery.Offeringyourchildabribemaymakethemthinkgoingtothedentistmustbeunpleasant,and/ormayresultintheirrefusaltoattendfuturedentalappointmentswithoutareward.Additionally,ifyoupromiseyourchildasugarytreat,suchasalollipop,inreturnforavisittothedentist,thiscanreinforcethewrongmessageabouttherelationshipbetweensugarandcavities.


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Analysehowtheadviceinthepamphletdrawsonpsychologicalconceptstoreducethelikelihoodofachildexperiencingstressoranxietyanddevelopingaspecificphobiaofthedentist.Supportyouranalysiswithreferencetoatleastoneexampleofeachofthefollowing:• contributingbiologicalfactor• contributingbehaviouralmodel• evidence-basedsocialintervention


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END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK


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TURN OVER

Extra space for responses

Clearly number all responses in this space.


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PSYCHOLOGY (SAMPLE – ANSWERS)

© VCAA 2017 – Version 2 – April 2017

Answers to multiple-choice questions

Question Answer Question Answer

1 B 26 D

2 B 27 D

3 D 28 D

4 A 29 A

5 C 30 A

6 A 31 D

7 D 32 C

8 C 33 C

9 A 34 D

10 C 35 B

11 D 36 A

12 A 37 A

13 D 38 B

14 B 39 C

15 B 40 A

16 A 41 C

17 D 42 D

18 A 43 C

19 D 44 C

20 C 45 B

21 B 46 B

22 C 47 B

23 C 48 A

24 B 49 D

25 C 50 C

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