VerbsVerbs

Words like Words like porto, traho, capioporto, traho, capio, and , and audioaudio are known as are known as verbsverbs. They . They usually indicate an action or a state usually indicate an action or a state of affairs.of affairs.

In Latin the ending of the verb In Latin the ending of the verb indicated the indicated the personperson who is doing who is doing the action. English uses pronoun the action. English uses pronoun subjects as follows:subjects as follows:

Verbs In EnglishVerbs In English

SingularSingular PluralPlural

11stst Person Person II wewe

22ndnd Person Person youyou youyou

33rdrd Person Person she/he, itshe/he, it they they

In Unit 1 you have met three tenses of In Unit 1 you have met three tenses of the Latin verbs:the Latin verbs:Present TensePresent Tense

portoporto I carryI carry

portasportas you (S) carryyou (S) carry

portatportat s/he carriess/he carries

portamusportamus we carrywe carry

portatisportatis you (PL) carryyou (PL) carry

portantportant they carrythey carry

Imperfect Past TenseImperfect Past Tense

portabamportabam I was carryingI was carrying

portabasportabas you (S) were you (S) were carryingcarrying

portabatportabat s/he was carryings/he was carrying

portabamusportabamus we were carryingwe were carrying

portabatisportabatis you (PL) were you (PL) were carryingcarrying

portabantportabant they were carryingthey were carrying

Perfect TensePerfect Tense

portaviportavi I carriedI carried

portavistiportavisti you (S) carriedyou (S) carried

portavitportavit s/he carrieds/he carried

portavimusportavimus we carriedwe carried

portavistisportavistis you (PL) carriedyou (PL) carried

portaveruntportaverunt they carriedthey carried

English has more than one way English has more than one way of translating each of these of translating each of these

tenses:tenses: The present tense indicates an action or The present tense indicates an action or

state of happening now: state of happening now: porto porto can mean can mean I I carry, I am carrying, or I do carry.carry, I am carrying, or I do carry.

The imperfect tense indicates a repeated The imperfect tense indicates a repeated or incomplete past action or state. or incomplete past action or state. portabam portabam can mean: can mean: I was carrying, I did I was carrying, I did carry, I used to carry, I began to carry.carry, I used to carry, I began to carry.

The perfect tense indicates a single or The perfect tense indicates a single or complete past action or state. portavi can complete past action or state. portavi can mean: mean: I carried, I have carried, or I did I carried, I have carried, or I did carry.carry.

Verb ConjugationsVerb Conjugations

Just as Just as nounsnouns have have declensionsdeclensions,, verbsverbs have families known as have families known as conjugationsconjugations, based on different , based on different vowel combinations found in front of vowel combinations found in front of personal endings. The following are personal endings. The following are the full tables of verb endings you the full tables of verb endings you have met in Unit 1: have met in Unit 1:

Present Tense ConjugationsPresent Tense ConjugationsFirst First SecondSecond ThirdThird FourthFourth

II portoporto doceodoceo trahotraho audioaudio

youyou portasportas docesdoces trahistrahis audisaudis

s/he, s/he, itit

portatportat docetdocet trahittrahit auditaudit

wewe portamuportamuss

docemusdocemus trahimustrahimus audimusaudimus

youyou portatisportatis docetisdocetis trahitistrahitis auditisauditis

theythey portantportant docentdocent trahunttrahunt audiuntaudiunt

Imperfect Tense ConjugationsImperfect Tense ConjugationsFirst First SecondSecond ThirdThird FourthFourth

II portabamportabam docebamdocebam trahebatrahebamm

audiebamaudiebam

youyou portabasportabas docebasdocebas trahebastrahebas audiebasaudiebas

s/s/he, he, itit

portabatportabat docebatdocebat trahebattrahebat audiebataudiebat

wewe portabamportabamusus

docebamudocebamuss

trahebamtrahebamusus

audiebamuaudiebamuss

youyou portabatisportabatis docebatisdocebatis trahebatitrahebatiss

audiebatiaudiebatiss

thetheyy

portabantportabant docebantdocebant trahebantrahebantt

audiebantaudiebant

Perfect Tense ConjugationsPerfect Tense ConjugationsFirst First SecondSecond ThirdThird FourthFourth

II portaviportavi docuidocui traxitraxi audiviaudivi

youyou portavistiportavisti docuistidocuisti traxistitraxisti audivistiaudivisti

s/s/he, he, itit

portavitportavit docuitdocuit traxittraxit audivitaudivit

wewe portavimuportavimuss

docuimusdocuimus traximustraximus audivimuaudivimuss

youyou portavistisportavistis docuistisdocuistis traxististraxistis audivistisaudivistis

thetheyy

portaveruportaveruntnt

docueruntdocuerunt traxeruntraxeruntt

audiverunaudiveruntt

Verb Practice #1Verb Practice #1

Go back into the charts and find the Go back into the charts and find the Latin verbs for the following English Latin verbs for the following English words:words:

1.1. They were carrying, you (S) were They were carrying, you (S) were teaching, she was dragging, I was teaching, she was dragging, I was listening, you (PL) were carryinglistening, you (PL) were carrying

2.2. He heard, they dragged, I taught, we He heard, they dragged, I taught, we listened, you (S) carried.listened, you (S) carried.

3.3. I teach, we drag, she hears, you (PL) I teach, we drag, she hears, you (PL) drag, they carry.drag, they carry.

Translate the following forms of Translate the following forms of the present tense:the present tense:

1.1. ego dormio, servus dormit, non ego dormio, servus dormit, non dormimus, servi dormiunt.dormimus, servi dormiunt.

2.2. servi laborant, tu laboras; servus servi laborant, tu laboras; servus laborat, ego laboro.laborat, ego laboro.

3.3. intrant, intras, intrat, intro.intrant, intras, intrat, intro.

4.4. sedemus, sedeo, sedent, sedes.sedemus, sedeo, sedent, sedes.

5.5. venio, venimus, veniunt, venitisvenio, venimus, veniunt, venitis

More practice!!More practice!!

1.1. servi ambulant, servi ambulabant, servi ambulant, servi ambulabant, servi ambulaverunt.servi ambulaverunt.

2.2. servus laborat, servus laborabat, servus laborat, servus laborabat, servus laboravit.servus laboravit.

3.3. clamamus, clamabamus, clamamus, clamabamus, clamavimus.clamavimus.

4.4. dormiunt, dormiebant, dormiverunt.dormiunt, dormiebant, dormiverunt.

5.5. parabas, paravisti, paras.parabas, paravisti, paras.

Even more practice!Even more practice!

1.1. intrabam, intravi, intro.intrabam, intravi, intro.

2.2. fecit, faciebat, facit.fecit, faciebat, facit.

3.3. dixistis, dicitis, dicebatis.dixistis, dicitis, dicebatis.

4.4. apparebant, apparent, apparuerunt.apparebant, apparent, apparuerunt.

Irregular VerbsIrregular VerbsThese verbs are not part of the These verbs are not part of the

four conjugations.four conjugations.

PRESENT TENSEPRESENT TENSE IMPERFECT TENSEIMPERFECT TENSE

sumsum I amI am erameram I wasI was

eses you (S) areyou (S) are eraseras you (S) wereyou (S) were

estest s/he, it iss/he, it is eraterat s/he, it wass/he, it was

sumussumus we arewe are eramuseramus we werewe were

estisestis you (PL) areyou (PL) are eratiseratis you (PL) you (PL) werewere

suntsunt they arethey are eranterant they werethey were

Translate each of the singular verbs. Translate each of the singular verbs. Then convert into the plural form Then convert into the plural form

and translate:and translate:Example: portaviExample: portavi I carriedI carried

portavimusportavimus we carriedwe carried

1.1. trahistrahis 6. fugio6. fugio

2.2. audivistiaudivisti 7. circumspectabas7. circumspectabas

3.3. veniebamveniebam 8. misit8. misit

4.4. eses 9. tacui9. tacui

5.5. scripsit scripsit 10. erat10. erat

Now do the opposite!Now do the opposite!

Example:Example: portavimusportavimus we carriedwe carried

portaviportavi I carriedI carried

1.1. intramusintramus 6. festinabatis6. festinabatis

2.2. timebanttimebant 7. ridemus7. ridemus

3.3. cepistiscepistis 8. surrexerunt8. surrexerunt

4.4. dormiuntdormiunt 9. celebravistis9. celebravistis

5.5. sumussumus 10. eramus10. eramus