vegetalia 2010, cremona 20/03/2010 1 il contributo ...vegetalia 2010, cremona 20/03/2010 19...

Vegetalia 2010, Cremona 20/03/2010 1

Il contributo potenziale dei suoli Europei nel contrastare l’effetto serra

Luca Montanarella

Commissione Europea


Role of soils in global climate change

Carbon dioxide (CO 2)Soil Organic Carbon pools and their evolution in time under different

management practices: Soils as sink or source of CO2Methane (CH 4)

Emissions in anaerobic conditions, role of permafrost areas, role of wetlands and peat resources

Nitrogen oxides (N 2O, NOx)Microbial processes of denitrification and nitrificationFertilizer and manure inputs


Global Warming Potential, IPPC 1996

G as/Tim e Span 20 years 100 years 500 years

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 1 1 1

M ethane (CH 4) 56 21 6.5

Nitrous Oxide (N 20) 280 310 170


Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on N2O Emissions


without Nitrogen fertilization with Nitrogen fertilization: mineral and manure

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on N2O Emissions

Source: JRC-IES/CAPRI Project


Drained peatlands

EUEUEUEU----25:25:25:25:

7% 7% 7% 7% peatpeatpeatpeat areaareaareaarea

~4% ~4% ~4% ~4% draineddraineddraineddrained peatpeatpeatpeat areaareaareaarea

(>60% of (>60% of (>60% of (>60% of peatpeatpeatpeat areaareaareaarea))))

MontanarellaMontanarellaMontanarellaMontanarella et al.et al.et al.et al.

MiresMiresMiresMires & & & & PeatPeatPeatPeat 2006200620062006


Greenhouse gases in peatlands

COCOCOCO2222NNNN2222OOOOCHCHCHCH4444

Relative gas Relative gas Relative gas Relative gas fluxesfluxesfluxesfluxes –––– different different different different scalesscalesscalesscales per gas!per gas!per gas!per gas!

Water Water Water Water tabletabletabletable

DrainedDrainedDrainedDrained

peatlandpeatlandpeatlandpeatland

SourceSourceSourceSource

SinkSinkSinkSink

Water Water Water Water tabletabletabletable

NaturalNaturalNaturalNatural

peatlandpeatlandpeatlandpeatland


Jones, Stolbovoi, Tarnocai, Broll, Spaargaren & Montanarella (eds.) (2009): Soil Atlas of the Northern Circumpolar Region, European Commission 2009, 144 pp. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.


Biota560 Gt

Atmosphere780 Gt

+3.3 Gt/yr

Soils2,500 Gt

(i) SOC - 1,550 Gt(ii) SIC - 950 Gt

Ocean38,400 Gt + 2.3 Gt/yr

(i) Surface layer: 670 Gt(ii) Deep layer: 36,730 Gt(iii) Total organic: 1,000 Gt

Fossil Fuels4,130 Gt

(i) Coal: 3,510 Gt(ii) Oil: 230 Gt(iii) Gas: 140 Gt(iv) Other: 250 Gt

120 + 2.0 Gt/yr (photosynthesis)

Plant respiration60 + 1.6 Gt/yr

60 Gt/yr

7.5 Gt/yrFossil fuelcombustion

90 Gt/yr

0.6+0.2 Gt/yr(deposition)

60 Gt/

yr (so

il resp

iration

)

Acceler

ated so

il eros

ion

1.1+ 0

.2 Gt/yr

(erosio

n)MRT = 5Yr

MRT = 25Yr

Mean Residence Time (MRT) = 400Yr

1.6 + 0.8 Gt/yrDeforestation

MRT = 6Yr

92.3 Gt/yr

Biofuel offset?

Soils contain the biggest terrestrial carbon pool: ca. 2,500 Gt globally


Global TotalsSoil (1m layer) 2.011 GtVegetation 466 Gt

Temp

erate

regio

n

Sava

nnah

Gras

sland

s

Dese

rts &

Sem

i -de

serts

Tund

ra

Wetl

ands

Crop

lands

Bore

al re

gion

Trop

ical r

egio

n

Global Carbon Stocks in Billion Tons

0

100

200

300

400

500

500

Source: IPCC 2000


Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Assessment

Source: JRC-IES


CELL(structuralpolysaccharides)

HUM(humic

and protected)

STABLE

mineralization

microbialsynthesis

0.3 yr

LIGNIN

2.5 yr

LABILE

0,87 yr

25 yr

3300 yr

numerical values forsoil/land use =- 20% clay- temperature 12°C- water/porevolume > 0,4- annual crops conv. tillage

CO2

CO2

CO2

Vegetation, organic input

Primary production,quality

Soil, Land Use,Climate

Balesdent, 2000

Model of soil carbon dynamics

Fig. 3 A schematic of the soil C dynamics upon conversion from a natural to agriculturalecosystem, and subsequent adoption of recommended management practices(RMPs). In most cases, the maximum potential equals the magnitude of historic Closs. Only in some soil-specific situations, the adoption of RMPs can increase SOCpool above that of the natural system. An example of this is acid savanna soils ofSouth America (Llanos, Cerrados) where alleviation of soil-related constraints candrastically enhance the SOC pool.

Time (Yrs)

100

80

60

40

20

0

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rela

tive M

ag

nit

ud

e o

f S

OC

Po

ol

land useconversion

subsistencefarming,

none or lowoff-farm

input, soildegradation

newequilibrium

adoption ofRMPs

soil C

sin

k

cap

aci

ty

Accelerated erosion

Attainablepotential

Maximumpotential

Innovativetechnology I

Innovativetechnology II

∆X

∆YRate

Soil C Dynamics

Source: R. Lal, 2008


Good Agricultural Practices


Mitigation potential


Bio-waste

OriginTurnover

Complexity

Decomposing fresh OM(Particulate organic matter)

Microorganisms

Colloidal OMPolysaccharides and biomolecules

Humic substances

soluble OM

-OH

CO2Corg


1

Organic Carbon (%) No Data 0 - 1 1 - 2 2 - 5 5 - 10 10 - 25 25 - 35 > 35

Organic carbon content (%) in the surface horizon (0-30 cm) of

soils: total 71 GtC in EU

Organic Carbon Gt 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0

0.5 3.5

5.0

1.6 7.1

0.3

0.8 5.8

0.7

2.0

0.6

5.6

5.7

13.8 12.5

1.5

1.8

1.1

1.1 0.6

1.2 1.0 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.0

2.3

1.0

0.2 0.6

0.2

0.2

National Soil Organic Carbon stocks (0-30cm) in Gt.

Model output Aggregated results

Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Assessment

Source: JRC-IES


Where can we lose or gain SOC in Europe?


Innovative technologies: BIOCHAR

Source: N. de Wit, 2009


Estimation based on Eurostat data on municipal waste (2008)ORBIT/ECN, 2008, Compost production and use in the EU, Final report of ORBIT e.V. / European Compost N etwork ECN to European

Commission, Joint Research Centre(http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/activities/sustainabl e_development/susproc.cfm)

Total biowaste and green waste arising in the Europe an Union

The total annual arising of bio-waste in the EU is estimated at 76.5-102 Mt food and garden waste included in mixed municipal solid waste plus 24 Mt non-household green waste and industrial waste, i.e. from the food industry.


The need for a partnership between the Urban and the Rural communities

Bio-waste

Biomass


Grazie per l’attenzione!

http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu

vegetalia 2010, cremona 20/03/2010 1 il contributo ...vegetalia 2010, cremona 20/03/2010 19...

Documents