veldmeijer et al 2012 - pterosaurs. flying contemporaries of the dinosaurs

7/23/2019 Veldmeijer et al 2012 - Pterosaurs. Flying contemporaries of the Dinosaurs

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T V J R O W C Z R WLAUEKH GOKVJITORCREJW OL V@J FEKOWCZRW

Ckfr M . \jafijemjr

Icrn Xettok

& E a mc Kejuwackf


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Wefjstokj TrjssC kjw hjk jrcte ok ol Tuba es èkh

Uou crj rjcfekh c luaa vjrseok ol tès boon, lor lrjj!

Vès boon es pcrt ol t`j Wefjstokj j-aebrcry w`jrj iost ol ourpubaegcteoks crj luaay cggjssebaj lor lrjj. Lor cggjss to iorj

lrjj boons veset= www.sefjstokj.goi/aebrcry

Fowkaocf Luaa TFL

\eset t`j Wefjstokj j-aebrcry to browsj our j-boons. Lor c iekeica

ljj you gck purg`csj c luaay lukgteokca TFL ckf by foekh so, you

`jap to njjp our aebrcry rukkekh.

www.sefjstokj.goi/aebrcry


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Wefjstokj Trjss

T V J R O W C Z R W


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Ckfr M . \jafijemjr

Icrn Xettok

& E a mc Kejuwackf

T V J R O W C Z R WLAUEKHGOKVJITORCREJW OL V@J FEKOWCZRW


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2432 C.M. \jafijemjr / I. Xettok / E. Kejuwackf

Tubaes`jf by Wefjstokj Trjss, Ajefjkwww.sefjstokj.goiWefjstokj rjhestrcteok kuibjr= WWT


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Goktjkts

TRJLCGJ 5

Cgnkowajfhjijkt 5

EKVROFZGVEOK 33

X`ct crj losseas? 37

X`ct es pcacjoktoaohy? 3 ets s`cpj es gajcray vesebaj(sjj ffihurj 82).

Lehurj 32. X`jk ckckeica fejs ckf es rcpefaygovjrjf by sjfeijkt et icybjgoij losseaesjf. Ieaaeoksol yjcrs actjr, c pcacjoktoao-hest icy ffikf ckf jxgcvctj et.Cltjr gcrjlua stufy t`j ckeicagck bj brouh`t bcgn to aelj.

ek Ioroggo, to stufy t`j ektjrkca strugturj wet` sgckkekh jajgtrokiegrosgopy. Ek

orfjr to bj cbaj to fo tès, t`jy `cf to gut t`j tjjt` wet` c feciokf scw, jtg`jf

t`ji usekh cgefs ckf cppaejf c iegrosgopegcaay tèk acyjr ol hoaf pcaacfeui.

`j fjtceajf stufy ol losseas (lehurj 32) jkcbajs t`j pcacjoktoaohest to rjbueaf

t`j ckeica. But you kjjf to nkow iorj t`ck okay t`j bokjs= kcijay t`j rjst ol t`jckctoiy. Uou gck fo tès by goipcrekh et wet` ot`jr, aevekh rjactevjs (cs jxpacekjf,

felleguat lor ptjroscurs), or to rjbueaf t`j ckeica (cs obmjgt or fehetca) ckf cppayekh

iusgajs ckf aehcijkts jtg. ckf sjj òw t`jy wjrj cttcg`jf ckf òw t`jy lukg-

teokjf. But to hjt cs fjtceajf c pegturj cs possebaj, t`j pcacjoktoaohests caso kjjf

to nkow ol t`j jkverokijkt t`j ckeicas aevjf ek, t`j gaeictj, t`j laorc, t`j ot`jr

ckeicas ckf, wèg` loof wcs cvceacbaj.


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26

Icrn jxpaceks

Fsukhcreptjrus

`j powjrlua Fsukhcreptjrus lroi t`j Jcray

Grjtcgjous pjreof ek Gèkc. ès ckeica wcs kotct t`j lrokt ol t`j qujuj w`jk bjcuty wcs ckfjf

out. Et cf c mcw luaa ol acrhj, squct tjjt` t`ct pro-

trufjf lroi ets gurvjf mcws, sicaa bjcfy jyjs ckf

c hrjctay ovjrsezjf snuaa goksestekh ol tègn, ekja-

jhckt bokjs. El you goipcrj tès to t`j sajkfjr,

strjciaekjf snuaas ol Ttjrckofokor upckfcgtyauset es truay ck uhay fugn, but okj t`ct fojs kot

turk ekto t`j bjcutelua wètj swck. But et fojskot kjjf bjcuty to bj gooa! Xet` ets loriefcbaj

tjjt`, tès grjcturj gouaf betj t`rouh` t`j `crf-

jst grustcgjcks. Ckf t`j robustkjss ol t`j rjst ol

ets snjajtok tjaas us t`ct tès wcs c rjca touh` huy.

Fsukhcreptjrus es ck jxcipaj ol t`j vegtory ollukgteokcaety ovjr bjcuty.

`j snuaa ol tès ptjroscur es rct`jr strckhj

fuj to ets fejt, wèg` caiost gjrtcekay goksestjfol loof lroi t`j sjc, sug` cs bevcavj s`jaales` (our

iussja es ck jxcipaj ol c iofjrk bevcavj ic-

rekj ioaausg). Xj nkow tès lroi t`j strugturj

ol ets sjt ol tjjt`. Fsukhcreptjruses t`j okay ptj-roscur wòsj tjjt` ekgrjcsj ek sezj cs you ho lur-

t`jr ekto ets mcws. `j tjjt` t`jisjavjs crj wefj,

lact ckf vjry robust. ès es c strokh ekfegcteok

ol c fejt t`ct goksests ol jxtrjijay `crf loof t`ct

you wouaf koricaay `cvj to trjct wet` c `ciijr

ckf ckvea ek orfjr to rjfugj et to soijtèkh fj-

vourcbaj. @cvekh t`j acrhjst tjjt` ct t`j bcgn es

ukfoubtjfay ck jxgjaajkt sjt-up to gopj wet` tès

nekf ol worn= t`j betekh strjkht` `jrj es iug`hrjctjr bjgcusj t`j festckgj to t`j mcw iusgajs

es iug` sicaajr. @owjvjr, et es soijw`ct bezcrrj

t`ct t`j tjjt` reh`t ct t`j bcgn ol t`j uppjr mcw

fo kot `cvj gouktjrpcrts ek t`j aowjr mcw. ès

provonjs qujsteoks wet` rjhcrf to t`jer prjsuijf

roaj ek t`j grusèkh ol s`jaales`. `j tootàjss tep

ol t`j mcw pacyjf ko roaj ek tès grusèkh, but et

wcs gjrtcekay ekvoavjf ek tcnekh t`j prjy. El you

aoon gaosjay ct t`j mcws, you weaa sjj t`ct t`jsj

bjcn-aenj poekts gouaf kot bj goipajtjay gaosjf

bjgcusj t`j aowjr mcw es iug` iorj roukfjf t`ck

t`j uppjr mcw. ès es ukfoubtjfay ck cfcptcteok

lor hrcbbekh ckf òafekh roukf s`jaales`.

El t`j snuaa wcs lorijf aenj t`j typegca ptjro-

scur snuaa, et wouaf brjcn ekto tòusckfs ol pejgjsel Fsukhcreptjruswjrj to betj c grustcgjck. ès est`j rjcsok w`y Fsukhcreptjrus`cs fjkselejf snuaabokjs t`ct crj bueat ek sug` c wcy t`ct t`jy gck

cbsorb t`j sògns t`ct cresj ek t`j grusèkh prog-

jss. `j opjkekhs ek t`j snuaa ol tès ptjroscur

crj vjry aeietjf ek sezj. Okj opjkekh, òwjvjr,

Fsukhcreptjrus wjeeek wcanekh stckgj. Ves ptjroscurlroi t`j Jcray Grjtcgjous ol Gèkc `cf c wekhspckol cbout 7.:4 ijtrjs. Vj snjajtok es c helt lroi t`jWteltukh @ersg`, Ncrasru`jto t`j Wtcctaeg`js Iusjuilr Kcturnukfj, Ncrasru`j. Gcst.


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2:

`cs rjicekjf rct`jr acrhj= t`j pacgj w`jrj t`j mcw

iusgajs pcss t`rouh` t`j bokj. ès ekfegctjs, ol

goursj, t`ct t`jsj iusgajs iust `cvj bjjk quetjsubstckteca, wèg` es kot surpresekh w`jk your

fejt goksests ol grustcgjcks ckf sugàenj. Wtrokh

mcw iusgajs ckf tjjt` kot c goklehurcteok you

wouaf wckt to jxpaorj wet` your lekhjrs.

But tès es kot caa. `j bokj strugturj `cs c

gorrjspokfekh fjsehk. `j òaaow bokjs ol iost

ptjroscurs `cvj vjry tèk bokj wcaas (oltjk ajss

t`ck okj ieaaeijtrj tègn, sjj lehurj


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2 es

fjleketeok gck, jvjk ek èkfseh`t, bj sjjk cs c treuip` lor t`j ijtòfegca cppaegc-

teok ol sgejkgj. Wojiijrekh wcs trcekjf cs c fogtor (ciokh vcreous ot`jr trcfjs)

ckf cppaejf ès ckctoiegca nkowajfhj to t`j Ickk`jei reffaj. Kot jvjryokj

wcs gokvekgjf, tòuh`. `j lcious Aorjkz Onjk caso `cf c pjjn, ckf catòuh` `jgouaf kot icnj iug` ol et, `j fef tèkn et wcs rjpteaeck.

Lehurj 37. Lcktcsy snjtg`

ol c ffih`t wet` c frchok,by Bjkmciek Xctjròusj@cwneks, gc. 30


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25

But, cs usuca ek t`j jcray 35t`gjktury, t`j lekca scy wcs wet` t`j lcious Lrjkg`

ckctoiest Hjorhjs Guvejr (38


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74

V`jsj crj ukfoubtjfay t`j strckhjst ol caa t`j grjcturjs t`ct crj rjvjcajf ek îyY boon ckf

t`ct, w`jk sjjk caevj, wouaf aoon aenj t`j offjst jajijkt ol kcturj Hjorhjs Guvejr,

Ossjijks Losseajs (3032)

Ckf t`ct wcs c bet ol c rjvjacteok. Ttjrofcgtyausbjhck to sòw etsjal cs c kcea ekt`j gollek ol t`j gokgjpt t`ct t`j jkterjty ol Grjcteok gouaf steaa bj loukf ok jcrt`

cs et gouaf ok t`j sjvjkt` fcy. `ct c ukegork ieh`t èfj etsjal ek soij gorkjr ol c

lorjst soijw`jrj wcs, to soij fjhrjj, pacusebaj. But clayekhckeica?Guvejrs gokgauseoks wjrj kot s`crjf ukevjrscaay= cs actj cs 3074, t`j Hjrick

ckctoiest Mo`ckkjs Xchajr sefjf wet` Goaaoke by gokfjikekh Ttjrofcgtyausto csweiiekh jxestjkgj. Ckf ets rjpteaeck clleaecteoks wjrj caso kot ukfesputjf. Calrjf

Kjwick wrotj ek 3067 t`ct `j rjhcrfjf t`j ptjrofcgtyas cs layekh ckf `cery icr-

supecas ckf toon ko sicaa prefj ek ès fjleckgj ol Guvejr.@owjvjr, by tès teij icky iorj ukaenjay grjcturjs `cf rjvjcajf t`jisjavjs

to sgejkgj, ckf to t`j pubaeg. Ek 3035, t`j youkh gouktry fogtor Hefjok Icktjaa

(Jkhackf) fjsgrebjf t`j rjiceks ol t`j fekoscur Ehuckofok rjgokstrugtjf actjr by@cwneks cs c ùhj ckf rct`jr ovjrwjeh`t ehuckc.Ijhcaoscurus, t`j òrrebaj ckeicat`ct `cf ùktjf Ehuckofokwcs loukf okay c ljw yjcrs actjr. `j lrchijktcry rj-iceks ol bot` ckeicas icfj rjgokstrugteok felleguat, but icfj caa sorts ol gokmjg-

Lehurj 3:. Jtgèkh prjpcrjflor Jfwcrf Kjwick, Kotjok t`j ptjrofcgtyaj trebjgoksefjrjf cs icrsupecabcts, lroi Vj ]ooaohest3

(3067), pp. 325-373.


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turj possebaj ckf cttrcgtevj. X`ct et icfj gajcr, iorjovjr, wcs t`ct Ttjrofcgtyauswcs but okj ek`cbetckt ol c preijvca woraf t`ct borj aettaj rjsjibackgj to t`j

prjsjkt.

`j cvjrchj 35t`-gjktury getezjk fef kot tèkn tès soijtèkh to bj ukhrctj-

lua cbout bjgcusj et `cf bjjk eiijfectjay cppcrjkt to t`ji t`ct sug` c woraf wcskot okj ek wèg` hoof g`jjr wcs prjfoiekckt. `j eichj usjf cs c lroktespejgj

to òics @cwneks Boon ol t`j Hrjct Wjc-Frchoks, Eg`t`yoscure ckf Tajseoscure(pcektjf by Mo`k Icrtek) hevjs us soij efjc ol t`j prjvceaekh eichj ol t`j ckgejkt

jcrt` (lehurj 3


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`j eichj ol Ttjrofcgtyaus cs ck ovjr-hrowk, `jaaes` bct wouaf goktekuj loriost ol t`j 35t` gjktury, pcrteguacray ek popuacr aetjrcturj. Croukf 3544, rjcf-

jrs wjrj trjctjf to jssjktecaay t`j scij eichjs t`ct @cwneks `cf usjf, ckf t`j

jrcs puap aetjrcturj icnjs lrjqujkt usj ol t`j p`cktoi lroi `jaa. Crtùr GokckFoyajs weafay suggjsluaa cfvjkturj kovja, `j Aost Xoraf, hevjs us c fjsgrepteok olptjrofcgtyas, but t`jy crj `crfay t`j `jrojs ol t`j story=

V`j pacgj wcs c roonjry ol ptjrofcgtyas. V`jrj wjrj ùkfrjfs ol t`ji gokhrjhctjf wetèk

vejw. Caa t`j bottoi crjc roukf t`j wctjr-jfhj wcs caevj wet` t`jer youkh okjs, ckf wet` èfj-

ous iot`jrs broofekh upok t`jer ajct`jry, yjaaowes` jhhs. Lroi tès grcwaekh cppekh icss ol

obsgjkj rjpteaeck aelj gcij t`j sògnekh gacior wèg` aajf t`j cer ckf t`j ijpèteg, òrrebaj,

iusty ofor wèg` turkjf us segn. But cbovj, pjrg`jf jcg` upok ets owk stokj, tcaa, hrcy, ckf

wet`jrjf, iorj aenj fjcf ckf frejf spjgeijks t`ck cgtuca aevekh grjcturjs, sct t`j òrrebaj

icajs, cbsoautjay ioteokajss scvj lor t`j roaaekh ol t`jer rjf jyjs or ck oggcseokca skcp ol t`jer

rct-trcp bjcns cs c frchok-y wjkt pcst t`ji. V`jer ùhj, ijibrckous wekhs wjrj gaosjf by

loafekh t jer lorj-cris, so t`ct t`jy sct aenj hehckteg oaf woijk, wrcppjf ek efjous wjb-goaorjf

s`cwas, ckf wet` t`jer ljrogeous `jcfs protrufekh cbovj t`ji. Acrhj ckf sicaa, kot ajss t`ck

c tòusckf ol t`jsj at`y grjcturjs acy ek t`j òaaow bjlorj us. Crtùr Gokck Foyaj,

V`j Aost Xoraf (3532).

@owjvjr, proljsseokca pcacjoktoaohest, eksolcr cs t`jy jxestjf ct t`j teij (pca-

cjoktoaohy steaa `cf soij wcy to ho cs ck jstcbaes`jf brckg` ol sgejkgj) `cf by tès

teij bjhuk to sjj ptjroscurs ek c soijw`ct felljrjkt aeh`t.

Ck eiportckt stjp `cf bjjk t`j lekca efjktelegcteok ol ptjrofcgtyas cs lay-

ekh ckeicas. Ct t`j jyajrs Iusjui ek @ccraji, t`j Futg` p`ysegeck ebjreus

Gorkjaes Xeknajr (3022-3058) stuibajf cgross c lossea bouh`t by t`j iusjui lroi

Hjricky. o es ciczjijkt, t`j lossea ol tès ckeica, Ttjrofcgtyaus nogè, sjjijf tosòw ck eiprekt ol snek rukkekh t`j ajkht` ol t`j jaokhctjf lekhjr. X`jk Xeknajr

pubaes`jf ès obsjrvcteok ek 3086, tès sjjijf to tcnj cwcy caa foubt cbout òwt`jsj ckeicas `cf aevjf. But catòuh` Xeknajr rjeklorgjf Guvejrs efjc cbout t`j

laeh`t ol t`jsj ckeicas, `j supportjf Kjwicks gokgjpt cs wjaa, by fjgacrekh t`ct

t`j wekhjf lekhjrs ukfoubtjfay `cf c aelj seieacr to tòsj cs t`j iofjrk bct.By tès teij, ptjroscurs `cf bjgoij trjcsurjf ckf t`jrjlorj gostay goaajg-

tors etjis. C lossea bjaokhekh to Rcipòr`ykgùs, c ptjroscur wet` c aokh tcea, wcscugteokjf ek 3004 lor t`j goksefjrcbaj sui ol 8:4 Toukf Wtjraekh. `ct ieh`t kot

sjji cs iug` by iofjrk stckfcrfs, but ct t`j teij t`ct sui wouaf `cvj bouh`t

you c vjry goilortcbaj òij. Iug` ol t`j gcusj ol tès fjvjaopijkt acy ek t`j resjek sjreous ektjrjst lor aelj lroi t`j pcst. `j 3004s ek pcrteguacr wjrj c teij ol

ljvjres` cgtevety. Ek t`j Zketjf Wtctjs, Jfwcrf F. Gopj (3064-3058) ckf Ot`keja

G. Icrs` (3073-3055) wjrj ekvoavjf ek c lckctegca goipjteteok to outfo okj ck-

ot`jr wet` iorj ckf iorj sjkscteokca losseas. @uhj Broktoscurusjs, Fepaofogusjsckf Gcicrcscurusjs wjrj puaajf out ol t`j hroukf by t`j fozjk, et sjjijf. EkBjaheui, Aoues Foaao (30:8-3573) ukgovjrjf c goipajtj `jrf ol Ehuckofoks. `jlrchijktcry jvefjkgj t`ct `cf bjjk icnekh aelj felleguat lor sgòacrs, wcs rjpacgjf

by c iug` iorj goipajtj crgèvj. Ckf t`j òrror woraf t`ct jvjk Foyaj steaausjf, wcs hrcfucaay cfmustjf ckf rjpacgjf by c rjca jgosystji, okj t`ct cf`jrjf


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to t`j acws ol iofjrk kcturj, cabjet wet` c frcictegcaay felljrjkt gcst. `j hjk-

tajijk rjsjcrg`jrs ol t`j Jkaeh`tjkijkt wjrj rjpacgjf by proljsseokca pcacjok-toaohests, wò ek turk `cf to icnj pacgj jvjktucaay lor proljsseokca iusjuis ckf

ukevjrsetejs.

Zp to tès teij, iost ptjroscurs `cf bjjk loukf ek Juropj, iostay ek gjktrca

ckf sout`jrk Hjricky. Cpcrt lroi t`j t`rjj hjkjrc Ttjrofcgtyaus, Rcipòr`ykgùsckf ets gousek Feiorpòfok, kot iug` ictjreca wcs nkowk. `ct g`ckhjf w`jk ekt`j suiijr ol 3084, okj ol Icrs`s grjws loukf c kuibjr ol òaaow bokjs wèg`

rjiekfjf t`ji ol Juropjck ptjroscurs. `jsj rjiceks wjrj okay iug`, iug` beh-

hjr. Catòuh` Icrs` wcs eketecaay gokvekgjf to bj fjcaekh wet` c hehckteg lori olTtjrofcgtyaus, jvjktucaay `j fjgefjf t`ct tès `cf to bj c festekgt hjkus> `j kcijft`j ckeica Ttjrckofok ekhjks, t`j hehckteg wekh wetòut tjjt`. Et turkjf out tobj ck catohjt`jr felljrjkt ckeica lroi Ttjrofcgtyaus. Ttjrckofokwcs ùhj, wet` cwekhspck ol ovjr sjvjk ijtrjs. `ct wcs jxgjpteokca ek et sjal, but t`j lcgt t`ct t`j

ckeica possjssjf c acrhj grjst ok ets snuaa turkjf et ekto c truay spjgtcguacr ckeica.

Ttjrckofok`cs sekgj bjgoij c rjhuacr gcst ijibjr ol w`ct gck bj gcaajf t`jfekoscur gckok= ck jxgausevj gaub ol t`j iost lcious fekoscurs t`ct foiekctjs

t`j iusjui sòp spcgj, ckf wèg` caso goktceks Broktoscurus (kowcfys gcaajfCpctoscurus), Fepaofogus, yrckkoscurus, Feijtrofok ckf Eg`tyoscurus. `j trevecalcgt t`ct t`j ckeica es kot jvjk c fekoscur fojs kot rjcaay sjji to icttjr (et caso fojs

kot ek t`j gcsj ol t`j pjaygoscureck Feijtrofok ckf t`j les`-aezcrf Eg`t`yoscurus)(lehurj 30).

Xet` t`j pcrtegepcteok ol Ot`keja Icrs`, ckf iorj sjreous sjcrg` jllorts, t`j

stufy ol ptjroscurs hcekjf c felljrjkt g`crcgtjr. `j Jkhaes` sgòacr @crry Hovejr

Wjjajy (3075-3545) fjvotjf c acrhj pcrt ol ès aelj to t`j stufy ol ptjroscurs, gua-

iekctekh ek t`j boon Frchoks ol t`j Cer (3543). Ek tès sykt`jses ol nkowajfhj

Lehurj 38. Reh`t=Ttjrofcgtyaus nogè frcwkek pcstja by ebjreus GorkjaesXeknajr, gurctor ol jyajrsIusjui ek @ccraji, VjKjt`jrackfs (Crgèvjs fu

Iusj jyajr, \oa. EEE, Lcsg.6. @ccraji, 3086). Ajlt= Tjkfrcwekh ol t`j scij ckeica.

ol ptjroscurs Wjjajy trejs to fesgrjfet t`j trcfeteokca eichj ol ptjroscurs cs goaf


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ol ptjroscurs, Wjjajy trejs to fesgrjfet t`j trcfeteokca eichj ol ptjroscurs cs goaf-

baoofjf, saow haefjrs, ckf jip`csezjs t`jer ckctoiegca seieacretejs wet` berfs. Aenj

berfs, ptjroscurs possjssjf òaaow bokjs ckf ck cer-scg systji t`ct pacyjf c roaj

ek t`j ckeicas rjspercteok, c lour-g`cibjrjf `jcrt ckf vcreous ot`jr cfcptcteoks

lor cgtevj laeh`t. Kow`jrj fef Wjjajy ukgovjr cky sehkelegckt ekfegcteoks lor c aeljseieacr to t`ct ol iofjrk rjpteajs.

Wjjajys boon, catòuh` eklaujkteca, kokjt`jajss `cf to goipjtj wet` t`j prj-

vceaekh opekeok t`ct `cf turkjf fekoscurs ckf t`jrjlorj t`jer gouseks, t`j ptj-

roscurs ekto saow, fei-wettjf ckf hjkjrcaay ukeksperekh grjcturjs. `j hjkjrca

koteok wcs ol c woraf ek wèg` ùhj gùkns ol ijct iovjf ek saow-ioteok lroi

okj pacgj to t`j kjxt, supportjf by wctjr or jvjk tègn cer, kot cbaj to fjca wet`

g`ckhekh gerguistckgjs. owcrfs t`j ieffaj ol t`j 24 t`gjktury, tès vejw gcij to

totcaay foiekctj t`j eichj ol ptjroscurs cs wjaa, kot okay ek popuacr worns, butcaso ciokh t`j sgejkteleg goiiukety. `jrj wcs okay icrhekca ektjrjst lor pcacjok-

toaohy cs c sgejkgj> t`j fei-wettjf fuaacrfs t`ct sgejktests `cf grjctjf out ol vertu-

caay caa jxtekgt grjcturjs wjrj kot rjcaay sjxy. Zkfjr t`jsj gokfeteoks, et wcs `crfay

surpresekh t`ct caiost ko kjw fesgovjrejs ol cky hrjct sehkelegckgj wjrj bjekh icfj

ek ptjroscur pcacjoktoaohy wet` t`j jxgjpteok ol Worfjs.Et es t`jrjlorj kot jkterjay goekgefjktca t`ct t`j rjkjwjf ektjrjst ek ptjroscurs

okay toon pacgj cltjr t`jer gouseks, t`j fekoscurs, `cf bjgoij t`j submjgt ol kjw

stufy, t`jrjby propjaaekh pcacjoktoaohy ek hjkjrca chcek ekto t`j pubaeg ckf sgejk-

teleg gjktrj ol ektjrjst. Ovjr t`j goursj ol t`j 35


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7:

to bj tcnjk sjreousay. `j iorj aokh tjri goksjqujkgjs ekgaufjf c strokh fjvja

opijkt ol vjrtjbrctj pcacjoktoaohy cs c sgejkgj, ckf c fekoickect`ct `cs kjvjrgjcsjf sekgj.

Ek 3583, Fouhacs Acwsok ukgovjrjf ck jkorious wekh ek jxcs okj t`ct

wcs goksefjrcbay acrhjr t`ck t`ct ol Ttjrckofok. Ek subsjqujkt yjcrs, c kuibjr olckeicas wjrj ukgovjrjf t`ct wjrj jvjktucaay hevjk t`j kcij Sujtzcagoctaus crjljrjkgj to t`j Cztjg hof (ckf layekh skcnj) Sujtzcagocta. `j acrhjst ckeica `cf

c wekhspck ol cbout tèrty ljjt t`jrjby fwcrlekh Ttjrckofok, wò `cf bjjk fj-sgrebjf cs t`j acrhjst-possebaj layekh ckeica.

Heckt loris sug` cs Sujtzcagoctausckf Ttjrckofokcppjcr to `cvj fjvjaopjf csc goksjqujkgj ol t`j sjajgtevj prjssurj gcusjf by berfs. Cltjr t`j jcray Grjtcgjous

sicaajr loris sug` cs Ttjrofcgtyausvckes`jf, w`jrjcs t`j acrhjst ptjroscurs wouaf

acst cs aokh cs t`j fekoscurs. Cs sicaa ptjroscurs wjrj out-goipjtjf by berfs, t`jroutj ol ajcst rjsestckgj acy ek hehcktesi, w`jrj ptjroscurs `cf ck cfvcktchj bj-

gcusj ol t`jer bueaf. C stufy lroi 3586 fjiokstrctjf òw c sjvjk-ijtjr-wekhspck

Ttjrckofokfef kot kjjf to wjeh` iug` iorj t`ck sextjjk neaohrcis ckf gouaflay ct c iekeiui spjjf ol croukf 2: neaoijtjrs pjr òur (t`j iekeiui cerspjjf

ol ck cabctross es croukf 6: neaoijtjrs pjr òur). `ct caaowjf lor c vjry solt ckf

goktroaajf ackfekh (goipcrj t`ct to t`j cabctrosss iofj ol ackfekh, wèg` bcse-

gcaay ekvoavjs c kot-so-goktroaajf grcs` ekto t`j jcrt`). Ttjrckofokkjjfjf c solt

ackfekh, bjgcusj wet` caa t`j wjeh`t scvekh ljcturjs, sug` cs òaaow bokjs, et `cfbjgoij c lrcheaj ckeica. X`ct tès icfj gajcr wcs t`ct ptjroscurs rjprjsjktjf

soij ol t`j iost jxtrjijay cfcptjf grjcturjs t`ct `cf jvjr aevjf.

`ct gokgauseok `cs bjjk goklerijf sekgj t`j 3584s by c vjretcbaj jxpaoseok ol

lekfs ek Kort` Cijregc, Russec, Gèkc ckf iost ol caa, Brczea. `j ukequj loric-

teoks ek t`ct gouktry `cvj yejafjf c vjry reg` `crvjst, bot` ek kuibjrs ckf fevjr-

sety= lroi sicaa to ùhj, lroi rjactevjay seipaj loris to bezcrrj, goipajx grjcturjs

wet` sceajf grjsts. Okj ol t`j strckhjst grjcturjs es t`j ur-laciekho Ttjrofcustro.Jcg` yjcr, et sjjis cs tòuh` t`j èstory ckf tcxoioky ol ptjroscurs rjquerjs c

rj-wretj.


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7 lehurj 22) ckf ljct`-jrjf fekoscurs (ciokh wèg`Ckgèorkes) jvoavjf.

Grjtcgjous (lehurj 27)

`j Grjtcgjous pjreof wcs c teij ol resekh sjc ajvjas t`ct, ct t`j bjhekkekh ol t`j

Actj Grjtcgjous, `cf subijrhjf iost ol t`j beh goktekjkts ol t`j woraf. Juropjwcs caiost jkterjay subijrhjf ckf t`jrj wjrj beh ekackf sjcs ek Clregc ckf Kort`

Cijregc. `j beh resj ek sjc ajvjas wcs fuj to t`j rcpef fjvjaopijkt ol t`j Ctackteg

ckf ot`jr ogjcks, wèg` grjctjf iorj, èh` iouktcek reg`js ct t`j bottoi ol t`j

ogjcks. Ckot`jr possebaj rjcsok wcs resj ol haobca tjipjrcturjs, wèg` ijatjf t`j

egjgcps.

But aelj laoures`jf cs kjvjr bjlorj ok ackf. Fekoscurs goktekujf ek t`jer spjg-

tcguacr fevjrsety, rjsuatekh ciokh ot`jrs ek jkorious sezjs= Wpekoscuruswcs c kort`

Clregck les` jctjr 30 ijtrjs ek ajkht`, w`jrjcs Hehckotoscurus ckf yrckkoscurusùktjf ek Kort` ckf Wout` Cijregc. `j ogjcks wjrj ek`cbetjf by t`j aokhkjgn-

kjgnjf pajseoscurs ckf t`j prjfctory paeoscurs, t`ct hrjw behhjr ckf behhjr. `jy

wjrj cggoipckejf by ioscscurs, yjt ckot`jr lejrgj prjfctor, ckf heckt turtajs.

Iciicas caso scw c icrnjf ekgrjcsj ek fevjrsety, wet` soij ljcstekh ok sicaa fe-

koscurs ckf possebay caso ok our layekh lrejkfs. Ttjroscurs wjrj steaa icstjr ol t`j

snejs ckf t`jy too hrjw to iokstrous sezjs, wet` Sujtzcagoctaus bjekh okj ol t`jacrhjst wet` c wekhspck ol 34 ijtrjs! Berfs wjrj rct`jr rcrj ek t`j Murcsseg, but fe-

vjrsety ekgrjcsjf festekgtay ek t`j Grjtcgjous. Wteaa, ptjroscurs ckf berfs wjrj kotrjca goipjtetors, bjgcusj t`jy oggupejf jkterjay felljrjkt keg`js. Ct t`j jkf ol t`j

Grjtcgjous, ptjroscurs bjgcij jxtekgt.

Lehurj 22.Crg`cjoptjryxes c t`jropof-fekoscur wet`ljct`jrs. Iorjovjr, et `cs cacrhj kuibjr ol sicaa, gurvjftjjt` ckf ffikhjrs wet` gacwsto ets wekhs. @owjvjr, et fojskot `cvj c berf-aenj pjavesckf sòuafjr ckf wetòutès ljct`jrs wouaf kot `cvjhcekjf iug` cttjkteok w`jket wcs fesgovjrjf ek 30


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64

X`jrj fef ptjroscurs aevj?

`j rjactevjay kjway fesgovjrjf Grcto ckf Wcktckc Loricteoks ek t`j Crcrepj Bcsek

ek kort`jcst Brczea profugjs cbukfckt rjiceks ol ptjroscurs. Goipcrcbay reg`

loricteoks crj caso to bj loukf ek Gèkc, w`jrj t`rjj loricteoks (t`j Fcoùhou

acyjr, pcrt ol t`j ecomes`ck Loricteok) ckf t`j Uexeck ckf Meulotckh Loricteoks

caa profugj t`j iost spjgtcguacr lekfs. But ptjroscurs crj loukf jasjw`jrj too= kotajcst ek Ioroggo, Crhjktekc ckf Iokhoaec. Ekfjjf losseas ol t`jsj peokjjrs ol t`j

cer `cvj bjjk loukf jvjryw`jrj ek t`j woraf. Rjgjktay ck jkterjay kjw spjgejs `cs

bjjk fesgovjrjf ct Woakòljk, Hjricky, t`j scij setj t`ct yejafjf t`j lerst ptjro-

scur lossea ek 3806, ovjr 244 yjcrs bjlorj tès kjwjr lekf.

LOGZWJxtekgteok

Jxtekgteok es must cs iug` c pcrt ol jvoauteok cs t`j jvoauteok ol kjw spjgejs ckf lrjqujktay `cppjks ek c

sjrejs ol wcvjs. `j jcrt` `cs wetkjssjf sjvjrca icmor ckf iekor jxtekgteoks, t`j iost fjvcstctekh bjekh

t`j okj ct t`j jkf ol t`j Tjrieck pjreof w`jk soij 54 to 5: pjrgjkt ol caa aelj ek t`j sjcs ckf ovjr 84

pjrgjkt ol caa aelj ok ackf pjres`jf. `j icek gcusj wcs c sjrejs ol proaokhjf ckf sjvjrj voagckeg jrupteoks

ek Webjrec. Ckot`jr icmor icss jxtekgteok oggurrjf ct t`j jkf ol t`j Grjtcgjous pjreof w`jk t`j feko-

scurs, c èhày suggjsslua hroup, caokh wet` ot`jr ckeicas, wjrj wepjf lroi t`j lcgj ol t`j jcrt` by c ùhj

ijtjoretj. Ets fecijtjr es jsteictjf ct bjtwjjk 34 ckf 74 ni ckf t`j eipcgt toon pacgj ct Gègxuaub ok

t`j Uugctck pjkeksuac ol Ijxego. ès eipcgt caso icrnjf t`j jkf ol t`j ptjroscurs, but kot lor berfs

kor lor ckot`jr hroup ol rjactevjay sicaa, eksjgt-jctekh iciicas wèg` toon t`j opportukety to tcnj to

t`j cer ckf wò wouaf goij to foiekctj t`j keh`t sny= t`j bcts.

Lehurj 27. Vj ActjGrjtcgjous woraf (36:.: -


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63

Sujtzcagoctaus

`j Cz`fcrgèfs goipresjs c hroup ol ptjroscurs

wet` vjry aokh, kcrrow snuaas, jvjk aokhjr kjgns

ckf aokh èkf ajhs, but wet` rjactevjay sicaawekhs. Woij ptjroscurs, sug` cs Sujtzcagoctausckf @czjhoptjryx, wjrj cs tcaa cs c hercllj ckfacrhj jkouh` to swcaaow t`j cvjrchj ptjroscur rj-

sjcrg`jr wòaj `jy probcbay `cf t`j aokh-

jst mcws ol caa kok-icrekj prjèstoreg ckeicas.

òsj aokh, stell kjgns kot vjry fykcieg cs

t`j grjcturj gouaf fo aettaj iorj t`ck iovj ets

`jcf up ckf fowk. Ets kjgn caaowjf okay c ieke-

iui cioukt ol sefjwcys ioteok. Wo w`ct gouaf

et fo ukfjr t`jsj gerguistckgjs? Xjaa, et gouaf

kjgjsscry to `cvj c lajxebaj kjgn! Jvjk t`jer wekhs

gorrjspokfjf to tòsj ol iofjrk storns ckf ebes-

js. Aetjrcturj gokleris tès, but kokj ol t`jsj

pubaegcteoks wcs bcsjf ok rjca rjsjcrg`. `j lerstt`jory wcs t`ct t`jy wjrj spjgecaest sgcvjkhjrs

t`ct, cs c nekf ol ovjrhrowk vuaturj, gergajf èh`

ek t`j sny sjjnekh loof ek t`j lori ol fekoscur

gcrgcssjs lor jxcipaj. Ot`jrs gcij to t`j gok-

gauseok t`ct t`jy souh`t burejf ioaausgs caokh

iuffy gocsts, or souh`t ot`jr sicaa, tcsty ijcas

ek t`j s`caaows ol t`j gocstca wctjrs. Ujt ot`jrs

scw t`ji cs sweiiekh les`jrs or cs grjcturjs t`ctfevjf fowk lroi t`j sny to skctg` les` out ol

t`j wctjr (sjj= Icrn jxpaceks= Ck`ckhujrc, pp.03-07) or paouh`jf t`rouh` t`j wctjr wet` t`jer

aowjr mcw, cs sneiijrs fo.

Xjaa ... must c lajjtekh hackgj ct our iofjrk

ckeicas suhhjsts t`ct t`jsj hehckteg ptjroscurs

gouaf kot pjrlori cky ol t`jsj cgteoks. Iofjrk

ckeicas t`ct hct`jr loof by seieacr ijcks crjvjry spjgecaezjf grjcturjs wet` ieaaeoks ol yjcrs ol

lekj-tukekh bjèkf t`ji. Iost cfcptcteoks `cvj

ajf to c felljrjkt aeljstyaj.

Xet` t`j jxtrjijay sajjn mcws ol t`j snei-

ijr, lor jxcipaj, tjcrekh oll pejgjs ol lajs` lroi

c gcrgcss wouaf bj eipossebaj, w`jrjcs t`j mcws

ol c truj sgcvjkhjr crj kot suetcbaj lor sjjnekh

out woris ckf sugàenj ek t`j soea. Et es kot jcsy

to ukgovjr òw t`jsj hehckteg ptjroscurs scteslejf

t`jer ùkhjr but et iust bj possebaj to lekf t`j

Sujtzcagoctaus es soijteijs rjljrrjf to cs t`j prjèstoreg storn. @jrj you sjj t`j bjcutelua scffaj-beaajf storn(Jpèppeor`ykgùs sjkjhcajkses).


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62

ckswjr ok t`j bcses ol jkouh` lossea ictjreca ckf

by cpprocgèkh tèkhs ek c strceh`tlorwcrf ckf

aohegca ickkjr wet` rjhcrf to t`j pacgjs w`jrj

t`j losseas wjrj loukf. o bjhek wet` t`j acttjr= by

seipay jxciekekh t`j hjoaohegca gerguistckgjs ct

t`j pacgjs w`jrj t`j losseas wjrj loukf ckf caso

t`j losseas t`ct wjrj loukf ek t`j scij sjfeijk-

tcry acyjrs et bjgcij jvefjkt t`ct iorj t`ck

`cal ol t`j losseas (ekgaufekh t`j iost goipajtj,

crteguactjf snjajtoks, ckf t`j aogcteoks w`jrj

vcreous ekfevefucas wjrj loukf tohjt`jr) wjrj

fesgovjrjf ekackf. Okay c `ckflua ol fesgovjrejs

gcij lroi ck jkverokijkt cbukfckt ek wctjr.

Ckf t`jsj lekfs crj t`j iost lrchijktcry ol caa.

Ek ot`jr worfs, t`j ckeicas ct t`j ekackf fesgov-

jry poekts fejf w`jrj t`j pcacjoktoaohest loukf

t`j losseas or ct ajcst vjry gaosj by. `j aokhjr

ckf t`j iorj c gcrgcss es trcksportjf t`rouh` wc-

tjr, lor jxcipaj, t`j quegnjr et lcaas cpcrt ckf t`j

aokhjr et es jxposjf to jxtjrkca lcgtors, sug` cs

sgcvjkhjrs. Ckf t`ct es jxcgtay w`ct wj sjj ek wc-

tjry jkverokijkts.

`j goipajtj ckeicas wjrj ektjrrjf vjry rcp-

efay, w`jrjcs t`j esoactjf bokjs `cvj probcbay

freltjf croukf lor quetj soij teij. ès ekfe-

gctjs t`ct t`j ckeicas spjkt t`jer fcys ok laoof

paceks ckf ek woofs rct`jr t`ck ok t`j bjcg` or

kjxt to t`j sjc. @owjvjr, t`j efjc t`ct t`jsj heckt

grjcturjs cgtucaay aevjf by t`j wctjr es steaa g`ci-

peokjf by soij pjopaj. Cggorfekh to t`jer t`j-

ory, t`j ckeicas loukf ackf ekwcrfs wjrj tòsj

t`ct fejf ok t`jer wcy lroi okj gocst to ckot`jr.

But tès es cpproxeictjay t`j scij cs suhhjstekh

t`ct yrckkoscurus rjxwcs ek lcgt c bjcg` fwjaajr

ckf t`ct t`j kuijrous lekfs ek ekackf sjfeijkts

crj t`j rjsuat ol fjct` furekh iehrcteok= eskt tès

kot ijck t`ct t`jy wjrj kot opportukesteg ckf

hkcwjf ct gcrreok kow ckf chcek.


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67

crj t`j rjsuat ol fjct` furekh iehrcteok= esk t tès

c bet lcr-ljtg`jf? C iug` ajss goipaegctjf jxpac-

kcteok, okj supportjf by t`j fctc, es t`ct t`jsj

ckeicas seipay aevjf ekackf!But w`ct el wj kow goipcrj t`j snjajtok

to t`ct ol iofjrk ckeicas t`ct ek`cbet t`j scij

keg`js cs t`j acrhj ptjroscurs caajhjfay caso ek`cb-

etjf? C keg`j es fjsgrebjf by KGB Kcturcaes ok

t`j wjbsetj www.kctuureklorictej.ka cs= Jvjryorhckesi lualeas c gjrtcek lukgteok wetèk t`j goi-iukety wetèk wèg` et aevjs. Xj nkow t`j lukg-

teoks ol `jrbevorj ckf gcrkevorj, lor jxcipaj. èstypj ol lukgteokca poseteok es gcaajf c keg`j. Ekfelljrjkt goktekjkts, t`j scij keg`js wjrj oltjk og-gupejf by vjry felljrjkt orhckesis. Lor ekstckgj, ekKort` Cijregc t`j keg`j ol t`j acrhj hrczjrs wcsoggupejf by besok, ek Clregc by zjbrcs ckf cktjaopjs,ckf ek Custrcaec by nckhcroos.

Wo= gouaf t`jsj acrhjst ptjroscurs `cvj jvjr

aevjf cs vuaturjs? `j wekhs, rjactevjay sòrt ckfwefj, wjrj jxtrjijay wjaa suetjf to layekh ek ck

ekackf jkverokijkt, bjgcusj t`jy jllortajssay

hjkjrctj upwcrf lorgj w`jk tcnekh oll ek sur-

roukfekhs wet` vcryekh wekf gokfeteoks. Ek cf-

feteok, t`j grjcturjs wouaf ekgur ljwjr ekmurejs

to t`jer sicaajr wekhs ek t`j prjsjkgj ol iug`

vjhjtcteok. Et es possebaj t`ct Sujtzcagoctaus ckf

ets rjactevjs icfj usj ol t`jrica cer gurrjkts, csicky prjsjkt-fcy berfs ol prjy fo. ùs, t`jrj

gck bj aettaj fesgusseok ok w`jt`jr or kot t`jsj

acrhj ptjroscurs wjrj gcpcbaj ol socrekh ckf sjjn-

ekh gcrreok> but òw wouaf t`jy jct et okgj t`jy

`cf loukf et? ès wcs ajss strceh`tlorwcrf t`ck

ieh`t sjji. Catòuh` t`j sezj ol t`j ptjroscurs

iust `cvj lreh`tjkjf oll iost ot`jr sgcvjkhjrs,

jkcbaekh t`ji to `cvj lerst pegn ol t`j cvceacbaj

loof, but t`jer aokh stell kjgn ckf acrhj snuaa prj-

vjktjf t`ji lroi pjkjtrctekh fjjp ekto t`j gcr-

gcss, so t`ct iug` loof rjicekjf out ol rjcg`.

`j mcws wjrj kot jqueppjf wet` c ijct òon

cs icky ol t`j iofjrk sgcvjkhjrs crj, so et es

eiprobcbaj t`ct t`jy wjrj spjgelegcaay cfcptjf

to tjcrekh gcrgcssjs cpcrt. Ol goursj, tès fojs

hkcwjf ct gcrreok kow ckf chcek.

Wo, w`y sòuafkt t`jy `cvj ijckfjrjf

croukf ek swcips ckf pokfs, rootekh lor loof?

Cgtucaay, et wouaf `cvj bjjk rct`jr felleguat lort`ji to fesgovjr w`jrj soijtèkh jfebaj es èf-

ekh, cs t`jrj crj ko ekfegcteoks t`ct t`jy `cf sjk-

sors. `jsj fjksjay pcgnjf buips or rjgjptors

lori c sjksetevj ekstruijkt t`ct hevjs iofjrk

berfs ekloricteok cbout t`j ukfjrhroukf setu-

cteok so t`ct t`jy nkow w`jrj t`jy ieh`t lekf

loof. Iorjovjr, et es iug` seipajr to stegn your

skout ek t`j sckf ckf iuf el et es kcrrow ckfstrjciaekjf, ekstjcf ol `cvekh fjjp, èh` mcws

aenj Sujtzcagoctaus. Ckf òw gck you hrcb c betjto jct el, aenj t`j ptjroscurs, you okay cvj c ekhj

wet` t`j snuaa ct t`j bcgn ol t`j mcw? Iofjrk

berfs t`ct sjjn loof ek t`j soe a `cvj c sjgokf moekt

iorj to t`j lrokt, wèg` hevjs t`ji t`j opportu-

kety to opjk t`j tep ol t`jer bjcn wetòut `cvekh

to opjk t`j mcw etsjal. ès es vjry `ckfy el yourbjcn es ek t`j iuf! `jrj, wj gck gokgaufj t`ct

our heckts fef kot loaaow tès wcy ol hct`jrekh

loof.

X`ct cbout sweiiekh? Xjaa, ol caa t`j ptj-

roscurs, Cz`fcrgèfs crj cpproxeictjay t`j ajcst

cfcptjf to wctjr. `jer aokh, sajkfjr aeibs ckf

kcrrow `ckfs ckf ljjt wjrj ol aettaj usj ek iov-

ekh t`rouh` wctjr. `j strugturj ol t`jer snjajtokcaso prjgaufjs t`j koteok t`ct t`jy gouaf skctg`

t`jer prjy out ol t`j wctjr wet` t`jer `ckfs. Bot`

t`j ckfs ckf t`j ljjt wjrj jibjffjf ek t`j wekh

ijibrckj so t`jy wouaf bj goipajtjay fjpjkf-

jkt ok t`jer skout lor hct`jrekh loof. `j aokh

kjgn ckf snuaa crj kot w`ct you ieh`t jxpjgt ol

c ùktjr t`ct gck lay. Iofjrk berfs ol prjy rjay

ok t`jer bjcns to sjezj t`jer prjy. `jy `cvj acrhj,

wefj bjcns ckf sòrt kjgns, ckf goibekj t`jsj

wet` hrjct ickojuvrcbeaety. Sujtzcagoctausckf etsljaaows `cvj kokj ol t`jsj cfcptcteoks.

Tcacjoktoaohests crj lokf ol t`j efjc ol gctg`-

ekh les` ek t`j cer cs c ijtòf ol hct`jrekh loof

(sjj Icrn jxpaceks=Ck`ckhujrc, pp. 03-07), but

tès es rct`jr lcr-ljtg`jf lor t`j Cz`fcrgèfs. `ct

t`j `jcf es suffjkay loafjf ukfjr t`j bofy wet`

hrjct lorgj. `j kjgn lukgteoks cs c bulljlor t`jsj


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ukusucaay aokh, stell kjgn seipay gckkot bjkf cf-

jquctjay to hrcb prjy out ol t`j wctjr. Ek rjacteok

to t`j layekh fckhjr cbovj et, c les` es suspjkf-

jf ioteokajssay ek t`j wctjr. Wo you kjjf c vjry

lajxebaj kjgn to hrcb et, ckf t`jsj acrhj ptjroscurs

must fo kot `cvj t`ct. `j eiportckgj ol `cvekh

c lajxebaj kjgn es jvjk hrjctjr t`ck ciokh berfs

t`ct gut t`rouh` t`j wctjr wet` t`jer aowjr mcw,cs sneiijrs fo= ok eipcgt wet` c prjy (or cgge-

fjktay wet` c tweh, stokj or hroukf, lor jxcipaj),

h

ektjkteokca or ukektjkteokca goaaeseoks.

Ek t`j gcsj ol Sujtzcagoctaustès wouaf `cvj

ajf to sjreous kjgn goipacekts. Ek cffeteok, tèsijtòf ol hct`jrekh loof guttekh t`rouh` t`j

wctjr wet` your aowjr mcw es ck jxtrjij spj-

gecaezcteok ckf okay oggurs ek c ljw berf spjgejs

t`ct `cvj `cf to ovjrgoij caa nekfs ol jvoauteok-

cry obstcgajs ek orfjr to bjgoij jlljgtevj jkouh`

to bj cbaj to ljjf ok les`. Okj ol t`j iost ei-

portckt cfcptcteoks es t`j strjciaekekh ol t`j

aowjr mcw to c tègnkjss goipcrcbaj to t`ct ol cnkelj so t`ct t`j rjsestckgj ol t`j wctjr es rjfugjf

to c iekeiui (sjj lehurj ok pchj 02). Ct t`j

scij teij, t`j mcw es èh` ckf rjactevjay robust

ek orfjr to wet`stckf cky eipcgt furekh snei-

iekh. Lor t`j scij rjcsok, t`j èkhj ol t`j mcw es

ùhjay rjeklorgjf ckf t`j iusgajs crj sullegejktay

fjvjaopjf to cbsorb t`j icmor lorgjs ekvoavjf.

Cbsoautjay kokj ol t`j Cz`fcrgèfs `cs ljcturjssug` cs tòsj fjsgrebjf. Ok t`j goktrcry, t`jy

`cvj sajkfjr mcws wet` lacttjkjf icstegctekh sur-

lcgjs, rjactevjay sicaa iusgajs ckf c rct`jr lrch-

eaj mcw moekt. Ek goibekcteok wet` t`j stell kjgn,

t`jsj g`crcgtjrestegs jksurj t`ct tès ijtòf ol

lesèkh wouaf kot worn lor t`ji.

Xcfekh ek wctjr es c aeljstyaj t`ct fjickfs

iug` ajss jkjrhy ckf cfcptcteok. Sujtzcagoctausckf ets ljaaows bjaokhjf to c hroup ol ptjroscurs

t`ct wjrj vjry wjaa jqueppjf to aevj ok ackf.

Wneiijrs hct`jr loof by paouhèkh t`rouh` t`jwctjr wet` t`jer aowjr mcw (sjj caso Icrn jxpaceks=

Ck`ckhujr, pp. 03-07).

Gctgèkh ffis` ek fleh`t es c popuacr t`jory wet` pcacjok-toaohests but t`j jvefjkgj suhhjsts t`ct okay c sicaa hroupol ptjroscurs wjrj ckctoiegcaay wjaa jqueppjf lor sugìjtòfs.

Tjfjstreck cgtevety iust `cvj bjjk ko probaji.

`j aokh ajhs wjrj jxtrjijay gokvjkejkt lor

wet` sicaa gusèoks (sjj lehurj 83), wèg` icnjs

wcanekh ckf stckfekh iug` iorj goilortcbaj


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wcfekh t`rouh` s`caaow wctjrs, ckf t`jer kjgns

t`j hrjct skch ek t`j ot`jr t`jorejs es kow

ko aokhjr c probaji. `jy okay `cf to bjkf et caettaj to sjezj t`j loof t`ct wcs cbukfcktay cvcea-

cbaj ok t`j hroukf. `j jkorious mcws wjrj ol

hrjct vcauj, bjgcusj t`jy jksurjf t`ct t`j kjgn

fef kot kjjf to bjkf too lcr to caaow t`jer skouts

to rjcg` t`j hroukf. Wo, t`ct cppjcrs to bj gajcr.

But t`j trcgjs t`ct `cvj rjgjktay bjjk loukf ek

Norjc `cvj tcrkes`jf t`ct t`jory. Ek c kuts`jaa,

t`j `ckfs ckf ljjt crj prjtty sicaa lor t`j sezjol t`jer bofy. El you wckt to wcfj t`rouh` s`ca-

aows wet` solt hroukf ukfjrloot, et es bjst to `cvj

acrhj ljjt wet` tojs you gck sprjcf out wefj, so

t`ct you `cvj cs acrhj c surlcgj crjc cs possebaj

to festrebutj your wjeh`t ckf cvoef seknekh fjjp

ekto t`j iuf. ès es c probaji, ol goursj, wet`

t`j acrhjst ol t`jsj grettjrs, wèg` crj jsteictjf

to `cvj wjeh`jf 2:4 nh!@ii, wj cvj probcbay jaf ok too teh`tay

to t`j efjc t`ct caa ptjroscurs aevjf ek ckf croukf

wctjr. X`ct wouaf `cppjk el wj, cs c icttjr ol

spjcnekh, wouaf tej t`ji to c post ok c vjry aokh

ropj ek ck jkverokijkt lcr festckt lroi revjrs,

pokfs ckf swcips? X`ct wouaf t`jy fo t`jk

w`jk t`jy bjgcij ùkhry? Xjaa, `cvekh sicaa

`ckfs ckf ljjt `cs c hrjct cfvcktchj w`jk wcan-ekh ok fry hroukf ckf jvjk rjquerjs ajss jkjrhy

t`ck wcanekh croukf wet` acrhj `ckfs ckf ljjt!

Ek cffeteok, t`jer `jjas ckf tojs wjrj lurkes`jf

wèaj caso provefekh protjgteok. Aokh aeibs crj

caso c bokus bjgcusj you govjr iorj festckgj

wet` jcg` stjp, ckf you tùs ekgrjcsj your wcan-ekh jllegejkgy. Okj ol t`j trcgns loukf wet`

sjvjk ijtrjs okj ol t`j aokhjst jvjr loukf! rj-

vjcajf ckot`jr ektjrjstekh lcgt. Iost cfvckgjf

ptjroscurs `cf aeibs t`ct strjtg`jf saeh`tay fech-

okcaay outwcrfs, but t`jsj heckts `cf t`jer aeibs

reh`t ukfjr t`jer bofejs ckf t`jy goibekjf tès

wet` t`j jllegejkt, vjrtegca posturj ol iciicas

ckf berfs. @cvekh aeibs ferjgtay ukfjr t`j bofy`cs jkorious bjkjlets, loriekh c iost jllegejkt

ckf stcbaj pactlori lor supportekh t`jer icssevj

bofejs. ès ijcks t`ct Sujtzcagoctauswcs c pjr-ljgtay cfcptjf ackf ckeica, iorj cfcptjf t`ck

iost ot`jr ptjroscurs.

Uou icy jxpjgt t`ct Sujtzcagoctauspegnjf upjvjrytèkh t`ct wcs jfebaj, lroi eksjgts to lruet to

bcby fekoscurs ... Cltjr caa, rjcfy-to-jct gck bjc prjtty acrhj gctjhory el you `cvj c snuaa t`ct es

iorj t`ck two ijtrjs ek ajkht`! `jrj crj quetj c

kuibjr ol iofjrk berfs t`ct ajcf c seieacr jxest-

jkgj. Wtorns ckf hroukf òrkbeaas, lor jxcipaj,

tjrrorezj t`j Clregck hrcssackfs ek t`jer sjcrg` lor

rjcfy-to-jct grjcturjs. `j lehurj sòws t`j iok-

strousay acrhj Sujtzcagoctausok c lorcy cgross t`j

Grjtcgjous prcerejs. `j ckeica ok t`j reh`t `cssjezjf c bcby etckoscur, ol wèg` losseas `cvjbjjk loukf ek t`j scij sjfeijkt acyjrs cs t`j

ptjroscur losseas.

V`j Woakòljk Aeijstokjs= t`j rogns t`ct hcvj us ptjroscurs (lehurj 26)

Ick `cs c aokh èstory wet` t`j aciekctjf aeijstokjs ol t`j Woakòljk Tacttjkncan


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6 t`j fesgovjry olck ckeica cs gajcray caejk cs c ptjroscur wcs ck eiportckt pejgj ol jvefjkgj lor t`j

gokgjpt ol aelj bjlorj ick.

Ovjr two gjkturejs actjr, t`j Woakòljk fjposets goktekuj to provefj ptjroscur

losseas ckf, to fctj, ct ajcst 32 Woakòljk ptjroscur spjgejs crj nkowk ekgaufekh t`j

sjchuaa-aenj R`cipòr`ykgùs, t`j eksjgt-g`csekhCkurohkctùs ckf t`j spookbeaa-

Lehurj 2


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gck trcgj t`jer fjvjaopijkt lroi `ctgàekhs to luaay hrowk cfuats. Iorjovjr, kjw

tjg`kequjs ol aoonekh ct spjgeijks rjgovjrjf cs jcray cs t`j 3844s ijck t`ct kjw

fesgovjrejs crj steaa bjekh icfj. Ckcayses ol ptjroscur spjgeijks wet` uatrcveoajtaeh`t, lor ekstckgj, fjvjaopjf by @jaiut esgàekhjr, `cs rjvjcajf prjveousay uk-

sjjk solt tessujs sug` cs gorkelejf grjsts, luzz (pygkolebrjs) ckf jkterjay prjsjrvjfiusgajs. Fjspetj `cvekh t`j aokhjst èstory ol c ptjroscur-bjcrekh fjposet ek t`j

woraf, t`jrj es gajcray steaa iug` wèg` gck bj ajcrkjf lroi Woakòljk.

X`jrj Ttjrckfok rocis= t`j Keobrcrc Loricteok (lehurj 20)

Lor iug` ol t`j Zppjr Grjtcgjous, Kort` Cijregc wcs spaet by c s`caaow sjcwcy

t`ct, ct ets hrjctjst jxtjkt, govjrjf iug` ol gjktrca Cijregc, t`j jkterj rjheok bj-

twjjk w`ct wouaf bjgoij t`j Rogny ckf Cppcacgèck iouktcek g`ceks ckf iug`

Lehurj 20. Vj Wiony @eaascrj ek Govj Goukty, Nckscs(Zketjf Wtctjs). Ttjrckofokckf Kygtoscur crj t`j okay

nkowk ptjroscur-tcxc lroitès aogcteok.

ol Gckcfc. `j ekkuijrcbaj snjajtoks ol gcagcrjous cahcj t`ct aevjf ek tès sjc cg-

guiuactjf ek g`cany fjposets t`ct provefj ck jxgjaajkt rjgorf ol ck jkterj ckgejkt

icrekj jgosystji C wjcat` ol heckt oystjrs jkorious icrekj rjpteajs s`crns


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icrekj jgosystji. C wjcat` ol heckt oystjrs, jkorious icrekj rjpteajs, s`crns,

boky les`, sweiiekh berfs ckf soij ol t`j iost spjgtcguacr ptjroscurs nkowk crj

must soij ol t`j losseas wèg` caso jxest ek t`jsj fjposets. Catòuh` t`j rjiceksol t`jsj grjcturjs gck bj loukf cgross Kort` Cijregc, t`j iost goipajtj rjgorf

ol t`jer jxestjkgj es loukf ek t`j Wiony @eaa Ijibjr ol t`j Keobrcrc Loricteok

ol Nckscs. ès profugtevj lossea setj `cs bjjk jxpaorjf sekgj t`j actj 30


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y p p

@owjvjr, goipcrjf to t`j ot`jr lossea fjposets (nkowk cs achjrstttj) fesgussjf

`jrj, t`j Wiony @eaa Ijibjr `cs c rjactevjay eipovjres`jf ptjroscur lcukc. Eklcgt, t`jrj crj okay t`rjj spjgejs gurrjktay rjgohkesjf lroi tès fjposet, ckf t`jy

caa bjaokh ek t`j scij hroup, t`j ptjrckofoktecks. ès hroup es bjst nkowk lor t`j

heckt ptjroscur Ttjrckofok (wekhspck sjvjk ijtrjs), but t`j sicaajr Kygtoscurus(two ijtrj spck) es c iekor lossea gjajbrety t`ckns to ets ovjrsezj, cktajr-aenj `jcf

grjst. Bot` crj spjgecaesjf ptjroscurs t`ct wjrj wjaa cfcptjf lor socrekh aokh fes-

tckgjs ovjr t`j Xjstjrk Ektjreor Wjcwcy. Kygtoscurus es t`j rcrjr ol t`j two, butTtjrckofok es nkowk lroi ovjr 3344 ekfevefuca spjgeijks, soij ol wèg` crj rjac-

tevjay goipajtj snjajtoks (ckf ot`jrs ol wèg` crj esoactjf bokjs) so t`ct wj `cvjjvefjkgj ol jvjry bokj ek t`jer bofejs. Wug` cbukfckgj ijcks t`ct Ttjrckofok esokj ol t`j bjst stufejf ckf ukfjrstoof ptjroscurs= wj `cvj jkouh` fctc to pjrlori

stctestegca ckcaysjs ok ets hrowt` ckf sjxuca feiorpèsi, lor ekstckgj, cs wjaa cs to

fjvjaop c gctcaohuj ol es pctòaohejs. `jrj es caso lossea jvefjkgj ol t`j grjcturjs

t`ct t`jy ctj ckf ol tòsj t`ct ctj t`ji. `j Wiony @eaa Ijibjr, t`jk, es kot so

eiportckt lor t`j fevjrsety ol t`j ptjroscurs but lor t`j fjpt` ol ekloricteok et

rjvjcas cbout tòsj ljw typjs ol ptjroscur t`ct jxestjf t`jrj> ljw ot`jr lossea setjs

goij gaosj.

Hevekh ptjroscurs iorj fjpt`= t`j Crcrepj Hroup achjrstttj(lehurj 74)

Treor to t`j 3584s, t`jrj wcs aettaj jvefjkgj t`ct Brczea gouaf `crbour ptjroscur

rjiceks, ckf steaa ajss t`ct et wouaf, crhucbay, yejaf soij ol t`j lekjst ek t`j woraf.

Okay okj esoactjf ptjroscur bokj `cf jvjr bjjk rjportjf lroi t`j jkterj gouk-

try, c rjgorf `crfay suhhjstevj ol t`j jxquesetj losseas t`ct wouaf loaaow. Ek 3583,òwjvjr, ptjroscur losseas lroi t`j Crcrepj Hroup, ck jxtjksevj outgrop ol Aowjr

Grjtcgjous fjposets ek kort`jcst Brczea, put tès lorhottjk gorkjr ol Wout` Cijregc

leriay ok t`j ptjroscur icp. Lekfs lroi t`jsj rogns `cvj bjgoij ck ekfespjksebaj

goipokjkt ol iofjrk ptjroscur rjsjcrg`.

`j lerst ptjroscurs lroi t`j Crcrepj stjiijf lroi fjposets nkowk cs t`j

Wcktckc Loricteok, c setj wet` ukusuca fjposeteokca gokfeteoks t`ct icnjs ets ptjr-

oscur losseas ukequj. Rct`jr t`ck bjekh squcs`jf lact, t`jsj losseas wjrj ukfestortjf

ckf t`rjj-feijkseokcaay prjsjrvjf ek ciczekh fjtcea, reh`t fowk to t`j ieaaeijtrj-tègn trcbjguacj, wèg` gress-gross t`j s`clts ol aeib bokjs. òuh` eketeca rjiceks

wjrj sgckty, lurt`jr fesgovjrejs icfj t`rouhòut t`j 3584s, 3504s ckf 3554s rj-

vjcajf t`ct caiost jkterj snjajtoks ol Wcktckc ptjroscurs gouaf bj loukf ckf, og-

gcseokcaay, wouaf bj cssogectjf wet` jxquesetjay prjsjrvjf solt tessujs. `j sjgrjt

to tès t`rjj-feijkseokcaety acy wet` t`j aeijstokj kofuajs t`ct hrjw croukf t`j

snjajtoks ol losseas burejf wetèk t`j ckgejkt Wcktckc achook. Xèast t`j sjfeijkts

croukf t`ji wjrj vuakjrcbaj to goiprjsseok cs iorj sjfeijkt cgguiuactjf, t`j

kofuajs wjrj strokh jkouh` to rjsest goipcgteok ckf prjvjktjf t`jer boky gcrho


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lroi bjekh squcs`jf to t`j pckgcnj-aenj stctj typegca ol iost ptjroscur losseas. `j

eiportckgj ol t`jsj losseas to ptjroscur rjsjcrg` gckkot bj ovjrstctjf= cs wjaa cs

rjvjcaekh `et`jrto uksjjk fjtceas ol ptjroscur wekh ijibrckj strugturj, t`j uk-

festortjf kcturj ol t`j Wcktckc ptjroscur bokjs icnjs t`ji t`j ho-to losseas lor

Lehurj 74. Vj Crcrepj bcsekek kort`jcst Brczea= t`j sicaaveaachjs ol Kovc Oaekfc ckfeiorcktj.

rjsjcrg` ekto t`jer snjajtca ijg`ckegs. `jsj fjtceas, goupajf wet` t`j lcgt t`ct t`j

Wcktckc Loricteok `oafs t`j t`cacssofroiefs, c hroup ol scea-grjstjf ptjroscurs

kot fjleketevjay nkowk lroi ckyw`jrj jasj ek t`j woraf, icnjs et c pcrteguacray


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spjgeca ptjroscur lossea setj.

`j boukty lroi t`j Crcrepj Hroup fojs kot stop `jrj, òwjvjr. Rjicekspubaes`jf ek 3556 rjvjcajf ckot`jr Crcrepj fjposet wet` jxgjaajkt ptjroscur los-

seas nkowk cs t`j Grcto Loricteok. `jsj rogns, saeh`tay oafjr t`ck tòsj ol t`j

Wcktckc Loricteok, crj kot okay nkowk lor t`jer ptjroscurs> packts, eksjgts, les`

ckf c kuibjr ol ot`jr lossea typjs `cvj bjjk jxtrcgtjf lroi t`j aeijstokj sacbs

t`ct rjprjsjkt t`j Grcto achook ek t`j iofjrk fcy. Okgj, tès achook wcs c acrhj

bofy ol wctjr t`ct saoway gygajf bjtwjjk lrjs`- ckf scatwctjr gokfeteoks, cppcr-

jktay wet` ckoxeg bottoi wctjrs t`ct prjvjktjf fesrupteok to potjkteca lossea ictj-

reca. Catòuh` t`j losseas crj kot t`rjj-feijkseokca aenj tòsj ol t`j kjeh`bourekhWcktckc Loricteok, t`j Grcto acyjrs prjsjrvj solt tessuj lcr iorj rjcfeay ckf, ek

two gcsjs, provefjf t`j lerst jvefjkgj t`ct soij ptjroscurs sehkelegcktay jxtjkfjf

t`jer lcious `jcf grjsts bjyokf t`jer boky aeiets. Cppcrjktay goipresjf ol c njrc-

tek-aenj ictjreca, soij Grcto grjsts oggupy ovjr 04 pjr gjkt ol t`j actjrca snuaa crjc

ckf crj, proporteokcaay spjcnekh, t`j acrhjst grckeca grjsts ol cky ckeica nkowk.

Ttjroscur wekh ijibrckjs, solt tessuj goipokjkts ol t`jer bjcns, gacw s`jct`s

ckf sgcay loot pcfs `cvj caso bjjk rjgovjrjf lroi Grcto sacbs. Zklortukctjay, tès

jxquesetj fjtcea cppjcrs to goij ct t`j jxpjksj ol goipajtjkjss= to fctj, kot okjGrcto ptjroscur cs bjjk loukf ek ets jkterjty. Ek lcgt, kot okj Grcto ptjroscur snuaa

`cs bjjk loukf wet` cssogectjf bofy rjiceks ckf, pcrcfoxegcaay, t`j okay goipajtj

Grcto ptjroscur bofy snjajtok `cs ko `jcf! Kokjt`jajss, t`jrj es ko rjcsok to cs-

suij t`ct cssogectjf snuaa ckf bofy ictjreca wouaf kot turk up okj fcy ckf, ek t`j

ijckteij, t`j cioukt ol fjtcea obsjrvcbaj lroi Grcto solt tessuj fesgovjrejs caokj

iorj t`ck icnjs up lor t`j bezcrrj sjajgtevj prjsjrvcteok ol tès fjposet.

Lehurj 73. Vcacssofroijussjtè, wet` ets jkorious `jcf,es nkowk okay lroi Brczea.Wjj caso ffihurj 88.

Lehurj 72. uhuau ckf (kjxtpchj) c youkh ick t`ct aoonssuspegeousay aenj c wjaa nkowkptjroscuroaohest stckfekh ek

lrokt ol t`j Uexeck Loricteokek Gèkc.

V`j ckgejkt acnj fjposets ol Aecokekh Trovekgj (lehurj 72)

Ljw lossea aogcaetejs `cvj rjvoauteokesjf our ukfjrstckfekh ol t`j Ijsozoeg aenj

tòsj ol Aecokekh Trovekgj, Gèkc. Lerst rjgohkesjf ek t`j 3524s by Cijregck


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tòsj ol Aecokekh Trovekgj, Gèkc. Lerst rjgohkesjf ek t`j 3524s by Cijregck

hjoaohest Cicfjus X. Hrcbcu, et toon ovjr

ptjroscurs crj vjry wjaa rjprjsjktjf ek Aecokekh wet`, prjsjktay, ovjr 24 spjgejs ol

ptjroscur kcijf lroi tès rjheok. Ek teij icky ol t`jsj weaa caiost gjrtcekay bjrjgohkesjf cs vcreckts ol t`j scij lori but, grugecaay, icky ol t`j ptjroscur spj-

gejs lroi Aecokekh rjprjsjkt jkterjay kjw, jxgetekh hroups aenj t`j preietevj (bcsca)

iokoljkjstrctcks, g`coyckhoptjrefs ckf borjoptjrefs.

Hroups prjveousay okay nkowk lroi sgckty rjiceks crj caso nkowk ek t`jer

jkterjty lroi Aecokekh, so t`ct wj lekcaay gck hrcsp t`j ckctoiy ol tcpjmcrefs ckf

esteofcgtyaefs wet` iorj gjrtcekty. Tjr`cps t`j iost gjajbrctjf ptjroscur lroi tès

rjheok es Fcrwekoptjrus, c lori t`ct kot okay provefjs t`j brefhj bjtwjjk t`j

aokh-rjgohkesjf bcsca ptjroscur/ptjrofcgtyaoef spaet (sjj bjaow) but caso rjvjcasekseh`ts ekto soij lukfcijktca progjssjs ol jvoauteok etsjal. Ot`jr lekfs provefj

ekgrjfebay fjtceajf solt-tessuj prjsjrvcteok t`ct sòw t`j ektjrkca strugturj ol ptj-

roscur wekh ijibrckjs, t`jer luzz ckf goaour pcttjrkekh. Lurt`jriorj, el soij

rjgjkt worn ok fekoscur losseas lroi t`jsj fjposets es trcksljrrjf to ptjroscur los-

seas, wj icy sook `cvj c `ckfaj ok cgtuca ptjroscur goaourcteok. Cs el tès wjrj kotjkouh`, Aecokekh `cs provefjf two ol t`j t`rjj ptjroscur jhhs gurrjktay nkowk,

ck jssjkteca goktrebuteok to our ukfjrstckfekh ol ptjroscur rjprofugtevj beoaohy.

Xet` pajkty ol ukjxpaorjf qucrrejs ckf jxposurjs, t`jrj es ko rjcsok to tèkn t`ct


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::

Lehurj 76. Vj bcscaptjroscur R`cipòr`ygùs

feffljrjf lroi t`j actjr, iorjcfvckgjf ptjroscurs. Lor jx-cipaj, t`jy `cf c aokh, reheftcea. Bot` losseas crj ciokht`j bjst jxcipajs nkowk ckfcrj òusjf ek t`j lciousjyajrs Iusjui ek @ccraji,

Vj Kjt`jrackfs.

Aecokekh weaa gjcsj to provefj steaa lurt`jr surpresjs ckf, ukfoubtjfay, t`j eipor-tckgj ol t`jsj fjposets to ptjroscuroaohests ckf ot`jr lossea vjrtjbrctj wornjrs es

okay hoekh to ekgrjcsj.

Jvoauteok

Et sjjis t`ct t`j trckseteok lroi c kok-layekh, possebay socrekh ckeica to layekh ptj-

roscurs `cppjkjf ek t`j lorjsts ol t`j Ieffaj recsseg (lehurj 77). Zklortukctjay,

sug` ck jkverokijkt es kot gokfugevj to losseaescteok, wèg` ijcks t`ct our qujstlor t`jsj ptjroscur ckgjstors icy bj ek vcek.

`j lerst layekh rjpteajs wjrj rct`jr bcsca, wèg` felljrjf festekgtay lroi t`j

actjr, iorj cfvckgjf ptjroscurs. `jy `cf c aokh, rehef tcea (lehurj 76) wet` c vckj

ct t`j jkf (sjj lehurj :4), `cf c goipcrctevjay sicaa, sòrt ckf rjactevjay wefj `jcf

(wèg` wet` t`j jvoauteok ol Jufeiorpòfokek t`j Murcsseg pjreof bjgcij goksef-jrcbay aokhjr), sòrt wekhs ckf c loot wet` c outwcrfs jxtjkfekh toj. ès toj wcs

usjf to spck t`j ijibrckj bjtwjjk t`j èkf ajhs (gruropctcheui). `j ijtcgcr-

pcas wjrj sòrt rct`jr t`ck aokh cs sjjk ek t`j actjr spjgejs (sjj lehurj 76). Caa jcray

Lehurj 77. Vj `ypot`jte-gca jvoauteok ol fleh`t ekptjroscurs.


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: goipcrj lehurj 70 wet` 75).

`j snuaa icnjs ck ckhaj wet` t`j kjgn, but et es sicaajr ek t`j oafjr, ajss cfvckgjf

spjgejs ek wèg` et es rouhày ek aekj wet` t`j spekca goauik.

Lehurj 70. Wjvjrca jxcipajs olsnuaas ol Grjtcgjous ptjroscurslroi Brczea. op to bottoi=Greor`ykgùs ijsjibrekus,Goaobor`ykgùs spejabjrhe,t`j snuaa ol ckCk`ckhujrc-spjgejs (sjj caso ffihurj


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pp.


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soij ckeicas `cf grjsts ct t`j lrokt ckfbcgn.

Lehurj 67. C ljw jxcipajs olt`j hrjct vcrejty ol grjsts.

`j aowjr mcw gouaf `cvj c grjst but t`es es rjactevjay rcrj. `jrj es caso c beh vcrec-

teok ek sezj ckf gokstrugteok. Woij grjsts crj icfj ol bokj, ot`jrs goksest ol snek

wet` ektjrkca rjeklorgjijkt goksestekh ol touh`, lebrj-a enj kjtworn or c goibekc-

teok ol bokj ckf rjeklorgjf snek (sjj lehurjs 8 ckf 66). `jrj crj sicaa, aow ckf

vjry t`ek grjsts cs sjjk ek sjvjrca Ck`ckhujrc snuaas or beh cktajr aenj gokstrugteoks


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tòsj wet` c grjst wjrj icajs (sjj Icrn jxpaceks= Ttjrckofok, pp. 52-5:). C supportekh crhuijkt lor t`jer lukgteok ek goiiukegcteok es t`j lcgt

t`ct ptjroscurs `cf hoof seh`t (sjj Wolt pcrts= brceks) so t`ct c acrhj grjstjf

ckeica, possebay lurt`jr jk`ckgjf by goaourcteok, gouaf kot ho ukkotegjf

by revcas or potjkteca ictjs ckf ijibjrs ol t`j laogn.

Lehurj 6:. Iofjas ol c ljicajckf icaj Ttjrckofok.

Icrn jxpaceks

Ttjrofcustro

ol rows ol eiprobcbay acrhj, vjrtegca tjjt`, seie-

acr to t`j bcajjks ol c w`caj. But ek goktrcst to

t`jsj, Ttjrofcustros iout` goktceks ùkfrjfs olrjca tjjt` wet` jkcija, fjktek ckf c puapc gcv-

ety. Jcg` toot` es cpproxeictjay c tèrf ol c iea-


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72/138

84

3 gi

: gi

forscas (lehurj 60), t`jy too `cvj goipcrcbaj opjkekhs, but t`j vjrtjbrcj towcrfs

t`j rjcr crj iorj soaef. Fjspetj t`j lcgt t`ct ek t`j iorj cfvckgjf ptjroscurs t`j

tcea es sòrtjr t`ck t`ct to t`j jcraejr ckeicas, et gck steaa goksest ol icky vjrtjbrcj

(lehurj 65).

Wòuafjr herfaj

Ek t`j acrhj spjgejs ol t`j Grjtcgjous, t`j sòuafjr bacfj ( sgcpuac) ckf t`j goa-

acrbokj (gorcgoef) crj lusjf ekto c sekhaj gokstrugteok, t`j sgcpuaogorcgoef, wègès c sjie-gerguacr gokstrugteok fjsehkjf to wet`stckf t`j hrjct lorgjs t`ct fjvja-

op lroi laeh`t (lehurj :3). `j gorcgoef crteguactjs wet` t`j brjcstbokj (stjrkui>

Lehurj 60. Vj ffirst tjk forscavjrtjbrcj (ajlt actjrca vejw,sjjk lroi ajlt to reh`t). Vjffirst forsca es soijteijs efjk-

teffijf cs acst gjrvegca. Vj kjxttwo forscas sòw t`j bjhek-kekh ol luseok. Vj acst okjs,òwjvjr, sòw ekgoipajtjluseok ekfegctekh t`ct t`jckeica wcs steaa youkh w`jket fejf.

Lehurj 65. Catòuh`t`j tcea ek t`j cfvckgjfTtjrofcgtyaoefjc-ptjroscurswcs sòrt, et kokjt`jajssgoksestjf ol c acrhj kuibjr olvjrtjbrcj.

LOGZWcea


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83

`j lerst ptjroscurs `cf c aokh tcea t`ct goksestjf ol icky vjrtjbrcj. `jsj

wjrj rjeklorgjf wet` aokh jxtjkseoks t`ct rck pcrcaaja to ets ajkht` (lehurj

76). `j tcea, t`jrjlorj, gouaf kot bjkf. `j rjeklorgjijkt wcs to support

c vckj ct t`j jkf ol t`j tcea, c ljcturj t`ct es c pjguaecrety ol t`jsj jcray

recsseg ptjroscurs. `jsj felljrjf ek s`cpj bjtwjjk spjgejs ckf wjrj icfj

ol snek wet` ektjrkca rjeklorgjijkt, rjsuat ekh ek c pjrickjktay sprjcf vckj.

Et stoof vjrtegca rjactevj to t`j bofy ckf sjrvjf cs ruffjr ek layekh. Ek t`j

actjr, cfvckgjf, ptjroscurs t`j kuibjr ol tcea vjrtjbrcj crj hrjctay rjfugjf,rjsuatekh ek c sòrt tcea (sjj lehurj 65). Iorjovjr, t`j aokh jxtjkseoks acgn

ckf t`j tcea wcs, t`jrjlorj, lajxebaj.

34 gi

Lehurj :4. Vj tcea ekR`cipòr`ykgùswcs aokhckf gouaf kot bjkf bjgcusj ol

t`j aokh rof-aenj protruseokscaokh t`j vjrtjbrcj (sjj ffihurj76). Ct t`j jkf, t`jy `cvj csort ol vckj ol snek t`ct wcsorejktctjf ct reh`t ckhaj tot`j tcea propjr. Vj s`cpj oltès vckj feffljrjf bjtwjjk spj-gejs ckf cgtjf cs ruffjr.

Icrn jxpaceks

Kygtoscurus

ckgòrjf ek gocrsj bokj wet` c powjrlua strug-

turj (sjj lehurj 8). But t`j bokj ol t`j grjst ek

Kygtoscuruses sioot` ckf es t`jrjlorj kot c hoofsurlcgj lor t`j cttcgìjkt ol solt tessuj.

Et es felleguat to bjaejvj, but tès grjst wcs uk-

nkowk to pcacjoktoaohests lor icky yjcrs `j


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82

Kygtoscurus es okj ol t`j offjst ptjroscurs wjnkow. Ek wèg` wcy? Xjaa, lerst ol caa et acgns

t`j lerst t`rjj lekhjrs. Catòuh` t`jrj wcs oreh-ekcaay foubt cbout tès, t`jrj crj kow jkouh`

losseas to bj gjrtcek t`ct tès wcs kot t`j rjsuat

ol ekgoipajtj losseaezcteok. Wjgokf, t`j wekhs

fo kot goksest ol t`j usuca lour p`cackhjs, but

t`rjj. @owjvjr, tès fjvjaopijkt es kot ukequj

to Kygtoscurus, but caso oggurs ciokh ckot`jrhroup ol ptjroscurs.

Ko, t`j iost strenekh ljcturj es t`j hehck-teg grjst ok ets `jcf, wèg` gck reh`tay bj gcaajf

bezcrrj jvjk ek goipcresok to cpjmcrc ckfupckfcgtyaus. Ek iost rjgokstrugteoks, t`j grjstes fjpegtjf lcr too iofjstay, wet` t`j bcgnwcrf-

rjcgèkh òrezoktca brckg` bjekh croukf okj

tèrf ol t`j ajkht` ol t`j lrokt vjrtegca okj. Ek

rjcaety, t`j bcgnwcrf brckg` wcs must cs aokh

cs t`j lrokt okj! Woij pjopaj gacei t`ct t`jrjwcs c ijibrckj bjtwjjk t`j brckg`js, icnekh

t`j ptjroscur c wekfsurljr. @owjvjr, ko ekfegc-

teoks ol t`j jxestjkgj ol sug` c ijibrckj `cvj

bjjk fesgovjrjf ek t`j losseas t`jisjavjs. Grjsts

icfj ol ijibrckj ckf solt tessuj crj koricaay

nkowk to pcacjoktoaohests lor icky yjcrs. `jlerst snuaas ol tès ckeica goipajtjay acgnjf cky

grjst= ko protrufekh pcrts, ko bronjk grjst jfhjs

kotèkh! Zateictjay, ek 2447, two kjw losseas

wjrj fjsgrebjf wet` grjsts, but t`j rjst wcs wòaay

efjktegca to t`j snuaas carjcfy nkowk. X`ct gouaf

bj t`j jxpackcteok lor tès? `j 2447 ckeicas

wjrj icturj ckeicas, w`jrjcs t`j ot`jr nkowk

snuaas bjaokhjf to youkh ckeicas t`ct wjrj kot

yjt luaay hrowk. ès ijcks t`ct t`j grjst okay

bjhck to hrow ct t`j ioijkt t`j ptjroscurs bj-

gcij cfuat. `jrj crj vjry ljw Kygtoscurus los-seas, so wj gckkot stctj w`jt`jr or kot t`jrj wcs

c felljrjkgj bjtwjjk icaj ckf ljicaj jxcipajs,


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87

cs es caso t`j gcsj wet` Ttjrckofok (sjj Icrnjxpaceks= Ttjrckofok, pp. 52-5:. `j lcgt t`ctt`j grjst okay bjhck to hrow w`jk t`j ckeicas

rjcg`jf cfuatòof suhhjsts t`ct et wcs kot lukg-teokca but wcs ekstjcf aeknjf to t`j bj`cveour ol

t`j ckeicas.

X`jk E grjctjf t`j lehurj, E tòuh`t ol ck

ektjrjstekh poekt. Icky iofjrk sjcberfs obtcek

loof by surlcgj ljjfekh. Ek ot`jr worfs, t`jy

laoct ok t`j wctjr ckf fep t`jer jcfs ekto t`j wc-

tjr kow ckf chcek to hrcb c les` or soijtèkh jasj

t`ct es jfebaj. Et wouaf kot surpresj ij ek vejwol t`j vcrecteok ek loof-hct`jrekh ciokh sjcberfs

ckf caso ol t`j grjsts t`ct fo kot caaow icky ot`-

jr catjrkctevjs el Kygtoscurus caso bj`cvjf aenj

tès. Ek sug` gcsjs, t`j grjst wouaf stegn out ol

t`j wctjr. El c wòaj laogn fef t`ct, tès wouaf bj

okj ol t`j iost cbsurf sgjkjs ek kcturj.

ès hjts you tèknekh Tjr`cps, must cs est`j gcsj wet` hckkjts ljjfekh, t`jsj grjsts crj seh-

kcas to eklori ot`jrs= Aoon, you sòuaf bj `jrj,

`jrj es loof! Ckf wet` t`j rjcr pcrt ol t`j grjst

cawcys vesebaj, jvjk el t`j ckeica `cs ets `jcf uk-

fjr wctjr, you fo kot kjjf to fo iorj to pcss

ok t`j eklo to your ljaaow grjcturjs. Ol goursj,

okay cfuat ckeicas gouaf hevj t`jsj sehkcas but,

wet` hckkjts, et es caso okay t`j cfuat berfs t`ct`cvj skow-wètj pauichj. Wo? Et es ko iorj t`ck

spjguacteok ckf gckkot bj vjrelejf but et es ck

ektjrjstekh efjc, eskt et?

lehurj :2). ès bokj felljrs icrnjfay bjtwjjk vcreous hroups ol ptjroscurs, but ek

iost spjgejs govjrs t`j tòrcx. `j stjrkui crteguactjs t`rouh` c spjgeca moekt wet`

t`j sòuafjr herfaj. Iorjovjr, et `cs spjgeca rebs t`ct crteguactj wet` t`j goiiok

rebs= t`jy crj c nekf ol ektjrijfectj reb.

Tjaves


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86

Lehurj :3. Vj sòuafjr ekGrjtcgjous ptjroscurs wcs cgaosjf rekh= cbovj t`j kotc-reui, ct t`j sefjs t`j lusjfsgcpuac ckf gorcgoef (sgcpu-aogorcgoef) ckf bjaow t`jbrjcstbokj (stjrkui). Vjrj

crj beh cttcgìjkt crjcslor t`j wjaa-fjvjaopjf fleh`tiusgajs.

: gi

Lehurj :2. Vj brjcstbokj(stjrkui) feffljrjf ek s`cpjbut cawcys govjrjf t`j bofykjcray jkterjay. Bot` brjcst-bokjs crj `jrj sjjk lroi

bjaow.

Goipcrjf to t`j sòuafjr herfaj t`j pjaves es lcr ajss robust ckf strokh (lehurj :7).

Ct jet`jr sefj ol t`j scgrca vjrtjbrcj crj t`j eaaec= t`jsj crteguactj wet` t`j esgèui

ckf pubes. Ek ptjroscurs lroi t`j Actj Grjtcgjous t`j esgèui ckf pubes crj lusjf

Lehuj :7. Bjaow= Vj

luaay hrowk pjaves olGoaobor`ykgùs spejabjrhe


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8:

34 gi

34 gi

: gi

ekto okj pactj, t`j esgèopubes, cs es gajcray vesebaj ek t`j Ajefjk spjgeijk olGoaobor`ykgùs spejabjrhe (sjj lehurj :7). Ek soij gcsjs, t`j lusekh es so hrjct t`ct ciorj or ajss icssevj gokstrugteok jxests. `j prj-pubjs, sicaa bokjs t`ct support

t`j ektjstekjs, poekt fechokcaay lorwcrf ckf fowkwcrfs. `jsj sicaa bokjs crj ol-

tjk aost furekh losseaescteok bjgcusj t`jy crj kot lusjf to t`j pubes but crj cttcg`jf

wet` aehcijkts. `j pjaves es ck eiportckt pcrt ol t`j snjajtok ek efjktelyekh t`j

sjx ol t`j ckeica= bjgcusj ljicajs `cvj to acy jhhs, t`j pjaves es gokstrugtjf felljr-

jktay t`ck ek icaj ckeicas.

@ekf ajhs

`j èkf ajhs ek recsseg ckf jcray Murcsseg ptjroscurs crj iug` iorj strokhay fj-

vjaopjf t`ck ek iorj cfvckgjf Grjtcgjous ckeicas. `j sognjt lor t`j tèh`bokj

(ljiur) (lehurj :6) es ferjgtjf saeh`tay upwcrfs (sjj lehurj :7) ckf bjgcusj t`j `jcfol t`j tèh`bokj icnjs ck ckhaj rjactevj to t`j s`clt, t`j ajhs ek iost ptjroscurs crj

kot strceh`t ukfjr t`j bofy but crj ekgaekjf saeh`tay outwcrfs (sjj Icrn jxpaceks=

Goaobor`ykgùs spejabjrhe(Grjtcgjous, Brczea) sjjk lroibjèkf ckf lroi t`j sefj.op= Vj pjaves ckf t`j èkfajh ol c Ttjrofcgtyaus-spjgejs(Murc, Hjricky) sjjk lroicbovj.

Lehurj :6. Vj tèh`bokj sjjklroi t`j lrokt ckf lroi t`jsefj. Kotj t`j ckhaj ol t`j`jcf. Vj èkf ajhs crj ajssstrokhay fjvjaopjf t`ck t`jlrokt a eibs (goipcrj wet`

ffihurj :0).

Fsukhcreptjrus, pp. 26-2:). ès poseteok es strokhjr ciokh t`j bcsca ptjroscurs>wet` t`j cfvckgjf Grjtcgjous jxcipajs, sug` cs Sujtzcagoctaus, t`j ajhs crj setuct-jf ukfjr t`j bofy. `j tèh`bokj etsjal es rct`jr strceh`t ckf saei, jspjgecaay w`jk

goipcrjf wet` t`j lrokt aeibs. `j sèk- ckf gcalbokj (tebecckflebuac) crj aokhjrt`ck t`j tèh`bokj. Oltjk ek t`j Grjtcgjous ptjroscurs, t`j lebuac es acgnekh. `j

cknaj es c seipaj èkhj moekt (lehurj ::) ckf es bueat ek sug` c wcy t`ct ptjroscursan f ` ` l la ` f a f l `


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8 t`j rcfeus aejs gaosj to t`j uakc (lehurj :5). `j crteguacteok ol t`j

aowjr cri wet` t`j uppjr cri es sug` t`ct t`j aowjr cri gouaf okay iovj ek okj

Lehurj ::. Vj cknaj es cseipaj moekt, t`j ffilt` toj ekt`j actjr sòrt-tcea ptjroscurs

es rjfugjf to c aettaj stub. Ekt`j jcraejr aokh-tcea ptjro-scurs tès toj es jaokhctjf tosupport t`j snek bjtwjjk t`jajhs (wèg` es spaet ek t`j actjrptjroscurs).

Lehurj :


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88

3 gi

: gi : gi

3 gi

ferjgteok, fuj to w`eg`, w`jk t`j wekh es loafjf, t`j ijtcgcrpcas, ckf goksjqujkt-ay t`j wekhlekhjr, poekt bcgnwcrfs ckf upwcrfs (sjj caso bjaow). Ek ot`jr worfs,

t`j wekhs ol c ptjroscur wjrj, cs ek berfs, cutoictegcaay loafjf.

`j so-gcaajfptjrof es c bokj, w`eg` es ukequj to ptjroscurs (lehurj


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80

Lehurj


81/138

85

34 gi

Lehurj


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04

Cfcptcteoks olt`j snjajtok lor laeh`t

`j ptjroscur snjajtok es ukequj ckf icky ol ets pjguaecretejs gorrjactj wet`

ets cbeaety to lay (sjj lehurj 78). Okj es t`j aeh`t gokstrugteok ol t`j snjajtok.

Kot okay crj t`j wcaas ol t`j bokjs jxtrjijay t`ek (soijteijs ajss t`ck 3

ii> lehurj


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03

Cs ijkteokjf, t`j efjc t`ct ptjroscurs wjrj soij-

tèkh aenj Grjtcgjous sjcberfs es c stubbork peg-

turj t`ct crosj fuj to t`j lcgt t`ct ptjroscur los-

seas wjrj orehekcaay loukf ek icrekj sjfeijkts (sjj

X`jrj fef ptjroscurs aevj?). `j goksjqujkgj

wcs t`ct pjopaj bjaejvjf t`ct t`jrj wcs vjry a ettaj

fevjrsety. Ek cffeteok, et wcs goiiokay cggjptjf

t`ct t`j ckeicas wjrj ukcbaj to fo ckytèkh ct caa

ok t`j hroukf. Hjkjrcteoks ol pcacjoktoaohests

gokgaufjf t`ct ptjroscurs aevjf ok les` t`ct t`jygcuh`t by paouhèkh t`rouh` t`j wctjr wet` t`jer

aowjr mcw, aenj prjsjkt-fcy sneiijrs (sjj Icrn

y h ,

wjrj ko ckeicas w`ctsojvjr t`ct aevjf tès wcy.

cnjCk`ckhujrc, lor jxcipaj, c ptjroscur lroit`j Jcray Grjtcgjous ol Brczea (sjj lehurjs 64 ckf


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02

h m h h pp

cris wet` ck offay gurvjf protruseok lor t`j ct-

tcgìjkt ol t`j laeh`t iusgajs, robust wrests, cb-

koricaay aokh wekh p`cackhjs, sòrt èkf ajhs,

lajxebaj, strokh kjgns ckf sicaa bofejs. Ek ot`jr

worfs, el wj `cfkt nkowk t`jsj ckeicas so wjaa

fuj to t`j icky losseas cvceacbaj, wj wouaf `cvj

tcnjk t`ji to bj t`j iost rjicrncbaj ptjroscurs!Caa t`jsj ckctoiegca ljcturjs wjrj kot prjsjkt

must lor t`j sòw, ol goursj, but wjrj cfcptcteoks

to c aeljstyaj iorj cerborkj t`ck t`ct ol caa ot`jr

ptjroscurs.

`j jkterj snjajtok fjsehk es ko iorj t`ck

two aokh, kcrrow wekhs wet` c acrhj `jcf ct t`j

h h p

gouaf probcbay trcvja aokh festckgjs wetòut too

icky jllorts. `jer èh` sòuafjrs wjrj vjry usj-

lua lor tès, cs t`jy `japjf to obtcek stcbeaety ek

t`j cer. Ek goktrcst, t`jy wouaf `cvj bjjk rct`-

jr cwnwcrf ok t`j hroukf, bjgcusj t`jer èkf

ajhs wjrj iug` sòrtjr t`ck t`jer lrokt aeibs.

Kjvjrt`jajss, t`j eichj ol gauisy hcwns sjjissoijw`ct jxchhjrctjf. Iorjovjr, t`jer aokh

wekhs wouaf `cvj icfj tcnekh oll rct`jr trou-

bajsoij bjgcusj t`jy wouaf `cvj kjjfjf spjjf

lor tès ckf, ol goursj, jkouh` spcgj to bjct

t`jer jxtjkfjf wekhs. Ek ot`jr worfs, t`j wekhs

suhhjst t`ct t`jsj ptjroscurs wjrj iorj ct òij

C youkh sneiijr. Kotj t`j tèk, s`crp jfhj ol t`j aowjr mcw.

layekh ek lrjj spcgj, w`jrj t`jy gouaf icnj luaa

usj ol t`j wekf ckf ot`jr cerlaows. @owjvjr, t`jy

gouaf probcbay kot icnj iug` usj ol t`jrica

goauiks bjgcusj t`jer wekhs wjrj too kcrrow>

you kjjf brocf wekhs lor tès.

Bjekh cbaj to lay ckf socr fojs kot ijck byfjleketeok t`ct you kjvjr goij to ackf to sjcrg`

posj. ès es quetj aohegca lor ck ckeica t`ct ct-

tjipts to njjp t`j festckgj bjtwjjk ets bofy ckf

t`j wctjr surlcgj cs acrhj cs possebaj ek orfjr to

iekeiezj t`j g`ckgj ol grcsèkh fowk ekto t`j

wctjr. `j jxtjkseok ol t`j mcw es c hoof wcy ol

rjcaezekh tès.Ck ckeica ek laeh`t weaa cawcys ho lcstjr t`ck


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07

lor loof. Woij prjsjkt-fcy berfs t`ct crj jx-

trjijay wjaa cfcptjf to haefekh, sug` cs cabctros-

sjs ckf luaicrs fo kot jct furekh t`jer laeh`ts

but `cvj ko `jsetcteok ek ackfekh ok wctjr or ok

ackf. `jy crj pjrljgtay gcpcbaj ol tcnekh oll okgj

chcek, ckf et sjjis kot ukaenjay t`ct Ck`ckhujrc

ckf ets goipckeoks icy `cvj fokj tès too.But soij spjgejs fespacy ck cfcptcteok t`ct

ekfegctjs ljjfekh wetòut ackfekh. Ck`ckhujrcckf ets ljaaows `cvj tjjt` ol vcryekh sezj t`ct pro-

trufj lroi t`j mcw ct jvjry gokgjevcbaj ckhaj.

`j lrokt tjjt` crj aokh, gurvjf tjjt` t`ct fovj-

tcea tohjt`jr ckf crj tùs jxtrjijay suetjf to hrcb

ckf òaf c iovekh, sa eppjry prjy, sug` cs c wret`-

ekh les`. `j tjjt` towcrf t`j bcgn ol t`j mcw crj

iug` sicaajr ckf t`jrj crj behhjr hcps bjtwjjk

t`ji (sjj lehurj 64). `jsj tjjt` `cvj c felljrjkt

lukgteok= t`jy jksurj t`ct t`j loof es trcksportjf

lurt`jr towcrf t`j t`roct. `j acgn ol acrhj tjjt`

ct t`j bcgn ol t`j mcw to hrcb t`j prjy ekfegctjs

t`ct okay t`j lrokt tjjt` wjrj usjf lor t`ct pur-

ets prjy ukfjrwctjr, so ets mcws weaa bj t`rust

fowkwcrf ckf bcgnwcrf w`jk et eksjrts ets skout

ekto t`j wctjr to hrcb ets prjy. C strokh lajxebaj

kjgn sug` cs t`ct ol Ck`ckhujrc es c prjgokfe-teok lor tès typj ol lesèkh. Ttjroscurs t`ct fep

t`jer mcws ekto t`j wctjr wèaj ek laeh`t iust kju-

trcaezj t`j lorgjs t`ct crj jxjrtjf upok t`jer snuaaw`jk t`jy wet`frcw t`jer mcws lroi t`j wctjr.

Ckf t`ct tcnjs c aot ol strjkht`. `jrjlorj t`jy

iust `cvj `cf vjry strokh kjgn iusgajs to suf-

fjkay jxtrcgt t`jer mcws, ckf t`jer prjy, chcekst

t`j t`rust ol caa cgtekh lorgjs. Ek losseas, et es okay

possebaj to fjtjriekj t`j prjsjkgj ol sug` ius-

gajs by aoonekh lor rjactevjay swoaajk ckf goipajx

lrokt kjgn vjrtjbrcj. Ek goktrcst to iost ptjro-

scurs, Ck`ckhujrc fo jxèbet tès ljcturj. Woijckeicas rjactjf toCk`ckhujrc `cvj sicaajr lroktkjgn vjrtjbrcj, wèg` ijcks t`ct t`jy fef kot

gctg` les` ek t`j scij wcy csCk`ckhujrcfef, fj-spetj t`j lcgt t`ct t`jer aelj wcs preicreay spjkt

ek t`j cer.


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06

Wolt pcrts

Iusgajs

`j cttcg`ijkt ol iusgajs by aehcijkts ajcvjs sgcrs ok t`j bokjs. @jrj, t`j sur-

lcgj ol t`j bokj es rouh`, or `cs refhjs or steaa behhjr protruseoks ckf lroi t`jsjpcacjoktoaohests hcek ck eiprjsseok ol t`j iusgajs ckf `ow strokh t`jy wjrj. `j

uppjr cri bokj es c hoof jxcipaj (lehurj :0)= `jrj t`j beh progjss es ijckt lor t`j


87/138

0:

34 gi

Lehurj lehurjs < ckf


88/138

0 t`jrjlorj, t`es okj

teij, wj `cvj c ajheteictj ierrorekh ol aeljstyaj

bjtwjjk ptjroscurs ckf sjcberfs (sjj caso Icrn

jxpaceks=Ck`ckhujrc, pp. 03-07). Ct acst!Caa reh`t, ajts hjt bcgn to t`j sezj. `j so-

gcaajf lcgt t`ct Ttjrckofok wcs c heckt wet` cwekhspck ol sjvjk ijtrjs `cs pjrijctjf iorj

or ajss jvjry popuacr boon (ckf jvjk soij sgejk-

teleg okjs!), so w`y `cs foubt kow cresjk? G`res

Bjkkjtt es t`j pjrsok w`o gck `jap us= `j es rj-

spoksebaj lor t`j setucteok t`ct wj gck kow frcw

c pegturj bcsjf ok t`j iost rjgjkt rjsjcrg`. G`res

`cs rocijf caa ovjr t`j woraf to stufy, ijcsurj

ckf efjktely jvjry Ttjrckofok lossea j gouaf lekf.@es ukequj, jx`custevj ckcayses rjvjcajf c surpres-

ekh rjsuat= caa jxcipajs ol Ttjrckofok gouaf bjfevefjf ekto two hroups. `j festekgteok bjtwjjk

t`jsj two hroups es preicreay bcsjf ok felljrjkgj


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57

ek sezj. `j acrhjst hroup, goktcekekh


96/138

56

tès by tèknekh t`ct t`jsj felljrjkgjs ekvoavjf

soij nekf ol spjgecaescteok ol t`j ckeicas. But ck

jxpackcteok t`ct es iug` iorj pacusebaj es t`ct

wj crj fjcaekh wet` t`j felljrjkgj bjtwjjk icajs

ckf ljicajs ek ot`jr worfs, t`jy crj sjxucaay

feiorpèg, ijckekh t`ct t`jrj crj vesebaj felljr-jkgjs ek cppjcrckgj bjtwjjk icajs ckf ljicajs.

E lekf jvjrytèkh cbout tès ptjroscur rjcaay

gooa. Ets cbsoautjay hrjct t`ct wj `cvj sullegejkt

fctc to bj gjrtcek t`ct Ttjrckofok es sjxucaay fe-iorpèg! Ek orfjr to jstcbaes` tès, wj `cvj to jx-

ciekj t`jer rjprofugtevj systji. Icajs fokt cvj

vjry iug` to fo ek t`j rjprofugteok progjss Ek

lcgt, our tooas okay rjquerj vjry aettaj iusgaj ct-tcgìjkt. ès ijcks t`ct t`j icaj Ttjrckofokokay kjjfs c kcrrow pjaveg gckca to cggoiiofctj

t`j acst rjikckts ol ets ektjstekjs ckf c ljw ot`jr

jrk ckeicas ckf wj gck pjr`cps ajcrk iorj cbout

Ttjrckofoks urhj to ictj, bcsjf ok t`j pcttjrksol felljrjkgj bjtwjjk icajs ckf ljicajs ek iof-

jrk ckeicas.

Ajts aoon ct t`j icajs lerst. X`ct icnjs c

Ttjrckofokc icaj Ttjrckofok? Cppcrjktay c acrhjbofy ckf strenekh `jcf orkcijktcteok. Et turks

out t`ct t`jrj es iug` vcrecteok ek s`cpj ckf sezj

ol t`j grjst ckf t`j poekts ol t`j mcw= soij icajs

`cvj strceh`t grjsts w`jrjcs ot`jrs `cvj grjsgjkt-

s`cpjf grjsts. Woij mcws jkf ek c s`crp poekt,

wèaj ot`jrs crj baukt to c hrjctjr or ajssjr fj-

hrjj. `j lcgt t`ct eiicturj ckeicas fo kot `cvj

grjsts ekfegctjs t`ct t`jsj grjsts wjrj okay eipor-tckt ek t`j aevjs ol cfuat ckeicas. Ckf et sjjis

jvefjkt t`ct t`jy pacyjf c roaj ek ictekh= c typj

ol bj`cveour okay cppaegcbaj to cfuats. Icajs

wouaf bj cbaj to sòw oll t`jer grjsts ckf mcws

ek goipjteteok lor ljicaj cttjkteok. El wj cssuij

t`ct t`j bj`cveour ol t`jsj jxtekgt ckeicas wet`

rjhcrf to rjprofugteok es goipcrcbaj to t`ct ol

iofjrk ckeicas, t`j jkorious sezj ol t`j `jcf-

hjcr fjiokstrctjs c sòrt but vjry ektjksevj pj-reof ol icaj revcary lor t`j lcvours ol t`j ljicaj.

But wouaf wj (wjaa, E pjrsokcaay ek cky gcsj)

ho cs lcr cs to spjguactj t`ct t`jer rjactevjay ro-

t`j ictekh `cbets ol ckeicas t`ct bjgcij jxtekgt

iorj t`ck 04 ieaaeok yjcrs cho es quetj ciczekh,

fokt you tèkn?

E òpj t`ct iy lehurj ol Ttjrckofok stjrkbjrheckf ès `crji weaa `jap jxpacek t`j cbovj-ijk-

teokjf poekts. Jvjrytèkh cbout t`j icajs ekfe-gctjs goipjteteok wet` t`j ot`jr icajs. Kot okay

crj t`jy iug` acrhjr t`ck t`j iorj sjfctj-aoon-

ekh ljicajs (ekgaufekh t`jer okj-ijtrj-aokh ro-


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5:

ho cs lcr cs to spjguactj t`ct t`jer rjactevjay ro

bust p`ysegca proporteoks gouaf bj ck ekfegc-

teok ol p`ysegca goipjteteok? Ek ot`jr worfs, t`j

icajs probcbay gacs`jf quetj vj`jijktay kow

ckf chcek. ès icy jxpacek soij ol t`j woukfs

t`ct wj lekf ek soij ol t`j Ttjrckofok losseas.`j icajs icy `cvj bjjk hrjct pèackfjr-

jrs. Ckeicas t`ct crj strokhay feiorpèg `cvj t`j

tjkfjkgy to bj poayhcious= t`jy jkmoy jktjrekh

ekto rjacteoksèps wet` felljrjkt pcrtkjrs. Xj gck

eichekj our Ttjrckofok icajs leh`tekh to wek`crjis ol ljicajs, or goktekucaay bcttaekh okj

ckot`jr uktea c kegj hera goijs caokh wet` wòi

t`jy `cvj c lajjtekh cllcer, cltjr wèg` t`j ljicajlaejs oll to hjkjrctj ckf acy jhhs, ajcvekh t`j ijk

to leh`t lor t`j lcvours ol t`j kjxt ljicaj.

Ek goktrcst, t`j ljicajs `cvj et rjactevjay

jcsy. Xet` poayhcious icajs, wò crj gokstcktay

leh`tekh lor t`j lcvours ol t`j ljicajs, t`jy okay

kjjf to wcet lor t`j wekkjr ckf tùs lor t`j èh`-

jst qucaety spjri. `ct es w`y t`jer sicaajr bof-

ejs acgn fjgorcteok.Iug` ol tès pegturj borfjrs ok spjguacteok,

but et es ck jfugctjf hujss ckf bcsjf ok rjaecbaj

obsjrvcteoks ol iofjrk ckeicas. Ol goursj, wj

gck kjvjr bj cbsoautjay surj cbout our ektjrprj-

tcteok. But t`j lcgt t`ct wj `cvj cgtucaay bjjk

cbaj to hct`jr so iug` ekloricteok by ijcks

ol pcacjoktoaohy t`ct wj gck spjguactj cbout

ekh ljicajs (ekgaufekh t`jer okj ijtrj aokh ro

bust snuaa) but t`jy caso `cvj c acrhj grjst ek t`j

òpj ol surpcssekh t`jer revcas. Tajcsj kotj t`ct,

w`jk stckfekh jrjgt, t`j icaj wouaf `cvj bjjk

iug` acrhjr t`ck sòwk `jrj. Ek t`j lehurj, `j es

jkhchjf ek t`j progjss ol hjttekh to ès ljjt ek t`jscij wcy cs iciicas wet` aokh aeibs fo pus`-

ekh èisjal upwcrf wet` t`j lrokt aeibs to bca-

ckgj ok t`j èkf ajhs. E `cvj optjf lor ck oafjr

ckeica bjgcusj E wes`jf to sòw t`ct `j wouaf

bj t`j acst ekfevefuca you ieh`t wckt to g`ca-

ajkhj lor c leh`t. @j es kot hjttekh up to ruk cwcy

lroi t`j stori cpprocgèkh lroi t`j reh`t, but

to fjiokstrctj wò es rjcaay t`j boss `jrj.`j ljicajs `cvj c sicaajr snuaa t`ct es iug`

ajss robust. `jy wjrj probcbay aeh`tjr ek goaour

t`ck t`j icajs, wèg` `criokezjs wet` t`j lukg-

teokca rjstregteoks ol t`j sjcberf-aenj aelj. E wouaf

aenj to poekt out okj iorj fjtcea= t`jrj wjrj ko

gaells caokh tès pcrt ol t`j gocst ol t`j XjstjrkEktjreor Wjcwcy.Et es oltjk gaceijf t`ct gaells wjrj

jssjkteca to jkcbaj ptjroscurs to tcnj oll ckf,erokegcaay jkouh`, stufejs ol Ttjrckofok crj ol-tjk quotjf to support sug` gaceis. But, goksefjr

et t`jrj es cbsoautjay ko ekfegcteok t`ct fji-

okstrctj t`j jxestjkgj ol gaells ek tès pcrt ol t`j

woraf ct t`ct teij (ct ajcst, kot ok t`j jcstjrk

sòrj), so t`ct crhuijkt ek lcvour ol tcnekh oll

lroi gaells es kot pcrteguacray strokh.

wèg` es jvefjkgjf by t`j brocf mcws luaa wet` sicaa tjjt`. cpjmcrc wjaakòljre (leh-urj 8:) wòsj iuzzaj aoonjf iug` aenj t`j beaa ol c pcrrot, wcs probcbay vjhjtcr-

eck ckf aevjf ok lruets ckf sjjfs (ckf oggcseokcaay c aost aezcrf?, sjj Icrn jxpaceks=

cpjmcrc, pp. 336-33:). Wekoptjrus fokhe (sjj Icrn jxpaceks= Wekoptjrus, pp. 346-34


98/138

5 lehurj 88), ckot`jr tjg`kequj `cs

bjjk suhhjstjf, kcijay paouhèkh t`rouh` t`j wctjr wèast ek laeh`t, rct`jr aenjiofjrk-fcy sneiijrs (sjj Icrn jxpaceks= Sujtzcagoctaus, pp. 63-6:), but t`jrjes iug` fjbctj cbout tès vjry spjgecaesjf wcy ol lesèkh cs et es rjactevjay ekjl-

legejkt ckf rjquerjs icky spjgeca cfcptcteoks. Iorjovjr, `cacssofroijus wcs ck


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50

jkorious ptjroscur wet` c ùhj snuaa, c icmor fescfvcktchj lor lesèkh. ès ick-

kjr ol lesèkh `cs caso bjjk suhhjstjf lor sjvjrca ot`jr, sicaajr, spjgejs sug` cs

R`cipòr`ygùst`ct `cf bot` rczor s`crp mcws (to jkcbaj t`ji to jcseay paouh`t`rouh` t`j wctjr) cs wjaa cs acrhj tjjt` .

ckf bjgoiekh loof

Xetòut foubt t`jrj wjrj opportukesteg sgcvjkhjrs t`ct ljf ok t`j gcrgcssjs ol ptj-

roscurs (lehurj 80), but tès cgtevety es rcrjay vesebaj ek t`j lossea rjgorf. But t`jrj

crj soij gaujs t`ct ptjroscurs wjrj jctjk by ot`jr ckeicas.

C rjicrncbaj lekf lroi Woakòljk, Hjricky, sòws c ptjroscur t`ct `cs bjjk

jctjk, fehjstjf ckf t`j rjiceks spet out. C pjaajt goksests ol c pcrtecaay fehjstjf

R`cipòr`ykgùs, wòsj sicaa bokjs suhhjst t`ct et wcs kot vjry oaf w`jk et wcs

Lehurj 88. Vcacssofroijussjtè, jrrokjousay kcijf cltjrt`j Jhypteck hof Wjt` bj-gcusj ol t`j s`cpj ol t`j grjst(wèg` aoons aenj t`j growkol t`j hof Ciuk rct`jr t`ckt`ct ol Wjt`). Wjj caso ffihurj73.


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55

Lehurj 80. Aenj caackeicas ptjroscurs jvjktucaayfejf. Foubtajss sgcvjkhjrsljcstjf ok t`jer gcrgcssjs.

LOGZWWtjkjoscur

Lehurj 85 sòws ck ogjck fwjaaekh Wtjkjoscur-grogofeaj t`ct aevjf ek t`jWoakòljk achook. Wupjrbay prjsjrvjf spjgeijks crj nkowk ol up to lour

ijtrjs aokh wet` mcws ckf tjjt` t`ct suhhjst t`ct t`jy wjrj pesgevorous. But

catòuh` les` wcs t`jer icek prjy, et es kot ukrjcsokcbaj to cssuij t`ct el t`j


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344

c uh wc c p y, u c c c u c

opportukety crosj t`jy wouaf sjezj c berf, iciica or ptjroscur. o gctg` c

sicaa, cheaj ptjroscur wouaf kot bj jcsy but c quegn cibus` lroi t`j fjjp,

fcrn wctjrs ieh`t gctg` c ptjroscur ukcwcrjs. `j ekfehjstebaj pcrts ieh`t

t`jk bj feshorhjf cs c pjaajt wèg` prjsjrvjf cs c vcaucbaj lossea.

Lehurj 85. Wtjkjoscurussjezekh c R`cipòr`ykgùs.

LOGZWErretctor

Et es c lcgt t`ct t`j toot` ol Erretctor es jibjffjf ek c ptjroscur gjrvegca,but gck wj scy ckytèkh cbout òw tès `cppjkjf? `jrj crj okay two aohe-

gca possebeaetejs= t`j Erretctor gcuh`t t`j aevekh ckeica ckf neaajf et or loukft`j fjcf ckeica ckf ctj et. Zklortukctjay, t`j sekhaj toot` gckkot tjaa us


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343

y h

wèg` ol t`j two sgjkcreos es gorrjgt, c atòuh` t`j sgcvjkhekh t`jory es prj-

ljrrjf. But iofjrk prjfctors, bj t`jy gcts or grogofeajs, neaa layekh ckeicas

w`jkjvjr t`jrj es ck opportukety. Wo w`y sòuaf tès kot bj jqucaay truj ol

Erretctor? Et icy kot `cvj bjjk jcsy bjgcusj laeh`t es c rcpef lori ol jsgcpjbut el cibus`jf or segn, t`j ptjroscur wouaf bj jcsejr prjy. Ek lehurj 04

ck Erretctor g`caajkhjre ùkts c Brcseajofcgtyaus, c spjgejs gaosjay rjactjf toCk`ckhujrc (sjj Icrn jxpaceks= Ck`ckhujrc, pp. 03-07). `j sgjkj es sjtcbout 334 ieaaeok yjcrs cho ct t`j jfhj ol c achook t`ct wj kow nkow cs t`j

Wcktckc Loricteok ek kort`jcst Brczea (sjj cbovj).

Lehurj 04. @uktekh Erretctor.

jctjk. Xj fo kot nkow w`jt`jr t`j ckeica wcs carjcfy fjcf w`jk jctjk or `cf

bjjk prjfctjf. Jqucaay uknkowk es w`ct nekf ol ckeica ctj t`j ptjroscur, ca-

tòuh` et `cs bjjk suhhjstjf `ct et icy `cvj bjjk c acrhj les` or grogofeaj (lehurj

85). Ek 2432 c pubaegcteok gcij out t`ct sòws c acrhj les` wet` c ptjroscur cs prjy=

gajcray, soijtèkh wjkt òrrebay wrokh cs bot` fejf ek t`j cgt.

`jrj crj ot`jr gaujs to suhhjst t`ct ptjroscurs wjrj t`jisjavjs prjyjf upok.`rjj gjrvegcas ol c ptjroscur steaa `cf c toot` ol Erretctor, c prjfctory fekoscur,jibjffjf ek t`ji ckf provj wetòut c foubt t`ct t`jsj fekoscurs oggcseokcaay

prjyjf ok ptjroscurs. `j cbsjkgj ol g`jiegca jroseok ok t`j gjrvegca tjaas us t`ct

tès pcrt ol t`j kjgn `cf okay bjjk swcaaowjf by t`j prjfctor bjlorj et too ijt ets


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: gi

3 gi

Lehurj 03. Icky losseassòw woukfs. Vjsj bronjkrebs ol Goaobor`ykgùs pes-gctor `jcajf.

Lehurj 02. Bjsefjs t`jbronjk rebs ek ffihurj 03, t`jckeica caso suffljrjf lroi ek-ljgtjf bokjs ek t`j aowjr mcwckf snuaa. Tossebay tès gcusjfès prjicturj fjct`.: gi

tès pcrt ol t`j kjgn `cf okay bjjk swcaaowjf by t`j prjfctor bjlorj et too ijt ets

jkf, ckf cs c rjsuat ets stoicg` cgefs `cf `cf aettaj g`ckgj to gorrofj t`j bokj.

Wegn ckf gurjf

Aenj caa ckeicas, ptjroscurs gouaf bjgoij segn or sulljr woukfs. `jrj crj sjvjrca

jxcipajs ol ckeicas wet` sjreous woukfs ckf ekljgteoks, wèg` t`jy survevjf. C

hoof jxcipaj es t`j onyo-spjgeijk ol Goaobor`ykgùst`ct survevjf c bronjk reb(lehurj 03), but wèg` caso `cf two sjvjrj ekljgteoks ol t`j aowjr mcw ckf snuaa

(lehurj 02), cs jvefjkgjf by festorteok ol t`j bokj. Et wcs suhhjstjf t`ct t`jsj ek-

ljgteoks iust `cvj gcusjf t`j fjct` ol t`j grjcturj.

C rct`jr felljrjkt gcsj es prjsjktjf by Aufofcgtyaus (lehurj 07). ès uklortu-

kctj ckeica gcuh`t c s`crp trjj ajcl bjtwjjk t`j two brckg`js ol t`j aowjr mcw.`j sgrctg` icrns ct t`j jkf ol et sòws t`ct t`j ckeica trejf to hjt ref ol et, but

wetòut suggjss. `j ajcl prjvjktjf t`j grjcturj lroi ljjfekh ckf/or t`j woukf

bjgcij ekljgtjf. Ckot`jr jxcipaj es c ptjroscur t`ct icfj c ies-mufhjf ackfekh,

grusèkh ets mcws so sjreousay t`ct et fejf lroi ets ekmurejs (lehurj 06).

Lehurj 07. Ves spjgeca losseaes ol Aufofcgtyaus sebbegne.Vj ckeica fejf bjgcusj t`jajcl ol c woofy packt, goipc-rcbaj to our yuggc or chcvj,bjgcij stugn bjtwjjk t`j two

brckg`js ol t`j aowjr mcw.Bjgcusj ol t`j ajcl, t`ct rckcaokh t`j tokhuj, t`j cke-ica wcs kot cbaj to jct. Vjlrcyjf jkf ol t`j ajcl scfay ek-fe ` ` e a e f


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347

bcgn ol snuaa ckfaowjr mcw

lrokt ol snuaa ckfaowjr mcw

jyjsognjt

aowjr mcw

grjst

34 gi

fegctjs t`ct t`j ckeica trejfto rjiovj t`j ajcl.

Lehurj 06. Ves tootàjssptjroscur (goipcrcbaj toupckfcgtyaus) icfj c lctcaackfekh, grusèkh t`j lrokt olt`j uppjr ckf aowjr mcw.

Icrn jxpaceks

Wekoptjrus

ek wèg` t`jsj losseas wjrj loukf crj rjkowkjf

fuj to t`j losseas ol berf-fekoscurs ckf feko-

scur-berfs, cs wjaa cs c rjgjktay ukjcrt`jf heckt

haefekh aezcrf. `j pjrljgtay losseaesjf `ckf ckf

lekhjrs ol Wekoptjrusfespacy c sjrejs ol gurvjf, kcr-

row gacws ckf jxtjkfjf pjkuateictj p`cackhjs.`jsj crj g`crcgtjrestegs t`ct you ieh`t jxpjgt

to sjj ek ckeicas t`ct crj hoof gaeibjrs. Ot`jr

cspjgts ol t`j ckctoiy ol t`jsj ptjroscurs caso

poekt to cfcptcteoks lor gaeibekh. `jy `cvj


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Wekoptjrus fokhees c toot`ajss ptjroscur lroi t`j

veldmeijer et al 2012 - pterosaurs. flying contemporaries of the dinosaurs

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