vehicle maintenance pro: the a to z guide to managing your vehicle maintenance operation

No Job NameThe A to Z Guide to Managing Your Vehicle Maintenance
Vehicle Maintenance Pro
The A to Z Guide to Managing Your Vehicle Maintenance
P.O. Box 368 Neenah, Wisconsin 54957-0368
Phone: (800) 327-6868 Fax: (800) 727-7516
jjkeller.com
ISBN: 978-1-60287-323-0
Canadian Goods and Services Tax (GST) Number: R123-317687
All rights reserved. Neither the publication nor any part thereof may be reproduced in any manner without written permission of the Publisher. United States laws and Federal regulations published as promulgated are in public domain. However, their compilation and arrangement along with other materials in this publication are subject to the copyright notice.
Printed in the U.S.A.
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Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.
Introduction
This manual — Vehicle Maintenance Pro: The A to Z guide to managing your vehicle maintenance operation — takes a look at the tasks that could fall under the title of Maintenance Pro. The book is divided into two major topic areas — your operations and maintenance related activities, and dealing with compliance issues.
The operations topics covered in this manual place a strong emphasis on the importance of planning, establishing standards, and then living by those standards when it comes to maintenance, safety, and health.
The compliance sections include selected regulations and compliance guidance pertaining to Department of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency, and Occupational Safety and Health Administra- tion regulations.
Finally, a reference section includes pertinent information relating to the subjects covered in the manual, as well as contact information for the regulatory agencies discussed in the manual.
Revision bars, like the one at the left of this paragraph, are used in this publication to show where significant changes were made on update pages. The revision bar next to text on a page indicates that the text was revised. The date at the bottom of the page tells you when the revised page was issued.
Due to the constantly changing nature of government regulations, it is impossible to guarantee absolute accuracy of the material contained herein. The Publisher and Editors, therefore, cannot assume any responsibility for omissions, errors, misprinting, or ambiguity contained within this publication and shall not be held liable in any degree for any loss or injury caused by such omission, error, misprinting or ambiguity presented in this publication.
This publication is designed to provide reasonably accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional service. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.
The Editors & Publisher J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®
iii 3/14
Published & Printed by
J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.® 3003 Breezewood Lane, P.O. Box 368 Neenah, Wisconsin 54957-0368 Phone: (800) 327-6868 Fax: (800) 727-7516 jjkeller.com
publishers ROBERT L. KELLER JAMES J. KELLER
EDITORIAL vice president – editorial resources WEBB A. SHAW
project editor THOMAS E. BRAY sr. editorial manager – transportation BETTY J. B. WEILAND
sr. editor – transportation safety DAREN B. HANSEN sr. editor – hazardous materials transportation THOMAS J. ZIEBELL
editor – transportation safety KATHY L. CLOSE editor – transportation operations VICKY L. HART
editor – transportation management RICHARD J. MALCHOW editor – transportation operations HEATHER L. NESS
editor – transportation management ROBERT J. ROSE editor – transportation safety JILL M. SCHULTZ
associate editor RANDALL J. SKOOG sr. metator/xml analyst MARY K. FLANAGAN
sr. layout editor MICHAEL P. HENCKEL
PUBLISHING GROUP chairman ROBERT L. KELLER
vice chairman & treasurer JAMES J. KELLER president & ceo MARNE L. KELLER-KRIKAVA
evp & chief operating officer RUSTIN R. KELLER chief financial officer DANA S. GILMAN
sr. director of product development CAROL A. O’HERN sr. product development manager JENNIFER M. JUNG
product development specialist ASHLEY C. PUCKER director of manufacturing TODD J. LUEKE
sr. electronic publishing & prepress manager GERALD L. SABATKE
The Editorial Staff is available to provide information generally associated with this publication to a normal and reasonable extent, and at the option of, and as a courtesy of, the Publisher.
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Table of Contents
Performance Evaluation
Compliance Management
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vi
Introduction — Why a maintenance manual Vehicle maintenance is a complicated business. Whatever kind of maintenance facility you are in charge of, if you manage the overall program of both operational and compliance related topics, you’ve got your hands full.
This manual is intended to be used by Maintenance Pros at all types of commercial carriers. Whenever the term “vehicle” is used, the requirement or concept is universal and applies to all types of commercial vehicles; large (CDL-required vehicles), small (non-CDL commercial vehicles), property-carrying, and passenger-carrying. When a vehicle-specific requirement or topic is being discussed, the type of vehicle the requirement or topic applies to will be specified. Examples include the emergency- exit requirements for passenger-carrying vehicles and the new brake distance requirements related to truck-tractors.
A Maintenance Pro, in the sense of this manual, has the task of managing maintenance operations, people, equipment, and regulatory compliance issues. Operational management involves finding the most efficient and effective way of keeping the fleet operating safely. Personnel management involves directing a group of different people toward a common goal. Employees must be encouraged to reach their full potential if the business is to be profitable. Equipment management means making sure that each unit “pays its way.” If it doesn’t, it has to be replaced or elimi- nated entirely. Managing compliance means trying to comply with regulations from DOT, OSHA, and EPA.
Fleet maintenance organization The organization of a vehicle fleet depends a great deal on its size. Large for-hire fleets usually have a formal organization like any major business with trained people performing specialized tasks. The in-house maintenance shop staff may be equally specialized: equipment manager, shop supervisor, parts person, tire person, line mechanics, regulatory compliance person, etc. The company may also have a mix of shop facilities at various locations around the country, from very large and specialized, to very small and general.
Fleet management for the small fleet is naturally lean. People typically wear more than one hat in this kind of operation. Rather than being specialists, they will probably be generalists, possibly even bringing a background in a family business to their job. A few individuals must handle all the budgeting and accounting tasks, legal licensing and insur- ance paperwork, driver hiring and managing. They must also go out and get the business, and then service the customer.
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The private fleet’s goals are not really the same as a for-hire operation. The corporation to which it belongs has created a fleet to meet price and service requirements that are not being met by outside carriers. Because of this, many times private fleets do not operate their own equipment and maintenance facilities. They lease equipment and have lease arrange- ments that require the leasing company to perform the maintenance. However, the private fleets must still have individuals who are well- versed in equipment maintenance and the associated regulations. Even though the private carrier does not own the vehicles, or maintain them, they are still legally responsible for them (including the inspection and maintenance of the equipment).
Also, private fleets may still have maintenance needs. The operation of a small maintenance facility to perform quick and easy repairs (fixing lights, airing tires, etc.) may be necessary if the leasing company’s shop is too far away or not available all hours the fleet is operating. In some of these cases, the vehicle maintenance may be handled through the general maintenance department at the facility. If this is the case, the personnel performing the maintenance may need a considerable amount of guidance on vehicle maintenance.
While the maintenance department does not have to worry about “turn- ing a profit,” it does need to keep an eye on costs. It must be able to maintain and repair vehicles as economically as an outside shop. The conveniences of having an inside shop (no need to schedule shop time with an outside entity, the ability to prioritize work, control of manpower, faster turnaround times, in-depth knowledge of the equipment and maintenance schedules, etc.) can be outweighed if the shop becomes too expensive to operate.
Maintenance is a very labor-intensive part of fleet operations. Even the best diagnostic equipment is only as good as the technician who uses it. The shop can only be cost-effective when productive people are employed there. The challenge to maintain a safe, reliable vehicle at the lowest possible cost can only be achieved by people who really believe in this goal. The goals of the maintenance shop and the themes that will run throughout this manual are to increase productivity, reduce maintenance costs, and improve vehicle utilization to increase profitability.
The whole principle of an effective vehicle maintenance operation is to keep the vehicles rolling, so they have the maximum opportunity to make money for the company. Whether you work with a for-hire trucking operation, a for-hire motor coach company, a school bus company, a private fleet, or some other kind of transportation company, profit is at the bottom of most considerations.
Why have PM and schedules PM, or preventive maintenance, involves scheduling inspections and maintenance to prevent vehicle breakdowns. The PM program, and the associated scheduling, are at the heart of any effective maintenance program. It is the logical place for a Maintenance Pro, as well as a manual intended for a Maintenance Pro, to begin.
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Present regulations require that every motor carrier shall systematically inspect, repair, and maintain, or cause to be systematically inspected, repaired, and maintained, all motor vehicles subject to its control (49 CFR §396.3). The full text of the DOT inspection requirements can be found in the DOT compliance management and regulations sections.
Regulations are not the only reason to run an effective PM program. A well-maintained vehicle is less likely to be involved in an accident, will be more productive, and require less unscheduled maintenance and repair, which is more expensive than PM. To sum it up, PM leads to less acci- dents, better customer relations, and a lower cost of operation.
Another strong incentive for a good PM program is the possibility that the vehicle will be pulled over for a roadside vehicle inspection. If the vehicle is found to have a mechanical condition that might result in a breakdown or an accident, it will be put out of service. The vehicle cannot resume its trip until the unsafe condition is corrected.
Preventive maintenance is also an attitude, a commitment. It doesn’t mean simply getting a vehicle into the shop and fixing what you see. It means being constantly on the lookout for things that might go wrong. It means getting the best, most cost-effective equipment for the vehicle and then taking care of it. This is much like preventive medicine that stresses good eating habits and regular exercise as a continuing prescription for good health and long life.
The PM philosophy is widely used, not only because it reflects a modern attitude of conservation, of using what assets one has wisely, but because it saves money. No one can argue with the bottom line. As PM takes hold, the standard of excellence for a maintenance shop changes from getting the fastest repairs to getting the fewest repairs.
PM also requires careful recordkeeping of what is done. In addition to complying with regulations, PM records have another use. Once reliable PM schedules are established, they are refined for the individual vehicle and can be used to predict maintenance. Fleets that do not use records for more than simple documentation are not taking advantage of the goldmine of information that’s there. And it’s quite likely that those fleets are not managing their vehicles, the vehicles are controlling them.
To sum it up, vehicles that are put out of service or breakdown will require unscheduled maintenance (repairs). Repairs done on the road can be very costly both in lost productivity time and additional repair costs (commercial shops tend to have a considerably higher cost) when com- pared to the cost of operating a PM program. Using a “we’ll fix it when it breaks” maintenance program can get very expensive.
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Determining PM intervals
Measuring the interval The first decision that needs to be made when determining a PM schedule is what method of measurement you are going to use. There are several methods used to schedule vehicles for preventive maintenance. The three most common methods are:
• Time — This method is by far the easiest for management, but is often the most wasteful as far as technicians’ time, parts, and cost. Scheduling vehicle preventive maintenance based on time means exactly what it says. A vehicle will be scheduled into the shop every x amount of days regardless of mileage or engine hours used since its last PM.
• Miles — Scheduling PMs based on vehicle miles driven is the most common method used for scheduling vehicle preventive maintenance. A vehicle will be scheduled into the shop after a pre- determinedamount of miles have been driven on the vehicle. There are, however, a few problems associated with this method. The big- gest problem is that scheduling PMs based on mileage does not take into account engine idle time or PTO time that could be a large percent of the engine’s running hours. To compensate for this, some carriers that use mileage shorten the mileage interval to compensate for excessive idling or PTO time.
• Engine hours — Scheduling PMs based on engine hours makes sense for vehicles that work hard during every mile, but do not do many miles. Waste trucks, concrete haulers, and gravel trucks are all good examples of vehicles that are typically scheduled for PMs based on engine hours. The reason these trucks are routed into the shop for PMs on the basis of engine hours is because they are constantly working hard — even though the truck may be averaging low miles per hour and miles per day.
The type of vehicles and the type of operation will determine the best type of PM scheduling for your individual company.
Methods for determining interval This part of the maintenance program, the PM intervals, comes from several sources:
• The original equipment manufacturers’ (engine, transmission, and other component OEMs) recommendations are the primary source and the most important ones. If the fleet has bought a new vehicle, that’s the only reliable source of information. You should follow the recommendations exactly until your own experience proves other- wise. You can also get information about expected component life from those manufacturers and plan accordingly. You must be careful about deviating from the OEM’s recommendations. If you deviate too far you may lose some, or all, of the warranty on the vehicle or vehicle components.
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• Your repair records (your history) are the second source. Even if you are planning PM for a new vehicle, past maintenance history on similar vehicles that do the same work can give you important clues about how the fleet vehicles have been operating and helps you plan the maintenance schedule for the new vehicle.
• Your own people (drivers, technicians, and other shop personnel) are your third source. Ask them for suggestions. A successful PM program will need the cooperation of everyone, and the best way to get that support is to start out with the same people. They should help to put the plan together.Ask for specific ideas about the PM intervals.
• Tracking internal performance measures. These measures can include oil sampling (if oil samples tested following oil changes are indicat- ing oil breakdown, shortening the interval may be necessary), part failure analysis, unscheduled repairs, on-the-road repairs, on-the- road breakdowns, and out-of-service violations. It does not make any difference how well your maintenance schedule matches up with theOEM’s recommendations, if the vehicles are constantly breaking down or are constantly in need of major repairs (such as engine replacements).
One issue that will need to be considered when establishing the maintenance interval is the need to service the emissions system. In vehicles built to the 2007 and 2010 emissions standards there are parts in the emissions system that require regular service. Diesel particulate filters (DPF), selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems, and exhaust gas recir- culation (EGR) components all require routine service.
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Determining Maintenance Schedules4B 9/14
Determining PM checklists As was mentioned earlier, PM involves scheduled inspection and maintenance of the vehicle. One key to making sure the necessary items are being inspected and maintained is the development of maintenance checklists. At the end of this chapter there are examples of PM checklists that are commercially available. If you want to develop your own, there are many factors that must be considered. Some of these factors are:
• OEM recommendations. All OEMs provide recommended inspection and maintenance items and procedures. These should serve as the basis for any program you develop.
• Regulations. Certain inspections are mandated in the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration regulations. An example of a mandated inspection is the periodic (annual) inspection. The items found in Part 393 and Appendix G can serve as the basis for any checklist covering a required inspection.
• Your history. By data-mining maintenance records and determining ECLS and MTBF for various parts and components, you can predict when parts and components become unreliable. Also, testing samples of fluids can determine the length of time fluids should be left in the various components, and therefore, the timing on fluid changes.
• Your people. If your technicians are reporting that they are constantly having to repair a part or component on vehicles, and the part or component is not on the PM checklist, you should consider adding it.
In the above discussion we hit on some terms and concepts that we need to further explore.
ECLS and MTBF ECLS, or Expected Component Life System (sometimes referred to as Expected Component Life Cycle System), is a method of studying vehicle maintenance trends and replacing parts and components before they fail.
The first step to effectively using ECLS to determine PM checklists is having accurate maintenance data. By digging through the maintenance records and mining data out of the records, the Maintenance Pro can determine the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) for all parts and components on the vehicle. The MTBF is nothing more than the average miles or hours that a component fails
Once the MTBF has been determined, the next step is to determine the ECLS replacement schedule for the component. If the ECLS is set at the MTBF, roughly half of the vehicles will suffer a failure of the component or part before it is replaced. If the ECLS is set at the earliest known failure point, then many times the part or component will be removed from the vehicle well before replacement is necessary.
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The basic question becomes, what are you willing to accept for an on-the- road failure rate? If you do not want any on-the-road failure of the component in question, then you will want to set the ECLS at the earliest known failure point. However, if the item is not a critical component, or an item whose failure can be easily dealt with when the vehicle is on the road, then using the MTBF point as the replacement point may be acceptable.
Wear limits Some components, such as tires and brakes, can be tracked through the MTBF and ECLS programs, but their replacement will be directly tied to the vehicle inspections. The MTBF and ECLS data can be used to com- pare tire and brake performance, but the decision to replace the parts will be based on the findings of inspections. This is done through determining “wear limits” on parts and components.
Wear limits are the minimum acceptable depths or thicknesses you are willing to allow on a component, regardless of the MTBF or ECLS data. An example would be tires. The legal minimums for a tire are 4⁄32″ on the steer axle, and 2⁄32″ on all other positions. As a company you have decided that you are not going to allow the tires to wear down to that point. You will replace steer tires at 8⁄32″ and all other tires at 4⁄32″ (this is then considered your failure point for MTBF purposes).
The MTBF and ECLS can give you a general idea of when the wear limit should be reached, but how many hours or miles it takes to reach the failure point is irrelevant. Once the tire has worn to the predetermined point (either 8⁄32″ or 4⁄32″), the tire is replaced.
Fluid sampling Another method of determining maintenance needs that does not involve MTBF and ECLS is fluid sampling.
Fluid sampling and testing can provide the Maintenance Pro with a “wear limit” method of analyzing the internal condition of a component. A prime example is the engine.
By simply looking at an engine the Maintenance Pro cannot tell the condition of the internal parts. A MTBF study can determine when most of the engines will fail. But with engine rebuilds being an expensive repair, doing a rebuild simply based on MTBF and ECLS data could lead to unnecessary and costly maintenance.
Taking an oil sample, and having it tested, can give the Maintenance Pro a look inside the engine. If antifreeze is appearing in the oil, that can indicate a head gasket is leaking. Iron, steel, chromium, or aluminum particles in the oil sample can indicate that the one of the internal components of the engine is beginning to fail. The presence of excessive copper (or similar metals) in the oil can indicate that there are bushings or bearings that are beginning to wear.
Determining Maintenance Schedules6
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Sampling and testing other components can also locate problems. Trans- missions, differentials, and auxiliary hydraulic systems (wet kits) are all examples of components where sampling and testing can indicate problems in advance of failure.
Testing the fluids in every vehicle component at every service could get costly ($7 to $15 dollars per test). Many carriers are willing to pay this and consider it part of the PM cost of the vehicle. As well as providing early warning of problems, a regular sampling program can help with any warranty claims associated with the component (sampling will show the failure was a sudden failure, not due to neglect over time).
What many carriers that use sampling do is combine sampling with MTBF and ECLS data. When the vehicle first enters service, samples are only taken at benchmark intervals, such as during quarterly or the annual inspection. Once a vehicle reaches a predetermined threshold, the sampling and testing then become part of all regular inspections. Here is an example of a combination approach:
• Engine: Due to MTBF and ECLS data we will sample and test engine oil as part of the annual inspection for the first two years. After the second annual inspection engine oil sampling and testing will be performed as part of each oil change.
• Transmission: Due to MTBF and ECLS data we will sample and test transmission oil as part of the annual inspection for the first five years. After the fifth annual inspection transmission oil sampling and testing will be performed as part of each oil change.
• Differentials (including interaxle): Due to MTBF and ECLS data we will sample and test differential oil as part of the annual inspection for the first five years.After the fifth annual inspection differential oil sampling and testing will be performed as part of each oil change.
Documenting preventive maintenance The FMCSA regulations require that the company have a record system that shows the vehicle’s maintenance schedule, and last and next scheduled service (both due date and nature of the service). The regulations do not spell out how a company is to accomplish any of this. The regulations do not provide a “required schedule” or “required form and format” for documentation. The regulations only require that a company have a sys- tematic maintenance program and document it. One reason the FMCSA does not “spell out” a preventive maintenance schedule that carriers must follow is because of the wide variety of commercial vehicles that are in operation and covered by these regulations. Everything from pickup trucks to motorcoaches to tractor-trailers are covered by these regulations.
To develop and document the preventive maintenance program a Main- tenance Pro will need to use the information we have mentioned so far, and then develop and document the maintenance program for each vehicle (or group of vehicles). This is not as complicated as it sounds.
First, for preventive maintenance purposes and later tracking divide the vehicles in the fleet into “dynamic groups.” Each group should be made
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up of similar vehicles (based on similar traits and maintenance requirements, not necessarily make and model).
Next, review the existing information for each group and write a preventive maintenance schedule (including intervals, checklists, and wears points for important and high-wear components).
Once you have established the schedule for each of the dynamic groups, copy them and place a copy into the corresponding vehicle files. As well as containing the preventive maintenance information, the vehicle files must also contain identifying information (vehicle number, make, VIN, year, tire size, and the entity providing the vehicle if it is not owned by the company), and records of all inspections, maintenance, and repairs. This is required by the FMCSA regulations under §396.3. For more information on these regulations see the DOT tab in the Compliance section of this manual.
Finally, either on a form in the file or physically on the file, keep track of each scheduled preventive maintenance, and record when the next scheduled maintenance is due.
Some companies go one step further to make the process easier. In addition to the files they use a wall board that displays the individual vehicles and last/next service. This way, technicians and supervisors can tell at a glance when a vehicle received scheduled preventive maintenance last, and if it coming due for its next service.
One key point to remember: The FMCSA is letting you develop your own preventive maintenance program and schedule. However, the FMCSA is going to expect you to adhere to your program and schedule, just as if they were regulations. This really is a case where you “get to write your own regulations.” As long as you have a documented preventive maintenance program that includes a maintenance schedule, records that show past and future maintenance, your vehicles are being serviced in accordance with your schedule, and your vehicles are passing roadside inspections, the FMCSA will be satisfied with your preventive maintenance program and schedule.
Example of a PM schedule The actual maintenance portion of PM is composed of scheduled and standardized inspections and maintenance. This is sometimes referred to as the vehicles’ “scheduled service,” or simply “service.” PM services are commonly designated as A, B, C, D, etc. Under the normal system, every letter you move up into the alphabet represents an increase in the com- plexity of the PM service (and time required).
PM A services are also known as a “maintenance check-out” or “safety inspection” and generally consists of a safety check and lubrication as well as checks of key components such as brakes, lights, tire condition and inflation, and fluids. It also includes checking and adjusting high wear components. Typically, these PM As are scheduled at half of the oil change interval of the vehicle. The normal interval forAservice is between 1,500 and 2,500 miles on light vehicles, and between 5,000 and 10,000 miles on medium and heavy duty vehicles.
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Note: Some companies use an “inspection lane” and perform an A service every time the vehicle returns to the maintenance facility.
PM Bs normally include all PM A items, and also include an oil and filter change, as well as more in-depth checks of the engine and driveline. The normal interval for B service is 3,000 to 5,000 for light duty vehicles and 10,000 to 20,000 for medium and heavy duty vehicles. A PM B should also include a download of the ECM and action on any troublecodes or problems reported by the ECM (if applicable).
One consideration with passenger-carrying vehicles is that the pushout windows, emergency doors, and emergency door marking lights must be inspected once every 90 days. If the vehicles will not be undergoing PM Bs within 90 days, then this inspection item will need to be included in the PM A inspections for these vehicles.
PM C service calls for both A and B service and more extensive service (i.e. alignment, scheduled component replacement, the DOT annual inspection required by §396.17, and other scheduled engine and driveline component inspection or replacement). Normally, C services are scheduled annually. To make sure they are done in a timely manner, it is not unusual for carriers to actually schedule them on an eleven-month schedule.
PM D service is either a scheduled rebuild or replacement of a major component (i.e. engine, transmission, axle) or a “special” service. Examples of “special service” are seasonal service (winterization or summerization) and scheduled upgrade services. Scheduling of D services varies by company. The D designation may or may not be used, depending on the company.
Companies continue the lettering system based on their needs. Some companies go as far as PM L.
Don’t forget the trailers! Trailers are subject to the same regulations as the vehicles that pull them and should be subject to the same type of PM program. Typical preventive maintenance scheduling for a trailer is:
• T1 or TA services are scheduled every 3 months. This PM service includes an inspection and lubrication, including a check of (at a minimum) the lights, tires, brakes, coupling devices, safety equipment, and any other “systems” (refrigeration unit, sliding axles, etc.).
• T2 or TB PMs are scheduled every six months. This PM service includes all the items of a T1, and a more in-depth inspection, as well as additional maintenance (pulling off hubcaps to check grease condition, retorquing lugs, etc.).
• T3 or TC services are normally scheduled annually. These include all the inspection and maintenance included in a T1 and T2 service, along with more extensive maintenance such as an alignment or complete brake overhaul. Some carriers will also perform the periodic (annual) inspection required under §396.17 as part of the Type T3 service.
Don’t forget the auxiliaries! Auxiliary power units (APUs), refrigeration units, wet kits, hydraulic pony engines, lavatory systems (in motorcoaches), and idle reduction equipment all need to undergo the
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same scheduling process as the vehicles and trailers. The maintenance scheduling for these units can be rolled into the vehicle they are associated with. Examples would be servicing the wet kit on a vehicle each time the vehicle is serviced and servicing an APU as part of an annual inspection.
Inspection lane — An inspection lane is a designated lane or shop bay where vehicles entering or exiting (or both) the facility must check in or out. When in the inspection lane a technician will do an inspection on the vehicle. An inspection lane can be used to serve as a location to perform A inspections, if the vehicle is due for one, or it can be used strictly as a screening location.
In the “screening location” function the technician can check items such as driver complaints, body damage, fluid leaks and levels, lights, wipers, springs, brakes, tire pressures, and time or mileage since the last PM. The vehicle might also be washed quickly. If a problem is discovered, the technician can then communicate the problem to the maintenance supervisor. The vehicle can then be scheduled for repairs or service in the regular maintenance/repair area.
Also, if the vehicle is being checked into the yard, the driver can submit his or her DVIR to the technician doing the inspection, beginning the DVIR process while in the inspection lane.
The inspection lane can be located within the shop, but it is more often located in the yard next to the shop because it’s more convenient for the driver to drive through an open area rather than back into or drive into a building. Also, having space available in the yard is more predictable.
Timing is the critical element for this kind of inspection. Usually a vehicle gets inspected every time it enters or exits the yard, so the inspection must be done quickly. Some fleets are very strict about this requirement; a vehicle has to run through the lane even though it may have been gone for only a half-hour. If the inspections take too long, it may be difficult to maintain operational support for the inspection lane.
Fleets who use inspection lanes often run time-critical movements, i.e. passengers or food service delivery, and management wants to be abso- lutely sure that vehicles are in top condition every time they are in the terminal.
Maintenance people who use inspection lanes emphasize that if you are considering adding this kind of inspection, you should resist the temp- tation to make even minor repairs in the lane. All repairs must be done in the shop and accompanied by the appropriate request paper work, repair order, etc. However, some regular servicing may be scheduled for the lane.
One fleet, for example, greases their trucks during every inspection lane visit. It should also be mentioned that the inspection lane supplements driver inspection and the regular PM inspections; it does not replace them.
The inspection lane routine may prove to be too expensive or cumbersome for every fleet. In place of it, some companies use a process of “yard checks.” At specified times throughout the day, technicians will “cruise
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the yard” and check the equipment that is newly arrived into the yard. These checks involve simple items, such as brakes, tires, lights, body damage, and upcoming maintenance requirements. The technician will then record all units in the yard, and what work was done on which vehicles. If a vehicle is found to be in need of major repair or PM during the yard check, the technician will tag the unit as due for maintenance or repair, and then report it to the maintenance supervisor. The vehicle will then be worked into the shop for the needed work (similar to what happens in an inspection lane).
Other carriers do not use inspection lanes or yard checks at all, and rely entirely upon schedules and the drivers reporting to the shop when a vehicle is due for PM or in need of repair.
The bottom line is only you can decide how much PM to give your vehicles, and how to schedule it.
Pre-service inspection. The concept of a pre-service inspection should be applied to all equipment new to the fleet, whether new or used.
With used vehicles, beginning with a C level PM inspection (and service) is preferred and recommended. Additionally, all accessible nuts, bolts, and adjustments (lug nuts, hub nuts, axle nuts, bell housing bolts, motor mounts, dash screws, front-end alignment, etc.) not normally checked as part of a level C inspection should be checked, retorqued, and/or adjusted. Developing a pre-service checklist of what you consider key components is critical.
New vehicles can benefit from this process as well. Since everything is new, you may be less concerned with the overall condition of the unit, but you will still want to make sure everything has been properly located and torqued. Many maintenance pros have “horror stories” concerning problems with brand new vehicles.
Also, you will want to be sure that everything you specified is on the line-setting sheet and actually on the vehicle. You will also want to check the model and serial numbers, sizes, etc. of all components, and log them into your recordkeeping system.
You should also consider doing pre-service inspections on vehicles that have been inactive for a significant amount of time (due to extended maintenance, driver unavailability, accident repairs, drop in demand, etc.). It would create another set of problems if a vehicle fresh off major repairs broke down for an unrelated reason that could have been found in a pre-service inspection.
How much time should you spend on a pre-service inspection? The time spent on a pre-service check depends on fleet policy. Some fleets put in a day and a half on a new semi-tractor; others add a road test and extensive component testing which can push the time to over a week, depending on the detail. The objective is to make sure that every part is tight and in good working condition.
Fleets that consider the pre-service check to be an important part of PM assign the mechanics who will be in charge of the vehicle to the task.
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Managers who feel a superficial check is good enough assign a less- expensive employee. Either way, it is probably to your advantage to use a detail-oriented employee.
You will have to create your pre-service standard according to the equipment. The line-setting sheet gives the frame of reference; you determine what checks will need to be made and develop the list from there. That checklist is, in a sense, the first service document of the new vehicle. As such, it becomes a standard quality control reference. On it you may want to include the quantities and grades of fluids added, belt tensions, tire pressures, etc.
Deciding how soon you wish to bring a new vehicle back into the shop for a follow-up inspection after its pre-service inspection is your next decision. This may seem like an unnecessary procedure, but again, the idea is to catch things before they happen. The follow-up inspection is actually part of the shakedown, and the vehicle should not be considered as fully in service until this step is completed. This is because the maintenance department cannot simulate the operational environment the vehicle will be operating in no matter how hard they try. Allowing the vehicle to operate in the environment during a short shakedown period will allow any potential problems to be dealt with early.
Sometimes a representative from the dealership is present during different phases of the pre-service inspection process. This can be an advantage if something has to be changed by the manufacturer, especially if you want immediate action.
You might also use the pre-service inspection process to familiarize drivers with the new vehicle.
Trailers should be looked at carefully too. A new trailer should be put through the same paces. Too often a trailer is neglected, especially the pre-service check, which may seem unimportant. Remember, federal regulations require that trailers have a regular maintenance schedule.
If you are going to add any special equipment to a vehicle during the pre-service period (lift gate, autogreaser, wheelchair lift, etc.) or at any other time, you will want to add a couple of steps to the process. First, verify that the alterations are legal by checking Part 393, Part 571, and Appendix G (included in the Compliance Management and Regulations sections of this manual). Next, be sure to add the work to your pre-service and inspection checklists.
At the end of this unit are examples of maintenance and pre-service checklists. While they are primarily aimed at large property-carrying vehicles, they can be modified for smaller vehicles and passenger-carrying vehicles by adding or removing specific items.
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Driver’s role in PM
Driver inspections A driver is required to perform a pre-trip inspection (§392.7 and §396.13) and determine, to the best of his or her ability, that the vehicle is in safe operating condition. The driver also completes a written post-trip inspection report on vehicle condition at the completion of each day’s work (see §396.11). This report is then submitted to the carrier.
The driver is primarily concerned with reporting safety problems; each time the driver operates the vehicle, the driver’s pretrip inspection cer- tifies that the vehicle is in safe condition. Driver inspections are different than PM inspections.
PM inspections are performed by maintenance personnel and involve in-depth inspection of vehicle components, possibly requiring the removal of access covers and other components to conduct the inspection, and involve specific measurements of parts and components.
The maintenance team approach sees the driver as a partner in maintenance. When the driver goes a step beyond the specific driver inspection report, looking and listening for potential problems that may be developing and reporting them to the maintenance department, he or she is contributing to the PM program. Problems unrelated to safety are reported so that the vehicle can be checked during the next scheduled maintenance inspection. Body damage, a hose starting to show wear, etc. are important clues that need further investigation and attention.
To sum it up, driver inspections are concerned with what condition the vehicle is presently in, while a PM is concerned with keeping the vehicle in good condition. By working as partners and allowing their responsi- bilities to overlap, the mechanics and drivers can keep the fleet in excellent condition.
Driver training: driving habits and PM The driver’s commitment to PM begins where the inspection report leaves off. He or she must inspect for safety, but we’ve also seen how important accurate, consistent driver observation can be in alerting mechanics to potential problems. Here’s where attitude comes in. The driver must believe that taking care of the vehicle is important and that it can really extend vehicle and component life, contribute to a safe vehicle, and save money for the fleet.
Drivers make a more tangible contribution to PM through their driving habits. If the fleet has developed specific cost-cutting maintenance poli- cies, it is fleet management’s responsibility to train drivers to accomplish these goals. As the Maintenance Pro you may be asked to assist in that training in an effort to reduce maintenance costs, extend equipment life, and promote fuel economy, all areas directly affected by driving habits. Let’s use four subjects as examples: tires, brakes, clutch, and fuel economy.
Tires: Your drivers know the inspection procedures for tires. They need to be sure that the tire is properly inflated and clean, that the lug nuts are tight, that the tire is free from cuts or punctures, and that it has
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adequate tread. These inspection items are covered in basic CDL training. To make the driver more active in the PM program and more proactive, train the drivers to also check for:
• strange wear patterns,
• valve stem pull-through or shear.
Drivers also need to understand that fast stops and starts will wear out tires before their time. Bouncing over chuck holes and curbs, and running over debris in the road can also spell early death for a tire. Are drivers aware that bouncing over a chuck hole or curb can cause sudden tire failure, break or bend the rim, throw the wheels out of balance, misalign the wheels and the front end, and/or knock off hub caps?
Most importantly, encourage frequent inflation checks by drivers using an accurate tire gauge. Tires should be checked with a gauge when cold, before operation. Under-inflation, and the heat it generates, is the major cause of tire problems. Under-inflation leads to excessive wear, damage to the sidewalls due to extra flexing, and eventually complete failure if not corrected.
Over-inflation can negatively affect tire life also. An over-inflated tire is not distributing the weight it is carrying across its whole “footprint.” Only the center of the tire is bearing the weight, so this part of the tire will suffer from excessive wear. Warn drivers that when gauging “hot” tires they will appear to be over-inflated. This is normal as tires will increase their pressure between 10 and 20 percent when hot. Because of this, instruct drivers to never let air out of a hot tire.
“Thumping” tires with a hammer or tire club can tell the driver if the tire has air in it, but not how much. Thumping should be done during an enroute inspection when the tires are warm from running down the road and a gauge would not be accurate. Thumping can locate tires that are severely under-inflated, and in need of immediate repair. Drivers that get in the habit of gauging tires as part of their pre-trip and thumping tires at every stop can significantly reduce blowouts, the most expensive and time-consuming type of tire failure.
An important PM training point to share with drivers is refilling tires safely. Due to the hazards involved in filling tires, you must ensure that your drivers (and technicians) are familiar with, and follow, the safety rules involved in filling tires. Here are basic rules for drivers:
• Use a locking chuck,
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• Do not be in line with the sidewall when filling, and
• Never refill a tire that has been run down the road at 20 percent or more below normal cold pressure.
Tires that have been run down the road 20 percent or more below normal pressure could easily have sustained sidewall damage because of the extra flexing the tire may have done. This damage may not be evident until someone tries to bring the tire back up to normal pressure. The damaged sidewall can fail with little or no warning. There could be a second or two of “popping” just before failure, but you cannot count on that. This is known as a “zipper failure.” Tires that have been run down the road 20 percent or more below normal pressure must be removed from the rim, repaired, inspected, and refilled in a safety cage if deemed serviceable by a tire technician.
Drivers that understand how to take care of their tires will be performing a valuable PM function while on the road. The more problems drivers can deal with proactively, the less the chances of breakdowns or major time spent performing repairs in your shop!
Brakes: Out-of-adjustment brakes continue to be a major out-of-service violation for heavy trucks (as well as other vehicles). In addition to a potential downtime, there is a safety concern that brakes which need adjustment provide the vehicle with only 50 percent of their normal braking ability.
Out-of-adjustment brakes can also create a brake imbalance that could potentially cause the vehicle to enter a side-skid during a panic stop.
As well as creating a safety hazard, brakes that are out-of-adjustment lead to abnormal wear. The brakes that are in adjustment have to do extra work when the vehicle is slowed, leading to excessive wear on these brakes. On downgrades, the brakes that are in-adjustment may over- heat, damaging them.
Are drivers aware how dangerous fanning the brakes is? Do they know that this habit can gradually reduce available air in the reservoirs and cause excessive wear? Gearing down on descents and in traffic is the better way. Good braking technique really boils down to good driving. Drivers should be trained to anticipate the moves of other drivers and proceed at the speed most appropriate for existing road conditions to minimize harsh brake use.
Good driver brake maintenance starts with a daily pre-trip inspection. Carriers should consider training drivers to perform the equivalent of a Level 2 CVSA inspection, which includes looking for signs of oil leakage (hub seal indicator reading low or oil/grease on the brake shoes), wear or cracks in the brake linings, and cracks in the brake drums. Drivers should also check the push rods to see if the slack adjusters are in adjustment. All of this can be taught to a driver within a very short time.
Just like the tires, if drivers are finding potential brake problems before they become major problems, the maintenance task becomes much easier.
Clutch: A clutch can’t last forever, but its life can be extended by good driving technique and a driver that knows when it needs to be adjusted. The skills most important to master in clutch operations are starting in
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the right gear, engaging the clutch properly, and recognizing clutch mal- functions and the need for re-adjustment. Riding and slipping the clutch, disengaging and engaging the clutch while coasting, and coasting with the clutch released and the transmission in gear will shorten clutch life.
The driver can also be helpful in diagnosing clutch problems. Clutch noise out-of-the-ordinary may mean that there is looseness or wear in the clutch or one of the associated parts (throw-out bearing, linkage, etc.). It could also be a sign of poor lubrication. Clutch slippage could be a sign of worn clutch facings or a lack of clutch pedal free play. Can you driver tell that the clutch is slipping and why? Clutch drag might be poor adjustment or something as serious as a warped drive disc. Help your drivers to be specific about complaints. When does the problem occur? Is it only present at certain speeds or in certain gears? Does the problem disappear when power is increased or decreased?
If the driver is trained on what to expect out of the clutch, how to treat it, and how to answer clutch-related questions, the driver can become an active member of the PM program with regards to the clutch. The clutch is a prime example of a component where the driver’s knowledge can keep maintenance costs down by catching problems early.
Fuel economy: Many factors play a part in determining how economically a vehicle consumes fuel. The size of the engine, the transmission gearing, the differential gearing, the aerodynamics of the vehicle, the speed the vehicle operates at, the terrain the vehicle operates on, and the ambient temperature the vehicle must deal with are all examples of factors that will ultimately determine fuel mileage.
Fleets can take different approaches to a fuel-economy program. They may place their emphasis on equipment specifications or fuel quality. They may look toward routing efficiency and make an effort to maximize loads.
The driver is the end-user of fuel-efficient equipment, quality fuel, and a well-maintained vehicle, so whether these measures work depends on him. Convince the drivers that the easiest and cheapest way to save fuel is to slow down and adopt a less aggressive driving style. Other practices that should be encouraged by the fleet to improve fuel economy may be avoiding excessive shifting, high RPM driving, and idle time.
A curious thing bears mentioning here, drivers that driver have the habit of driving with fuel mileage as a goal (they try to practice smooth steady acceleration and deceleration, low RPM and progressive shifting, and keep idle time to a minimum) will operate the equipment in a manner that will reduce maintenance problems. This is because the same driving habits that increase fuel mileage reduce wear and tear on the vehicle. The less wear and tear the vehicle is undergoing, the more effective the PM program can be.
Finally, encourage drivers to keep the vehicle clean. Keeping the vehicle clean will make spotting minor mechanical problems easier.
Examples of various maintenance and inspection checklists are included at the end of this unit.
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Case study What follows is a case study on how vehicle maintenance scheduling and practices (including recordkeeping and training) can all be combined to create a dangerous (in this case a fatal) situation.
The NTSB investigated a crash involving an air brake equipped dump truck that was unable to stop while descending a grade in Glen Rock, PA, striking four vehicles that were stopped at an intersection at the bottom of the grade. One of the four other vehicles also struck three pedestrians after being hit by the dump truck.
The brake failure was so complete that even after striking the vehicles the dump truck continued through a gas station, over a set of railroad tracks, coming to rest 300 feet past the intersection. The truck at this point was 407 feet from where it had first impacted another vehicle.
As a result of the accident the driver, owner, and a manager from the company involved were convicted of various criminal violations involving negligence.
The rear brakes on the dump truck were “Type 30” (30 square inches of diaphragm area) and the steer axle was equipped with “Type 16” brakes (16 square inches of diaphragm area). All brake units were equipped with automatic slack adjusters.
The post accident investigation determined that the larger rear brakes had not provided any braking force due to being severely out of adjustment. Because the larger rear brakes were not providing any brake force the smaller front brakes were trying to slow the vehicle and load (the vehicle was found to be overweight at the time of the accident). These brakes quickly overheated during the downhill braking. As a result of the overheating the front brakes “faded” and failed. At this point the vehicle had no braking power.
The fact that the rear brakes were out of adjustment was the cause of the accident, therefore the automatic slack adjusters caused the accident, right? Wrong! The brake units from the vehicle were tested by the NTSB after the accident. During the testing it was discovered that the clevises and pins that attached the brake chamber push rod to the slack adjuster were so badly worn that the automatic slack adjusters could not achieve correct adjustment. As part of the testing the clevises and pins were replaced and the automatic slack adjusters immediately brought the units into adjustment.
In short, the automatic slack adjusters had not failed. The other brake components on the truck were in such poor condition that the automatic slack adjusters could not function correctly.
The NTSB investigated the truck further and discovered that the truck had the automatic slack adjusters manually readjusted multiple times. The driver that had driven the truck the previous summer had been placed out of service due to the brakes being out of adjustment. To clear the out-of-service violation he manually readjusted the automatic slack adjusters. During that summer the driver stated he had manually readjusted the automatic slack adjusters “at least three or four more times.”
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In January, during an annual inspection, the brakes were found to be out of adjustment again. At that time the mechanic performing the inspection readjusted the automatic slack adjusters.
In April, three days before the Glen Rock accident the truck had rolled into a car. According to the driver the brakes had not “held.” It is not known if the brakes were readjusted after the incident (there is no documentation of a repair).
To sum it up, the automatic slack adjusters on the truck had been adjusted at least five times, and possibly many more times in the previous 12 months. Due to the incomplete records, it is not known exactly how many times the brakes had been adjusted. Also, the company did not include brake components (other than checking adjustment) in their preventive maintenance.
Here is the key point. No one checked the actual brake components or investigated why the automatic slack adjusters required readjusting. The manufacturer’s material warns that readjusting the automatic slack adjusters is only intended to be a “temporary fix.” The underlying cause must be corrected or the out-of-adjustment situation will return.
How could this case have ended differently?
Better records. If the carrier had been keeping better records of repairs and maintenance, and was able to see that the brakes on the truck were continually being readjusted but no other repairs were being performed, it could have triggered a more complete check of the vehicle’s brakes.
More frequent maintenance. If the carrier would have been using a more aggressive maintenance schedule (seeing the truck more often than they were) the accident could have been avoided. The carrier was faulted for not having a regular inspection and maintenance program in this case.
Accident follow up. Had the carrier followed up after the accident three days prior when the brakes did not hold, the brake problems could have easily been detected. It is a policy at many companies that any vehicle involved in an accident must undergo a maintenance i

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